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The Development of British Competition Law: a Complete Overhaul and Harmonization
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Lever, Jeremy Working Paper The development of British competition law: a complete overhaul and harmonization WZB Discussion Paper, No. FS IV 99-4 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Lever, Jeremy (1999) : The development of British competition law: a complete overhaul and harmonization, WZB Discussion Paper, No. FS IV 99-4, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/51159 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu discussion papers FS IV 99 - 4 The Development of British Competition Law: A Complete Overhaul and Harmonization Jeremy Lever March 1999 ISSN Nr. -
Protecting Europe Against Large-Scale Cyber-Attacks
HOUSE OF LORDS European Union Committee 5th Report of Session 2009–10 Protecting Europe against large-scale cyber-attacks Report with Evidence Ordered to be printed 9 March 2010 and published 18 March 2010 Published by the Authority of the House of Lords London : The Stationery Office Limited £price HL Paper 68 The European Union Committee The European Union Committee of the House of Lords considers EU documents and other matters relating to the EU in advance of decisions being taken on them in Brussels. It does this in order to influence the Government’s position in negotiations, and to hold them to account for their actions at EU level. The Government are required to deposit EU documents in Parliament, and to produce within two weeks an Explanatory Memorandum setting out the implications for the UK. The Committee examines these documents, and ‘holds under scrutiny’ any about which it has concerns, entering into correspondence with the relevant Minister until satisfied. Letters must be answered within two weeks. Under the ‘scrutiny reserve resolution’, the Government may not agree in the EU Council of Ministers to any proposal still held under scrutiny; reasons must be given for any breach. The Committee also conducts inquiries and makes reports. The Government are required to respond in writing to a report’s recommendations within two months of publication. If the report is for debate, then there is a debate in the House of Lords, which a Minister attends and responds to. The Committee has seven Sub-Committees which are: Economic and -
UNITED KINGDOM 1. Consumer Policy Institutions
UNITED KINGDOM 1. Consumer policy institutions ................................................... 2 1.1. MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR CONSUMER POLICY ......................................................................... 2 1.2. PUBLIC AGENCIES......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. NATIONAL CONSUMER ORGANISATIONS....................................................................................... 8 1.4. NATIONAL COUNCILS/ASSEMBLIES OF CONSUMER ORGANISATIONS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 10 1.5. CONSUMER MEDIA ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.6. REDRESS BODIES: COURTS AND ADRS ....................................................................................... 12 1.7. EUROPEAN CONSUMER CENTRE.................................................................................................. 13 1.8. SELF OR CO-REGULATION........................................................................................................... 14 2. Consumer policies................................................................... 20 2.1. CONSUMER PROTECTION LEGISLATION ...................................................................................... 20 2.2. CONSUMER ORGANISATIONS ..................................................................................................... 25 2.3. ENFORCEMENT/REDRESS .......................................................................................................... -
Empowering and Protecting Consumers Consultation On
Empowering and protecting consumers Consultation on institutional changes for provision of consumer information, advice, education, advocacy and enforcement Response from Citizens Advice and Citizens Advice Scotland September 2011 Myddelton House | 115-123 Pentonville Road | London | N1 9LZ | Tel: 020 7833 2181 | Fax: 020 7833 4371 | www.citizensadvice.org.uk: 7833 2181 2 1. Introduction 1.1 Citizens Advice and Citizens Advice Scotland welcome the Government’s consultation on reform of the consumer landscape. 1.2 We wish to ensure that the outcome provides consumers with access to the best possible information and high quality individual advice about their rights; that consumers have powerful advocates representing their views to the Government, industry and regulators; and that there are strong enforcement and consumer protection agencies ensuring fair and effective markets, basing this work wherever possible on evidence that our organisations obtain from providing services to consumers. 1.3 The Government has proposed some significant reforms to the consumer landscape so that in future the organisations which have the brief to look after and advocate for the consumer interest are those which are best known and trusted by consumers, are evidence based and have their feet firmly on the ground. 1.4 We agree that consumer advocates should have strong support from consumers, and citizens, if they are to have the right to speak on their behalf to influence businesses, regulators and governments. 1.5 To earn this support and trust, consumer advocates need to be totally rooted in and in touch with the consumer community; passionate about getting the best deal for consumers, whoever they are and whatever the issue, and competent and creative in arguing for and securing solutions. -
Report for OFT on Markets with Bidding Processes
Markets with bidding processes Economic discussion paper May 2007 Report prepared for the OFT by DotEcon Ltd OFT923 Markets Characterised by Bidding Processes © Crown copyright (2007) This publication (excluding the OFT logo) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as crown copyright and the title of the publication specified. Report prepared for the OFT by DotEcon Ltd 2 FOREWORD This report was commissioned by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) from DotEcon Ltd. They were asked to prepare a report setting out the implications for the analysis of competition when a market is characterized by bidding process and provide a guide to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of such markets . Any views expressed in this report are those of DotEcon Ltd and do not necessarily reflect the views of the OFT nor the legal position under existing competition law which the OFT applies in exercise of its competition law enforcement functions. This report is part of the OFT's Economic Discussion Paper series, and is intended to inform current discussion within the competition policy community in the UK about cooperation between purchasers. If you would like to comment on the paper, please write to me, Amelia Fletcher, at the address below. The OFT welcomes suggestions for future research topics on all aspects of UK competition and consumer policy. Dr Amelia Fletcher Chief Economist Office of Fair Trading Fleetbank House 2-6 -
DTI Test.Qxp
Agenda Advancing economics in business Competition as a public policy tool: what is the evidence? A key priority for the government is to increase UK productivity by extending competitive markets. Competition helps drive productivity by acting as a spur to managerial incentives and productive efficiency through ‘natural selection’ of firm entry and exit, and by promoting incentives to innovate. However, as Andrew Rees, Director, Analysis and Research, Consumer and Competition Policy, DTI, and Sasha Maguire, Economist, DTI, explain, recent evidence on these effects is perhaps less well known The UK’s competition framework is generally rated As competition can drive 1 among the best in the world by independent surveys. innovation, so can innovation and The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) is technological advances boost responsible for setting the legislative and regulatory competitive pressure, as has been parameters, with enforcement conducted by two the case in the telecommunications independent competition authorities: the Office of Fair sector Trading (OFT) and the Competition Commission. They are responsible for enforcing the provisions of the UK’s Product markets competition legislation—the Competition Act 1998 and the Enterprise Act 2002—which are intended to promote The UEA study took six markets for case study a pro-competitive climate, and to increase transparency investigation. The case studies were selected where it and independence in competition decisions.2 was thought there would be benefits resulting from interventions by the government or the competition Use of competition as a policy tool is promoted across authorities to enhance competition in those markets and government by a Competition Forum. -
A Competition Regime for Growth: a Consultation on Options for Reform
A COMPETITION REGIME FOR GROWTH: A CONSULTATION ON OPTIONS FOR REFORM MARCH 2011 Explanation of the wider context for the consultation and what it seeks to achieve The Government’s overarching objective in reforming the UK’s, already world class, competition regime is to maximise the ability of the competition authorities to secure vibrant, competitive markets, in the interests of consumers and to promote productivity, innovation and economic growth. The Government is therefore consulting on changes to: o improve the robustness of decisions and strengthen the regime – enhancing the regime’s ability to resolve and deter the competition restrictions that do most harm to competition, consumers and to economic growth o support the competition authorities in taking forward high impact cases - developing the regime’s ability to target the competition restrictions that do most harm to competition, consumers and to economic growth, and providing the regime with the tools and flexibility to make proportionate and focused interventions o improve speed and predictability for business – building on the regime’s ability to take the timely, proportionate and predictable actions that limit burdens on business and that provide for the certainty that enables business to invest and innovate with confidence In this connection, the Government is consulting on a proposal to merge the competition functions of the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission to create a single Competition and Markets Authority which can play a leading role in achieving the overarching objectives and delivering the desired outcomes. Issued Date: 16 March 2011 Respond by Date: 13 June 2011 Enquiries to Duncan Lawson Department for Business Innovation and Skills 3rd Floor, Orchard 2 1 Victoria Street Westminster London SW1H 0ET Tel: 0207 215 5465 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 0207 215 0480 This consultation is relevant to: Businesses of all size, economic regulatory bodies, consumer organizations, legal bodies, economic consultants and academics. -
INTERNATIONAL PROFILES of Health Care Systems, 2013
INTERNATIONAL PROFILES OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS, 2013 AUSTRALIA, CANADA, DENMARK, ENGLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN, THE NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, NORWAY, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, AND THE UNITED STATES EDITED BY SARAH THOMSON, LONDON SchOOL OF ECONOMIcs AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, ROBIN OSBORN, THE COMMONWEALTH FUND, DAVID SQUIRES, THE COMMONWEALTH FUND, AND MIRAYA JUN, LONDON SchOOL OF ECONOMIcs AND POLITICAL SCIENCE NOVEMBER 2013 THE COMMONWEALTH FUND is a private foundation that promotes a high performance health care system providing better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency. The Fund’s work focuses particularly on society’s most vulnerable, including low- income people, the uninsured, minority Americans, young children, and elderly adults. The Fund carries out this mandate by supporting independent research on health care issues and making grants to improve health care practice and policy. An international program in health policy is designed to stimulate innovative policies and practices in the United States and other industrialized countries. INTERNATIONAL PROFILES OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS, 2013 AUSTRALIA, CANADA, DENMARK, ENGLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN, THE NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, NORWAY, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, AND THE UNITED STATES EDITED BY SARAH THOMSON, LONDON SchOOL OF ECONOMIcs AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, ROBIN OSBORN, THE COMMONWEALTH FUND, DAVID SQUIRES, THE COMMONWEALTH FUND, AND MIRAYA JUN, LONDON SchOOL OF ECONOMIcs AND POLITICAL SCIENCE NOVEMBER 2013 Abstract: This publication presents overviews of the health care systems of Australia, Canada, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Each overview covers health insur- ance, public and private financing, health system organization and governance, health care quality and coordination, disparities, efficiency and integration, use of information technology and evidence-based practice, cost containment, and recent reforms and inno- vations. -
The UK Competition Regime
Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General UK competition authorities The UK competition regime HC 737 SESSION 2015-16 5 FEBRUARY 2016 Our vision is to help the nation spend wisely. Our public audit perspective helps Parliament hold government to account and improve public services. The National Audit Office scrutinises public spending for Parliament and is independent of government. The Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG), Sir Amyas Morse KCB, is an Officer of the House of Commons and leads the NAO, which employs some 810 people. The C&AG certifies the accounts of all government departments and many other public sector bodies. He has statutory authority to examine and report to Parliament on whether departments and the bodies they fund have used their resources efficiently, effectively, and with economy. Our studies evaluate the value for money of public spending, nationally and locally. Our recommendations and reports on good practice help government improve public services, and our work led to audited savings of £1.15 billion in 2014. UK competition authorities The UK competition regime Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 4 February 2016 This report has been prepared under Section 6 of the National Audit Act 1983 for presentation to the House of Commons in accordance with Section 9 of the Act Sir Amyas Morse KCB Comptroller and Auditor General National Audit Office 3 February 2016 HC 737 | £10.00 This report examines the UK competition regime since our report in 2010 and in the light of the government’s reforms to the regime in 2013. -
State Owned Enterprises and the Principle of Competitive Neutrality 2009
State Owned Enterprises and the Principle of Competitive Neutrality 2009 The OECD Competition Committee debated the application of competition rules to state owned enterprises and the principle of competitive neutrality in October 2009. This document includes an executive summary, a background note and an issues paper by Mr. Antonio Capobianco for the OECD and country contributions from Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Korea, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States and BIAC, as well as two aides memoires for the discussions. Due to their privileged position SOEs may negatively affect competition and it is therefore important to ensure that, to the greatest extent possible consistent with their public service responsibilities, they are subject to similar competition disciplines as private enterprises. Although enforcing competition rules against SOEs presents enforcers with particular challenges, competition rules should, and generally do, apply to both private and state-owned enterprises, subject to very limited exceptions. Competition law alone is not sufficient in ensuring a level playing field for SOEs and private enterprises, which is why policies aimed at achieving competitive neutrality between the two play an essential role. Competitive neutrality can be understood as a regulatory framework (i) within which public and private enterprises face the same set of rules and (ii) where no contact with the state brings competitive advantage to any market participant. Presence of competitive neutrality policies is of particular importance in recently liberalised sectors, where they play a crucial role in leveling the playing field between former state monopoly incumbents and private entrants. -
Competition Law Bulletin February
COMPETITION LAW BULLETIN FEBRUARY 2011 CONTENTS Please click on the following links to go directly to your area of interest: Mergers • Commission approves acquisition of Arriva Deutschland by Ferrovie dello Stato and Cube • Commission approves the acquisition of joint control over Actamax by DSM and DuPont • OFT refers Irish Sea ferries merger to Competition Commission • OFT clears national addressing database joint venture • OFT refers anticipated acquisition by Ratcliff Palfinger Limited of Ross & Bonnyman Limited to the Competition Commission • OFT accepts variation to undertakings in lieu of reference in Travis Perkins’ merger with BSS Antitrust • Commission launches two separate investigations into co-operation agreements between Lufthansa and Turkish Airlines and between Brussels Airlines and TAP Air Portugal • Commission launches infringement proceedings against 6 Member States in connection with Russian air service agreements • Secretary of State accepts OFT recommendations to extend PTTS Block Exemption • OFT Statement of Objections alleges abuse of dominance in the fuel card sector Market Investigations • OFT publishes recommendations in outdoor advertising market investigation • OFT confirms scope of mobility aids study Litigation • ECJ releases Advocate General’s opinion on territorial exclusivity agreements relating to the transmission of football matches • ECJ rules on margin squeeze criteria Regulatory • European Commission to resurrect collective redress action plan Squire Sanders Hammonds 2011 -1- MERGERS Back to Top EU Commission approves acquisition of Arriva Deutschland by Ferrovie dello Stato and Cube The European Commission (the “Commission”) has decided, in accordance with Article 6(1) of the EU Merger Regulation, to approve the acquisition of Arriva Deutschland by Ferrovie dello Stato (“FS”) and Cube Transport (“Cube”). -
43970 04-12 Icasa
Government Gazette Staatskoerant REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIEK VAN SUID AFRIKA Regulation Gazette No. 10177 Regulasiekoerant December Vol. 666 4 2020 No. 43970 Desember PART 1 OF 2 ISSN 1682-5843 N.B. The Government Printing Works will 43970 not be held responsible for the quality of “Hard Copies” or “Electronic Files” submitted for publication purposes 9 771682 584003 AIDS HELPLINE: 0800-0123-22 Prevention is the cure 2 No. 43970 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 4 DECEMBER 2020 IMPORTANT NOTICE: THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING WORKS WILL NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS THAT MIGHT OCCUR DUE TO THE SUBMISSION OF INCOMPLETE / INCORRECT / ILLEGIBLE COPY. NO FUTURE QUERIES WILL BE HANDLED IN CONNECTION WITH THE ABOVE. Contents Gazette Page No. No. No. GENERAL NOTICES • ALGEMENE KENNISGEWINGS Independent Communications Authority of South Africa/ Onafhanklike Kommunikasie-owerheid van Suid-Afrika 697 Electronic Communications Act (36/2005): Reasons document relating to the invitation to apply on the licensing process for International Mobile Telecommunications in respect of the provision of Mobile Telecommunications in respect of urban and rural areas using the Complimentary Bands, IMT700, IMT800, IMT2600 and IMT3500 ....... 43970 3 This gazette is also available free online at www.gpwonline.co.za STAATSKOERANT, 4 DESEMBER 2020 No. 43970 3 GENERAL NOTICES • ALGEMENE KENNISGEWINGS Independent Communications Authority of South Africa/ Onafhanklike Kommunikasie-owerheid van Suid-Afrika INDEPENDENT COMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY OF SOUTH AFRICA NOTICE 697 OF 2020 697 Electronic Communications Act (36/2005): Reasons document relating to the invitation to apply on the licensing process for International Mobile Telecommunications in respect of the provision of Mobile Telecommunications in respect of urban and rural areas using the Complimentary Bands, IMT700, IMT800, IMT2600 and IMT3500 43970 I C A SA Independent Communications Authority of South Africa 350 Witch-Hazel Avenue, Eco Point Office Park Eco Park, Centurion.