Multilingual Tutors' Experiences and Practices in Online Sessions
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Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks All HCAS Student Theses, Dissertations, and Capstones HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations 11-7-2019 Multilingual Tutors' Experiences and Practices in Online Sessions Petra Jurova Nova Southeastern University Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, International and Comparative Education Commons, Online and Distance Education Commons, Other English Language and Literature Commons, and the Student Counseling and Personnel Services Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Petra Jurova. 2019. Multilingual Tutors' Experiences and Practices in Online Sessions. Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (6) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all/6. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. 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Thesis of Petra Jurova Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Composition, Rhetoric, and Digital Media Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Arts and Sciences November 2019 Approved: Thesis Committee Thesis Advisor: Janine Morris, Ph.D. Thesis Reader: Kevin Dvorak, Ph.D. Program Reviewer: Juliette Kitchens, Ph.D. This thesis is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all/6 MULTILINGUAL TUTORS’ EXPERIENCES AND PRACTICES IN ONLINE SESSIONS A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Composition, Rhetoric, and Digital Media Petra Jurova Halmos College of Arts and Sciences Department of Communication, Media, and the Arts Nova Southeastern University August 2020 © 2020 by Petra Jurova All Rights Reserved ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................6 Perceptions on Multilingual Writing Centers ................................................................6 Tutoring Multilingual Students ....................................................................................10 Higher vs. Lower Order Concerns...............................................................................10 Tutor Roles ...................................................................................................................14 Code-Switching ............................................................................................................17 Special training ............................................................................................................22 Online Tutoring ............................................................................................................24 Multilingual Online Tutoring .......................................................................................29 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................31 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................34 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................40 Perceptions on Multilingual Writing Centers ..............................................................41 Tutoring Multilingual Students ....................................................................................43 Higher vs. Lower Order Concerns...............................................................................44 Tutor Roles ...................................................................................................................48 Code-Switching ............................................................................................................52 Special Training ...........................................................................................................55 Online Tutoring ............................................................................................................56 Multilingual Online Tutoring .......................................................................................66 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................71 DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................................75 Perceptions on Multilingual Writing Centers ..............................................................75 Tutoring Multilingual Students ....................................................................................77 Higher vs. Lower Order Concerns...............................................................................77 Tutor Roles ...................................................................................................................81 Code-Switching ............................................................................................................83 Special Training ...........................................................................................................88 Online Tutoring ............................................................................................................89 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................95 References ..................................................................................................................100 Appendix A –Interview Questions.............................................................................110 iii Abstract This thesis explores multilingual tutors’ diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds and examines how those elements affect their tutoring practices in online sessions. While previous scholarship has examined multilingual student experiences, direct experiences of online multilingual tutors are relatively unexplored. For this study, four tutors were interviewed. The interviews revealed that tutors perceive their multilingualism as a strength in how they relate to multilingual students and their writing while also experiencing challenges related to assumptions made about their linguistic abilities. In online sessions, clarity and purposeful communication is key and multilingual tutors communicate clearly, often code-switching, which enhances understanding, efficiency, and creating bonds with students despite the lack of physical presence. iv 1 Introduction The United States is a country of choice for many international students for reasons such as quality education, athletic scholarships, and promising labor markets. As of 2017, international students make “1.1 million of the 4.6 million enrolled students worldwide” (Zong & Batalova, 2018, p 1). With this large number of international students comes linguistic and cultural diversity and universities need support services, like writing centers, that are equipped to work with diverse students. With the increase of multilingual students at American universities, the need for multilingual writing tutors grows as well. Writing centers should be prepared for linguistic diversity and train their tutors to aid students with varying communication needs. In the 21st century, a writing center should be a place that “embraces the concept of multiliteracies, in which effective tutors learn to engage with difference in open-minded, flexible, and non-dogmatic ways” (Grimm, 2009, p. 21). Today’s writing centers should be spaces where writing tutors are trained and prepared to work with students who speak multiple languages and are from various cultures. Writing tutors, if they are not already, should be taught to accept and embrace differences (such as students’ capacity with the English language or unfamiliarity with the American culture or curriculum standards). Because multilingual students’ writing demands may differ from English only speaking students, “experts seek to better understand the needs of writers for whom English was not learned or acquired as a first language” (Hauer, 2019, abstract). Such needs may include composing first drafts in students’ native language, being overly focused on grammar, preferring to meet tutors in online spaces, or requesting to work with multilingual tutors to articulate their ideas more clearly. Writing centers should 2 therefore be prepared for the various demands and practices that come with the linguistic diversity and strive to make their centers the best possible resources they can be. While much research has been devoted to tutoring multilingual students in person or online (e.g., Bruce, 2016; Rafoth, 2015), not enough research has focused on the experiences of multilingual tutors. Although scholars like Kevin Dvorak (2016) explored the experiences of tutors in a multilingual writing center,1 most scholarship still focuses on the perspectives of multilingual tutees, leaving the multilingual tutors’ approaches and experiences relatively unexplored (Hauer, 2019, abstract). Multilingual tutors’ practices should play an important role in writing center research as their skills and talents are unique from monolingual tutors. Multilingual tutors may offer insights on how to best