1 Background

1837 Charles Fourier (French), a utopian socialist, coined In November 1917, 33 women were arrested for the the word féminisme. He felt the level of development in any “crime” of carrying banners reading, “Mr. President, what civilization could be determined by how liberated its women will you do for woman’s suffrage?” After also asking to be were. treated as political prisoners, superintendent William H. Whittaker ordered the nearly 40 male guards to “teach the 1st Wave Feminism women a lesson.” Guards entered the holding cell where The first convention in America regarding women’s rights the women awaited booking, beating the 33 women of all began with the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention. ages with clubs, and then dragged them into individual cells where the mistreatment continued. In America, feminism, woman’s suffrage, and the rights of other oppressed minorities have been intertwined since their Affidavits from an investigation reveal that the women inception. Many of the activists at Seneca Falls had become were dragged, choked, pinched, and kicked. Guards twisted politically aware and engaged due to the American abolitionist Dora Lewis’ arm behind her back and slammed her into a movement. And feminists were likewise engaged with socialist iron bed twice; leaving her unconscious on the floor. Her movements because of Socialism’s support of suffrage. cellmate, Alice Cosu, believing Lewis was dead, suffered a heart attack. She was denied medical treatment until the and Lucy Burns, members of the National next morning. , who later co-founded the American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), felt the Catholic Worker Movement, was slammed repeatedly over organization was too moderate and progress too slow. the back of an iron bench. In response, Paul and Burns organized a D. C. suffrage parade the day before Woodrow Wilson’s 1913 presidential When Lucy Burns refused the guard’s orders to stop a inauguration. Bystanders attacked the parade, the police roll call to check on the other women, they stripped her did nothing, and finally cavalry troops were sent to restore naked, handcuffed her arms to the cell bars above her order. Around 100 women were hospitalized with injuries head, and left her standing and bleeding, all night. They also sustained in the attacks. threatened her with a gag and straightjacket. In solidarity, other women stood holding their arms above their own Later that year, Paul, Burns and their supporters broke heads until she was released. from the NAWSA and formed what was to become the National Woman’s Party (NWP). Alice Paul, a member After the Night of Terror, the women went on a hunger of the Quaker religion and a socialist, accepted the more strike. As it continued, Whittaker began to consider the aggressive tactics of her English suffragette counterparts, negative publicity of white, upper and middle-class women while rejecting the violent ones; deciding instead that their dying on his watch, so he ordered Burns be removed to movement would focus on civil disobedience. (1) another jail. Here she was held down by five people as a tube was forced through her nostril in order to force One action was to peacefully demonstrate as “Silent feed her, a practice which caused Burns painful, severe Sentinels” in front of the White House. Standing silently, nosebleeds. Burns ultimately served more jail time than any holding banners and placards that called on President other American suffragist. Woodrow Wilson to back a federal amendment giving all U.S. women the right to vote. This is where our image narrative begins. On the left of the image, we are witnessing the release of some of As the country moved into the 1st World War, the the 33 women who had been arrested weeks earlier for suffragists began to be viewed as unpatriotic. Wilson even picketing outside the White House. writes to his daughter that the suffragists “seem bent on making their cause as obnoxious as possible.” (2) As other suffragists learned of the abuse through letters and lawyers, they spread the word. When the media began In 1917, a few months after the silent protests start, the reporting on the Night of Terror, it shocked the nation and protestors and the judicial system become locked in a battle brought attention and support to their cause. This moved of wills. The women, determined to keep protesting. The Congress to take up legislation. But as with many “radical” courts and the police, determined to stop them by arresting ideas, some legislators were reluctant to pass the bill. them on smaller and smaller infractions and enforcing longer and longer sentences. “This was something that respectable To show their anger toward Wilson for not using his white women didn’t usually do.” (3) influence to push Congress into action, the NWP began burning “watchfires of freedom” in January 1919. They Alice Paul was finally sentenced to 7 months in Occoquan torched copies of the president’s speeches, incinerated a Workhouse; where she and other suffragists were subject to paper effigy of him, and ceremoniously burned wood from brutal treatment by the prison guards, vermin infested food, Revolutionary-era sites. Arrests and imprisonments followed. dirty drinking water, rats in the cells, and filthy beds. Paul But the women’s persistence finally led to congressional and the other women, working from the British suffragette approval of the 19th Amendment in June 1919 and ratification model, demanded to be treated as political prisoners; with 14 months later by three-fourths of the states. Paul finally going on a hunger strike. She was subsequently force fed and transferred to a psychiatric facility. 2 Detail showing: Image Timeline & Legend g Detail showing: a, b, c, d, e

(i) was an early American airplane pilot. She was the first woman of African-American descent, and also the first of Native-American descent, to hold a pilot’s license. She earned her (a) 1917 − Alice Paul leaving Occoquan, is greeted by 4 pilot’s license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1921 prominent suffragists from North Carolina. From left to right: and was the first black person to earn an international pilot’s license. (b) Dr. Anna Julia Cooper: Educator. Her most famous speech (j) was the first deaf-blind person to earn a Bachelor at the World’s Congress of Representative Women in Chicago of Arts degree. She supported the NWP, was a member of the in May 1898, described the plight of African American women in Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, slavery and their progress since that point. and she campaigned for labor rights, socialism, antimilitarism, among other causes. (c) Dr. Mary Cowper: Used social sciences to further Progressive reforms, focused on social, economic, and political status of women 1923 – The first version of an Equal Rights Amendment, and working-class children by encouraging women’s suffrage. authored by Alice Paul, is introduced to Congress by Senator Curtis and Representative Anthony (nephew of Susan B Anthony), (d) Gertrude Weil formed North Carolina Equal Suffrage League both Republicans. It says, “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the and every place subject to its : author, educator, and (e) Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown jurisdiction. Envoys from across America formed and traveled to founder of the Palmer Memorial Institute in Sedalia, North Carolina. Washington in order to deliver their message to President Coolidge. Detail showing: (k) Georgia O’Keeffe: “I have always resented being told that there f, h, i, j, k, l, p are things I cannot do because I am a woman,” she told a National Woman’s Party audience in 1926. (l) Ella May Wiggins: In September 1929 the North Carolina union organizer and balladeer was ambushed and killed by anti- union “mill thugs” during the Loray Mill Strike in Gastonia, N.C. Earlier that year, she traveled with a group of textile workers to Washington, D.C., to testify to the Senate about labor practices in the South, where she told her story: “I’m the mother of nine. Four died with the whooping cough, all at once. I was working nights, I asked the super to put me on days, so’s I could tend ‘em when they had their bad spells. But he wouldn’t. I don’t know why. ... So I had to quit, and then there wasn’t no money for medicine, and they just died.” She pushed for racially integrated unions, worked in a racially integrated mill and wrote folk ballads, including her best known (f) 1918 – The “Spanish Flu” pandemic. H1N1 virus A song: Mill Mother’s Lament. variant killed between 20 and 50 million people. Lasting from (m) Southern Tenant Farmers Union (1934–1970): A February 1918 to April 1920, it infected 500 million people – about union for organizing tenant farmers in the Southern United States. a third of the world’s population at the time – in four successive Founded in July 1934 during the Great Depression, the STFU was waves. Issues of masking, public gatherings and how to control founded to help sharecroppers and tenant farmers get better transmission are being played out exactly in 2020. arrangements from landowners. The organization was integrated Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage, founded in New and women were the backbone; doing most of the networking, York in 1909. organizing, and outreach. (g) 1919 – Watchfires of Freedom, began January 1919. (n) was the first female pilot to fly across the Atlantic. She organized a protest in Washington D.C. on behalf of 1920 – The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution is Helen Richey, the first female commercial airline pilot, who quit her ratified, ensuring the right of women to vote. job at Central Air Lines in 1935 after just 10 months because the airline suggested she wouldn’t be physically strong enough to fly in The “New Woman” independent and freethinking. (h) Flappers: bad weather. Achieving the vote made other ways of living seem possible. Abandoning many restrictive social mores about what women (o) Sadie Bodin’s picketing of the Van Beuren Studio in 1935 should and should not do, they adopted, instead, much less to protest her dismissal for union activity was a minor landmark restrictive dress, activities and relationships, without the loss of in animation history. However, it ultimately paved the way for the 3 social status or support. Fleisher studio strike (1937) and Disney studio strike (1941). Detail showing: (x) African Americans’ struggle to gain equal rights in society and not just on paper, mirrors women’s struggles of m, n, o, q, r, s, t, u, v, the era. Jim Crow laws unconstitutionally blocked Black people from w, x, y, z exercising their right to vote. (y) WAVES: Lieutenant Junior Grade Harriet Ida Pickens and Ensign Frances Wills were the first African-American women to be commissioned into the U.S. Navy’s WAVES, or Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service in 1944. (z) Maria Telkes (aka The Sun Queen): biophysicist, scientist, and inventor of many useful solar powered technologies and applications. Telkes worked with Architect Eleanor Raymond (on Telkas’ right) with funding from sculptor and conservationist Amelia Peabody to build the first home using heat generated by (p) Genora Johnson Dollenger was dubbed the Joan of Arc chemical storage of solar power instead of passive thermal gain. The of labor for her role in organizing the Flint sitdown strikes of 1937. house was built in Dover, MA in 1948. In addition she organized the Women’s Auxiliary of the United Automobile Workers Union and the Women’s Emergency Brigade. 1949 – The Second Sex by the French existentialist Simone de The latter were armed with clubs in order to defend strikers from Beauvoir discusses the treatment of women throughout history. The the assaults of hired Pinkerton strikebreakers, the plant police of Second Sex is often regarded as a major work of feminist philosophy General Motors, and the Flint City Police, who were dominated by and the starting point of the second wave of feminism. the corporation. The Flint Brigade WEB’s berets were red, Detroit’s green, and Lansing’s white. Detail showing: (q) Pecan Shellers Strike, 1938 was organized by labor activist aa, bb, cc, dd, ee, ff, Emma Tenyuca. The strike involved 12,000 shellers in San Antonio, TX. The strike was in protest of wage cuts by the Southern Pecan Shelling gg, hh, ii, jj, kk, ll Company. After months of strikes and negotiations, the workers received a wage increase. (r) Between 1936 and 1937, 500,000 workers across the country engaged in about 400 sit-down strikes. Nearly a quarter of these involved female workers. And almost half of those were solely organized and carried out by women. Their participation helped to establish the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) The 1940’s and America’s involvement in WWII, saw a shift in priorities regarding women’s social progress. 2nd Wave Feminism (s) Rosie the Riveter was created in 1942 in a song of the same (aa) Marguerite Higgins was an American reporter and war name written by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb. She was inspired correspondent. Higgins covered World War II, the Korean War, the by night shift worker in a Corsair plant: Rosalind P. Walter. The idea Vietnam War, and in the process advanced the cause of equal access of “Rosie” became more closely associated with the image of Rose for female war correspondents. She had a long career with the New Will Monroe, who was shown building B-24 bombers at Willow Run York Herald Tribune (1942–1963). She was the first woman to win a Aircraft Factory in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in a promotional film about Pulitzer Prize for Foreign Correspondence awarded in 1951 for her the war effort in the US. coverage of the Korean War. (t) Women’s Land Army (WLA) was formed as part of the (bb) was an American cultural anthropologist. United States Crop Corps, alongside the Victory Farm Volunteers Her reports detailing the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and (for teenage boys and girls), and lasted from 1943 to 1947. Southeast Asian traditional cultures influenced the 1960s sexual revolution. She was a proponent of broadening sexual conventions (u) Wonder Woman (aka Diana Prince) was created by American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston and artist Harry G. within the context of Western cultural traditions. Peter, first appearing in October 1941. Marston’s wife, Elizabeth, and 1954 − U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the their life partner, Olive Byrne, are credited as being his inspiration for unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board the character’s appearance. Marston’s comics featured his ideas on of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation DISC theory, and the character drew inspiration from early feminists. of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. (v) Hedy Lamarr: Austrian-American actress, inventor, and film producer. Lamarr and composer George Antheil developed a radio (cc) : A trained civil rights activist of many years, guidance system for Allied torpedoes in 1941. It intended to use helped initiate the 1960’s civil rights movement in the United frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology to defeat the threat States when she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a of jamming by the Axis powers. This technology is used in Bluetooth Montgomery, Alabama bus in 1955. and is similar to some versions of Wi-Fi. (dd) was an American marine biologist, author, (w) Alice Paul Amendment: During the 1940s, both the and conservationist whose 1962 book Silent Spring and other Republicans and Democrats added the ERA to their party platforms. In writings are credited with advancing the global environmental 1943, the ERA was rewritten and dubbed the “Alice Paul Amendment.” movement. In its current wording it reads, Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. 4 (ee) : Journalist, activist, and co-founder of the (ll) Shirley Chisolm was an American politician, educator, and author. National Organization for Women. Friedan, through the lens of de In 1968, she became the first black woman elected to the United States Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, researched and wrote her 1963 book, Congress. In the 1972 United States presidential election, she became The Feminine Mystique, examining white, middle-class women’s shift the first black candidate for a major party’s nomination for President from the independent, career-minded New Woman of the 1920s of the United States, and the first woman to run for the Democratic and 1930s to the housewives of the postwar era, sparking a feminist Party’s presidential nomination. In 2015, Chisholm was posthumously revolution among white, educated, suburban women. awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. 1961 – Women Strike for Peace (WSP, also known as Women 1966 – NOW, The National Organization for Women was for Peace) was a women’s peace activist group in the United founded. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. States. Nearing the height of the Cold War, around 50,000 women states and in Washington, D.C marched in 60 cities around the United States to demonstrate against the testing of nuclear weapons. It was the largest national 1968 – Civil Rights and Women’s Rights activists women’s peace protest during the 20th century. converged on Atlantic City to protest the Miss America pageant. Civil Rights activists came to protest because Black 1963 – You Don’t Own Me written by David White and John women were not allowed to enter the pageant. Women’s Rights Madara, as an antidote to weak, “mooning” love songs written for activists came to protest because they felt the entire enterprise women of the era. Instead their idea was: “Let’s write a song about a demeaning to women; including the exclusion of women of color. woman telling a guy off.” Madara also links the song to the civil rights The protest was conceived by a feminist writer named Carol unrest of the era. The song was produced by Quincy Jones and sung Hanisch, who popularized the phrase, “The personal is political.” by 17 year old Leslie Gore. The #MeToo movement later adopted They would “protest the image of Miss America, an image the song as their anthem. that oppresses women in every area in which it purports to 1964 – Title VII of the Civil Rights Act passes, prohibiting represent us.” The protest would feature a “freedom trash sex discrimination in employment. The Equal Employment can” into which women could throw away all the physical Opportunity Commission is created. manifestations of women’s oppression, such as “bras, girdles, curlers, false eyelashes, wigs, and representative issues of 1965 – The Supreme Court establishes the right of Cosmopolitan, Ladies’ Home Journal, Family Circle, etc.” The married couples to use contraception. organizers also proposed a concurrent boycott of companies whose products were used in or sponsored the pageant. Male (ff) Bobbi Gibbis the first woman to have run the entire Boston reporters would not be allowed to interview protesters… 1966. Her run was unsanctioned because women were considered too medically frail to complete a marathon. She is The protesters adopted guerrilla theater tactics, too. One recognized by the Boston Athletic Association as the pre-sanctioned woman performed a skit, holding her child and pots and pans, era women’s winner in 1966, 1967, and 1968. mopping the boardwalk to exemplify how a woman’s work is never done. A prominent black feminist activist and lawyer, (gg) Kathrine Switzer became the first woman to officially Florynce Kennedy, who went by Flo, chained herself to a complete the in 1967. She registered under K.V. puppet of Miss America “to highlight the ways women were Switzer and was given the #261. , a Boston Athletic enslaved by beauty standards.”(4) Association official chased and “manhandled” Switzer to try to The fabled “bra burning” never happened. But the event lit a spark in drag her out of the race. Switzer’s coach, her boyfriend, and fellow popular consciousness. runners blocked him. She finished in 4 hours and 20 minutes. The Personal is Political, a popular slogan throughout the (hh) Katherine Johnson was an American mathematician whose 1960’s and 70’s, expressed a common belief among feminists that calculations of orbital mechanics as a NASA employee were critical the personal experiences of women are rooted in their political to the success of the first and subsequent U.S. spaceflights. The situation and gender inequality. space agency noted her “historical role as one of the first African- American women to work as a NASA scientist”. 1968 – President Lyndon B. Johnson signs an executive order prohibiting sex discrimination by government contractors and (ii) , nicknamed “Battling Bella”, was an American requiring affirmative action plans for hiring women. lawyer, U.S. Representative, social activist and a leader of the Women’s Movement. In 1971, Abzug joined other leading feminists 1969 – ERA YES, By the late 1960s, NOW had made such as , , and Betty Friedan to significant political and legislative victories and was gaining found the National Women’s Political Caucus. enough power to become a major lobbying force. In 1969, newly elected representative Shirley Chisholm gave her famous speech (jj) Gloria Steinem is an American feminist, journalist, and social “Equal Rights for Women” on the floor of the U.S. House of political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader and a Representatives. spokeswoman for the American feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. She co-founded Ms. magazine. In 1969, Steinem 1972 – Title IX of the Education Amendments prohibits published an article, “After Black Power, Women’s Liberation”, which sex discrimination in all aspects of education programs that receive brought her to national fame as a feminist leader. federal support. White women of the 60’s and 70’s came to – The Supreme Court upholds the right to use birth understand, as their foremothers did, that their control by unmarried couples. disenfranchisement was intimately and directly linked to the disenfranchisement of African Americans. By joining – Juanita Kreps becomes the first woman director of the New forces they increased their numbers and their strength. York Stock Exchange. (kk) is an American political activist, philosopher, The Jane Collective: or Jane, officially known as the Abortion academic, was involved with numerous socio-political causes including Counseling Service of Women’s Liberation, was an underground second wave feminism, the Black Panther Party, and the campaign service in Chicago, Illinois operated from 1969 to 1973, a time when against the Vietnam War. In 1997, she co-founded Critical Resistance, abortion was illegal in most of the United States. Members of the an organization working to abolish the prison–industrial complex. 5 group performed an estimated 11,000 abortions, mostly to low- income women who could not afford to travel to the places where 1982 – The ERA falls short of ratification. abortion was legal, as well as women of color. While their abortions sometimes resulted in complications, none of their clients were (pp) 1983 – Dr. Sally K. Ride becomes the first American known to die from their abortions. woman to be sent into space. 1973 – Landmark Supreme Court ruling Roe v. Wade makes 1984 – becomes the first woman to be abortion legal. The Supreme Court in a separate ruling bans sex- nominated to be vice president on a major party ticket. segregated “help wanted” advertising. U.S. Supreme Court bans sex discrimination in Catholics for Choice (CFC): Formed in 1973 as Catholics for membership for one-time all-male groups like the Jaycees, a Free Choice, CFC states that its mission is “to serve as a voice Kiwanis and Rotary clubs. for Catholics who believe that the Catholic tradition supports a The state of Mississippi belatedly ratifies the 19th Amendment, woman’s moral and legal right to follow her conscience in matters granting women the vote. of sexuality and reproductive health.” 1986 – The U.S. Supreme Court held that a work Detail showing: environment can be declared hostile or abusive because of discrimination based on sex, an important tool in mm, nn, oo, pp, qq sexual harassment cases.

3rd Wave Feminism The 3rd Wave can be understood through the lens of 2 main cultural moments: Postmodern theory and the Senate testimony of Anita Hill regarding Clarence Thomas’ nomination for Supreme Court Justice. The term third wave is credited to Rebecca Walker, who responded to Thomas’ appointment to the Supreme Court with an article in Ms. magazine, “Becoming the Third Wave.” Women of the 3rd Wave used postmodern ideas to question a retired professional race car driver and (mm) Janet Guthrie, and redefine concepts, ideas, words, and pop media promoted the first woman to qualify and compete in both the Indianapolis ideas about womanhood, gender, beauty, sexuality, femininity and 500 and the Daytona 500, both in 1977. She had first attempted to masculinity. Derogatory slang terms like “Slut”, “Bitch” “Cunt” and enter the Indianapolis 500 in 1976, but failed to qualify. She raced in others were “reclaimed.” three Indy 500s, 1977-79. Perceptions of gender, along with the notion that there are some an American former World No. 1 (nn) , characteristics that are strictly male and others that are strictly professional tennis player. In 1973, at age 29, she won the “Battle female, gave way to the idea that these traits existed on a continuum. of the Sexes” tennis match against the 55-year-old Bobby Riggs. This resulted in greater public acceptance of LGBTQ+ peoples. She is also the founder of the Women’s Tennis Association and the Women’s Sports Foundation. 1991 – Riot grrrl is a subcultural movement that combines feminism, punk music, and politics. The intersection of those ideas is an international event and non- 1973 – Take Back the Night exemplifies the rd3 wave’s embrace of postmodernism. profit organization with the mission of ending sexual, relationship, and domestic violence in all forms. (qq) Anita Hill gave televised testimony in 1991 to an all-male, all- white Senate Judiciary Committee regarding her sexual harassment Housing discrimination on the basis of sex and credit 1974 – by Clarence Thomas. discrimination against women are outlawed by Congress. 1992 – The Year of the Woman: Following the hearings in The Supreme Court rules it is illegal to force pregnant women which lawyer Anita Hill accused Supreme Court nominee Clarence to take maternity leave on the assumption they are incapable of Thomas of sexual harassment, record numbers of women are working in their physical condition. elected to Congress, with four women winning Senate elections and 1975 – The Supreme Court denies states the right to exclude two dozen women elected to first terms in the House. women from juries. 1994 – The Violence Against Women Act funds services for 1978 – The Pregnancy Discrimination Act bans employment victims of rape and domestic violence and allows women to seek civil discrimination against pregnant women. rights remedies for gender-related crimes. Six years later, the Supreme Court invalidates those portions of the law permitting victims of rape, 1980 – Paula Hawkins of Florida, a Republican, becomes the domestic violence, etc. to sue their attackers in federal court. first woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate without following her husband or father in the job. 1996 – The Vagina Monologues is an episodic play written by Eve Ensler The play explores consensual and nonconsensual sexual 1981 – The Supreme Court rules that excluding women experiences, body image, genital mutilation, direct and indirect from the draft is constitutional. In a separate decision, the high encounters with reproduction, vaginal care, menstrual periods, sex court overturns state laws designating a husband “head and master” work, and several other topics through the eyes of women with with unilateral control of property owned jointly with his wife. various ages, races, sexualities, and other differences. (oo) Sandra Day O’Connor becomes first woman to serve on 1997 – becomes the first female secretary the Supreme Court. of state. In a break with tradition, Lady Diana Spencer deletes the vow to “obey” her husband as she marries Prince Charles. 6 2004 – The March for Women’s Lives was a protest internet, as a double edged sword, allowed people to share their demonstration at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. with personal stories, and others to offer support. But it also allowed approximately 1.3 million participants The demonstration was led trolls and misogynists to find their own company, magnifying their by seven groups: National Organization for Women, American voices and giving those groups tools to harass others. Civil Liberties Union, Black Women’s Health Imperative, Feminist Majority, NARAL Pro Choice America, National Latina Institute 2013 – The ban against women in military combat for Reproductive Health, and Planned Parenthood Federation positions is removed, overturning a 1994 Pentagon decision of America. The march was intended to address topics such as restricting women from combat roles. abortion rights, reproductive healthcare, women’s rights, and others. (ss) Patrisse Cullors: an American artist and activist, is a co- founder of the Black Lives Matter movement along with Alicia Garza – We Won’t Go Back became a rallying cry for protecting safe and Opal Tometi. Other topics on which Cullors advocates include and legal abortions. Protests and news stories on the protests were prison abolition in Los Angeles and LGBTQ rights. often accompanied by stories of botched Pre-Roe abortions and their aftermath. 2013 – Black Lives Matter: The movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquittal Detail showing: of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin 17 months earlier. The movement became rr, ss, tt, uu nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: Michael Brown—resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri, a city near St. Louis—and Eric Garner in New York City. (tt) Laverne Cox is an American actress and LGBTQ+ advocate. In her role on Orange is the New Black, Cox plays a trans woman of color; which was a first on mainstream television. She is also the first openly transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in any acting category. 2014 – #YesAllWomen: Following a killing spree in Isla Vista, California that left six people dead and fourteen others wounded, the killer’s internet “manifesto” was described as misogynistic, and (rr) Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon: After dating briefly, moved hatred of women was cited as a factor in his crimes. In response in together on Valentine’s Day 1953. Cofounders of the Daughters Twitter users made the argument that “not all men” are like this, or of Bilitis (DOB) in San Francisco in 1955, the first social and political would commit such crimes. Others deemed that idea defensive and organization for lesbians in the US. They were also the first gay an attempt to deflect from uncomfortable topics such as violence couple to be legally married in the US in February of 2004. The and sexism. courts later struck down the law, voiding their marriage. Although they later remarried after gay marriage once again became legal. In reaction to the hashtag “#NotAllMen,” an anonymous female Twitter user then created “#YesAllWomen” to express that all 2006 – #MeToo aims to work against sexual harassment and women are affected by sexism and misogyny, even though not all sexual abuse by publicizing alleged sex crimes committed by men are sexist. powerful and/or prominent men. The phrase “Me Too” was 2016 – Hillary Rodham Clinton secures the Democratic initially used in this context on social media on MySpace, by sexual presidential nomination, becoming the first U.S. woman to lead the harassment survivor and activist Tarana Burke. The movement is ticket of a major party. She loses to Republican Donald Trump. meant to demonstrate how many women have survived sexual assault and harassment. That strength in numbers is supposed to 2017 – The Women’s March was a worldwide protest, the day empower women to feel secure enough to tell their own stories. after the inauguration of President Donald Trump. Tensions rose due to his statements, considered by many as anti-women or otherwise i becomes the first female speaker of the 2007 – Nancy Pelos offensive. It was the largest single-day protest in U.S. history. See: House. Pussyhats; symbol 2009 – The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act allows – I’m With Her: (seen at the 2017 Women’s March) began as a victims, usually women, of pay discrimination to file a complaint with Clinton campaign slogan, but was adopted by both men and women the government against their employer within 180 days of their last in the 2017 march to show broad solidarity with each other. Like paycheck. the Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage, feminist men joined women 2011 – SlutWalk is a transnational movement calling for an end in support of the cause, using this sign as a way to show support to to rape culture, including victim blaming and slut shaming of sexual all women. assault victims. Specifically, participants protest against explaining or – The Future is Nasty: (seen at the 2017 Women’s March) excusing rape by referring to any aspect of a woman’s appearance. “Nasty woman” was a phrase used by 2016 American presidential The rallies began in 2011, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, after a candidate Donald Trump to refer to opponent during Toronto Police officer suggested that “women should avoid dressing the third presidential debate. The phrase made worldwide news, like sluts” as a precaution against sexual assault. Subsequent rallies became a viral call for some women voters, and has also launched a have occurred globally. feminist movement by the same name 2012 – The Paycheck Fairness Act, meant to fight gender – Nevertheless She Persisted is an expression adopted by discrimination in the workplace, fails in the Senate on a party-line the feminist movement, especially in the United States. It became vote. Two years later, Republicans filibuster the bill (twice). popular in 2017 after the United States Senate voted to formally There is a disputed suggestion that the 4th Wave of feminism started silence Senator Elizabeth Warren’s objections to confirmation of around 2012 around ideas of sexual harassment, body shaming, and Senator Jeff Sessions as U.S. Attorney General. Senate Majority rape culture, online and social media harassment and misogyny. The Leader Mitch McConnell made this remark in defense of the action 7 during his comments following the vote. The expression went viral as feminists posted it on social media disappeared), Russia (Union of the Committees of Soldiers’ Mothers with hashtag references to other women. Its meaning has expanded of Russia), Sri Lanka (mothers of the disappeared), and Turkey to refer more broadly to women’s persistence in breaking barriers, (Saturday Mothers) despite being silenced or ignored. – When he called out: A graffito spray painted on a boarded (uu) Wall of Moms, initially formed in Portland OR, has been up building after George Floyd’s death read: All mothers were described as “a group of mainly white, suburban mothers”, but summoned when he called out for his Mama. also “includes those who are nonbinary and people who consider themselves mothers. Note: The people in this painting may or may not have Members have demonstrated in George Floyd protests in Portland, known each other; regardless of their proximity in the as well as other groups in other U.S. cities including Chicago, Seattle, image. and Tampa. The group’s first protest was attended by approximately 40 women; hundreds to thousands have participated since then. 1: Alice Paul Institute (website) 2: Woodrow Wilson archives Similarly mothers, wives, and other female relatives have come 3: Susan Ware, author of “Why They Marched: Untold Stories of together to protest state-sponsored violence and politicized police the Women Who Fought for the Right to Vote” actions in multiple countries, including Argentina (Mothers of 4: Smithsonian Magazine: “Fifty Years Ago, Protesters Took on the the Plaza de Mayo, Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo), China Miss America Pageant and Electrified the Feminist Movement” (Tiananmen Mothers), Cuba (Ladies in White), Iran (Mourning Mothers, Mothers of Khavaran), Mexico (mothers of the Other general sources include the Library of Congress and Wikipedia

Symbols Colors: White Handkerchiefs Purple, White and Yellow A nod to the British suffragettes who embroidered Colors of the NWP. “Purple is the color of loyalty, their names on handkerchiefs during their constancy to purpose, unswerving steadfastness to a incarceration. cause. White, the emblem of purity, symbolizes the quality of our purpose; and gold, the color of light and Raised Fist – Solidarity life, is as the torch that guides our purpose, pure and The first media portrayal of a raised fist was used in unswerving.” a cartoon by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in 1917. Flowers: Sunflowers and Yellow Roses – Suffragists Rainbow Flag To pay tribute to Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth A symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and Cady Stanton, who used the sunflower – Kansas’ state queer (LGBTQ) pride and LGBTQ social movements. flower – when campaigning for a failed statewide The colors reflect the diversity of the LGBTQ suffrage referendum in 1867. community. The original flag, developed in 1978, had a hot pink stripe at the very top, which was removed Red Roses – Socialists when the fabric color became scarce. From a speech given by Helen Todd a textile factory inspector and campaigner for women’s suffrage, Pussyhats demanding: “bread for all, and roses too”. Todd’s A pussyhat is a pink, crafted hat, created in large numbers words were turned into a poem by James Oppenheim by thousands of participants involved with the United in 1911. The slogan was taken up by women workers States 2017 Women’s March. They are the result of the in the successful textile workers’ strike in Lawrence, Pussyhat Project, a nationwide effort initiated by Krista Massachusetts in 1912, which became known as the Suh and Jayna Zweiman, a screenwriter and architect Bread and Roses Strike. located in Los Angeles, to create pink hats to be worn at the march. The creators state that the name refers to the Symbols: resemblance of the top corners of the hats to cat ears Jail Cell Doors while also attempting to reclaim the term “pussy”, a play Silver pins shaped like a jail cell door with a heart- on Trump’s widely reported 2005 remarks that women shaped padlock were given by the National Woman’s would let him “grab them by the pussy.” Party to each of the women “jailed for freedom.”

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