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Underwater Photographic Reconnaissance and Habitat Data Collection in the Florida Keys—A Procedure for Ground Truthing Remotely Sensed Bathymetric Data

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Underwater Photographic Reconnaissance and Habitat Data Collection in the Florida Keys—A Procedure for Ground Truthing Remotely Sensed Bathymetric Data Underwater Photographic Reconnaissance and Habitat Data Collection in the Florida Keys—A Procedure for Ground Truthing Remotely Sensed Bathymetric Data Open-File Report 2020–1118 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Photographic reconnaissance setup at Turtle Rocks, Florida Keys, Florida. Photograph by Zachery Fehr. Underwater Photographic Reconnaissance and Habitat Data Collection in the Florida Keys—A Procedure for Ground Truthing Remotely Sensed Bathymetric Data By Zachery W. Fehr and Kimberly K. Yates Open-File Report 2020–1118 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2020 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Fehr, Z.W., and Yates, K.K., 2020, Underwater photographic reconnaissance and habitat data collection in the Florida Keys—A procedure for ground truthing remotely sensed bathymetric data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1118, 13 p., https://doi.org/ 10.3133/ ofr20201118. ISSN 2331-1258 (online) iii Acknowledgments We thank Stephanie Arsenault, Mitch Lemon, and Nathan Smiley of the U.S. Geological Survey for their assistance in developing and refining the procedures outlined in this report. They also provided much-appreciated aid in fieldwork preparation and operations. We also thank Ilsa Kuffner for developing the Recon Dive Habitat Sheet. This work was funded through the 2018 U.S. Geological Survey Hurricane and Wildfire Supplemental Funding. Data were collected under Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary permit FKNMS-2016-068. v Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................iii Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Methods...........................................................................................................................................................2 Materials ................................................................................................................................................2 Site Determination ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 Photographic Operations ....................................................................................................................2 Site and Reference Preparation ................................................................................................2 Nadir Imagery ...............................................................................................................................3 Cardinal Direction Imagery ........................................................................................................4 Supplemental Imagery ................................................................................................................5 Habitat Sheet Data Collection ............................................................................................................9 Photograph Metadata ..........................................................................................................................9 Discussion .....................................................................................................................................................11 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................13 Figures 1. Map showing the ten “hot spot” sites chosen for Turtle Rocks, Florida Keys, Florida; the location is shown in the inset map .......................................................................3 2. Underwater photograph of the dive slate (showing “Turtle Rock site 7”) which was used to demarcate the beginning of the series of photographs taken at Turtle Rocks site 7 on the camera’s chronologically ordered secure digital (SD) card ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 3. Photograph of an example nadir shot at Turtle Rocks site 7 �������������������������������������������������5 4. Photograph of the tripod and reference rod setup at Turtle Rocks site 7 ...........................6 5. Photographs showing cardinal direction viewpoints at Turtle Rocks site 7 (A, C, E, G) with the reference dive slate and (B, D, F, H) without the reference dive slate .......7 6. Photograph (a macro shot) of seafloor sediment alongside a reference ruler at Turtle Rocks site 7 .........................................................................................................................8 7. Photograph showing sediment accretion around a gorgonian coral species found at Crocker Reef site 3 (A) before sediment removal from the holdfast and (B) after sediment removal from the holdfast ..........................................................................9 8. Digital image of the completed “Ecosystem Processes Impacting Coastal Change (EPIC) Recon Dive Habitat Sheet” for Turtle Rocks site 7 .....................................10 Table 1. List of fields associated with image P3311661.JPG (fig. 5A) in the photograph metadata ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 vi Conversion Factors U.S. customary units to International System of Units Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) mile, nautical (nmi) 1.852 kilometer (km) yard (yd) 0.9144 meter (m) International System of Units to U.S. customary units Multiply By To obtain Length centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.) millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.) meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi) kilometer (km) 0.5400 mile, nautical (nmi) meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) Datum Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). vii Abbreviations cm centimeter DEM digital elevation model E east EST Eastern Standard Time EXIF exchangeable image file format FAN field activity number GPS Global Positioning System ID identification JPG Joint Photographic Experts Group lidar light detection and ranging m meter N north n/a not applicable NAD83 North American Datum of 1983 ORF Olympus Raw Format S south SAV submerged aquatic vegetation SD secure digital SOP standard operating procedure sRGB standard Red Green Blue USGS U.S. Geological Survey W west % percent Underwater Photographic Reconnaissance and Habitat Data Collection in the Florida Keys—A Procedure for Ground Truthing Remotely Sensed Bathymetric Data By Zachery W. Fehr1 and Kimberly K. Yates2 for 7 million U.S. citizens and nearly 200 million coastal Abstract residents around the world (Ferrario and others, 2014). Major erosion and degradation of coral reefs and adjacent shallow Bathymetric geoprocessing analyses of the Florida Reef seafloor habitats are projected in the future due to a variety Tract have provided insights into trends of seafloor accretion of anthropogenic activities, placing the functions of these and seafloor erosion over time and following major storm essential ecosystems at risk (Fox and Caldwell, 2006; Madin events. However, bathymetric surveys sometimes capture and Connolly, 2006; Manzello and others, 2008; Burke and manmade structures and vegetation, which do not represent the others, 2011; Graham and others, 2015; and Yates and others, desired bare-earth data. Therefore, ground truthing is essential 2017). In addition to sea level rise, this erosion is accelerating to maintain the most accurate bathymetric data possible. the increase in water depth in these ecosystems (Yates and Field procedures were developed in the Florida Reef Tract in others, 2017), which further reduces the effectiveness of coral order to quickly and accurately collect consistent imagery and reefs in dissipating wave energy (Ferrario and others, 2014). habitat data across variable sites. Areas of significant elevation By using light detection and ranging (lidar) and change were determined through elevation change analyses; multibeam bathymetry surveys together with regional-scale these areas were targeted for ground truthing in order to check geoprocessing analyses, Yates and others (2017) quantified the reliability of the surveys. This report outlines the standard these effects in coral reef
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