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India's Law Enforcement Intelligence Homeland Security 2014 Safe and Secure Nation Intelligence-led Policing Contents 1 Executive summary 6 2 What is intelligence? 8 India’s law enforcement 3 10 intelligence Understanding the intelligence 4 20 architecture 5 Way forward 28 Intelligence-led policing Intelligence-led policing Foreword The world is witnessing growth in organised crime and terrorism. A large number of criminal FICCI’s initiative of Homeland Security has been well received by the public sector and industry incidences are found to have complex inter-state and international linkages. In order to meet the for the past three years. EY’s collaboration with FICCI as its knowledge partner has already ever increasing demand of security, governments around the world have invested in developing produced three successful seasons of Homeland Security. Extending the thought further, we are intelligence analytics for security and policing. Given the advancement in technology, the future presenting the fourth publication in the series Intelligence-led Policing to highlight the need for of homeland security lies in better use of analytics for pre-emptive policing. analytics in homeland security. Crime in India is increasing at an alarming rate. According to the National Crime Record Bureau The rising population, reducing jobs, increased cost of living and greater accessibility of a total of 66,40,378 cognizable crimes under IPC and SLL were registered in 2013 – a decadal information are among the many factors that have made citizens vulnerable to crime and terror increase of 20.8 per cent from 2003. In such a situation, there is enormous pressure on our activities. Furthermore, the tactics of criminals have evolved alongside the rapid progress in law enforcement agencies to act swiftly, effectively and efficiently. Analytics is the technology the field of science and technology, leading to an increased gamut of crimes carried out using that will help law enforcement agencies to better deal with crime. Analytics can be used for advanced means and techniques. Law Enforcement Agencies, thus, need to develop ways and crime prevention, investigation, prosecution, and research and analysis. Use of intelligence led policing thus will enable means to prevent their incidence altogether. If an incident does occur, the turnaround time of LEAs to nab the culprit needs to the government to provide a security umbrella, especially in urban areas which is more prone to get affected by crime and be cut down to minimum. terrorism. The required level of advancement can be achieved through technology and capacity building. In India, Law Enforcement Till recently, the police forces were seen to be using traditional means to tackle crime. However, recently they have taken Agencies have adopted the basic level of automation. The next level of technology capability would be attained when they use steps to better arm themselves with the advanced technologies available in the market. The FICCI E&Y report on Intelligence relevant data to cull out useful information that helps them prevent any incident. Analytics is the key technology that needs to Led Policing explores the various nuances of what constitutes intelligence in policing. The report explores in depth India’s be incorporated for increasing the capabilities of LEAs in predicting and preventing incidents. intelligence architecture. It analyses various components of analytics and intelligence in the police forces, and underlines initiatives that have brought our security forces in line with best security practices in the world. It further draws a structured Analytics finds it ways in Commercial taxes, customs, police, intelligence agency, investigative agency, disaster management path for future use of intelligence and analytics in solving important and complex security issues. I sincerely hope that this and many other sensitive areas. It highlights patterns that cannot be detected by manual interventions. This paper discusses report will offer important and useful insights to all stakeholders. analytics in detail in the perspective of homeland security. We sincerely hope that this paper gives you insights into the world of analytics, the urgent need for our country to adopt analytics, and its use in law enforcement. We would like to thank FICCI for giving us the opportunity to present our views on analytics in homeland security through this knowledge paper at the Homeland Security 2014 conference, to be held in New Delhi. Dr. A. Didar Singh Rahul Rishi Secretary General Partner, Advisory Services FICCI EY 4 Intelligence-led policing Intelligence-led policing 5 Executive summary The globalisation of economies, improving living standards and 1. Multiple sources of data, leading to confusion in processing Prevention: Police and other agencies can harness the power Prosecution: In India, 93,28,085 cases were pending for trial rapid urbanisation have led to people demanding better public intelligence alerts by different authorities of big data analytics on the data available in various forms (including cases from the previous year) in the Subordinate services. Their foremost need is a safe and secure environment. and shapes. Preventive measures begin range from data Courts in 2012, as compared to 89,39,161 in 2011, up 4.4%4. 2. Neglected open-source intelligence This puts pressure on the police force to respond swiftly, mining to discovery of hidden patterns and relationships At the trial stage, the police needs to establish a link between effectively and efficiently. In addition, with the advancement of 3. Insufficient inter-agency coordination in a large amount of data. Information is evaluated over the crime and the identified criminals. The case can be followed technology, the focus has now shifted to being proactive and various periods of time on indicators such as crime patterns, up through the case management system for better reporting. 4. Inadequate methods for processing and sharing intelligence preventing crime, instead of waiting for it to happen and then motives, physical location, day, time, weather, political Increased forensic capabilities would also help scale up the between Central and shared agencies coming up with a solution. factors, economic factors, school calendars, pay periods and prosecution process. Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) need to urgently events. LEAs can use operational, tactical and predictive In India, crime is increasing at an alarming rate. An Review and analysis: After the closing of a case, it is important deploy appropriate technology to be able to analyse the dashboards to create a map and identify the area that has overwhelming 66,40,378 cognizable crimes were registered to understand the relationships, modus operandi, targets, available data and counter challenges posed by limited the highest probability of crime occurring in a specified time under IPC and SLL in 20131, up 20.8% from 2003. This indicates intentions, etc., of the committed crime. Appropriate data resources. LEAs gather a huge amount of data from varied window. They can then accordingly deploy resources and the urgent need to spruce up the police force. The sanctioned needs to be uploaded in the official tracking system to build a sources such as banks, telecoms, traffic information, manpower to prevent crime and lower operating costs. strength of the police force has been increased by 50.4% from strong database for reference. Such post case analysis is useful social media, criminal records and airlines. All of this 2002 to 2012; however, there were 24.82% vacancies until 1 Investigation: Previously, police officers required days in preventing crimes of similar nature. Such information can data has to be refined and analysed to cull out the critical January 20132. and weeks to sift through available information. For e.g., include analytics pivoted on area, crime, criminal, victim, etc. information required for solving and preventing crime. traditionally, the police force used to spend days to analyse call Based on the stored data, preventive tools can help prevent the Evidently, limited manpower and resources are the key Analytics is the key technology that can help LEAs understand records of a suspected mobile number manually. Now, the same occurrence of crime. challenges for the police force. Other concerns are: information and act accordingly. Analytics can be used for work can be done in a few hours through automated systems. The use of intelligence-led policing would help governments citizen safety and security at four stages, as shown below. Analytics reduces both time and effort spent in investigation. worldwide ensure a safe and secure environment for its Various analytics tools such as link analytics, video analytics, Police availability data3 citizens. Using such tools increases the overall efficiency audio analytics, computer forensics and social media analytics S. No. Item Sanctioned Actual B and effectiveness of LEAs. However, it is imperative that use e can be used during the investigation stage to identify criminals 1 Prevention f o of advanced analytics techniques be preceded by a robust 1. Population per 551 733 r and establish their relation to the crime. These tools establish e mechanism for data collection and validation to ensure its policeman c the relationship between the suspect and the crime based on r i accuracy and usefulness, else the results of the process would 2. Area in sq. km. per 1.43 1.91 m facts and figures. In addition, collating the database of various 2 Investigation e not be useful.
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