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6572 J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 6572-6585 Publications of M. C. Lin 1. M. C. Lin and M. H. Back, “The Thermal Decomposition 20. W. H. Green and M. C. Lin, “Pulsed Discharge Initiated of Ethane. Part I. Initiation and Termination Steps”, Can. J. Chemical Lasers. III. Complete Population Inversion in HF”, Chem., 44, 505 (1966). J. Chem. Phys., 54, 3222 (1971). 2. M. C. Lin, “The Reaction of Hydrogen and Ethylene in 21. M. C. Lin and L. E. Brus, “Chemical CO Laser from the 1 1 + 1 + the Gas Phase”, Can. J. Chem., 44, 1237 (1966). O( D) + C3O2( Σ g ) f 3CO( Σ ) Reaction”, J. Chem. Phys., 3. M. C. Lin and M. H. Back, “The Thermal Decomposition 54, 5423 (1971). of Ethane. Part II. The Unimolecular Decomposition of the 22. L. E. Brus and M. C. Lin, “Chemical HF Lasers from Ethane Molecule and the Ethyl Radical”, Can. J. Chem., 44, Flash Photolysis of Various N2F4-RH Systems”, J. Phys. Chem., 2357 (1966). 75, 2546 (1971). 1 4. M. C. Lin and M. H. Back, “The Thermal Decomposition 23. M. C. Lin, “Chemical Lasers Produced from O( D) Atom of Ethane. Part III. Secondary Reactions”, Can. J. Chem., 44, Reactions. II. A New Hydrogen Fluoride Elimination Laser from 1 + ) 2369 (1966). the O( D) CHnF4-n (n 1, 2 and 3) Reactions”, J. Phys. Chem., 75, 3642 (1971). 5. M. C. Lin and K. J. Laidler, “Kinetics of the Decomposition 1 of Ethane and Propane Sensitized by Azomethane. The De- 24. M. C. Lin, “Chemical Lasers Produced from O( D) Atom Reactions. III. HCl Elimination Lasers from the O(1D) + composition of the Normal Propyl Radical”, Can. J. Chem., 44, ) 2927 (1966). CHnCl4-n (n 1, 2 and 3) Reactions”, J. Phys. Chem., 76, 811 (1972). 6. M. C. Lin and K. J. Laidler, “Thermal Decomposition of 25. M. C. Lin, “Chemical Lasers Produced from O(1D) Atom the Sec-Butyl Radical”, Can. J. Chem., 45, 1315 (1967). Reactions. IV. Competitive Eliminations of HCl and HF from 7. M. C. Lin and M. H. Back, “Importance of the Hetero- the Vibrationally Excited ClFHCOH, Cl2FCOH and ClF2COH geneous Termination in the Pyrolysis of Ethane”, Can. J. Chem., Molecules”, J. Phys. Chem., 76, 1425 (1972). 45, 3165 (1967). 26. L. E. Brus and M. C. Lin, “Chemical Lasers Produced 8. M. C. Lin and K. J. Laidler, “Theory of the Unimolecular from O(1D) Atom Reactions. V. Carbon Monoxide Stimulated Decomposition of Ethane and of Ethyl and Methoxymethyl Emission from Flash-Initiated O3 + XCN Systems”, J. Phys. Radicals”, Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 79 (1968). Chem., 76, 1429 (1972). 9. M. C. Lin and K. J. Laidler, “Theoretical Aspects of the 27. M. C. Lin, “Chemical Lasers Produced from O(3P) Atom Gas-Phase Thermal Isomerizations”, Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, Reactions. I. Observation of CO and HF Laser Emissions from 94 (1968). Several O-Atom Reactions”, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 173 (1973). 10. M. C. Lin and K. J. Laidler, “Some Aspects of the 28. M. C. Lin, “Chemical Lasers Produced from O(3P) Atom Thermal cis-trans Isomerization Mechanisms”, Can. J. Chem., Reactions. II. A Mechanistic Study of 5-m CO Laser Emission 46, (1968). from the O + C2H2 Reaction”, Chemiluminescence and Biolu- 11. M. C. Lin and K. J. Laidler, “Falloff Behavior and Kinetic minescence - The Proceedings of the International Conference Isotope-Effects in Reactions of Cyclic Hydrocarbons”, Trans. on Chemiluminescence. Cormier, M. J., Hercules, D., Lee, J., Faraday Soc., 64, 927 (1968). Eds.; p 61; Plenum Press: New York, 1973. 12. M. C. Lin and S. H. Bauer, “Bimolecular Reaction of 29. R. J. Gordon and M. C. Lin, “Chemical HF Laser Emission from the CHF + O Reaction”, Chem. Phys. Lett., N2O with CO and the Recombination of O and CO as Studied 2 in a Single-Pulse Shock Tube”, J. Chem. Phys., 50, 3377 (1969). 22, 107 (1973). 13. M. C. Lin and S. H. Bauer, “Reactions of Oxygen 30. R. J. Gordon and M. C. Lin, “The Reaction of Nitric Fluoride in Shock Waves. I. Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Oxide with Vibrationally Excited Ozone”, Chem. Phys. Lett., Fluoride Decomposition”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91, 7737 (1969). 22, 262 (1973). 31. M. C. Lin, “The Mechanism of CO Laser Emission from 14. H. Henrici, M. C. Lin and S. H. Bauer, “Reactions of + - the CH NO Reaction”, J. Phys. Chem., 77, 2726 (1973). F2O in Shock Waves. II. Kinetics and Mechanism of the F2O 3 CO Reaction”, J. Chem. Phys., 52, 5834 (1970). 32. M. C. Lin, “Chemical Lasers Produced from O( P) Atom Reactions. III. 5 µm CO Laser Emission from the O + CH 15. M. C. Lin and W. H. Green, “Pulsed Discharge-Initiated Reaction”, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 6, 1 (1974). Chemical Lasers. I. HF Laser Emission from CHF CL, CHFCl , 2 2 33. M. C. Lin, “Photoexcitation and Photodissociation Lasers. CHF , and CF Cl -H Systems”, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 3383 3 2 2 2 Part I. Nitric Oxide Laser Emissions Resulting from C(2Π) f (1970). A(2Σ+) and D(2Σ+) f A(2Σ+) Transitions”, IEEE J. Quantum + 16. M. C. Lin, “HCl Chemical Laser from H Cl2O”, Chem. Electron., QE-10, 516 (1974). Phys. Lett., 7, 209 (1970). 34. R. G. Shortridge and M. C. Lin, “Chemical Lasers 17. M. C. Lin and S. H. Bauer, “A Chemical CO Laser”, Produced from O(3P) Atom Reactions. IV. CO Laser Emission Chem. Phys. Lett., 7, 223 (1970). from the O + CN Reaction”, J. Phys. Chem., 78, 1451 (1974). - - 18. M. C. Lin, “Chemical HF Lasers from NF3 H2 and NF3 35. M. C. Lin, “Chemical CO and CO2 Lasers Produced from C2H6 Systems”, J. Phys. Chem., 75, 284 (1971). the CH + O2 Reaction”, J. Chem. Phys., 61, 1835 (1974). 19. W. H. Green and M. C. Lin, “Pulsed Discharge Initiated 36. M. C. Lin and R. G. Shortridge, “Electronic-to-Vibrational Chemical Lasers. II. HF Laser Emission from NF3 and N2F4 Energy Transfer Reactions. X* + CO (X ) O, I and Br)”, Chem. Systems”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-7, 98 (1971). Phys. Lett., 29, 42 (1974). 10.1021/jp079522s CCC: $37.00 © 2007 American Chemical Society Published on Web 07/19/2007 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 111, No. 29, 2007 6573 37. R. G. Shortridge and M. C. Lin, “Mechanisms of HF 57. M. E. Umstead, R. G. Shortridge and M. C. Lin, “Energy Laser Emissions from Flash-Initiated CHFCl2 and CH2FCl- Partitioning in the Photodissociation of C3H4O Near 200 nm”, NO Mixtures”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-10, 873 (1974). J. Phys. Chem., 82, 1455 (1978). 38. M. C. Lin, “Photoexcitation and Photodissociation Lasers. 58. D. S. Y. Hsu and M. C. Lin, “Two-Laser Studies of E f II. CO Laser Emission from the Vacuum UV Photodissociation V Energy Transfer Reactions Involving CO and Electronically of COS”, Chem. Phys., 7, 433 (1975). Excited I2, ICl and NO2”, Chem. Phys. Lett., 56, 79 (1978). 39. M. C. Lin, “Photoexcitation and Photodissociation Lasers. 59. T. L. Burks and M. C. Lin, “Non-Statistical Energy III. Mechanisms of CO Laser Emission from the Vacuum UV Partitioning in the Decomposition of Chemically Activated CF3- Photodissociation of CH2CO-O2 and CH2CO-SO2 Mixtures”, OH and CH2FOH Molecules”, Chem. Phys., 33, (1978). Chem. Phys., 7, 442 (1975). 60. M. E. Umstead and M. C. Lin, “Effect of Laser Radiation 40. R. G. Shortridge and M. C. Lin, “CO Vibrational on the Catalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid on Platinum”, Population Distributions in the Reactions of OCS with O(3P) J. Phys. Chem., 82, 2047 (1978). 1 and O( D2) Atoms”, Chem. Phys. Lett., 35, 146 (1975). 61. J. E. Butler, J. W. Hudgens, M. C. Lin and G. K. Smith, 41. M. C. Lin, R. G. Shortridge and M. E. Umstead, “The “Observation of OH (V)0,1) in the reactions of O(3P) with Dynamics of Reactions of O(3P) Atoms with Allene and HCl (V)0, 1, 2) ”, Chem. Phys. Lett., 58, 216 (1978). Methylacetylene”, Chem. Phys. Lett., 37, 279 (1976). 62. D. S. Y. Hsu, M. E. Umstead, and M. C. Lin, “Kinetics 42. R. J. Gordon and M. C. Lin, “The Reaction of Nitric and Mechanisms of Reactions of CF, CHF and CF2 Radicals”, Oxide with Vibrationally Excited Ozone. II”, J. Chem. Phys., ACS Symposium Series Monograph on Kinetics and Dynamics 64, 1058 (1976). of Reactions with Atomic Fluorine and Fluorine-Rich Poly- 43. R. G. Shortridge and M. C. Lin, “The Dynamics of the atomic Radicals; American Chemical Society: Washington, 1 1 + D.C., 1978; Vol. 66, p 128. O( D2) + CO(X Σ , V)0) Reaction”, J. Chem. Phys., 64, 4076 (1976). 63. A. Baronavski, J. E. Butler, J. W. Hudgens, M. C. Lin, 44. T. L. Burks and M. C. Lin, “Mechanisms of CF + NO J. R. McDonald, and M. E. Umstead, “Chemical Applications 2 V and CF + NO Reactions via Mass Spectral and Chemical Laser of Lasers”, Ad ances in Laser Chemistry, Zewail, A., Ed.;, Emission Measurements”, J. Chem. Phys., 64, 4235 (1976). Springer-Verlag: New York, 1978; p 62. 45. D. S. Y. Hsu and M. C. Lin, “Electronic-to-Vibrational 64. M. E. Umstead, D. E. Tevault, and M. C. Lin, “The Effect + of Laser Radiation on Catalytic Reactions”, Proc. 22nd Int. Tech. Energy Transfer Reactions: Na(3 2P) + CO(X1Σ , V)0) ”, Chem. Phys. Lett., 42, 78 (1976). Symp. Instrument Display, “Laser Spectroscopy”, p 33, Vol. 158, SPIE (1978). 46. M. E. Umstead, R. G. Shortridge and M. C.
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  • Effects of Pressure and Particle Size on the Carbonization of a Packed Bed of Biomass

    Effects of Pressure and Particle Size on the Carbonization of a Packed Bed of Biomass

    Effects of Pressure and Particle Size on the Carbonization of a Packed Bed of Biomass A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING May 2014 By Gregory Patrick Specht Thesis Committee: Michael J. Antal Jr., Chairperson Weilin Qu Beei-Huan Chao i We certify that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for a degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engeineering. THESIS COMMITTEE Chairperson ii © Copyright 2014 By Gregory Patrick Specht All Rights Reserved iii Abstract A relatively new technique for charcoal production has been developed called Flash CarbonizationTM and has proven to be efficient and most importantly fast. The technique begins with a packed bed of biomass pressurized at 1-2 MPa. A fire is ignited at the bottom of the bed while air is introduced through the top. The flame travels up the bed converting the biomass to bio carbon otherwise known as charcoal. One of the most important metrics a charcoal has is its Fixed Carbon Yield (yfc) or the percentage of carbon left in it after it is carbonized. Many factors affect the yfc of charcoal three in particular were investigated in this thesis; feedstock, pressure, and particle size. Each feedstock that was used in the FC process and analyzed in this thesis was sent out to a lab to discover its elemental composition. Using this data calculations were performed to discover the highest theoretical yfc each feedstock could produce.
  • Plasmachemical Synthesis of Carbon Suboxide

    Plasmachemical Synthesis of Carbon Suboxide

    PLASMACHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF CARBON SUBOXIDE A Thesis by ROBERT PAUL GEIGER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, David Staack Committee Members, Nicole Zacharia Sergio Capareda Head of Department, Jerry Caton May 2013 Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering © 2013 Robert Paul Geiger ABSTRACT A nonthermal carbon monoxide plasma is known to produce a solid deposition which is thought to be a polymer of carbon suboxide (C3O2); however there are very few investigations of this deposition in the literature. This thesis contains an analysis of the theoretical thermodynamics and kinetics of carbon suboxide formation as well as experimental results. The theoretical analysis suggests that carbon suboxide may be an equilibrium product even at ambient conditions but favors lower temperatures; furthermore if solid carbon is considered to be kinetically limited, and therefore not a product, then carbon suboxide is more likely to be a product under these pseudo-equilibrium conditions. Experimentally, solid films were produced in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) containing pure carbon monoxide. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to analyze the plasma and models of the emission spectra were created to determine the plasma temperatures. Deposition rates were determined to be on the order of 0.2 mg/min at a power of about 10W; it is expected however that these conditions are not optimized. The overall kinetics of carbon suboxide was analyzed and optimal conditions for operation can be estimated. Characterization of the solid depositions were carried out using Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (ESI-MS), and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (MALDI-MS).