DOCSLIB.ORG

Topic 1 Revision Sheet – Reaction and Reform 1815-1829

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Topic 1 Revision Sheet – Reaction and Reform 1815-1829 Topic 1 Revision sheet – Reaction and Reform 1815-1829 1789 – French revolution – Radicals in England e.g. Tom Paine spread the radical ideas 1795 – speenhamland system 1810 - 11 = Luddites – response – machine breaking is a capital offence Lord Liverpool PM from 1812 – at first very popular; 1815 British forces were victorious at the Battle of Waterloo, It was hoped that with the end of the French wars, he would be able to introduce reforms. Lord Sidmouth=Home Secretary Lord Castlereagh = Foreign Secretary Lord Eldon = Lord Chancellor Social discontent – 1815-22 – poor working conditions, enclosure of the land, industrial revolution, unemployment, introduction of Corn Laws 1815, and end of war meant thousands of soldiers left unemployed, a huge national deficit – income tax abolished and duties increased on ever day items Corn Laws 1815 – Import duties of Foreign wheat – importing wheat was banned until British wheat reached 80 shillings. Radical Movement 1816 Spa fields movement – government response – suspension of Habeas Corpus 1817 March of the Blanketeers – government response – illegal for groups of 50+ to meet 1817 Pentrich rising – government spy ‘Oliver’ involved (Brief improvement in trade etc, Habeaus corpus suspension and ban on meetings lifted) 1819 Peterloo – government disaster with 11 killed – 6 acts were passed 1820 Cato Street Conspiracy – extremist radicals ‘Spenceans’ – plotters were executed Spenceans – radical group that supported revolution Henry Hunt – radical speaker who wanted reform not revolution After 1820 Radical movement died down; leaders were imprisoned and trade had improved 1820-21 – Queen Caroline affair – Queen Caroline supported by Radicals – government embarrassed 1822 Lord Liverpool and Liberal Tories . Sir Robert Peel – Home Secretary . WJ Robinson – Chancellor of the Exchequer . William Huskisson – President of the Board of Trade . George Canning – Foreign Secretary Economic Reforms (Huskisson and Robinson) - Repeal of the Navigation acts 1823 – the NA restricted trade with other countries - Reciprocity of goods act 1823 – allowed trade agreements with other countries - Reduction of import duties - Adjustments to corn laws – 1828 sliding scale was introduced Trade Union Reforms - Repeal of the combination acts 1824 – key radical involvement of Francis Place - Amending act 1825 – Up rise of strikes – amendment banned picketing and force Topic 1 Revision sheet – Reaction and Reform 1815-1829 Legal Reform (Peel) - Reform of the penal code 1826 – simplified laws and made it more effective - Capital Offences Act – abolished the death penalty for 180 offences - Goals Act 1823 – Gaols set up in every county, inspectors, gaolers paid PMs ... Liverpool resigns 1827 – Canning takes over soon dies – Robinson(Goderich) takes over and resigns – Wellington forms a government in 1828 1828 Repeal of the test and corporations act – this allowed Protestants that were not Church of England to be MPs and members of the government – act meant it was very difficult to justify exclusion of Catholics Peel forms the Metropolitan Police Force 1829 Tories split into liberals and ultras (mainly because of the debate of catholic emancipation) Catholic Emancipation act 1829 - Act of union 1800 – created UK – Catholics could vote but could not sit in parliament - Daniel O’Connell + Catholic Association – led protest movement demanding full political rights for Catholics - County Clare election – O’Connell voted MP but cannot take seat as Catholic - Causes much support for Catholic emancipation - Threat of Civil War - Aided By Peel catholic emancipation act passed 1829 Catholic emancipation act split the Tories further – Ultras left and the party weakened – did badly in the 1830 election having to let the Whigs take power..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FNL Annual Report 2018
    Friends of the National Libraries 1 CONTENTS Administrative Information 2 Annual Report for 2018 4 Acquisitions by Gift and Purchase 10 Grants for Digitisation and Open Access 100 Address by Lord Egremont 106 Trustees’ Report 116 Financial Statements 132 2 Friends of the National Libraries Administrative Information Friends of the National Libraries PO Box 4291, Reading, Berkshire RG8 9JA Founded 1931 | Registered Charity Number: 313020 www.friendsofnationallibraries.org.uk [email protected] Royal Patron: HRH The Prince of Wales Chairman of Trustees: to June 28th 2018: The Lord Egremont, DL, FSA, FRSL from June 28th 2018: Mr Geordie Greig Honorary Treasurer and Trustee: Mr Charles Sebag-Montefiore, FSA, FCA Honorary Secretary: Dr Frances Harris, FSA, FRHistS (to June 28th 2018) Membership Accountant: Mr Paul Celerier, FCA Secretary: Mrs Nell Hoare, MBE FSA (from June 28th 2018) Administrative Information 3 Trustees Scottish Representative Dr Iain Brown, FSA, FRSE Ex-officio Dr Jessica Gardner General Council University Librarian, University of Cambridge Mr Philip Ziegler, CVO Dr Kristian Jensen, FSA Sir Tom Stoppard, OM, CBE Head of Arts and Humanities, British Library Ms Isobel Hunter Independent Auditors Secretary, Historical Manuscripts Commission Knox Cropper, 65 Leadenhall Street, London EC3A 2AD (to 28th February 2018) Roland Keating Investment Advisers Chief Executive, British Library Cazenove Capital Management Dr Richard Ovenden London Wall Place, London EC2Y 5AU Bodley’s Librarian, Bodleian Libraries Dr John Scally Principal
    [Show full text]
  • Gladstone and the Bank of England: a Study in Mid-Victorian Finance, 1833-1866
    GLADSTONE AND THE BANK OF ENGLAND: A STUDY IN MID-VICTORIAN FINANCE, 1833-1866 Patricia Caernarv en-Smith, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2007 APPROVED: Denis Paz, Major Professor Adrian Lewis, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of History Laura Stern, Committee Member Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Caernarven-Smith, Patricia. Gladstone and the Bank of England: A Study in Mid- Victorian Finance, 1833-1866. Master of Arts (History), May 2007, 378 pp., 11 tables, bibliography, 275 titles. The topic of this thesis is the confrontations between William Gladstone and the Bank of England. These confrontations have remained a mystery to authors who noted them, but have generally been ignored by others. This thesis demonstrates that Gladstone’s measures taken against the Bank were reasonable, intelligent, and important for the development of nineteenth-century British government finance. To accomplish this task, this thesis refutes the opinions of three twentieth-century authors who have claimed that many of Gladstone’s measures, as well as his reading, were irrational, ridiculous, and impolitic. My primary sources include the Gladstone Diaries, with special attention to a little-used source, Volume 14, the indexes to the Diaries. The day-to-day Diaries and the indexes show how much Gladstone read about financial matters, and suggest that his actions were based to a large extent upon his reading. In addition, I have used Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates and nineteenth-century periodicals and books on banking and finance to understand the political and economic debates of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • George Canning and the Representation of Liverpool, 1812-1823 1
    'The Pride of my Publick Life': George Canning and the Representation of Liverpool, 1812-1823 1 Stephen M. Lee I George Canning (1770-1827) was one of the most significant figures on the Pittite side of British politics in the first three decades of the nineteenth century, and his successful campaign for a seat at Liverpool in 1812 both illustrated and contributed to the profound changes that his political career underwent during this period. Sandwiched between his failure to return to office in May-July 1812 following the assassination of Spencer Perceval and his decision to disband his personal following (his 'little Senate') in July i8i3,2 this campaign marked for Canning a turn away from the aristocratic political arena of Westminster, which he had come to find so frustrating, towards a political culture which, if at first alien, was replete with new possibilities. Moreover, Canning's experience as representative for Liverpool was indicative of wider changes in the political landscape of early nineteenth-century Britain. Before considering in detail some of the key aspects of Canning's outward turn, however, it will be useful to offer a brief description of the constituency of Liverpool and a short account of the elections that Canning fought there.3 1 This article is a revised version of chapter 3 of Stephen M. Lee, 'George Canning and the Tories, 1801-1827' (unpuh. Ph.D. thesis, Manchester Univ., 1999), PP- 93-128. 2 For a consideration of these two important episodes see Lee, 'Canning and the Tories', pp. 81-91. 1 Unless otherwise stated the following summary of the politics of Liverpool is 74 Stephen M.
    [Show full text]
  • This Excerpt from the First Part of the Last Journey of William Huskisson Describes the Build-Up to the Official Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
    Downloaded from simongarfield.com © Simon Garfield 2005 This excerpt from the first part of The Last Journey of William Huskisson describes the build-up to the official opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Huskisson’s fatal accident was about two hours away. The sky was brightening. For John Moss and the other directors assembled at the company offices in Crown Street it was already a day of triumph, whatever the ensuing hours might bring. They had received word that the Duke of Wellington, the Prime Minister, had arrived in Liverpool safely, and was on his way, though there appeared to be some delay. As they waited, they were encouraged by the huge crowds and the morning’s papers. Liverpool enjoyed a prosperous newspaper trade, and in one week a resident might decide between the Courier, the Mercury, the Journal, the Albion and the Liverpool Times, and while there was little to divide them on subject matter, they each twisted a Whiggish or Tory knife. Advertisements and paid announcements anchored the front pages. Mr Gray, of the Royal College of Surgeons, announced his annual trip from London to Liverpool to fit clients with false teeth, which were fixed “by capillary attraction and the pressure of the atmosphere, thereby avoiding pinning to stumps, tieing, twisting wires...” Courses improving handwriting were popular, as were new treatments for bile, nervous debility and slow fevers. The Siamese twins at the King’s Arms Hotel were proving such a draw that they were remaining in Liverpool until Saturday 25th, when, according to their promoter Captain Coffin, “they must positively leave”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Railway Network in Britain 1825-19111 Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Xuesheng You 1
    The development of the railway network in Britain 1825-19111 Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Xuesheng You 1. Introduction This chapter describes the development of the British railway network during the nineteenth century and indicates some of its effects. It is intended to be a general introduction to the subject and takes advantage of new GIS (Geographical Information System) maps to chart the development of the railway network over time much more accurately and completely than has hitherto been possible. The GIS dataset stems from collaboration by researchers at the University of Cambridge and a Spanish team, led by Professor Jordi Marti-Henneberg, at the University of Lleida. Our GIS dataset derives ultimately from the late Michael Cobb’s definitive work ‘The Railways of Great Britain. A Historical Atlas’. Our account of the development of the British railway system makes no pretence at originality, but the chapter does present some new findings on the economic impact of the railways that results from a project at the University of Cambridge in collaboration with Professor Dan Bogart at the University of California at Irvine.2 Data on railway developments in Scotland are included but we do not discuss these in depth as they fell outside the geographical scope of the research project that underpins this chapter. Also, we focus on the period up to 1911, when the railway network grew close to its maximal extent, because this was the end date of our research project. The organisation of the chapter is as follows. The next section describes the key characteristics of the British transport system before the coming of the railways in the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • The English Alien Acts, 1793-1826
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1978 The English Alien Acts, 1793-1826 David LuVerne Ferch College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Ferch, David LuVerne, "The English Alien Acts, 1793-1826" (1978). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625034. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-jrbe-hr82 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ENGLISH ALIEN ACTS 1793 - 1826? A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the.Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by David Ferch 1978 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author Approved, August 1978 aAies N . McCord Dale E. Hoak o Thomas F. Sheppard 11 692 4 2 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT iv INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER I. THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST ALIEN ACT, 1792-93 6 CHAPTER II. WAR AND THE REGULATION OF ALIENS, 1793-98 30 CHAPTER III. THE ALIENS PROBLEM, 1798-1814 58 CHAPTER IV. ALIENS LEGISLATION IN TIME OF PEACE, 1814-26 80 CONCLUSION 119 BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 iii ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the English Alien Acts in the context of the political and social history of England* In a series of acts passed between 1793 and 1826, Parliament granted the executive government broad powers of regulation over the nation's resident foreign population.
    [Show full text]
  • This Essay Explains Benjamin Disraeli Parliamentary Response to The
    Conservatism and British imperialism in India: finding the local roots of empire in Britain and India by Matthew Stubbings A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2015 © Matthew Stubbings 2015 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public ii Abstract This thesis explores the importance of political conservatism in shaping the ideological and political foundations of British imperialism in India between 1857 and 1914. From the Indian Revolt to the rise of Indian nationalism, it examines how British and Indian conservatives attempted to define a conceptual and institutional framework of empire which politically opposed liberal imperialism to the First World War. It relies upon a biographical analysis to examine how intellectual configurations defined distinct political positions on Indian empire. This study reveals the extent that local conservative inclination and action, through political actors such as Lord Ellenborough, Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Mayo, Lord Lytton, the Kathiawar States, Roper Lethbridge, and M.M. Bhownaggree, shaped public and partisan discourse on empire. It argues that British and Indian conservatives evoked shared principles centered in locality, prescription, and imagination to challenge, mollify, and supplant the universal and centralizing ambitions of liberal imperialists and nationalists with the employment of pre-modern ideas and institutions. It is argued that this response to liberalism conditioned their shared contribution and collaboration towards an imperial framework predicated principally upon respecting and supporting local autonomy and traditional authority in a hierarchical and divided India.
    [Show full text]
  • And Domestic Politics, 1800-1804. by Charles John Fedorak London
    The Addington Ministry and the Interaction of Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics, 1800-1804. by Charles John Fedorak London School of Economics and Political Science Submitted in requirement for the degree of PhD, University of London, 1990. UMI Number: U048269 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U048269 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TH"£Sc S F 776y 2 Abstract Historians have generally dismissed the ministry of Henry Addington as an absurd interlude in the political career of William Pitt, the Younger, and the few attempts to rehabilitate Addington have been unable to overcome the weight of this negative historiography. The focus of contemporary and historical criticism has centred on the foreign and war policies of the ministry, but this has failed to take into account the serious and interrelated diplomatic, military, social, and political problems faced by the government. Social unrest caused largely by high prices of grain, political pressure from interests that had been hurt by the closure of European markets to British trade, and a poor diplomatic and strategic position meant that peace was highly desirable but that concessions were necessary to obtain it.
    [Show full text]
  • Wybrane Opracowania Krytyczne Adburgham Alison, Silver Fork
    Wybrane opracowania krytyczne Adburgham Alison, Silver Fork Society. Fashionable Life and Literature from 1814 to 1840, Faber & Faber, London 2012. Altick Richard D., Victorian People and Ideas. A Companion for the Modern Reader of Victorian Literature, W.W. Norton, New York 1973. Arendt Hannah, Antisemitism: Part One of The Origins of Totalitarianisms, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York and London 1979. Aronson Theo, Victoria and Disraeli: The Making of a Romantic Partnership, Macmillan, London 1978. Babilas Dorota, Wiktoria znaczy zwycięstwo. Kulturowe oblicze brytyjskiej królowej, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2012. https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323510857 Bacon Francis, The Works of Francis Bacon: Baron of Verulamum, Viscount St. Albans, and Lord High Chancellor of England, vol. 3, Baynes and Son, London 1824. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.104670 Baily Francis Evans, Lady Beaconsfield and Her Times, Hutchinson & Company, Limited, London 1935. Bartels Artur, Piosnki i satyry, nakładem K. Bartoszewicza, Kraków 1888. Bentham Jeremy, The Works of Jeremy Bentham, vol. 1, William Tait, Edinburgh 1838. Berlin Isaiah, Benjamin Disraeli, Karl Marx and the Search for Identity, [w:] Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, Hogarth Press, London 1979. Bertonèche Caroline, "Lord Byron's Eccentricieties", [w:] In and Out: Eccentricity in Britain, ed. by Sophie Aymes-Stokes, Laurent Mellet, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge 2012, s. 265-276. Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers, Routledge, ed. by Robert Eccleshall, Graham Walker, London and New York 1998. Blake Robert, Disraeli, Eyre & Spottiswoode Publishers, London 1967. Blake Robert, Disraeli's Grand Tour: Benjamin Disraeli and the Holy Land 1830-1831, Oxford University Press, New York 1982.
    [Show full text]
  • Civilian Specialists at War Britain’S Transport Experts and the First World War
    Civilian Specialists at War Britain’s Transport Experts and the First World War CHRISTOPHER PHILLIPS Civilian Specialists at War Britain’s Transport Experts and the First World War New Historical Perspectives is a book series for early career scholars within the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Books in the series are overseen by an expert editorial board to ensure the highest standards of peer-reviewed scholarship. Commissioning and editing is undertaken by the Royal Historical Society, and the series is published under the imprint of the Institute of Historical Research by the University of London Press. The series is supported by the Economic History Society and the Past and Present Society. Series co-editors: Heather Shore (Manchester Metropolitan University) and Jane Winters (School of Advanced Study, University of London) Founding co-editors: Simon Newman (University of Glasgow) and Penny Summerfield (University of Manchester) New Historical Perspectives Editorial Board Charlotte Alston, Northumbria University David Andress, University of Portsmouth Philip Carter, Institute of Historical Research, University of London Ian Forrest, University of Oxford Leigh Gardner, London School of Economics Tim Harper, University of Cambridge Guy Rowlands, University of St Andrews Alec Ryrie, Durham University Richard Toye, University of Exeter Natalie Zacek, University of Manchester Civilian Specialists at War Britain’s Transport Experts and the First World War Christopher Phillips LONDON ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS Published in 2020 by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU © Christopher Phillips 2020 The author has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Named Collections in Western Archives and Manuscripts
    Named Collections in Western Archives and Manuscripts Please note that this list is not exhaustive; for the full catalogue of archives and manuscripts please use the Explore Archives and Manuscripts catalogue. Information taken from the archived Named Collection web pages, now available at: https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/en/archive/20140123194400/ht tp://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/manuscripts/namedmanuscripts/i ndex.html References Unless indicated otherwise, all references given below should be prefaced with Add MS, e.g. Aberconway Papers, Add MS 52432-52435. A Aberconway Papers Scope: Christabel Mary Melville McLaren (b.1890, d.1974), wife of Henry Duncan McLaren, 2nd Baron Aberconway. Location and Catalogue: 52432-5, 52550-6, 57485, 60382-3, 63464, 70775-9, 70831-8, 71173. Aberdeen Scope: George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen. Official and private correspondence and papers. Location and Catalogue: 43039-43358, 41557-60. Printed material received with the collection is in DPB: B.P.12. Acre, Siege of Scope: Charters forged by Eugene Henri Courtois and Paul Letellier purporting to relate to loans issued during the siege of Acre. Location and Catalogue: Add. Ch. 76913-76946 B. Alba Amicorum Scope: Location and Catalogue: Eg. MSS 1178-1499 & 1536-1607. For a more complete list see M.A.E. Nickson, Early Autograph Albums p.28 and Class Catalogue 29, parts III & IV. Alnwick microfilm Scope: See under Northumberland Papers. Location and Catalogue: Alstein Collection Scope: Collected by Baron P.L. van Alstein. Philology, Peru, etc. Location and Catalogue: 25313-25328. Altamira Papers Scope: 16th & 17th c. Spain. Location and Catalogue: 28334-28503, 28262-4.
    [Show full text]
  • Huskisson and Liverpool
    \VII.I.I.-\M HUSKISSON. Hy Richard Rollnfcll. (By Permission of NATIONAL PORTRAIT GAI LERY.) FIG. i. WILLIAM IIUSKISSOX. A marble Statue by JOHN GIBSON, R.A., erected over the grave in St. Cemetery, Liverpool. (Photograph by Richard Brawn.) TRANSACTIONS. HUSKISSON AND LIVERPOOL. By George S. Veitch, M.A., Litt.D. Read 10 March, 1927. ILLIAM HUSKISSON has eminent claims to a W place in Liverpool memories. For seven anxious years he served the borough in Parliament. 1 For more than half that time he was President of the Board of Trade, 2 an office as congenial to his gifts as it was im­ portant to his constituents. To the commercial men of Liverpool it meant much that during the critical years between 1822 and 1827 affairs of trade were controlled by a minister familiar with their needs and easily approached in emergency. Amid the extensive changes of those years, amounting as a whole almost to a revolution in fiscal methods, in customs duties and in the general character of the laws of trade, Liverpool merchants felt the easier because these changes were directed by a minister who understood their difficulties and had earned their confidence. Above all it mattered greatly to them in the black year of 1825, when the whole structure of trade and finance seemed to rock upon its foundations, that the effective guardian of financial policy was the representative of Liverpool, to whom his constituents had instant access at every need. To Liverpool, then, Huskisson gave yeoman service. To Huskisson Liverpool returned a trust that, despite '15 Feb.
    [Show full text]