Scholarly Studies Program

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Scholarly Studies Program OFFICE OF FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS SCHOLARLY STUDIES PROGRAM Proposal Cover Sheet Name: S.I. Address & Phone: Principal Investigator: Robert Hershler Department of Invertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History NHB E-518 (202) 786-2077 Co-Principal Investigator(s). Hsiu-Ping Liu Biology Department Montclair State University Upper Montclair, NJ 07043 Collaborator(s): None Proposal Title: Phylogeny of Pyrgulopsis Springsnails, a Major Component of North American Aquatic Biodiversity: Implications for Systematics. Biogeography, and Conservation Start Date and Duration of Project: September 1, 1998,. two years Budget Request: Year 1 $28,970 Year 2 $33,536 Total $62,506 P.I.'s Unit Organization Code: 3380 Signatures: Date: Principal Investigator 3/23/98 Co-Principal Investigator 3/23/98 NON-SPECIALIST SUMMARY We request funding to continue and expand a multidisciplinary and collaborative research program on the evolution and biogeography of western American springsnails of the family Hydrobiidae. Although the West provides an outstanding theater for such studies because of its complex and historically dynamic landscape, previous work focused on a single group, fishes. Hydrobiids are an equally suitable study group and also offer distinct advantages over fishes as a consequence of the small size and limited dispersal abilities of these snails. Prior funding from the Scholarly Studies Program enabled us to construct a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for a component of this fauna (genus Tryonia, 21 species) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences (mtCOI gene), thus removing the major "roadblock" that had prevented full utilization of hydrobiid snails in evolutionary and biogeographic studies. (The morphological characters provided by these snails have thus far proved insufficient in this respect.) Our study was also encouraging as patterns of snail distribution and evolution were partly congruent with those documented for pupfish (Cyprinodon) and provided evidence that an important regional drainage, the Amargosa River basin, is not only a biotic, but also a geologic composite, in congruence with the complex tectonic history of the Death Valley region. Based on the successful and exciting results of the Tryonia project, we propose a similar phylogenetic analysis, but much more comprehensive biogeographic analysis of another western hydrobiid, Pyrgulopsis, the largest genus of nonmarine snails in North America (123 extant species). Our study will determine whether this anatomically heterogeneous and confusing group represents a clade (a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants), delineate evolutionary structure within the group, provide needed taxonomic stability, and evaluate whether morphological characters are congruent with a molecular-based phylogeny of these snails. We anticipate that the few broadly ranging congeners will be revealed as large species complexes - we will document these discoveries by publishing formal taxonomic descriptions and share relevant information with regulatory agencies seeking to conserve and manage aquatic ecosystems in the West. Finally, we will use our phylogenetic hypothesis as the basis for an analysis of historical relationships of areas inhabited by these snails (vicariance biogeography), which will be evaluated for congruence with relevant geologic history and contrasted with previous such studies of other regional organisms. We will conduct fieldwork to obtain fresh material for DNA analysis. We will sample most of the diversity in this group, including various undescribed congeners which can provide biogeographic resolution of otherwise unrepresented geographic areas. The fossil record suggests a minimally Miocene age for both Pyrgulopsis and Tryonia, and thus we assume that the mtCOI gene will be similarly informative for this study. We tested this by analyzing a small sub-set of Pyrgulopsis and related groups, the results of which confirmed the resolving power of this gene and indicated encouraging congruence with morphological-based hypotheses concerning snail relationships. As a large number of characters will be necessary to well resolve the phylogeny of this huge group, we will sequence this entire gene, as well as a second gene (probably mtC0II). This project benefits from the complementary skills of the participants. Hershler has been been conducting field surveys and studying the systematics and morphology of western hydrobiids for 20 years while Liu is expert in molecular analyses and is interested in applying these techniques to evolutionary processes of mollusks. ii INTRODUCTION. This requests funding to continue and expand research on the evolution and biogeography of western American springsnails of the family Hydrobiidae. The West is extremely fertile ground for such studies because aquatic elements are profoundly isolated by inhospitable deserts and mountain ranges, live in extremely restricted and/or harsh environments, and provide distributional and phylogenetic patterns which have been molded by the extremely complex and dynamic Cenozoic history of the region (Minckley et al. 1986). Whereas early biogeographic treatments of fishes (e.g., Hubbs and Miller 1948; Hubbs et al. 1974) focused on dispersal opportunities provided by a highly integrated late Pleistocene ("pluvial") regional drainage, Minckley et al. (1986) accepted great antiquity (Oligocene- Miocene) of this fauna and consequently emphasized the complex role of geological events in effecting vicariance. In this seminal work they provided a model for historical relationships of western areas (Minckley et al. 1986:figs. 15.4, 15.5) and set the stage for a new era in the study of regional biogeography, yet few pertinent phylogenetic hypotheses have since been generated and these have focused almost exclusively on fishes (e.g., Echelle and Dowling 1992; Smith 1993; but also see Hendrickson 1986). Hydrobiid snails, the most diverse family of freshwater snails in North America (Turgeon et al. 1998), share many attractive features for evolutionary and biogeographic studies with fishes, as well as providing distinct advantages over them. The regional age of both groups is minimally Paleogene (Taylor 1985; Minckley et al. 1986), and thus these organisms are suitable for evaluation of old biogeographic relationships. Hydrobiids are obligate to water and disperse slowly, features which link them tightly with drainage history (Taylor and Bright 1987) and make them ideal tools for evaluating biotic response to vicariance. Hydrobiids exhibit a much greater degree of local endemism than fishes, and they sometimes comprise "species flocks," 1 including several spectacular faunas in spring systems (Taylor 1966b). These tiny snails often persist in poorly watered basins devoid of ichthyofauna and do not appear to be subject to introgression, which commonly occurs in the more mobile fishes (Smith 1992), and thus they can provide a more comprehensive and a clearer biogeographic signal than their vertebrate counterparts. Despite the unique and compelling features of western hydrobiids, an absence of rigorously proposed phylogenetic hypotheses has limited the use of these animals in evolutionary and biogeographic studies, although they have figured prominently in development of provocative, albeit non-phylogenetic scenarios for western drainage history (Taylor 1985, 1987; Taylor and Bright 1987). The few, morphology-based phylogenetic studies of hydrobiids resulted in poorly resolved trees and indicated that most characters are homoplasic (e.g., Ponder et al. 1993; Hershler 1994), and although results may be improved by more finely discriminating characters and their states (Hershler and Ponder 1998), there is a need for infusion of additional data sets. As a first step toward removing this "roadblock," we obtained funding from the Scholarly Studies Program in 1994 to examine monophyly and phylogenetic structure within one of the larger western genera, Tryonia, using allozymes and, ultimately, mitochondrial DNA sequences, and have produced extremely promising results (Hershler, Mulvey and Liu 1998; Hershler, Liu and Mulvey 1998). Partial sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome-c- oxidase subunit I (mtC0I) gene suggested the presence of cryptic species and permitted generation of well-resolved trees which indicated that the genus, as currently constituted, is polyphyletic. Subsequent anatomical studies of these taxa (which had never been monographed) revealed congruent heterogeneity in female genitalic groundplan (RH, unpublished), suggesting that molecular analyses can have an important predictive function in such cases. Phylogenetic 2 structure within the clade composed of "true" Tryonia (16 species) generally corresponded with timing of pertinent vicariant events beginning in the late Tertiary and exhibited some commonality with biogeographic pattern described for pupfish (Cyprinodon; Minckley et al. 1986; Echelle and Dowling 1992). Based on this analysis, the Amargosa River basin (whose lower segment is Death Valley) was identified as a biotic and geologic composite (fide Platnick and Nelson 1984), in congruence with the complex tectonic history of the area. PROPOSAL. We propose to continue this research program in the form of a collaborative, multidisciplinary study of the evolution and biogeography of Pyrgulopsis, the most diverse genus of nonmarine mollusks in North America (131 Recent species, 123 of which are extant; Hershler 1994, 1995, 1998; Thompson 1995), which is broadly
Recommended publications
  • Phrantela Iredale, 1943
    Phrantela Iredale, 1943 Diagnostic features Shell pupiform to conic to trochiform, small to medium size for family (between about 1.7 and 7.0 mm in maximum dimension). Periostracum thin to well developed, colourless to dark brown. Teleoconch sculpture usually of faint, prosocline growth lines, weak spiral threads sometimes present; periphery of last whorl usually evenly rounded, sometimes subangled, rarely sharply angled. Aperture ovate, inner lip thin and narrow, columellar swelling typically absent (weakly developed in one taxon). Outer lip thin, slightly opisthocline to prosocline. Umbilicus wide to small, or closed and represented by chink. Operculum oval, thin, transparent pale yellow, simple, with eccentric nucleus. Bursa copulatrix in the female genital system reaches to the posterior pallial wall [or (rarely) almost reaches it or extends into the pallial roof] and has the duct emerging from the ventro-posterior comer. This is one of the main anatomical features that distinguishes this taxon from Beddomeia. The pallial genital ducts in both males and females are thinner in section than in Beddomeia and the female genital opening is typically slit-like, rather than a short, pore-like opening. Generally a posterior pallial tentacle is present. Classification Class Gastropoda Infraclass Caenogastropoda Order Littorinida Suborder Rissoidina Superfamily Truncatelloidea Family Tateidae Genus Phrantela redale, 1943 Type species: Potamopyrgus (?) marginata Petterd, 1889 by original designation. Original reference: redale, T. (1943). A basic list of the fresh water Mollusca of Australia. The Australian Zoologist 10: 188ĕ230. Type locality: A small trickling stream near Heazlewood River, Tasmania Biology and ecology n rivers, streams and seeps, and under small waterfalls.
    [Show full text]
  • North American Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea): Redescription and Systematic Relationships of Tryonia Stimpson, 1865 and Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886
    THE NAUTILUS 101(1):25-32, 1987 Page 25 . North American Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea): Redescription and Systematic Relationships of Tryonia Stimpson, 1865 and Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886 Robert Hershler Fred G. Thompson Department of Invertebrate Zoology Florida State Museum National Museum of Natural History University of Florida Smithsonian Institution Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Washington, DC 20560, USA ABSTRACT scribed) in the Southwest. Taylor (1966) placed Tryonia in the Littoridininae Taylor, 1966 on the basis of its Anatomical details are provided for the type species of Tryonia turreted shell and glandular penial lobes. It is clear from Stimpson, 1865, Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886, Fonteli- cella Gregg and Taylor, 1965, and Microamnicola Gregg and the initial descriptions and subsequent studies illustrat- Taylor, 1965, in an effort to resolve the systematic relationships ing the penis (Russell, 1971: fig. 4; Taylor, 1983:16-25) of these taxa, which represent most of the generic-level groups that Fontelicella and its subgenera, Natricola Gregg and of Hydrobiidae in southwestern North America. Based on these Taylor, 1965 and Microamnicola Gregg and Taylor, 1965 and other data presented either herein or in the literature, belong to the Nymphophilinae Taylor, 1966 (see Hyalopyrgus Thompson, 1968 is assigned to Tryonia; and Thompson, 1979). While the type species of Pyrgulop- Fontelicella, Microamnicola, Nat ricola Gregg and Taylor, 1965, sis, P. nevadensis (Stearns, 1883), has not received an- Marstonia F. C. Baker, 1926, and Mexistiobia Hershler, 1985 atomical study, the penes of several eastern species have are allocated to Pyrgulopsis. been examined by Thompson (1977), who suggested that The ranges of both Tryonia and Pyrgulopsis include parts the genus may be a nymphophiline.
    [Show full text]
  • Beddomeia Trochiformis Ponder & Clark, 1993
    Beddomeia trochiformis Ponder & Clark, 1993 Diagnostic features Species in the B. tasmanica group have small shells (length 1.2-2.8 mm) with a depressed spire and open umbilicus. The penis is simple. Beddomeia trochiformis (adult size 2.2-2.7 mm) Distribution of Beddomeia trochiformis. This species differs from other members of the group in possessing a radula with a moderately indented dorsal edge of the central teeth, the latter also with teeth steeper outer edges (40°, compared with 45°) and ratio of lateral teeth cutting edge to shaft 0.5 (~0.43 in other taxa); mantle cavity with fewer ctenidial filaments (15-19); female genital system with initial U-bend of coiled oviduct orientated obliquely backwards (not dorso-ventral). Classification Beddomeia trochiformis Ponder & Clark, 1993 Class Gastropoda I nfraclass Caenogastropoda Order Littorinida Suborder Rissoidina Superfamily Truncatelloidea Family Tateidae Genus Beddomeia Petterd, 1889 Original name: Beddomeia trochiformis Ponder & Clark, 1993 in Ponder, W.F., Clark, G.A., Miller, A.C. & Toluzzi, A. (1993). On a major radiation of freshwater snails in Tasmania and eastern Victoria: a preliminary overview of the Beddomeia group (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). I nvertebrate Taxonomy 7: 501-750. Type locality: Bowry Creek, tributary of Savage River, side road off Corinna Road, Tasmania. Biology and ecology Under stones in streams. The white egg capsules are laid on the undersides of stones and are like those of other species of Beddomeia - dome-shaped, with broad attachment base, covered with minute, mainly white sand grains and other fragments and containing a single egg. Development direct. Distribution This species and B.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of Spring-Associated Hydrobiid Snails of the Great Artesian Basin, Australia
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34 (2005) 545–556 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of spring-associated hydrobiid snails of the Great Artesian Basin, Australia Kathryn E. Pereza,¤, Winston F. Ponderb, Donald J. Colganb, Stephanie A. Clarkc,1, Charles Lydearda a Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Systematics, University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0345, USA b Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia c Centre for Biostructural and Biomolecular Research, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia Received 6 July 2004; revised 15 November 2004 Available online 6 January 2005 Abstract The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) of Australia underlies some of the driest parts of South Australia and Queensland and feeds numerous freshwater springs. Prominent and endangered components of the GAB spring community are snails of the family Hydro- biidae. This paper examines the evolutionary relationships of the entire hydrobiid fauna associated with the GAB, and includes appropriate non-GAB species to place the GAB fauna in a broader phylogenetic context. The Queensland genus Jardinella is a focus of this paper, providing a Wne scale examination of relationships between spring supergroups in the northeastern regions of the GAB. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses performed on 16S, CO1, and combined sequence data from 40 hydrobiid taxa found four major clades of Australian taxa. The analysis revealed that at least three separate colonization events of the GAB spring fauna have occurred. Two of these are represented by considerable radiations, (1) Jardinella to the north and east and (2) Caldicochlea, Fonscochlea, and possibly Trochidrobia in South Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Phrantela Marginata (Petterd, 1889)
    Phrantela marginata (Petterd, 1889) Diagnostic features The shell of P. marginata is narrower than nearly all other species and has a relativelysmaller last whorl than any other species.This species is generally similar to P. annamurrayae and P. conica [1] [2] which all have a long, narrow penis with a narrow base and an undulating penial duct. Phrantela marginata (adult size 3.2-4 mm) Distribution of Phrantela marginata. Classification Phrantela marginata (Petterd, 1889) Class Gastropoda I nfraclass Caenogastropoda Order Littorinida Suborder Rissoidina Superfamily Truncatelloidea Family Tateidae Genus Phrantela redale, 1943 Original name: Potamopyrgus (?) marginata Petterd, 1889. Petterd, W. F. (1889). Contributions for a systematic catalogue of the aquatic shells of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1888, 60-83. Type locality: A small stream near Heazlewood River, Tasmania. Biology and ecology This species lives mainly amongst aquatic vegetation, it is also found in root mats in the bed of a small trickle. Egg capsules unknown but probably like those of another species of Phrantela; small, with single embryo, and covered in coarse sand grains. Development direct. Distribution This species is known from a few localities in a small area along Thirteen Mile Creek, a tributary of the Heazlewood River, northwest Tasmania. Notes This species is on the Tasmanian Threatened species list of nvertebrate Animals as Rare (small population at risk). Further reading Petterd, W. F. (1889). Contributions for a systematic catalogue of the aquatic shells of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1888: 60-83. Ponder, W. F., Clark, G. A., Miller, A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Natural Values Within the 2013 Extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
    A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Nature Conservation Report 2017/6 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Jayne Balmer, Jason Bradbury, Karen Richards, Tim Rudman, Micah Visoiu, Shannon Troy and Naomi Lawrence. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Nature Conservation Report 2017/6, September 2017 This report was prepared under the direction of the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (World Heritage Program). Australian Government funds were contributed to the project through the World Heritage Area program. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Tasmanian or Australian Governments. ISSN 1441-0680 Copyright 2017 Crown in right of State of Tasmania Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright act, no part may be reproduced by any means without permission from the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Published by Natural Values Conservation Branch Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment GPO Box 44 Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Front Cover Photograph of Eucalyptus regnans tall forest in the Styx Valley: Rob Blakers Cite as: Balmer, J., Bradbury, J., Richards, K., Rudman, T., Visoiu, M., Troy, S. and Lawrence, N. 2017. A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Nature Conservation Report 2017/6, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart.
    [Show full text]
  • Malacologica
    FOLIA Folia Malacol. 24(3): 111–177 MALACOLOGICA ISSN 1506-7629 The Association of Polish Malacologists Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe Poznań, September 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/folmal.024.008 PATTERNS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION IN LAND SNAILS: A MULTI-SCALE APPROACH SERGEY S. KRAMARENKO Mykolaiv National Agrarian University, Paryzka Komuna St. 9, Mykolaiv, 54020, Ukraine (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Mechanisms which govern patterns of intra-specific vatiation in land snails were traced within areas of different size, using Brephulopsis cylindrica (Menke), Chondrula tridens (O. F. Müller), Xeropicta derbentina (Krynicki), X. krynickii (Krynicki), Cepaea vindobonensis (Férussac) and Helix albescens Rossmässler as examples. Morphometric shell variation, colour and banding pattern polymorphism as well as genetic polymorphism (allozymes and RAPD markers) were studied. The results and literature data were analysed in an attempt to link patterns to processes, with the following conclusions. Formation of patterns of intra- specific variation (initial processes of microevolution) takes different course at three different spatial scales. At micro-geographical scale the dominant role is played by eco-demographic characteristics of the species in the context of fluctuating environmental factors. At meso-geographical scale a special part is played by stochastic population-genetic processes. At macro-geographical scale more or less distinct clinal patterns are associated with basic macroclimatic
    [Show full text]
  • The Freshwater Snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Mexico: Updated Checklist, Endemicity Hotspots, Threats and Conservation Status
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91 (2020): e912909 Taxonomy and systematics The freshwater snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Mexico: updated checklist, endemicity hotspots, threats and conservation status Los caracoles dulceacuícolas (Mollusca: Gastropoda) de México: listado actualizado, hotspots de endemicidad, amenazas y estado de conservación Alexander Czaja a, *, Iris Gabriela Meza-Sánchez a, José Luis Estrada-Rodríguez a, Ulises Romero-Méndez a, Jorge Sáenz-Mata a, Verónica Ávila-Rodríguez a, Jorge Luis Becerra-López a, Josué Raymundo Estrada-Arellano a, Gabriel Fernando Cardoza-Martínez a, David Ramiro Aguillón-Gutiérrez a, Diana Gabriela Cordero-Torres a, Alan P. Covich b a Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av.Universidad s/n, Fraccionamiento Filadelfia, 35010 Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico b Institute of Ecology, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-2202, USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] (A. Czaja) Received: 14 April 2019; accepted: 6 November 2019 Abstract We present an updated checklist of native Mexican freshwater gastropods with data on their general distribution, hotspots of endemicity, threats, and for the first time, their estimated conservation status. The list contains 193 species, representing 13 families and 61 genera. Of these, 103 species (53.4%) and 12 genera are endemic to Mexico, and 75 species are considered local endemics because of their restricted distribution to very small areas. Using NatureServe Ranking, 9 species (4.7%) are considered possibly or presumably extinct, 40 (20.7%) are critically imperiled, 30 (15.5%) are imperiled, 15 (7.8%) are vulnerable and only 64 (33.2%) are currently stable.
    [Show full text]
  • Phrantela Kutikina Ponder & Clark, 1993
    Phrantela kutikina Ponder & Clark, 1993 Diagnostic features This conical species contrasts anatomically with P. daveyensis, the same differences also applying for P. richardsoni except that the bursa in P. richardsoni extends to the posterior pallial wall. Phrantela kutikina (adult size 2.5-3.2 mm) Distribution of Phrantela kutikina. Classification Phrantela kutikina Ponder & Clark, 1993 Class Gastropoda I nfraclass Caenogastropoda Order Littorinida Suborder Rissoidina Superfamily Truncatelloidea Family Tateidae Genus Phrantela redale, 1943 Original name: Phrantela kutikina Ponder & Clark, 1993 in Ponder, W. F., Clark, G. A., Miller, A. C & Toluzzi, A. (1993). On a major radiation of freshwater snails in Tasmania and eastern Victoria - a preliminary overview of the Beddomeia group (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). I nvertebrate Taxonomy, 7: 501- 750. Type locality: Small creek immediately upstream from Kutikina Cave, Franklin River, Tasmania (42°31'42" S, 145°46' E). Biology and ecology n leaf litter and silt. Egg capsules unknown but probably like those of another species of Phrantela; small, with single embryo, and covered in coarse sand grains. Development direct. Distribution The type of this species was found in a stream close to Kutikina Cave and in the stream flowing from the cave in western Tasmania. t occurred with Phrantela umbilicata in the type locality. P. kutikina occurs in various streams flowing into the Gordon and Franklin Rivers. Further reading Ponder, W. F., Clark, G. A., Miller, A. C. & Toluzzi, A. (1993). On a major radiation of freshwater snails in Tasmania and eastern Victoria: a preliminary overview of the Beddomeia group (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). I nvertebrate Taxonomy 7: 501-750.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Laura Elizabeth Dugan 2014
    Copyright by Laura Elizabeth Dugan 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Laura Elizabeth Dugan Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Invasion Risk and Impacts of a Popular Aquarium Trade Fish and the Implications for Policy and Conservation Management Committee: Dean Hendrickson, Supervisor Camille Parmesan, Co-Supervisor Hans Hofmann Mathew Leibold Mary Poteet Invasion Risk and Impacts of a Popular Aquarium Trade Fish and the Implications for Policy and Conservation Management by Laura Elizabeth Dugan, B.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2014 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my family, fellow pursuers of knowledge, who have always encouraged, motivated and supported me and my academic interests. I could not have come this far without you. "The idea of wilderness needs no defense. It only needs more defenders." Edward Abbey Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor Dean Hendrickson for the opportunity to work on this interesting topic in such a beautiful place. I would also like to thank my advisors Dean Hendrickson and Camille Parmesan, my committee members Hans Hofmann, Mathew Leibold and Mary Poteet and the Parmesan lab members for all their support and invaluable input on this work. In addition, without the assistance of my colleagues in Cuatro Ciénegas as well as several undergraduate students
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Species Protection Act 1995
    Contents (1995 - 83) Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 Long Title Part 1 - Preliminary 1. Short title 2. Commencement 3. Interpretation 4. Objectives to be furthered 5. Administration of public authorities 6. Crown to be bound Part 2 - Administration 7. Functions of Secretary 8. Scientific Advisory Committee 9. Community Review Committee Part 3 - Conservation of Threatened Species Division 1 - Threatened species strategy 10. Threatened species strategy 11. Procedure for making strategy 12. Amendment and revocation of strategy Division 2 - Listing of threatened flora and fauna 13. Lists of threatened flora and fauna 14. Notification by Minister and right of appeal 15. Eligibility for listing 16. Nomination for listing 17. Consideration of nomination by SAC 18. Preliminary recommendation by SAC 19. Final recommendation by SAC 20. CRC to be advised of public notification 21. Minister's decision Division 3 - Listing statements 22. Listing statements Division 4 - Critical habitats 23. Determination of critical habitats 24. Amendment and revocation of determinations Division 5 - Recovery plans for threatened species 25. Recovery plans 26. Amendment and revocation of recovery plans Division 6 - Threat abatement plans 27. Threat abatement plans 28. Amendment and revocation of threat abatement plans Division 7 - Land management plans and agreements 29. Land management plans 30. Agreements arising from land management plans 31. Public authority management agreements Part 4 - Interim Protection Orders 32. Power of Minister to make interim protection orders 33. Terms of interim protection orders 34. Notice of order to landholder 35. Recommendation by Resource Planning and Development Commission 36. Notice to comply 37. Notification to other Ministers 38. Limitation of licences, permits, &c., issued under other Acts 39.
    [Show full text]
  • Assembly of a Micro-Hotspot of Caenogastropod Endemism in the Southern Nevada Desert, with a Description of a New Species of Tryonia (Truncatelloidea, Cochliopidae)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys Assembly492: 107–122 of (2015)a micro-hotspot of caenogastropod endemism in the southern Nevada desert... 107 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.492.9246 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Assembly of a micro-hotspot of caenogastropod endemism in the southern Nevada desert, with a description of a new species of Tryonia (Truncatelloidea, Cochliopidae) Robert Hershler1, Hsiu-Ping Liu2, Jeffrey S. Simpson2 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013- 7012, USA 2 Department of Biology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA Corresponding author: Robert Hershler ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Backeljau | Received 13 January 2015 | Accepted 16 March 2015 | Published 30 March 2015 http://zoobank.org/8C3C5DD3-7424-49EC-9444-E07917D82DBE Citation: Hershler R, Liu H-P, Simpson JS (2015) Assembly of a micro-hotspot of caenogastropod endemism in the southern Nevada desert, with a description of a new species of Tryonia (Truncatelloidea, Cochliopidae). ZooKeys 492: 107–122. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.492.9246 Abstract Newly obtained and previously published sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were analyzed to examine the biogeographic assembly of the caenogastropod fauna (belonging to the fami- lies Assimineidae, Cochliopidae, and Hydrobiidae) of an isolated spring along the lower Colorado River in southern Nevada (Blue Point Spring). Based on available COI clock calibrations, the three lineages that comprise this fauna are 2.78–1.42 million years old, which is roughly coeval or slightly younger than the age of Blue Point Spring (inferred from local fossil spring deposits).
    [Show full text]