CENSUS OF INDIA 1981

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA -A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

SERIES-I VOLUME-XV NAGALAND

PJannih"g & Supervision B. K. Rey,. M.A., Ph-. -0. Deputy Registrar General (Map)

General Direction & Editing VIJAY S. VERMA of the Indian Administrative Service Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 2-A, Mansingh Road, New Delhi Maps included in this volume a~e based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India.

The boundary of Meghalaya shown on the map of India is as interpreted from the North-eastern areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971, but has yet to be verified (applicable to India map only).

The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to- a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base'line (applicable to India map only) .

. @ Government of India Copyright 1988 CONTENTS

Pages Foreword (v) Preface (vii-viii) Technical staff of the Registrar General India Headquarters and Directorate of Census Operations, Nagaland associated with the Projec,t (ix)

PART-I

Regional Divisions of India-A Cartographic Analysis-General Note 1-6 Brief characteristics of Regional Divisions 7-14 Statement on Physio-Geog(aphic Regions of India (Regional Divisions) ]5-23

PART-II

R~gional Divisions of Nagaland 25-33

GENERAL MAPS

Position of Nagaland in India, 1981 37 Administrative Divisions, 1981 39 Relief ond Drainage 41 Ndrmal Monthly and Annual Rainfall 43 Geology -. 44 Soils 45 Distribution of Population, 1981 46 Density of Population, 1981 47 Density of Population, 1981 (by SUb-micro Regions) 48 ~~ity of Population, 1981 49 Rural Density of Population, 1981 (by Sub-micro Regions) 50 Urban Density of Population, 1981 51 Urban Density of Population, 1981 (by Sub-micro Regions) 52

PART-III

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF DISTRICTS

I, DISTRICT KOHIMA

(Q Regional Divisions 55-57 (i1) Data on Regional Divisions 58 (iii) Region-wise village codes, 1981 59-60 (iv) Statement on Region-wise Physio-cultural details 61-64 ( iii ) Pages

2. DISTRICT PHEK

(i) Regional Divisions 65-66 (ii) Data on Regional Divisions 67 (iii) Region-wise village codes, 1981 68 (iv) Statement on Region-wise Physio-cultural details 69-72

3. DISTRICT WOKHA

(i) Regional DiVisions 73-74 (Ii) Data on Regional Div!sions 75 (iii) Region-wise village codes, 1981 76 (iv) Statement on Region-wise Physio-cultural details 77-79

4. DiSTRICT ZUNHEBOTO

(i) Regional Divisions 80-81 (ii) Data on Regional Divisions 82 (iii) Region-wise village codes, 1981 83 (iv) Statement on Region-wise Physio-cultural details 84-85

5: DISTRICT MOKOKCHUNG

(i) Regional Divisions 86-87 Oi) Data on Regional Divisions 88 (iii) Region-wise village codes, 1981 99 (iv) Statement on Region-wise Physio-cultural details 90-92

6. DISTRICT TUENSANG

(i) Regional Divisions 93-~4 (ii) Data on Regional Divisions 95

(iii) Region-wise village codes, 1981 ~6 (iv) .statement on Region-wise Physio-cultural details 97-99

7. DISTRICT MON

(i) Regional Divisions 100-101 (ii) Data on Regional Divisions 102 (iii) Region-wise village codes, '19'81 103 (iv) Statement on Region-wise Physio-cultural details 104-106

APPENDIX 109-111

'(iv) ~q: l{"';fT

+H~cr i'f~ f«~\1T -110001 HOME MINISTER INDIA NEW DELHI-llOOOl

Oct. 26, 1988

FOREWORD

Experience has taught us that planning has to be related to the situation in the field in order to better respond to local aspirations and for bet~er utilization of local resources. A lot of planning has, of necessity, to be for larger areas, encompassing an agglomeration or" administrative units. Even such macro planning has, in order to be realistic, to be cognisant of the realities at the micro level. Correspondingly, such plans for bigger areas and involving larger outlays have also to be administered from a suitably high threshold of administrative authority and by a wide network of administrative hierarchy.

Nevertheless, there is a whole corpus of activities which can be and are, in fact, better planned, conducted and financed at the lower or local levels. I think the essence of decentralized planning, which for operational convenience is, essentially, District level planning,. i.e. planning for the District and its constituent smaller units at those levels, consists of just this: allowing what i~ best taken care of at the local level to be so taken care of.

But, all planning, from the national to the sub-micro level does need, as already stated, a careful study of'the situation in the field. And this study also calls for a knowledge of the natural regions, demarcated as per the various physiogeographic characteristics, for a proper appreciation of the planning and developmental matrix and for suggesting the appropriate spatial unit for local and higher are», p.].anning.

From this point of view, the present study, done by the Indian Census, is extremely useful as it provides a framework, a l?ackdrop and also a ground-plan on which other studies and. data-sets can be built. I congrattifate Slfri Vijay S. Verma, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, Dr. B.K. Roy, Deputy Registrar General (Map) and their colleagues for this fine and timely series.

I

( v )

PREFACE

Regions can be carved out with varying criteria for varying purposes. Basically, however, we could, perhaps, distinguish between natural regions-areas which nature intended to be or marks out as separate, homogenous units-and human intervention regions-areas which have to be or are treated together for, different purposes, with varying degrees of consideration for the natural regions.

Thus, special purpose regions mayor may not coincide with natural regions. Administrative units represent special purpose regions of a kind and their boundaries, too, mayor may not be in conformity with those of natural regions.

But there are further elements making for complexity, even confusion : there are regions within regions-there may be fields with different types of soil calling for different types of treatment even within a village-and different natural yardsticks or criteria may not always converge and coalesce to yield natural regions valid from the point of view of each of the criteria considered or used. Thus, ground water availability and soil texture may not necessarily indicate the same delineation; in theory an area may be thickly wooded and, in reality, quite denuded.

And then comes the final heartbreak for the region-delineator: all the factors and manifesta­ tions of nature may point in one direction but the perceptions and the aspirations of the people inhabiting that region may desire sometl'J.ing else: nature may cry out for afforestation, rather reafforestation; the people may want to have more and more area under a marginally remunerative agriculture.

The question then arises: why then try to carve out natural regions? How valid and how usable are they going to be ?

As in most areas of human endeavour, no one can hope either for totally foolproof delinea­ tion or immediate and whole hog adoption thereof for purposes of administration and development planning. And yet, all such exercises, should, I think, be welcome as contributive to the filling out of the complex scenario which serves as the essential bac.kdrop for the formidable task of develop­ ment planning in India to which a new dimension and fresh urgency have been added by the current, renewed emphasis on local area planning.

This study of ours seeks to take the work of delineation to reaches lower than hitherto attempted, mutating Districts.in terms of natural regions, with the village as the constituent unit of each region. One could, of course, go still. lower, carving out regions within Blocks, Taluqs or Thanas, may be with hamlets as the constituent units, and by using the appropriate fine-edged criteria for such sub, sub-micro delineation. Obviously, however, such a study will call for a staggered approach and a much deeper acquaintance with the situation on the ground.

Pending this, the present study which covers the whole of India and posits a scheme compris­ ing of four levels of delineation is, I think, not an inconsiderable step forward and we may not be wrong, I hope, in deriving some satisfaction from its accomplishment. The Census of India is so multi-faceted and so prolific in its output that some aspects of its corporate personality can go at -times un or under recognized. One such aspect is cartography. Among other things, I hope, the present series will lead to a better appreciation of the scale and variety of our cartographic output.

( vii ) The work has been done as a Plan scheme so graciously and thoughtfully sanctioned by the Planning Commission. The foundations of the work were laid under the able stewardship of my predecessor Shri P. Padmanabha. It has been my privilege to steer the work to completion through a time-bound programme. Dr. B.K. Roy, Deputy Registrar General (Map), is one of the stalwarts who have made the Indian Census what it is. This project owes a great deal to him and I have a feeling that he, too, is going to cherish this association. This is not to forget the contribution made by a whole band of able and dedicated officers and cartographers of various ranks at the headquarters and in our Directorates. This contribution is being acknowledged separately. Shri B.P. Jain, Deputy Director of Census Operations, has ensured speedy printing.

We have been extremely fortunate in as much as Hon'ble Shri Buta Singh, Home Minister of India, has always been able to spare time for Census-related matters even though the claimants for his attention have naturally been innumerable. By kindly consenting to contribute a perspi\.:acious Foreword to this series he has deepened the debt of gratitude the organization owes to him. As indicated by him, a follow up project could, perhaps, take care of compiling and presenting data-sets, comprising of demographic and other parameters, in terms of the regions herein presented.

New Delhi 2nd of January, 1989

V~A Registrar General &: Census Commissioner, India

( viii) Tecbnical staff of tbe RGI Headquarters and Directorate of Census Operations, Nagaland associated with tbe Project

REGIONAL DIVISIONS : NAGALAND

Planning & supervision Dr. B.K. Roy Deputy Registrar General (Map) Progress & Monitoring Smt. Minati Ghosh Asstt. Registrar General (Map) Initial drafting & supervision A.K. Biswas Deputy Director of Census Operations, Nagaland Evaluation, checking of draft N.C. Sen Gupta, Research Officer (Map) Cartographic supervision & other associated Mahesh Ram, Research Officer (Map) work P.S. Chhikara, Map Analyst Kum. Sarita, Sr. Geographer P.T. Deshpande, Sf. Drawing Assistant Prem Chand, G~ographer Dr. R.C.S. Tara:gi, Cartographer Pooran Singh, Cartographer S.K. Mukherjee, Sr. Artist Anwar Hussain, Sr. Artist Kum. Suyog, Artist P.K. Mandai, Artist Smt. Saheb Pyari, Artist

Initial analysis of maps & cartographic N.C. Sen work, DCO. Nagaland Asstt. Director of Census Operations, Nagaland I. Tali, AO, Geographer J. Rai Baruah, Sr. Artist K.K.G. l'illai, Artist R.K. Ghosh, Computor

Reprographic Assistance R.R. Chakraborty, Sr. Artist Vishnu Dayal. Ferrotyper

Secretarial work G. Sridhar, Lower Division Clerk T. Rutsa, Lower Division Clerk, DCO, Nagaland Achii Angami, Lower Division Clerk, DCO, Nagaland Proof reading Smt. Lucy Tep, Proof Reader Printing Arrangement and proof reading B.P. Jain, Deputy Director H.K. Jhamb, STA (Ptg.) B.K. Madan, Typist K.C. Kalra, Comput~r

(ix)

PART-I

GENERAL NOTE

REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA-A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

GENERAL NOTE

The regional spatial patterns, variations of resources, heterogeneous physio-geographic factors and problems in development bring out the necessity for a regional approach to planning. Delineation of physio-geographic regions of a country of sub-continental size like India with an area of 3,287,263 Km2, extending between latitudes 8°4'28" and 37°17'53" North and longitudes 68°7'53" and 97°24'47" East and having a great range of geographic environment, is a gigantic task. During the past 30 years, the macro level planning at the national level and meso level planning at the state level have been duly emphasised. Micro level planning needs, perhaps, to be further emphasised. For this to happen, one requirement consists of homogeneous regions, with natural boundaries, forming viable units of planning.

Thus, there was a need to delineate micn~ regions to suit the requirements of micro level regional plans within the frame-work of the national plan. To achieve this end, we need micro regions which are valid on physio-geographic considerations and also definable in terms of administrative units and boundaries in order to facilitate plan formulation and plan execution. For carving out such natural regions, the following considerations, inter alia, are to be kept in view:

(i) contiguous geographical area, (ii) homogeneous administrative machinery capable of formulating and implementing integrated area plans, (iii) reliable statistical data 'base,

(iv) existence of nodal regions; and (v) amenability of the natural boundaries to marginal adjustments so that the former, may, by and large, conform to administrative boundaries at given points of time.

In India, the district is the major universal administrative unit below the State level. The administrative boundaries of the district usually, however, cut across those of the homogeneous natural regions though some district boundaries do coincide with the natural sub-regional boundaries and most of the districts have nodal regions. In cases of extreme heterogeneity however we may have to think of adjustments in such district boundaries to suit the sub-regional planning to the extent possible. This kind of adjustment was worked out methodologically by V.L.S,P. Rao and 1.S. Bhat for the old Mysore State. Also. at the district level, we have an administrative set up which is competent to formulate and implement sub "regional plans. Moreover, a reliable statistical data base (both Census and non-Census) is available at the district level for the purposes of sub-regional planning.

The Earlier Efforts

In regional planning of one type or the other, the delineation of proper regional boundaries has always remained a rather difficult task. A number of schemes for delineating natural regions in India have been put forward by scholars from time to time during this century. The first attempt was made by T.R. Roldich in 1904. He made a very brief and sweeping generalisation and formed rather broad geographical zones' of India on the basis of geological information only. Later, during the 1921-31 decade regional delineations were done mostly from the point of view of geological structure and strati­ graphy. During 1922-24, L.D. Stamp produced a more substantive and well known work. Stamp adopted

3 4 physiography and structure at the primary level, and climate for the second order regions. He divided the country into 3 primary or macro level regions and 22 sub-regions and designated them as 'natural regions'. Almost simultaneously, but independent of Stamp's work, J.N.L. Baker, following the work on natural regions initiated by Wood, propoSid another scheme of natural regions. It was in close agreement with Stamp's regional scheme. Later on, M. B. Pithawala, Kazi S. Ahmad and O. E. Baker also proposed their schemes of regional divisions. O.H.K. Spate gave a more comprehensive treatment to this scheme. He was in general agreement with the schemes proposed by Stamp and Baker. He divided the sub-continent into three paramount macro level regions on the basis of geological structure. The regional scheme proposed by Spate is empirically derived. He divided India into 35 regions of the first order (under the three macro regions excluding the islands), 74 of the second order with 225 sub-divisions.

The traditional divisions of the country into mountains. plateaus and plains, and further regi­ onal division as envisaged by Stamp and later on improved by Spate provided a base for the study of regional physical conditions. During 1931-1941, the regional studies so developed could not be elucidated or enlarged mainly due to the politically unstable conditions of the sub-continent. M. W.M. Yeatts in the General Report of Census of India, 1941, proposed a broad division of the country into four regions demarcated according to economic and geographic principles. However, it was only after 1951 that with the help of more elaborate geological surveys and geographical mapping, by foreign as well as Indian geographers, tl:e work on major natural regions could be reoriented. The 1951 Census of India report gave considerable impetus to the progress of studies of natural regionalisations as for the first time the Census data were interpreted in geographical context in some details. The map of major natural regions of India of 1951 Census was rather sketchy in character. However, it served the purpose well and was laudnble for its time considering the resources then available to the Census Organisation. Subsequently, at the time of the 1961 Census, more maps and ideas from foreign as well as Indian geographers were obtained in carving out the natural regions of India for development purposes. S.P. Chatterjee divided India on the basis of physiography and geo­ logical structure. A. Mitra grouped various districts of India into four categories on the basis of their development levels. Late (Miss) P. Sengupta suggested a scheme of Geographical economic regions of India which was utilised in the Census of India monograph entitled "Economic Regionalisation of India-Probbms and Approaches" and Census of India Atlas of 1961. The basis for this classification was mainly in the works of Spate and Chatterjee as well as in those of the previous scholars referred to above.

However, all these schemes proposed by th. various scholars did not provide a base for mapping and for statistical analysis of the Census data at sub-micro level. They did not also provide precise boundaries or relate the regions to administrative boundaries. In case a scheme was bas~d on the district as the basic unit, as was the case with that proposed by Mitra and Sengupta, it did not take into consideration the intra-district details. The subsequent availabiiity of fairly intensive data. specially on the distribution of soils, forests, geological formations. climatic conditions and large number of maps produced by various national and international organisations, encouraged B.K. Roy to revise the then existing framework of natural regions. A map of India showing Physio-Geographic Regions was included in the National Volume of Census Atlas, 1971 wherein three tiers of regional boundaries (Macro, Meso and Micro) have been precisely adjusted with the district boundaries· The important materials consulted for revising the scheme were the maps published by the Geological Survey of India, Chief Soil Survey Office of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute and the book, 'India-A Regional Geography' edited by R.L. Singh.

The Present Study

The above work was welcomed by scholars, geographers and planners both in India and abroad. To further refine such delineation and also to get it done on a comprehensive scale, the 5

Government of India sanctioned a plan scheme to the Census Organisation on "Regional Divisions of India-A Cartographic Analysis". It aimed at working out a viable grouping of Census villages and towns on a large scale map keeping in view their physiogeographical characteristics in order to bring out viable homogeneous regions at the sub-micro level within the districts. Broadly, the physiogeographical factors which have been kept in view while undertaking this exercise are (i) Physio-gr..phy, (ii) Geological structure, (iii) Forest coverage, (iv) Climatic conditions and (v) Soils. These sub-micro regions have been further pulled up on uniform scale to provide a framework for mapping and cartographic evaluation of Census as well as non-Census data to enlarge the scope of the Census Atlases of the country and also to help in the interpretations of population data in ,terms of sub-micro regions which are physiogeographically homogeneous in character and have similar problems and prospects requiring uniform application of planning strategies for better utilisation of resources and for providing amenities to the inhabi­ tants. Since each sub-micro region has been clearly defiined in so far as its rural and urban consti­ tuents are concerned, the demographic characteristics and other statistics can be generated for the past Censuses also to the extent to which village-wise/town-wise data are available. The sub-micro regions have been delineated within the district. In case the boundaries of the district experience any change in future, due to administrative or any other reason, the required scorell can be obtained by compilation of data as we know their constituent units. The sub-micro regions of the districts will play an important role in the implementation of the plan at the grass-root level within the framework of the State plan which, in turn, is a part of the overall National plan. Agricultural development in India is dependent upon the regional approach because of wide areal spread and the resultant contrasts in cropping patterns arising mainly from the regional variations in physical conditions. Since the landuse pattern should be adopted as per physical conditions of the region, the demarcation of physio-geographic regions will help in the long-term planning for the country. It is hoped that this scheme, the first of its kind in the history of the Census in India, besides enlarging the scope of Census Atlases, would serve as a useful framework for administrators, planners. researchers and other data users.

The Procedure Follo't'\ed

The procedure for delineation of the sub-micro regions encompassed the following steps and considerations:

Since the aim was to delineate sub-micro regions within the district, the number of sheets covering the areal spread on standard topographical sheets either on I: 50,000 or 1:250,000 scale, as available, were consulted. These sheets were mosaiced to ascertain the boundary of the district concerned. In case of change in the district boundaries between the 1971 and 1981 Censuses, the updated map of the district as per 1981 Census was consulted. Similarly TahsiljTalukjP.SjC.D. Block/Circle boundaries were reoriented. As the second step. the villages alongwith their Census location code numbers were marked on the topographical sheets for evaluation of the environs of the group of villages with reference to the physical details. The delineation of sub-micro i.e. the fourth order regions followed. In this exercise physio-geographical details of contours, drainage, spot heights, bench marks, watersheds as well as the distribution of highland and low land (land levels in broader perspective) were examined. This gave further suitable background for the delineation of a group of villages in one viable unit. Simultaneously, names were assigned to particular zones on the basis of major and minor rivers/rivulets, names of mountain ranges, forests or on the considera­ tion of bigger Census villages and popular geographic names of local importance which may be acceptable in view of the regional geographical pattern of the particular region. At times one could feel that the contours or drainage designs are so complex as to complicate geographical thinking for the regions. In such cases, drainage patterns were worked out separately to ascertain their alignment in the formation of sub-micro regions. Similarly, due to the complexity of contour lines on topogra­ phical maps, profiles were drawn to arrive at a particular conclusion whether the physio-geographical 6 landscape of the area was consistent with reference to valleys or rivulets of the regions at higher altitudes for zoning of the sub-micro region. This method provided a decision making criterion to streamline the regions.

While operating on the above system, step 3 required the consulting of maps on geology to further streamline the region-forming factors in the delineation of sub-micro areas. Where the micro relief and the micro physiographic elements on such considerations corresponded fully, the viable region in the district gave a precise zoning. Further, the forest spread on the maps helped to reorient the sUb-micro regional boundaries. In addition, rainfall (isohyetal) maps also helped in the delineation of these boundaries. Thus, all the factors as envisaged in the programme have been synthesised judiciously and to the extent possible to carve out the sub-micro regions within the districts throughout the country.

Code Structure for tbe Regions and the Scheme of the Contents

The map 'Regional Divisions of India' included in this volume depicts 3 digit cpdes. The first digit stands for the macro regions, the second digit for the meso regions and the third for the micro regions. The four macro regions have been numbered as: the Northern Mountains (1), the Great Plains (2), the Deccan Plateau (3) and the Coastal Plains and Islands (4). In the 3 digit code 2.1.1 on the map, the first digit (2) stands for the macro region - the Great Plains, second digit (1) for the meso region-the Punjab Plain and the third digit (1) stands for the micro region-Ravi-Beas Inter­ fluvial Plain. In this frame, 4 macro, 28 meso and 101 micro regions are outlined for the country and the same have been briefly described in the ,later part. Within this frame of micro regions, sub­ micro regions have been delineated within the district under this scheme. These sub-micro regions are given 4th digit code and this 4th digit has been repeated. district-wise, from 1 to the number of sub-micro regions in the district.

After finalization of the sub-micro regions and their code numbers, list of villages and towns were prepared for each sub-micro region and basic data pertaining to area and population were generated. In addition. some physio-cultural characteristics are also highlighted. Part II of this volume incorporates brief description of physio-cultural aspects supplemented by maps and basic data at state level while Part III gives information for each sub-micro region within each district of the state.

It will be seen that the tables included in Parts II and III approach the configuration from the point of view of the administrative unit i.e. State/District/Taluk/P.S./C.D. Block. Village. In othl:l' words. these tables give the position of these units with reference to the natural regions in which they fall. as determined at these respective levels. It will be perceived, however, that the same region or a similar region under a different name may be transcending the administrative boundaries of states and districts and there may be a legitimate enquiry seeking the total geographical spread of the same region or similar regions across and beyond such administrative boundaries but in terms of such administrative units· For purposes of planning it is as necessary to know as to what natural regions comprise a state or a district as to know the position from the opposite point of view as to what state and district or segments thereof comprise one region or similar adjoining regions.

To serve this latter purpose, we have added to each state/union territory volume an appendix which presents administrative constituents of similar regions which extend beyond district and state boundaries. In the case of the adjoining state/union territories, this excercise is, naturally, restricted to the limits of region/regions transcending the boundaries of the concerned state/union territory to which a particular volume in this series is devoted. For getting fuller details with regard to these "extended areas" in terms of their constituents the reader is invited to refer to the volume dealing with the concerned states/union territories. BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONAL DIVISIONS 1. The Northern Mountains

The Northern Mountains corresponding with the Himalayan zone facing the northern frontier of the sub-continent comprise Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Northern Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Northern West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and part of Agsam. The Northern Mountains have been divided primarily according to the geology and forest cover. The relief and drainage however, have also played a dominant role in establishing various sub-divisions within the Himalayan zone. This macro region has been divided into 5 sub-regions (meso) and 24 divisions (micro) on the basis of above mentioned factors.

These sub-regions are:

1.1 Jammu and Kashmir Hjmalaya

This sub-region covers the entire Jammu and Kashmir and is further divided into following three divisions (micro regions) :

1. 1.1 Ladakh 1.1.2 Kashmir Valley 1.1.3 Jammu

In these divisions the relief presents remarkable variations. The grouping of the districts has been made in conformity with the geological structure, elevation and forest cover. Other factors do not play significant role in delineating these divisions. However, sub-montane soil (Podsolic) is dominant in the Kashmir Vall~ and brown hill soil is seen in the southern part of Jammu and Kashmir. Ladakh region is fully predominated by mountain meadow soils as well as glaciers and eternal snow. Forest is mostly alpine type in the northern regions and sub-alpine in the southern regions.

1.2 Himachal Pradesh Himalaya:

Himachal Pradesh state entirely falls under this sub-region. It has been further divided into the following 4 divisions:

1.2.1 Northern Himachal Pradesh 1.2.2 Trans-Himalayan Zone 1.2.3 Central Himachal Pradesh 1.2.4 Southern Himachal Pradesh

Geologically, it is almost similar to that of Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya. However, this sub­ region is characterised by marked variations in the relief features, mainly on the consideration of micro-relief and little variations in soils.

1.3 Uttar Pradesh Himalaya:

This sub-region has been divided into three divisions viz. 1.3.1 Kumaon Himalaya-North 1.3.2 Western Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons 1.3.3 Kumaon Himalaya East

7 8

In these areas. the elevation has been taken as the main basis for classification, Geology and forest have also been taken into account. The soils are mostly of brown hill type in the sub-region with marked differences in the southern Siwalik zone, locally known as Tarai and Bhur soils. The Kumaon Himalaya-North has important peaks like Nanda Devi, Kamet and Badrinath. The Ganga and the Yamuna have their sources in this region. The Western Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons cover Dehradun, Garhwal, and Tehri Garhwal districts and have an elevation of 900 to 1000m. The Kumaon Himalaya-East which comprises Almora and Nainital districts is marked with some narrow valleys on high altitudes.

1.4. North Eastern Himalaya

This region includes 4 sub-regions extending over Sikkim, Darjiling and Duars area of West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The Oarjiling section of the Himalayan zone rises abrupty from Duars plain of West Bengal. Three high peaks namely Siwalik Phu (3630 m), Sabargam (3546 m) and Phalut (3596 m) are located in this section of Himalayan zone. Similarly. the lofty ranges of about 5000 m with intermittent summits are the chief characteristics of Arunachal Pradesh. Weather is damp and cold and the forests are dense. Annual rainfall ranges between 250 and 350 cm. The drainage is in evolutionary stage and immature. This region has been divided into 4 divisions as below:

1.4.1 Sikkim Himalaya 1.4.2 Darjiling Himalaya including Duars 1.4.3 Western Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya 1.4.4 Eastern Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya

1.5. Eastern Hill Zone

This region represents the eastern section of Himalayan zone extending over Nagaland. Manipur. Mizoram, Tripura, part of Assam and Meghalaya. This region is interspersed with plains especially in Silchar, North Cachar Hills and adjoining areas. Topographically it is rugged. The slops are quite steep. Over the Tripura region the topography has interspersed ranges and valleys. Consequently communication is difficult.

The Khosi and laintia Hills in Meghalaya is like a table land. Geologically it is an eastward t:xtension of the massive block of the Peninsular region broken by the alluvium of Ben·gal basin. In its long geological history this region is sa id to have submerged during Mesozoic and early Tertiary times due to-marine transgression which was further uplifted ::I t the time of Himalayan orogenesis.

The region has been divided into 10 divisions as below: 1.5.1 Nagaland Hills 1.5.2 Manipur Hills 1.5.3 Imphal Valley 1.5.4 Hill Zone 1.5.5 Tripura Plain 1.5.6 Tripura Hills 1.5.7 Cachar Plain 1.5.8 Karbi Anglong & North Cachar Hills 1.5.9 Eastern Meghalaya l.5.10 Western Meghalaya 2. The Great Plains

This is the most important zone in view of human concentration and it stretches from Rajasthan via Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal to the eastern section of 9

Brahmaputra valley. It is an enclosed vast basin of various small andJarge rivers s~paf~ted by 'alluvial divideSl'.

The western section comprIsmg arid Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryal1;a, Chandigarh, Dell)i and Western Uttar Pradesh is slightly higher in elevation. over 150 m, than the eastern section of the plain. However, according to elevation, this plain shows three levels of relief configuration, between o to 7S m in the eastern section, 75 to I SO m in the Central Uttar Pradesh and 150 to 3QO m in the western zone with the exception of a small zone in eastern laisalmer district where the elevation is below 75 m. Geologically the whole region is made of alluvium brought by rivers from the Himalayas and this is a gradational plain formed during Pleistocene and Recent geological times. On the basis of drainag.:, soils and rainfall, the region has been divided into 7 sub-regions and 24 divisions:

2.1 Punjab Plain

In this plain 4 divisions as listed below have been delineated on the basis of soils and rainfall. Soils are alluvial with variations of ban gar and khadar. Agricult!lrally, this is the most impor­ tant region.

2.1.1 Ravi - Beas Interftuvial Plain 2. J.2 Hoshiarpur .. Chandigarh SUb-montane Plain 2.1.3 Beas-Satluj Doab 2.1.4 Punjab-Malwa Plain

'2.2 Haryana Plain

In this region which also includes Delhi, three divisions have been delineated on the basis of topography and distribution of soils which are sandy and calcareous.

2.2.1 Eastern Haryana Plain 2.2.2 Western Haryana Plain 2.2.3 Southern Haryana Plain

2.3 Arid Rajasthan Plain

This meso region receives an average annual rainfall of less than 40 em. It has been divided into four micro regions mainly on the basis of distribution of rainfall which are:

2.3.1 Ghaggar Plain 2.3.2 Rajasthan Bagar 2.3.3 Extremely Arid Tract 2,3A Luni Valley

2.. Upper Gauga Plain

This is the vast stretch to the Ganga PLain where the rivers are playing important role in carrying out definite influence area of their own. In general, the soil is alluvial but variations have developed on the upland and the low land areas. The Upper Ganga Plain has been divided into 2 ,divisions, viz,

2.4.1 Northern Upper Ganga Plain 2.4.2 Southern Upper Ganga Plain 10

2.S Middle Ganga Plain

This is the transitional zone between the Upper Ganga. "Plain a.nd the Lowe\, Ganga Plain and has been divided into two divisions viz.

2.5.1 Middle Ganga Plain-West 2.5.2 Middle Ganga Plain-East

2.6 Lower Ganga Plain

The characteristics of the landscape in the Ganga Plain change abruptly in Lower Ganga Plain extending over Bihar and West Bengal due to high rainfall. It has an devation of below 75 m and has been further divided into following six micro regions:

2.6.1 North'Bihar Plain 2.6.2 South Bihar Plain 2.6.3 Barind Tract 2.6.4 Moriband Delta 2.6.5 Proper Delta 2.6.6 Rarh Plain

2.7 Brahmaputra Valles

The Brahmaputra Valley presents typical geographical features. In general, the valley has an elevation of below 75 m. The eastern section is more undulating. Rainfall is very high and river pattern is braided in various sections of the Brahmaputra. The tributaries joining the main river Brahmaputra discharge large amount of water during the monsoon period and hence cause floods in the valley region. It is also covered with luxuriant vegetations throughout. Hence, on these basis this valley has been divided into three divisions with definite characteristics.

2.7.1 Western Brahmaputra Valley 2.7.2 Central Brahmaputra Valley 2.7.3 Eastern Brahmaputra Valley

3. The Deccan Plateau

The Deccan Plateau represents the whole of South Indian tableland. From the point of view of geology, the whole region is composed of metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrian age. Considering drainage, elevation, forest cover, soils and rainfall, sub-divisions were delin~ated. In general, the elevation rises to over lOOO m in the south while it hardly exceeds 500 m in the north. The rivers of this region have mostly reached their base level of erosion whIch have carved wide valleys in various regions of considerable importance. This region has heen divided into 12 sub-regions and 33 divisions.

31 Semi-A.rid Rajasthan

This portion of Rajasthan is marked with intervening valleys where the soils are red, yellow and mixed red-black in character. The regional cha~teristics of this region are different from there of the arid zone of Rajasthan (2.3). The annual rainfall here varies from 35 to 45 cm. Besides, the vegetation is partly developed over the hills and slopes which mostly belong to semi~arid type; 11

while the arid plains are infested with thorny scrub and bushy vegetation. This region has further been dtvided into three divisions.

3.1.1 Aravalli Range and the Associated Uplands 3.1.2 Semi-Arid Uplands of Eastern Rajasthan 3.1.3 Banas-Chambal Basin

3.2 Uttar Pradesh Uplands

Uttar Pradesh Uplands represent well defined zone of Vindhyan System in the south. The average elevation is 500-600 m and slopes towards the plain in the north. The divisions made in this meso region are:

3.2.1 Jhansi Uplands 3.2.2 Mirzapur Uplands

Jhansi Uplands are comparatively dry while the Mirzapur Uplands are wet.

3,3 Bihar-West Bengal Uplands

Bihar-West Bengal Uplands region is one of the most interesting regions for the studies in geomorphology and cultural geography. The whole region belongs to the unclassified crystalline rocks. The elevation of the Bihar Highlands known as Chotanagpur Plateau is in the range of 300-900 m which is often high above 900m at places in the form of rounded hills. Soi~s in this region are mainly red and yeIlow, and red sandy. Red and black soils are predominant in Singhbhum region. The drainage is radial. Forests are dense in Palamu, Ranchi and Hazaribag areas, while it becomes sparse in Puruliya on account of degenerated soils on the uplands. On the basis of elevation and nature of topography the region has been divided into 4 divisions:

3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau 3.3.2 Hazaribag Plateau 3.3.3 Puruliya Uplands 3.3.4 Singhbhum Plateau

3.4 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands

The Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands region has been sub-divided into three divisions. In general. the elevation is between 300-600 m with numerous hills which are thickly forested. The Northern Madhya Pradesh is typically a ravine and derelict land zone on account of erosion by the tributaries of Chambal system. The Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands-East region represents the Vindhyas with well developed scarps. Three- divisions made in this meso region are:

3.4.1 Northern Madhya Pradesh Ravine Uplands-West 3.4.2 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands-Central 3.4.3 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands-East

3.5 Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau

The Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau inherits a complex geology. In general, gneisses, --Vindhyans and Gondwanas are fairly represented here. Forest is deciduous and presents large varieties of sal. Soils arc primarily medium black to deep black types. The region has been sub­ divided into three divi~ions :

3.5.1 Sagar Plateau 3.5.2 Bhopal Plateau 3.5.3 Ratl!.JJ1\ Plateau 12

3.6 Southero Madhya Pradesh Uplands

The region in general represents black soil. Annual rainfall varies between 200-300 cm. The whole region is densely forested in general. According to the elevation, drainage and micrQ~ orographic characteristics the region has been divided into three divisions.

3.6.1 Narmada Region including Flanks of Vindhya and Satpura 3.6.2 Mahanadi Basin 3.6.3 Madhya Pradesh Dandakaranya

3.7 Northern Maharashtra

The Northern Maharashtra represents the major soil regions developed over 'Deccan flows'. In this region average annual rainfall ranges between 40 and 80 cm. The altitudinal characteristics are quite pronounced and hence the delineation of above regions is based on the 'Valleys and Divides' concept of orography of the region. It has been further divided into following two divisions;

3.7.1 Tapti-Puma Valley 3.7.2 Wardha-Penganga-Wainganga Plain

3.8 Maharashtra Plateau

This meso region in general, has an altitude ranging between 300 and 900 m and extends over basalts. Some high ranges like Ajanta range, Harischandra range, Mahadeo range and Balaghat range break the monotony and thus form a mosaic of plateau with protruded hills. Annual rainfall in general, varies between 80 and 100 cm except in the central region of Maharashtra Plateau which generally gets less than 80 cm rainfall. Forests cover, in general, is sparse and at places dense which is of dry deciduous type. Consequently two divisions have been made in this region~vizJ

3.8.1 Eastern Plateau 3.8.2 Western Plateau with protruded Hills

3.9 Karoataka Plateau

The Karnataka Plateau is a well defined plateau region of the Deccan over the und

3.9.1 Northern Karnataka Plateau 3.9.2 Central Karnataka Plateau 3.9.3 Southern Karnataka Plateau

3.10 Tamil Nadu Uplands

This region is the southern extension of unclassified crystalline rocks of Cambrian perioo and is marked with fairly wide valley of Cauvery and its tributaries. In general, the elevation is over 900 m in the west due to southern Sahyadri and Nilgiri Hills. The western and the eastern flanks get an annual rainfall of about 80-200 cm hut the central part of the uplands is almost dry. Due to 13 comparatively high rainfall the hilly areas are forested. On the basis of elevation two'dfvisioM have been carved out which are:

3.10.1 Eastern Flanks of Sahyadri 3.10.2 Tamil Nadu Uplands

3.11 Andbra Plateau

Andhra Plateau is another well-defined plateau region over the Archaean gneissic rock of Southern India whi~h is drained mostly by Godavari, Krishna and Penner river systems. Over the western margins, the soY,& are mostly medium black with intrusion of deep black soils in Krishna valley. The rest of the region is characterised by red sandy soils. The average annual rainfall is below 80 cm in this region. The region is covered with deciduous forests. On the basis of elevation and other considerations, the region has been divided into four divisions and identified as :

3.11.1 Godavari Depression 3.11.2 Telengana Plateau 3.11.3 Krishna Piedmont Plain 3.11.4 Rayalaseema

3.12 Orissa Highlands

The Orissa Highlands region is comprised of the notth.,east.er,u extension of unclassified crystalline rocks of the Deccan Plateau. Here the topography is rugged and elevation is about 1200 m in Koraput plateau. The Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers have carved out weJl defined valleys. Soils of the region are mostly red and sandy interspersed with red and yellow soils in some areas. The western portion of the region consists of deep valleys with spurs. In general, the southern portion is much more dissected and higher than the northern one, where the range of elevation is between 300 and 900 m. Average annual rainfall of the region is between 200 and 300 cm. The region has been divided into two well marked divisions according to elevation, viz,

3.12.1 Northern Orissa Highlands 3.12.2 Southern Orissa Highlands (Orissa Dandakaranya)

4. The Coastal Plains and Islands

Geologically, the Coastal Plains adjacent to the Peninsular region are mere 'Shore Facies' of the Deccan Trap. The region has attained a definite regional approach for classification on account of coastal alluvium characteristics hemmed in between the Sahyadri and Arabian sea in the west and the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal in the east. The rainfall varies in the sections which is high (above 300 cm) in the Western Coastal Region and low (l00 cm) in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Coastal Plain has been sub-divided into 4 sub-regions and 20 divisions.

4.1 GuJarat Region

This region represents almost the whole of Gujarat state. This region is composed of 'Deccan Flows' and coastal Tertiary deposits. Gujarat Plain is drained by Sabarmati and Mahi rivers. Eastern Hilly Region is comprised of Panch Mahals and the Dangs districts. Kathiawar Peninsula is partly rocky having an elevation of above 75 m. Radial drainage is the chief characteristic feature of this zone.

Kachchh Peninsula solely corresponds with Kachchh district. The chief characteristic feature of the region is the sandy plain with isolated rocky hills. All these regions may typically be said as semi-arid while the Kachchh Peninsula is arid. The above mentioned four regions are as follows: 14

4.1.1 Guj~rat Plain 4.1.2 Eastern Hilly Region 4.1.3 Kataiawar Peninsula 4.1.4 Kaehchh Peninsula

4.2 Western Coastal Region

The Western Coastal Region lies just bordering the Sahyadri (the Western Ghats). The width of the regions is often very narrow in Karnataka Coastal Region which broadens further south in Kerala. Rainfall is quite heavy over 300 em per annum. Six divisions have been demarcated in this region which cover portions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Mahe district of Pondicherry and Goa district of Goa, Daman & Diu. The six divisions are:

4.2.1 Maharashtra Littoral 4.2.2 Goa Coast 4.2.3 Karnataka Coast 4.2.4 North Kerala Coast 4.2.5 Central Kerala Coast 4.2.6 South Kerala Coast

4.3 Eastern Coastal Region

The Eastern Coastal Region can be distinguished from the Western coast because the basic geographical factors of these two regions vary to a great extent. The 100 cm isohyetalline separates the eastern and western coastal areas at the district level at Kanniyakumari. The Eastern Coastal Region is wide and the soils differ appreciably within this region. The big rivers carve out broader valleys or deltas which give further help in establishing the divisions in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Eastern Ghats are broken as they do not run as continuous geographical barrier. The region has been divided into 8 divisions viz.,

4.3.1 Kanniyakumari Coast 4.3.2 Sandy Littoral 4.3.3 Coromandel Coast 4.3.4 Southern Andhra Coastal Plain 4.3.5 Krishna Delta 4.3.6 Godavari Delta 4.3.7 Northern Andhra Coastal Plain 4.3.8 Mahanadi Delta 4.4 The Islands The Andaman and Nicobar [slands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian sea vary between themselves in the geographical location as well as in human geography and form two micro regions. 4.4.1 The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are composed of more. than 300 named and unamed Islands Out of them 33 major islands are inhabited, while the remaining islands are uninhabited. Geologically, sandstone and shales of Eocene period predominate. Due to hot and humid climate, soils are lateritic and degenerated with luxuriant growth of vegetation cover. Coral formation is the chief characteristics of the islands and so the group of islands forms a definite entity of a region on these considerations. 4.4.2 The Lakshadweep-These islands have developed very near to the continental shelf of the Indian coast. The total number of islands is 27 out of which 10 are inhabited and the remaining 17 are uninhabited. These two present a particular geographical environment, ecology and culture zone of India. MAP of .0' "" ", 92' 9" INDIA REGIONAL DIVISIONS

BOUNDARY, INTERNAT.OHAL .. .. _._ . _ BOUNDARY, STATE/UHION TERRITORY

OISTRICT

32'· KILOMETRES c 100 50 0 10 0 200 ;,00

N

B T

OISTRICTS or t.lEGHALAYO\ 1 Wesl GlltO Hili 2 Eail GorllHiIiS 3 Will Khosi HilS 4 ElltlKhllai Hib !iJgi1liaHiI(5 OISTRICTS OF NAGAlANO

.2 NotaO;<;h~n'il :5 WokhO 4 T.... ~son'il '0' 2 0' BAY .5Zunhlbolo OF DISTR ICTS or SIKKIM BENGAL

1Hofltl Tripuro .2 Well Tripura 3Soul hTrIpuro ARABIAN

BOU NDARY. REGIOHAL 0I .... 1510N MACRO ... _____ SEA MESO .•.. ______", 10'

{ JAMMU AND KASHMIR J ! B~4. 80490m B,I . Boo,,,,,,. ( HIMACHAL PRADESH)

'" G,,"liQr ( MAC HYA PRADESH) OCoeol ... ·la uR "' .... Gon dhinll gor (GUJ ARAT ) IG.o.ao." GOA • DAMAN 110 D.U HOIII"plII" { H.MACH Al PRADE S H } z . " Q" HOl hiofplII" (PUNJAB) KDpU"lhoio ( P UNJAB) l :~ ' g~~. . Ah doltGl (I<..N.) (KosllmirHotlh) (JAMMU AND KASHMIR J Z ' • Bene" I oz' ,;. (lICMAl (K.S.) (Klllhmir SOUIh) ( .JAMt,4 U ANO KASHMIR) '" ~ 1 HARYAHA ) (' Mohendra~rh MUlllfforpur ( BIHAR I " ~. ... 0 PalheNm Chomporon ( BIiAR ) ".,. Ip,e Purbo Chomporon ( BIiAR ) 4 .4.1 " . AHCA NAN SEA . PO. (JAM~U AND KASHMIR J r Rupn0911r" (PUHJAB) "':f. .~.4.2 0r- - Som"lliput ( BIHAR ) O ... ( KARHATAKA) # 1'•.- 0< W..I Din o,n" (WEST BEHGAL ) " 0 * I " '" " '"..,

1f~OIl~A POINT

N D A N 0 1 c E A N 72!' EAST cr GREENWICH 7" ,.' 88' .,'

80 ..d upon Sur".y of IndiCi map "ith Ih. pl1"mission of the Sur",)fOI Gln.rolof Indill. nl lIowI4or~ ot N."" Io~Q IhDwn on !tis map II .. int.."..ltIcI fn:r,m .M Th'll"ifonol _o".sol lndklutlnd into 'he 110 to a !M" onellll '".In Horth-Eost.n A'III (AeorQOniwtlon) ... et,197•• bwt ho.,.t tllb ...rin.d . noulieol ",II .. "'IOIurld from ...... DClP,"ptiotl bDl. ~M. 15

PHYSIO-GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF INDIA (REGIONAL DIVISIONS)

Regions with Sub-Regions Divisions with District State/Union Code No. with Code No. Code No. Territorj (Macro) (Meso) (Micro)

1 2 3 4 5

1. The North- 1.1 Jammu & 1.1.1 Ladakh Ladakh and Kargil Jammu & Kashmir ern Mount- Kashmir 1.1.2 Kashmir Anantnag (KS), Jammu & Kashmir ains Himalaya Valley Baramula (KN), Pulwama, Badgam, Kupwara and Srinagar

1.1.3 Jammu Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir Punch, Rajauri and Udhampur

1.2 Himachal 1.2.1 Northern Chamba Himachal Pradesh Pradesh Himachal Himalaya Pradesh

1.2.2 Trans- Kinnaur and Lahul & Himachal Pradesh Himalayan Spiti Zone 1.2.3 Central Kangra, Kullu, Una, Himachal Pradesh Himachal Hamirpur and Mandi Pradesh 1.2.4 Southern Bilaspur, Solan, Shimla Himachal Pradesh Himachal and Sirmaur Pradesh 1.3 Uttar 1.3.1 Kumaon Chamoli, Pithoragarh, Uttar Pradesh Pradesh Himalaya and Uttarkashi Himalaya -North 1.3.2 Western Dehra Dun, Garhwal and Uttar Pradesh Kumaon Tehri Garhwal Himalaya, Siwalik & Doons 1,3.3 Kumaon Almora and Nainital Uttar Pradesh Himalaya -East 1.4 North 104.1 Sikkim North District, West Sikkim Eastern Himalaya District, South District Himalaya and East District 1.4.2 Darjiling Darjiling and Jalpaiguri West Bengal Himalaya including Duars 16

1 2 3 4 5

1.4.3 Western West Kameng, East Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Kameng. Lower Subansiri. Pradesh Upper Subansiri, West Himalaya Siang and East Siang

1.4.4 Eastern Dibang Valley, Lohit and Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Tirap Pradesh Himalaya

1.5 Eastern I.5.1 Nagaland Kohima, Mokokchung, Nagaland Hill Zone Hills Mon, W okha, Zunheboto, Phek and Tuensang

1.52 Manipur Manipur East, Manipur Manipur Hills North, Manipur West, Pocket of Manipur Central and Manipur South

1.5.3 Imphal Manipur Central and Manipur Valley Tengnoupal

1.5.4 Hill Zone Aizawl, Lunglei and Mizoram Chhimtuipui

1.5.5 Tripura South Tripura and West Tripura Plain Tripura

1.5.6 Tripura North Tripura Tripura Hilis

1.5.7 Cachar Cachar Assam Plain

1.5.8 Karbi Karbi Anglong and Assam Anglong & North Cachar Hills North Cachar Hills

1.5.9 Eastern West Khasi Hills, East Meghalaya Meghalaya Khasi Hills and laintia Hills

1.5.10 Western West Garo Hills and Meghalaya Meghalaya East Garo Hills

2. The Great 2.1 Punjab 2.1.1 Ravi-Beas Amritsar and Gurdaspur Punjab Plains Plain Inter-fluvial Plain 17

1 2 3 4 5

2.1.2 Hoshiarpur Chandigarh, Hoshiarpur Chandigarh & Chandigarh and Rupnagar Punjab Sub- montane Plain

2.1.3 Beas Satluj lalandhar and Kapurthala Punjab Doab 2.1.4 Punjab Bathinda, Firozpur, Punjab Malwa Ludhiana, Patiala, Sangrur Plain and Faridkot 2.2 Haryana 2.2.1 Eastern Ambala, Kurukshetra, Haryana Plain Haryana lind, Karnal, Rohtak and Plain Sonipat 2.2.2 Western Hisar, Sirsa and Bhiwani Haryana Haryana Plain 2.2.3 Southern Delhi, Gurgaon, Delhi & Haryana Haryana Mahendragarh and Plain Faridabad 2.3 Arid 2.3.1 Ghaggar Ganganagar Rajasthan Rajasthan Plain Plain 2.3.2 Rajasthan Churu, Jhunjhunun, Rajasthan Bagar Nagaur and Sikar 2.3.3 Extremely Bikaner and Jaisalmer Rajasthan Arid Tract 2.3.4 Luni Valley Barmer, Jalor, Jodhpur Rajasthan and Pali 2.4 Upper 2.4.1 Northern Bijnor, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh Ganga Plain Upper Moradabad, Muzaifarnagar, Ganga Plain Rampur and Saharanpur 2.4.2 Southern Aligarh, Agra. Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh Upper Budaun, Bulandshahr, Ganga Etah, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Plain Kheri, Mainpuri, Mathura, Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur 2.5 Middle 2.5.1 Middle Allahabad, Bahraich, Bara- Uttar Pradesh Ganga Plain Ganga Plain Banki, Faizabad, Fatehpur, -West ~Genda, Hardoi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Pratapgarh, Rae Bareli, Sitapur, Sultan pur and Unnao 18

1 2 3 4 5

2.5.2 Middle Azamgarh, BaHia. Basti, Uttar Pradesh Ganga Deoria, Gorakhpur, Plain-East Varanasi, Jaunpur and Ghazipur

2.6 Lower 2.6.1 North Bihar Pashchim Champaran, Bihar Ganga Plain Plain Purba Champaran, Darbhanga, M uzaffarpur, Purnia, Saharsa. Saran, Sitamarhi, Madhubani, Katihar, Begusarai, Samastipur, Vaishali. Siwan and Gopalganj

2.6.2 South Bihar Bhagalpur, Gaya, Munger, Bihar Plain Patna, Bhojpur, Nalanda, Nawada, Rohtas. and Aurangabad

2.6.3 Barind Koch Bihar, Maldah and West Bengal Tract West Dinajpur

2.6.4 Moriband Murshidabad and Nadia West Bengal Delta

2.6.5 Proper Barddhaman, Calcutta, West Bengal Delta Hugli, Raora and Twentyfour Parganas

2.6.6 Rarh Plain Bankura, Birbhum and West Bengal Medinipur

2.7 Brahmaputra 2.7.1 Western Goalpara and Kamrup Assam Valley Brahmaputra Valley

2.7.2 Central Darrang and Nagaon Assam Brahmaputra Valley

2.7.3 Eastern Lakhimpur, Sibsagar and Assam Brahmaputra Dibrugarh Valley

3. The Deccan 3.1 Semi-Arid 3.1.1 Aravalli Ajmer, Alwar, Bans- Rajasthan Plateau Rajasthan Range wara, Chittaurgarh, and the Dungarpur, Jaipur, Associated Sirohi and Udaipur Uplands 19

------_ 1 2 3 4 5

3.1.2 Semi-Arid Bhilwara, Bundi, Rajasthan Uplands of Kota, Jhalawar Eastern and Tonk Rajasthan 3.1.3 Banas- Bharatpur and Rajasthan Chambal Sawai Madhopur Basin

3.2 Uttar 3.2.1 Jhansi Banda, Hamirpur Uttar Pradesh Pradesh Uplands Jalaun, Lalitpur, Uplands and Jhansi 3.2.2 Mirzapur Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh Uplands

3.3 Bihar- 3.3.1 Ranchi Palamu and West Plateau Ranchi Bihar Bengal Uplands 3.3.2 Hazaribag Dhanbad, Hazari- Bihar Plateau bag, Giridih and Santbal Pargana 3.3.3 Puruliya Puruliya West Bengal Uplands 3.3.4 Singhbhutn Singhbhum Bihar Plateau 3.4 Northern 3.4.1 Northern Bhind, Datia, Guna, Madhya Pradesh Madhya Madhya Gwalior, Morena Pradesh Pradesh and Shi vpnri Uplands Ravine Uplands- West 3.42 Northern Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh Madhya Panna and Tikamgarh Pradesh Uplands- Central

3.4.3 Northern Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh Madhya Sidhi and Surguja Pradesh Uplands- East

3.5 Central 3.5.1 Sagar Darnah; Sagar and Madhya Pradesh Madbya Plateau Vidisha Pradesh Plateau 20

1 2 3 4 5

3.5.2 Bhopal Dewas, Indore, Raisen, Madhya Pradesh Plateau Bhopal and Sehore

3.5.3 Ratlam Dhar, Jhabua, Mand- Madhy::l. Pradesh Plateau saur, Ratiam, Rajgarh, Shajapur and Ujjain

3.6 Southern 3.6.1 Narmada Balaghat, Betul. Madhya Pradesh Madhya Region Chhindwara, Hoshanga- Pradesh including bad, Jabalpur, West Uplands Flanks of Nimar, East Nimar, Vindhya Mandla, Narsimhapur and and Seoni Satpura

3.6.2 Mahanadi Bilaspur, Durg, Madhya Pradesh Basin Raigarh, Raj Nandgaon and Raipur

3.6.3 Madhya Bastar Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Danda- karanya

3.7 Northern 3.7.1 Tapti- Amravati, AkoIa, Maharashtra Maharashtra Purna Buldana, Dhule and Valley Jalgaon

3.7.2 Wardha- Bhandara, Chandrapur, Maharashtra Penganga- Nagpur, Wardha and Wainganga Yavatmal Plain

3.8 Maharashtra 3.8.1 Eastern Aurangabad. Bid, Maharashtra Plateau Plateau Kolhapur, Nanded, Osmanabad, Parbhani, SangIi and SolapuT

3 8.2 Western Ahmadnagar, Nashik, Maharashtra Plateau Pune and Satara with Protruded Hills

3.9 Karnataka 3.9.1 Northern Belgaum, Bidar, Karnataka Plateau Karnataka Bijapur and Gulbarga Plateau Bellary, Chikmagalur, 3.9.2 Central Karnataka Karnataka Chitradurga, Dharwad, Plateau Shimoga, Raichur and Pocket of Tumkur 21

2 3 4 5

3.9.3 Southern Bangalore, Kodagu. Karnataka Karnataka Hassan, Kolar, Plateau Mandya, Mysore and Tumkur

3.10 Tamil 3.10.1 Eastern Coimbatore, Madurai, Tamil Nadtt Nadu Flanks of Nilgiri and Periyar Uplands Sahyadri

3.10.2 Tamil Dhal'mapuri, North Tamil Nadu Nadu Areot and Salem Uplands

3.lt Andhra 3. tI.l Godavari Karimnagar, Khammam Andhra Pradesh Plateau Depression and Warangal

3.11.2 Teiangana Adilabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Plateau Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nizamabad and Rangareddi

3.11.3 Krishna Nalgonda A ndhra Pradesh Piedmont Plain

3.11.4 Rayala- Anantapur, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh seema Cuddapah and Kurnool

3.12 Orissa 3.12.1 Northern Dhenkanal, Kendujhar, Orissa Highlands Orissa Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur Highlands and Sundargarh

3.12.2 Southern Phulabani, Balangir, Orissa Orissa Ganjam, Kalahandi Highlands and Koraput (Orissa Danda- karanya)

4. The Coastal 4.1 Gujarat 4.1.1 Gujarat Ahmadabad, Bharuch, Gujarat, Dadra & Plains and Region Plain Banas Kantha, Gandhi- Nagar Haveli and Islands nagar, Kheda, Mahe- Goa, Daman & sana, Sabar Kantha, Diu Surat, Vadodara, Valsad, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman

4.1.2 Eastern Panch Mahals and Gujarat Hilly . The Dangs Region 22

2 3 4 5

4.1.3 Kathiawar Amreli, Bhavnagar, Gl'jarat and Goa, Peninsula Jamnagar, Junagadh, Daman & Diu Rajkot, Surendranagar and Diu

4.1.4 Kachchh Kachchh Gujarat Peninsula

4.2 Western 4.2.1 Maharashtra Greater Bombay, Maharashtra Cqastal Littoral Raigarh, Ratnagiri Region and Thane

4.2.2 Goa Coast Goa Goa, Daman & Diu

4.2.3 Karnataka Uttar Kannad and Karnataka Coast Dakshin Kannad

4.2.4 North Cannanore, Kozhikode Kerala and Kerala Wayanad and Mahe Pondicherry Coast

4.2.5 Central Ernakulam, Kottayam. Kerl'lla KeraJa Malappuram, Palghat, Coast Triehur and ldukki

4.2.6 South Alleppey, Trivandrum Kerala Kerala and Quilon Coast

4.3 Eastern 4.3.1 Kanniya- Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu Coastal kumari Region Coast

4.3.2 Sandy Ramanathapuram and Tamil Nadu Littoral Tirunelveli

4.3.3 Coromandel Chengalpattu, Madras, Pondicherry and Coast Thanjavur, Tiruehchira- Tamil Nadu ppalli, South Areot, Pudukkottai, Karaikal and Pondicherry

4.3.4 Southern Nellore and Prakasam Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Coastal Plain

4.3.5 Krishna Guntur and Krishna Andhra Pradesh Delta 23

1 2 3 4 5

4.3.6 Godavari East Godavari, West Andhra Pradesh Delta Godavari and Yanam and Pondicherry

4.3.7 Northern Srikakulam, Viziana­ Andhra Pradesh Andhra garam and Vishakhapatnam Coastal Plain

4.3.8 Mahanadi Baleshwar. Cuttack Orissa Delta and Puri

4.4 The Islands 4.4.1 Andaman Andaman and Nicobar Andaman and and Nicobar Nicobar Islands Islands

4.4.2 Laksha- Lakshadweep Lakshadweep dweep

PART-II REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF NAGALAND

REG:1RNAt DIVISIONS o.F NAG ALAND "" .. ",,... ".. . ' ...... " .," . ~'1,~~.lflnd, the six~e~nth ~~te ()f,Indian . Union was inaugurated on the 1st December, 1963. Prior to ht Dec., 1957 Naga Hills district was one of the c)istricts of Assam. By an Act, called the NjJ.ga Hill~ T~ensang Area Act, 1957 (No. 42 of 1957) the former Naga Hills district and the Tuensang Frontier Division were tr~nsferred from Assam state and N.E.F.A. (now Arunachal Pradesh) respect­ ively to form a new administrative unit known as Naga Hills Tuensang Area under the Central Government. On the 18th February, 1961, under the provision of the Nagaland (Transitional Provision) Regulation, 1961, (Regulation 2 of 1961) the Naga Hills Tuensang Area was redesignated as "Nagaland" and an "Interim 8Q~Y" was constituted which functioned as de facto Legislative Assembly. .... ,

The full-fledged state of Nagaland was formed by the state of Nagaland Act, 1962 (Act No. 27 of 1962) and it was inaugurated by the President of India on tht: '1 st December, 1963.

Nagaland state approximately 'extends between 25°11' 55" to 2r2' 10" north latitudes and 93°20' 0" to 95°17' 10" east longitudes" and' is one of the north-eastern states of India. The total area of the state is 16,579 km2 (provi'sional) and is inhabited by 774,930 persons as per the 1981 Census. It is bounded by Assam in the north. north-west and west, 13urma and Arunachal Pradesh in the east and Manipur in the south. Excepting some plain areas on its south-western side like Ditnapur plain, the rest of Nagaland is completely hilly region with hill ranges which breaks into a ",.ide chaos of spurs and ridges. fhe altitude varies between 194 and 3,048 metres. The highest peak of the state 'Saramati' in Tuensang district is 3,826 metres.

The state comprises of 7 'districts, namely, Kohima, Ph~k, Wokha, Zunbeboto, Mokokchung, Tuensang and Mon. There are 1,119 villages out of which 7 villages are uninhabited. There are seven towns in the state as a whole-. P.h~k district is entirely rural among the districts;

From physio graphical point of Yiew, the state can be divided into three physical divisions :- l "'" ' ~. ~ (1) Western Low Rartge:- ~11 along the western border runs a low range with an altitude between 150 metres and 610 metres above the mean sea level.

(2) Middle Hilly Range :- Except for Japvo area in Kohima district a continuous hilly range with altitude between 610 metres and 1,219 metres runs through the middle of the state from south­ west to north and north-east like a ~l'in~l column.

(3) Eastern Mountainous Region:- This region unlike the first two divisions does not maintain a continuous range. It ill composed of hills and mountains ranging between 610 metres and 2,438 metres. However, 'SaramatF claiming the highest altitude with 3,826 metres above the mean sea level lies in this region. This region forms the great watersheds between Burma and the state of Nagaland. Naturally therefore, aU rivers flow westwards, enter Assam and finally join the Brahmaputra, except Tizu with its tributary Zungki which flows into Burma and joins the river Chindwin.

There exist several. ,ranges in tl).e stlJ,te which playa vital role in governing the climatic condi- .. ". ,,' ,( , lions, rainfall and agri~uJ,t~re. T~e ~fail range enters into Kohima district from south-west direction ....h:9ns to~ards north-east ,Up,f? ,¥p~!c district and from Kohima the Barail range further merged • . " in;ng plountl;1in ran~e~ tP8,prolonged through Manipur state. The Japvo mountain range ,~n tb~ southern pa~ ~f Kohima' district has the second highest peak (3,014 metres) in r. Milt!, ,~js followed by 'Kapu' with 2,841 metres., 'Paona' with 2,791 metres and 'Kapamesu' .4\:

ranges, namely, Wokha range, Sanis range and Bhandari range;·· Tile altitude of these ranges varies from 600 to 1800 metres. In the north-western part of the state, being the hills, a dismembered branch of the EasterQ Himalayas, the ranges have risen and paSS through Naga Hills, Manipur and Mizoram states. The altitude of the hills varies from 1000 to 2000 metres and the average height is 1500 metres. The ranges are higher on the east than the west" where it adjoins the plain of Assam. On the south-eastern portion of the state the entire region is' hilly and it does not adjoin any plain area except by a narrow stretch of land in the extreme north. The hills and the mountains of this region vary in between 610 and 2430 metres.

The state is full of hills and gorges covered with dense evergreen forest. Most of the slopes upto the height of about 1500 metres have at one time or another been cleared for cultivation. In the south-west portion of the state, the inhabitants have cleared all the jungles into terraced rice.

fields and comparatively little forest can be seen there. Except cin the bottom of the river valleys and the summits of the hills, there is not much timber still remai~ing. In the north-eastern region, the valleys are broad, the slopes of the hills are fairly accessible and have to a great extent been brought under cultivation. The lower hills are not so suitable for habitation and are sparsely populated. The outer ranges on the north are for the most part covered with heavy jungles and the intervening valleys afford an abode for elephants and other varieties of big game.

There are plenty of hill streams flowing in the different p~rts of the state. The important rivers of Nagaland are the Dhansiri, the Diyung or Doyang, th~ ,Tizu, the Dikhu, the Jhanji (Milak), the Zungki, the Tejang and the Langnyu. The Dhansiri:the Diyung, the Dikhu and the Jhanji are the rivers which flow through the Assam plains to join the mighty Brahmaputra. The Diyung rising near Mao flows in a north-easterly course for 72 kms. and ultimately turns sharp to the north-west shortly after emerging from the hills; it is joined by its largest tributary­ the Rengmapani. The Diyung receives all the drainages of the main range between Rengrnapani and W okha. North of the Diyung, the principal streams are the Disai and the Jhanji which ultimately fall into the Brahmaputra after flowing through Sibsagar district of Assam. The northern frontier of Nagaland is marked by the Dikhu. In the eastern frontier, the river Tizu with its tributary Zungki flows in south-easterly direction and joins with the river Chfndwin in Burma.

The climate of this state is comparable with that of oth.er hill regions of the country. In this state, generally, only two seasons are predominantly felt. The summer starts generally from April and ends in September and the winter starts from October and ends in March. The spring and the autumn seasons are nominal and short lived. The summer sea~o'il can be linked with rainfall from low in April and heavy in June, July and August. The thermometer seldom rises above 26.67°C excepting in the foothills during the hottest peri.od of the year. During the winter season, the climate of the hills in higher altitude is extreme cold. The days are generally bright and sunny but frost at night in higher hills is not uncommon. According to the statistical handbook of Nagaland, 1983, the annual average fainfall for the state as a whole was 1,791.13 mm. The highest annual average rainfall of 2,900.3 mm was recorded in Mon area and the lowest annual average rainfall of 1,265.9 mm was recorded in Kiphire area of Tuensang district. When compared with other parts of the state, the annual average rainfall in the eastern part of the state was recorded much lower. Comparatively, southern Nagaland has a salubrious climate of teifiparate type, as it is being sheltered by the lofty mountains and summits such as 'Japvo' on the middle and 'Saramati' on the north-east. In this area the vegetation varies from Alpine to Sub-Himalayan and from tropical to sub-tropical as also to temparate. Lower hills have largely been reduced of vegetation because of a large scale deforestation in connection with cultivation and some parts have been converted into permanent wet rice terraced fields. The average annual rainfall in the middle hill ranges of the state is between 1;500 mm to 2,000 mm and it falls for about 6 months of the year with greatest intensity in July and August. Under these circumstances, the region consists of mixed vegetation of evergreen and deciduous trees. The vegetation of this region is equally varied and variegated. the forests are tropical to sub-tropical. 29

The major part of the state consists of both deciduous and evergreen forests. From altitude point of view, evergreen forests are found upto altitude of 1,000 metres, whereas the mixed deciduous and evergreen forests are found from 1,000 to 2,000 metres. Naturally, the above types of forests are visible in the major part of the state excepting a limited low lying area. U oder these circumstances varieties of flora and fauna can be seen in the different parts of state. From commercial point of view, some worthmentioning valuable timber species are Hollock, Makai, Champa, Bonsum, Amari, Sam, Simu!, Gamari, Bogipoma, Gogra, Walnut urium etc. There were varieties of fauna throughout the state but these are now on the verge of extinction due to indiscriminate killings by the poachers. Further, most of the forests in the state are owned either by the individuals or by the villagers. The number of Government reserved forests are basically negligible. This has resulted indiscriminate cutting of valuable trees as well as killings of animals and birds. Some worthmentioning animals in the state are wild boar, barking deer, black deer, wild goat, wild cat, Royal Bengal tiger, Himalayan bear, bison, sambar, wolf, panther, wild pig, slander loris, leopard, monkey etc. Among · the birds, Indian horn bill. tragopan pheasant, grey pheasant, jungle fowl, green pegions, doves etc. can be seen. Python is the most important among reptiles.

Geologically, Naga Hills are composed of pre-Tertiary rocks over-laid by Tertiary strata. The entire geological structure of the southern, central and northern Nagaland is essentially the same. According to the Geological Survey of India, southern Nagaland is governed by the Disang and Barail series of rocks (Eocene, Oligocene). Maps on geology and soils clearly support the. division · of different regions. The Disang conforming to the oldest rocks towards the east between 'Japvo' and 'Saramati' and the Barail series are abundant towards the west. According to geological and mineral maps of Nagaland based upon Geological Survey of India, 1973, the north-east and south-east regions mostly consist of Jaintia Series, Disang Series (Eocene) and Barail Series and Simsang formation (Oligocene). Towards the western part of the Nagaland which is adjoined with the plain of Assam, the geological formation consists of Tipam Series and Chengapara formation (Pliocene) and some ranges of BaraH Series and Simsang formation (Oligocene) and in the north-west there is a long belt of Dihing Series. Dupitila Series (Pleistocene) and a prolong belt of Jaintia Series and Disang Series (Eocene) with ultrabasic in deep shades are also noticed.

The state consists of varieties of soils according to their topographical and geographical pattern of location. According to soil map of Nagaland, 'Soils of India' published by National Bureau of Soils Survey and Land Use Planning (I.C.A.R.) Nagpur, 1984, the soils of southern Nagaland covering the districts of Kohima, Phek, Zunheboto and the southern portion of Tuensang mostly consist of high base status soils of humid regions (Udalfs), shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region (Ochrepts). recently formed soils (Orthents) and alluvial soils (Fluvents) and in the west covering the districts of Wokha and Mokokchung, the soils are shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region (Ochrepts) and recently formed soils (Orthents). In the northern region covering the districts of Mon and northern parts of Mokokchung and Tuensang, the soils mostly consist of high hase status, red loamy~ r..ed sandy and alluvial soils (Ustalfs), shallow black. brown and alluvial soils of northern region (Ochrcpts), high base status soils (Aqualfs), brown soils (Aquepts).

The state has already been brought under the mineral map of India. Coal and limestones are now commercially extracted in the state. Coal seams are present in the basal argillaceous formations in the Mokokchung district. Occurrence of coal has been reported from Dikhu river area west of Namsang-Chingchang area lying between the border of Mon and Tuensang districts. Limestone containing very high calcium oxide and low insolubles have been found in Nimi village of Kiphire. Limestone reserves are also found in Phek district. Gas and oil seepages have been reported in Chumukidima of Kohima district and also in the borders of W okha, Mokokchung, Tuensang and · Mon districts. 30

The state economy being predominantly agricultural, the factors explaining distributional pattern of rural population relate mostly to the productivity of the SQils. The existc.nce of steep hills in almost all parts of the state hinder large scale agricultural persuits. In the most part of the state, the practice of Jhum cultivation is still in existence. But the Jhum cultivation is not sufficient enough for the entire region because the Jhum as a rule is cultivated for two seasons only and also the crops entirely depend on the rainfalL Again, much time is consumed and trouble has to be experienced in clearing the jungles. The cultivators of the southern districts of Nagaland practise mainly wet rice terraced cultivation. The proportion of Jhum cultivation in those areas is 20 per cent only whereas in Tuensang and Mokokchung districts it occupies as much as 70 to 80 per cent. ln case of terraced cultivation, thc sources of water supply are mainly rivulets and water splashes and from there, channels of enormous length are dug to carry water and over-flow the terrace.

Nagaland is a region with a defficiency of females. This fact is supported by the 1981 Census results which indicate that sex ratio in Nagaland is 863 as against 934 for the country as a whole. Low sex ratio at birth and higher rate of mortality may explain this phenomenon. The density of population of Nagaland as a whole is 47 person per km2 as against 216 for India in the 1981 Census. As the density of population is influenced by various factors such as productivity of soils, climate, topography, industrial development, transport and communicatidn facilities, urbanisation, irrigational facilities and other factors of the economic development of, the area, accordingly-the density is strikingly uneven in the state as it is clear from the map. Maps on rural density and urban density (by districts) also reflect the quantum of agricultural and industrial development of the areas and their capacities to support the population. Some parts of the western and eastern Nagaland characterised by inferior soils, lack of irrigational facilities and industrial development are the regions of low density of population. It reflects that this area requirts ~xtra planning emphasis To speak more realistically, we must speak of the land, and its regions, -of the richness of land and of the dis­ tribution of population in relation to the regional capacities. Among the districts, the density of popu­ lation is 65 in Mokokchung, 62 in Kohima, 35 in Phek, 49 in Zunheboto, 35 in Wokha, 36 in Tuen- 53-ng and 44 in Mon. Even within the district the density varies in the circles. It also supports the sub-divisions of districts based on physio-geographical factors and carving out the sub-micro regions based on homogeneity. The density is the highest in Mokokchung and lowest in Phek and Wokha districts. Maps on density (total, rural and urban) by sub-micro regions clearly reflect the economic condition of area, its capacity to support the population and pin point the areas where extra planning emphasis is required.

There are five Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland as listed in the Constitution, (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribe Order, 1970. The names of the Scheduled Tribes are (1) Naga (2) Kuki (3) Kachari (4) Mikir and (5) Garo. They are among the christians and others. As per the 1981 Census, the total numerical strength of these Scheduled Tribes is 650,885 accounting for 83.99 per cent of the total population of the state. The proportion of Scheduled Tribe popUlation living in rural and urban areas is 89.70 and 52.91 per cent respectively. It reveals that they are mainly confined to the rural areas by residence. Like the general population, they are unevenly distributed in the state. Zunheboto district claims for highest percentage of Scheduled Tribes, e.g., 95.24 per cent which is closety followed by Wokha district 94.39 per cent. The percentage of the Scheduled Tribe population of the remaining districts is 93·54 per cent in PheK, 93.46 per cent in Tuensang, 91.57 per cent in Mokokchung, 89.36 per cent in Mon and 65.53 per cent in Kohima. '

The person who can both read and write with understanding in any language is taken as literate. The percentages have been calculated on the total population inclusive of the popUlation in age group 0-4 as the data regarding age group 0-4 cannot be generated at the moment. The literacy rate is 42.57 per cent for the state as a whole, 38.59 per cent for the 'rural and 64.23 per cent for urban areas. The literacy rate is 50.06 per cent for males as against 38.89 per. cent for females. As expected, the literacy rates are higher among the males in urban areas. Among the districts, the literacy rate is 31 highest in Mokokchung district, (61. 78 per cent) and lowest in Mon district (19.89 per cent). The areas industrially developed and urbanised have higher literacy rates. Literacy rates are relatively lower in the extreme northern and eastern parts, viz., Mon and Tuensang districts of the state.

The proportion of total workers to the total population in Nagaland is 48.23 per cent of which 47.53 per cent are main workers and 0.70 per cent are marginal workers. The proportion of male workers to total male population in the state is 51.91 per cent of which 57.01 per cent are cultivators, 1.15 per cent are agricultural labourers, 0.45 per cent are in household industry and 41.39 per cent are other workers. The proportion of female main workers to the total female popUlation in the state as a ~ole is 42.45 per cent of which 93.92 per cent are cultivators, 0.32 per cent are agricultural labourers, 0.33 per cent are in household industry and 5.43 per cent are other workers.

Within the broad frame of regions as delineated at the district level with one micro region, viz., (1.5.1) Nagaland Hills, the entire state has been further divided into 19 sub-micro regions as per the following. Further details of these sub-micro regions are given in Part III of this volume. These regions may serve a step further in the planning process of the district in particular and the state in general, for integrating in the multi-level development programme of the state.

Macro Region with District with Sub-Micro Region with Code No. Code No. Code No. (Fourth Tier Regions)

1 2 3

1.5 Eastern Rill Zone

1.5.1 Nagaland Kohima 1. 5.1.1 Kohima-Tseminyu Hilly Region Hills 01 1.5.1.2 Barail Range 1.5.1.3 laluke-Medziphema Rolling Hills Tract 1.5.1.4 Dimapur Plain Phek 1.5.1.1 Chazouba-Chizami Hilly Region 02 1.5.1.2 Phek Hills 1.5.1.3 Phokhungri-Meluri Hills Wokha 1.5.1.1 Bhandari Forested Hills 03 1.5.1.2 Diyung River Valley 1.5.1.3 Wokha Hilly Region Zunheboto 1.5.1.1 Western Zunheboto Hills 04 1.5.1.2 Eastern Zunheboto Hills Mokokchung 1.5.1.1 Eastern Mokokchung Hills 05 1.5.1.2 Western Mokokchung Hills Tuensang 1.5.1.1 Southern Tuensang Hills 06 1.5.1.2 Northern Tuensang Hills Mon 1.5.1.1 Champang-Phomchi.ng Hilly Region 07 1.5.1.2 Mon Hilly Region 1.5.1.3 Singhphan-Chiknuyu Rolling Hills 32

00 . r­ 1 1 1 1 ~ I: OO N 00 00~ '" - .....

..... ~ '"ON - 00 r­ ...r-

a... ~ 00 1.0

:0 I 1 - 00- Or- 00 0 0000 000 00 ~ 000 ON -.oN"": r-:-.o '" OMOO ~ ~­ r-- '" o...r ~I.O 00 V) 0\-< -.... - N ~ z 00 0 000 o o o 00 ~ 000 q ~ ~ < r-:-.o M I.CiNo M ...... ~ ,00 r-- M OMa... N 01') .... < ~ 1.0 00 tna...- r- a...... ~ N < Z r- -I ...... or-o. 1 1 if.!. r­ a... N o oZ -if.!. -;;;.. -~ ,_;:j

NAGALAND CE NSUS CODE 15 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL . ... _ -_._' STATE . ... _ ._._, OISTRIC T .. ,---- _---- MACRO REGION MESO REGION .. MICRO REGION. SU B- MICRO REGION ... OISTRICT CENSUS CODE 1981. (05) Rf. GIONAL DIVISIONS .. 1. 5 . 1 1 MAC RO .. ~ ·MESO ... MI CRO ... SU B - MI CRO .. ~

P R

33

GENERAL MAPS

CENSUS OF INDIA MAP '3 .0' If' ,,' ,,'

POSITION OF NAGALAND IN INDIA, 1981

8oundary. International. Boundary. State JUnion Territory Copit.1 of India Capital of State}Union Territory ...

Kilometres 100 /00 200 300 400

1.1'

BENGAL

II SEA

The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Halyan. and Punjab are at Chandigarh. ' ~ o G. D. &. D. GOA, DAMAN &. DIU ~ .4 • .,. 'I P PONDICHERRY • Port Blair Jo ANDAMAN SEA O"1~

N D A C E A N ~ INDIRA POINT 16' II' u'

37

C NSUS OF INDIA MAP 4

NAGALAND /"(o;t. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS ,t. ./) C[.\ 1981 • ."... •..1 . () <._,/ -''Y'" (~:/12IT HO \~ /. ) ,.• ...)0- " \ • ...J I 't'~"""~ ~ ~ .J ", .... ,... i-' 0 J • " "\ ,_ oJ, <{ LIST elF SUe-DIVISIONS/CIRCLES WHERE THE NAMES • ..I·'.NAGINIM.ARJI HO:··.. MoN )-' i z ~ fL .... ·.... I... ~ • '. ~0,..... ",:::l •..,. • .; ,. ..J.", ...... "I a: · ~'~~!;~:E~8~;:~~;;t~ HE~::~;g:i~J:c:: ._.1 )'UI.I ~WI~_;A~LU~~/ .. )iHOM~~J;N1G '1« , Oirr,apur Dimopur sadar 'eire'li' '} '.' ,'®', .... ,.\ ' . . Oimopur town circlG!: " ,;~.._, ...... '" .:" ". '''lON~H~M r" ',( . -'r "",. .f 1 2 MedzipMmo. Ghosponi cjrcl~ \ .. ~H~~MONGv; '1 ® \CH~N ST~) 3 WokhO. Wokha sodor& town cir~le • 'HAMPANG I 4 Zunheboto '1 I."" '. ". ... ".J Zunheboto'sador & town circle ~/ " r'" "·ALONG,KIMA. • 'tONGlENG HQ.i HQ;/;; .....~ <{ 5 V.K.Staiion V.K.circllZ , /.' @ t·...... (. @). MON~AK5~ H" 6 luli Station TUII ,ircl~ , • \. MANGK~LEMBA ..•..• \, • \ .'. r, l'IJensang ~uctnsQng 59-dot & town cir,re • ./ .... ./ • ',CHUCHU" • '.1 i . 8 Tomlu HQ. Tamtu circle I l / • iYIMLANG' ~".. J .-- ..... " ., I /l\ABULONG ..= • I) .. ,' .. • g Long long H9 longtM9 clrcl~ r • (,.7' "'\ .' ':. ...: ...... •••. ,.iNOKSEN' ~~ i TOBU, HQ. l '0 Noison HQ· . Noks~n Circle I f" , '...... '. HQ' •• • 11 TObu HQ. To~u circle , \ /ONGPANG~ii.~(; " / ;. ,~ __ •• 1 ,..• .:1 '.', ,'-': /. , .... 1' ., 12 Monyokshu HQ. Monyakshuclrc!e l IAiTEPYO~G'\ '" I!!;; ,~...... , ,'4 • 13 Char. HQ. Chore circle: , • ;.-"1 ...... (. .: ...... , lUENSANG , I ,,, long\~.""'. / @) ~ "·Th,mQknyu Station Thonok'nyu Circle .>.; . 18 lIiph;r. H Q. Kiphire sador cjrcl~ r' '...... '.. /. .' .¥l>j.UTO , IVKST(lTIO':'! .. ·• 'SU.RUHOT'O r . 19 Sitimi Station Sitimi circle i ,/ .... __.. .. l~-~, ,'~'-;'I\ I • I ·.~H\J~IT~NC\ ! ;'" .' ... )CHESSO~<, ( ZO Pungro tiQ. Pungro circle N!'i': ...... (.;.:.::.... DA~ojtlJ' .. ·i(suToi A -.. Mon Man sadore. town· I ,<.. r \ .{ 2, • , :.".. ..~. ',' ,', ,f :SHAMATORq\ ..... ) " circle WQKHA ..... / ...... 22 Ch.n Sialio" Chq:l'l c:ircle l'-"~./L~T5U'i A~ijN;.;tCi } @ po~~ ...... ····""· ...... • 23 Phomching HQ. .I ... : ,...... ,,: ..., .is..,' @ / -',-,..::'-~~~(~' THONOKNVU STATiON} Phom<:hing cir<;le L " /'-r'~'7 ~ :~ i /' ... " l. . • '14 Na-ginimara Hll, Naginimara ,iccl. }-\''''''-'~'' -,_. \ /' ZUNHEEk)i6, i..... " J.I 2S'Tizit HQ. Tizlt J". circle' I' '. I '.,- ,. , '-, TSEMINYU , ,...... , I. .." --, ,.,' ('~'" ~ )NIH'2~U' @,' : '-'7SATAl\HA\ iSEYOiH~~·~.K\PHIRE Ha::.-·' ~--_ It· . '.~. ~ ,.::<.~''''''': '-, /@ 'GHATHASHi\ 7.... ·\...... ® / PUNGRD HQl \DIMAP~ .,....f , \'_J'J,le,HOBDTO). (r-'~''-. ! 5:TO;\": ~ITIMIJSTATldN' • • ." ... / ~. '. / . i 1 i ~..... '~" \ .~",,; \CHIEPHOBOZOU " I I : .'-.._/."... t'/ ...... \' '/DHAN~;:'" ; MEOZI~HEMA ,,/'. ...: l'" 'f " v .: .... \ . .J' R\PAA '; , ,., •. ~ ~'\i.,~AZO~.A .PHEK / .' I ..", ~ )"-.. _)..,~J..~_, /zuazA \.~9.~.'MA i--,~\ ./" @ ~ MElURI i.l ._.,;./ ... -,' .\. \: .... :.'#./ ...... ~ c~E.nfB~;__ .i I ~ @...... ,./." ".. JALUKEt \, i ( ...... ~ " \.: / I .: l. I '" .I :EDI \ ' ,_JAKHAMA r' ] ...., /...... i .... NGA' t . • ...... , \ ' : • ·~FUTSERO/. '.. • ; Pf!OKHU , ( ('./ ....',.., @., /._.,...... ,r...... \... t.....e-,. "" /ICHIZAMI'r .t ...... ,,' /'" .~ • ....PEREN ..,..,. \. r- .KHEZHAKENOtJA ....• I ...... J \. ./ l...... _ \L,..,t.._...... i I , ,;-' /...... i \. P . U R ...... _.,.-.J\ . . _.\..... (.... I ! fQ

\ ' ..J' "'" • \ .... TENNING • .I ~ BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAL ...... _._._ • ;J /NSONG~, .... J ' STATE - ...... STAlE CAPITAL 'A.. / Ii DISTRICT ...... HEADQUARTERS,. DISTRICT.. ® /.I ,?'" SUS-PIVISiQN .. . SUS"DIV'SIO~ .. ... @ _', i CIRCLE - ...... CIRCLE .. i \i l ~

39

NSUS OF INDIA · MAP 5

NAGALAND RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

_J « GENERALISED RELIEF :r: u « z :::l a: 24001m) -« 1800

1200

\ p u R

BOUNDARY , INTERNATIONAL STATE ..

( , Km, 10 o 10 20 301(m.

CE.NSUS OF INDIA MAP 6

NAGALAND NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL

ANNUAL RAINFALL IN t.fILLlM.'::TRES .

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500

...... " ...... ' ...... '" ... . . '.: .:.:.:.:.:. :.:.:.:. :.:. :':'i.."

MONTHLV RAINFALL .~<~ ~:~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~j/ 400 \··········i ~ BOUNDARY, lNTERNATIONAL ...... _._._ /::::::::: /:: :~:,;,. 300 l.·.·.·.·_·.·.·· 'J STATE ...... ", .. _._._ f'~: -: -: -:.:.: -:.,1 ZOO ,. .~ ...... -) .... 100 I '..:-\~::/ ,. o '" JFMAMJJASOND -MONTHS_

43 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 7

NAGALAND GEOLOGY

- Faults, Thrush

RECENT - Alluvium

•LTIJ PLEISTOCENE - Oihlng Ser IllS, Dupltilo Series Tipom Series and Chl2ngapara . PLIOCENE - ~ Formation (Goro Hills) Surma S<2rIIZS and 8aghmora MIOCENE - m Formation (Goro Hills) BorOI[ Se r IQS and Slmsang OLIGOCENE - Iii Formation (Goro Hilts) EOCENE _ JOlntlQ Series, Olsong Series !:Z3 (with ultra basIc In deep shadl2s) 0

p R

BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAL .. STATE ..... DISTRICT ......

44 <-EN SUS bF INDIA

NAGALAND SOILS

NO, ASSOCIATIONS < TO AQUEPTS .... UB-ORDER QEP :;,- 11 USfAtFS- O~~REPTS-OR1HENTS f'?':'""I '8 US;ALFS-O QUAL'FS-AQUEPTS G.:..:J }Q USTAL;;S ... 6.

2.2; 'J.DALFS-UQALF5- ~~~~:~~ ORTHENTS FLU~ENTS

5~ ORTHENT S-OCHREPTS

OCHREPTS-ORHIENTS

TRADITION--:-:-;-:~~cNcUm AL APPROX!MATE Is(R".,,1 e\luVlum) ndy tNTS - AtlUYIOI SOl rtd loonlY, rG!d SO UV , Hi 1\ be.. , ~, 9 sletu,~s- US r AI.FS - an d all' VIol S?' d alluvial soils - Shaljnw blaCrllgionk brown on • QCHREPT5 of ncrthorn hie)

B~own sc_.i(!:;i (HYdrOIT1~rp 'aUEP~S =R«ently 'armed s:~:(HYdramOrph") !lRTHE" I S _ HI h bu,e status • f humid re9,ons AOL'AlrS 9 slatus 50r/s a UOAlFS - Hfgh bas¢

BOUNDARY, INTER NATIONAL... STATE ..... DISTRICT ...... SOIL' .....' '" .. .

I dia! PLiblishlld Source:-'SollsSoil Survpt ;y and ....tL~a:nd:.:u::s~e ______'__

45 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 9

NAGALAN·O DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1981

URBAN P.OPULATION

• 20000 - '9999

• 10000 -19999

• 5000 - 99Sg

. EACH 001 REPRESENTS 500 RURAL POPULATION

BOUI'IDARY, INTERNATIOI'IAL " .... _._._

~ STATE ...... '" .". _._. _

_E=='~O~=i~=='I~O~~~I~~30"Km I I : : ~ IIIIN ,~ I - ,~ ..

46 CENSUS- OF INDIA

NAGALAND DENSITY OF POPULATION 1981

PERSONSiPER K..r g' ABOVE' 60

§ 1,0-60 Slcll Averagl 47 ~ r-- o B£'OW 40 t------i:;~:=_:=:::f:.::-_ (::-::-:-:-:.... : -: -:-:-: 1'.:------,,:.------....-:-----i-:~::::::::::::::::::::~:: i-::::::::-S-:=::::::::-s.:::- 1~:::::::::~:::N:::::::~_-_-_-_-_-_.:-_-_-_ -_-_-_ -_­ ------_._------

p u R

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL ...... _._._ STATE ._ ...... DISTRICT ... _ ., _

10 ~ 10 20 30 Km Mil .. ,F~~~I;1 :!:=It==~1 =il~F3I,=='~l

47 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 11

NAGALAND DENSITY OF POPULATION 1981 (BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS)

PERSONS PER KrJ

• ABOVE'100

.76-100

§iii 51-75

1IllIll26 - 5 0

[lSJ BELOW 26

p

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL .....• _._._ STATE ...... _._._ DISTRICT ._ ...... ______

~CRO REGION.. ", ... _ .. _ .. _ ME:\t!D " ...... _._._ MICRO SUB-MICRO "... ., ...... _._ ......

=I~O~=~==~'IO~F=21~O==~3,0KmI I : : . 201 Mil •• '0IF I - ,10

48 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 12

NAGALAND RURAL DENSITY OF POPULAnON 1961 .. ~ I ~~

1-:.~~.~.:.f.:.:~·~.jl·~ .... ~ ~~~I~f i . \H.::::::7 .r RURAL. PERSONS!PER Krrl /1 l . tli\Ylliil\ /~~:~r ~ ~ ABOVE 50 I

I:.:.d~ eflOW 40 "m'·I.!!il •• ··A;;m{lliii[j~~~= .. ·· ...... ·· ...... ····liS··· .... ·········II.II,II!1]~I·.i.·0 .. ·· .. ···· .. ·· .. ······ .. ~ {': i' \·1 m ,:: lill~llllllllm~111 (I i! li I iji!iilw. il.~ I ...... rt ...... ~ D I ~l. .... I...... )

ft. {illU: mUH ~~11 / J: !I ~. !!i·.~,[~l) ~ .. ~ ~ \ .~ . •• :: ;••• m!\ It .~ . . .rij~jJlL ~lrrIT~::: /.i .~.

·,,·II/ p \;.:.:U ..,.._. :,;,;:::::::::,,:::;,,:.:;;...... ,....". . R .' .... ''1. y • ~ 7+I / 1'1 BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL ... '" _._.- ':1., II STATE ...... _. _._._ .A 0; DISTRICT ...... " __._._._ /"'"., .' ~ ( .-.~ f ..,,' I" \J.I ~ Kin ::!:IO~f='~OI I I ,0 : ~210~~310,. Mil •• ,10F . - . I~ ,do CENSUS OF INOlA MAP 13

NAGALAND RURAL DENSITY OF POPULATION 1981 (BY SUB- MICRO REGIONS) .~

RURAL PERSONS PER Km' "

• ABOVE 80 ~~

~ 61-80 CO g 41-60

~ 2'-40

UIID BELOW 21 ~m ---,-"

I • :1 ~' ......

~~ ' . • •~,.Ii~.'

~ J1I .... i:=.7 r~

p \ u R

BOUNDARY. INTERNATIONAI..__ _ ._._ STATE ...... '" _._._ DJ5TRICT .•. '" .. ' ... _----_ IlACRO RE'GION., ... '" _ .. _ .. _ .. NE~O ;: ...... , ... _J_'t_ MICRO ...... _._._ $U8-MICIiO ...... , ...... _

50 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 14

NAGALAND URBAN DENSITY OF POPUL AllON 1981

URBAN PERSONS PER K",z VA ~BOVE 2000

l1li 1!1OO - 2000

~ !IOO - 1499 !.lole AVllo,," ,,05

I~ ~:a IlELOW ~OO

p u R

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL ..• __._._ STATE .••., .• " DISTRICT __ •. __ ._._

10 10 T 30 Km FI~ISI~~====~I==FII ~==~\ Mil •• 10 10 10

51 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP '5

NAGALAND URBAN DENSITY OF POPULATION 1981 (BY SUB-MICRO REGIONS)

2 URBAN PERSONS PER Km

• ABOVE 2400

§ 1801 - 2400

!IIIIll 1201 - laOO

§ 601 - 1200

[-=-J BELOW 601

E.R - ENTIRElV RURAL

p

BOUNDARY, INTERNATIONAL ... ". _._._ STATE .•.• '" ". __ ._._ DISTRICT ". MACRO REGION.

MESO I' . "'-X-'X- M'CRO

SUB-MICRO ~

52 PART-III REGIONAL DIVISION OF DISTRICTS

DISTRICT KOHIMA

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Kohima district is a part of Nagaland Hills (1.5.1) and is situated in the south-western part of Nagaland. It is bounded by Wokha and Zunheboto districts and the state of Assam in the north, Manipur in the south, Phek district in the east and Assam in the west. This district is divided into four sub-micro regional divisions on the basis of geology, soils, rainfall, climate and natural vegeta­ tion. They are :-

1.5.1.1 Kohima-Tseminyu Hilly Region 1.5.1.2 Barail Range 1.5.1.3 Jaluke-Medziphema Rolling Hills Tract 1.5.1.4 Dimapur Plain

1.5.1.1 Kohima-Tseminyu Hilly Region

This region is situated in the east and north-eastern part of the Kohima district and covers the administrative circles of Tseminyu, Pughoboto, Ghathashi, Chiephobozou, Kohima town and parts of Ghaspani, Zubza, Nihokhu and Jakhama. The area of the sub-micro region is 1322.00 km2 and is inhabited by 71,961 persons in 90 villages and 34,340 peuons in one town with a density of 80 persons per km! as a whole.

The altitude of this region varies from 600 to 1800 metres. The ranges are higher at the southern part and merged with the hill ranges of Manipur. The river Diyung, locally known as Sidzu is the main river which originates in the extreme south of this region and flows towards north and the river Zubza or Zuza is the other important river of this region.

Geologically, it is an extension of Jaintia Series, Disang Series (Eocene) and Barail Series. Simsang formation of Garo Hills (Oligocene). It soils are combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts, Udalfs­ Ochrepts-Orthents-Fluvents and Ochrepts-Orthents (high base status soils of humid regions, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region, recently formed soils, alluvial soils).

In this region rainfall is quite high during monsoon months and temperature is moderate during summer and is very low during winter months of December and January. The hills are cover­ ed with non-coniferous trees. 1 here is no significant industrial activities in this region. Villages are sparsely located on the hill tops with campact settlement. Cultivation is the main occupation of the villagers. The rice is their staple food.

1.5.1.2 Barail Range

This region is situated on the southern part of the district bordering Manipur state in the south and Assam in the west and covers the circles of Nsong, Tenning and parts of Peren, Pedi, Jaluke, Ghaspani (Medziphema), Zubza and Jakhama. The area of the sub-micro region is 1238.00 km' and is inhabited by 23,078 persons. This region is entirely rural consisting of 70 villages with a density of 19 persons per km2 which is also the lowest in the district.

The altitude of the hills of the Barail Range varies from 300 to 2400 metres and above. The highest peak of the district called Japvo (3014 metres) is also situated in this region. The hills in this region run in the north-east to south and south-west directions. However, there is no major 56

river but this region demarcates its boundary in the south by one of the biggest rivers of Assam, viz., the Barak with the state of Manipur. Geologically, it is composed of Barail Series, Simsang formation of Garo Hills (Oligocene) ane Jaintia Series, Disang Series (Eocene). The soils are Udalfs-Ochrepts (high base status soils, shallow black soils). Most parts of this region experience heavy rainfall during the monsoon period. It is quite cold during winter months of December and January and frost in the higher hills is not un­ common. The summers are quite pleasant.

The hills are covered with thick growth of non-coniferous trees and rich in rare varieties of flora and fauna including orchids and rarest variety of colourful Phesants known as Tragopan (Bhythe's Tragopan). Most of the villagers are located in the top of the hills with compact settlement. The main occupation of the villagers is culti vation and rice is their staple food.

1.5.1.3 Jaluke-Medzipbema RoIling Hills Tract This region is situated in the northern side of the Barail Range and runs in the direction of north-east to south-west touching Assam border in the north-eastern and western tips. It covers parts of Jaluke, Pedi, Peren, Dhansiripar, Dimapur Sadar, Ghaspani and Nihokhu administrative circles. The area of this region is 1050.00 km2 and inhabited by 39,363 persons spread over 126 villages with a density of 37 persons per km2 • There is no urban area in this region.

The altitude of this region varies from 150 to 600 metres and almost all rivers in this region flow in the north-west direction. Diphupani and lntangki which flow ill the north-west direction and joip Dhansiri are the important rivers of this region. On the south-west part of the region lies the great valley of laluke which extends with a gentle slope upto the river Dhansiri on the Assam­ Nagaland boundary.

Geology of this region is confined to Tipam Series and Chengapara formation (Plio~ene) and Barail Series, Simsang formation of Garo Hills (Oligocene). The soils are Udalfs-Ochrepts with a small area of Ochrepts-Orthents at the northern most tips (high base status soils of humid regions, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region, recently formed soils).

The rainfall is moderate in this region and temperature during the summer months is consi­ derably high and it is pleasant during the winter. The lntangki reserved forest and wild life sanctuary is situated in the western part of this region. Other parts are covered with thick jungles and deci­ duous trees. Most of the villages are located at the top of the hills. The main occupation of the people is cultivation and paddy is extensively cultivated in the valley areas of this region. Rice is the staple food of the people.

1.5.1.4 Dimapur Plain

This region is situated in the north-western part of the district bordering Assam in three sides except south. It covers the administrative circle of Dimapur town and parts of the Dimapur Sadar, Dhansiripar, Jaluke and Ghaspani.

The area of this region is only 431.00 km2 with a population of 81,363 persons, out of which 48,485 persons are inhabited in 60 villages and 32,878 persons in one town. The density, (189 persons 2 per km ) is quite high as compared to all other regions of Nagaland. Dimapur is the only fast deve­ loping town in the state both industrially and commercially and having all types of communication facilities with the rest of the country.

The region is about 150 metres above the mean sea level and it is the only plain sub-micro region in the entire state. The Dhansiri and the Diphupani are the two major rivers flowing along the Assam-Nagaland boundary towards north. 57

Geology of this region is composed of Alluvium (Recent) and Surma Series and Baghmara formation of Garo Hills (Miocene). Soils are the combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts and Ochrepts­ Orthents (shallow black, brown and alluvial, recently formed soil, high base status soils of humid regions). There is oil seepage at Chumukedima near Dimapur which can be extracted.

The rainfall is low and temperature is very high during summer. In winter it is pleasant. The majority of people are engaged in industry, commerce and other services while the rest are in culti­ vation. Rice is the staple food of the people of this area. 58

DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS

District Name: Kohima Census Location Code No. 01 State: Nagaland

Region No. of villages No. of towns Area in km2 in region@ Population in region 1981 No./ in each region in regions/ ------­ Name as evolved Name T R U T R U

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.5.1.1 90 1 Town 1322.00 1299.00 23.00 106,301 71,961 34,340 Kohima­ Jakhama-13 Kohima Tseminyu Chiepho­ T.C. Hilly bozou-20 (It is a sepa­ Region Zubza-6 rate circle) Ghaspani-3 Tseminyu-25 Pughoboto-8 Ghaspani- J0 Nihokhu-2

1.5.1.2 70 No Town 1238.00 1238.00 23,078 23,078 Barail Nsong-8 Range Tenning-13 Per en Sadar-12 Pedi-l1 G has pani-l1 Zubza-4 Jakhama-O Jaluke-l1

1.5.1.3 126 No Town 1050.00 1050.00 39,363 39,363 laluke­ Jaluke-24 Medziph­ Pedi-3 ema Ghaspani-16 Rolling Dhansiripar-2 Hills Dimapur Tract Sadar-O Nihokhu-80 Peren Sadar-l

1.5. l.4 60 1 Town 431.00 412.87 18.13 81,363 48,485 32,878 Dimapur Jaluke-l Dimapur Plain Dhansiripar-13 T.C. Dimapur (It is a sepa­ Sadar-42 sate circle) Ghaspani-4

@The area figures of the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphica\ method and is approximate. 59

REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES, 1981

District Name: Koltima Census Code No. 01 State: Na"aland

SI. Division Circle Location Total No. Total No. Area of Remarks No. NO./ Name Code No. of Villages of Villages Regional of Census in Circle and Town Division Villages 1981 in Division in km2@

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1.5.1.1 Jakhama 1 to 13 13 90+ 1322.00 Kohima- Chiepho- 1 town Tseminyu bozou 1 to 20 20 Hilly Zubza 1 to 4, Code No. 5 to 8 in re­ Region 9 & 10 6 gion No. 1.5.1.2 Ghaspani 1,2& 5 3 Code No. 3 & 4 in region No. 1.5.1.2 Tseminyu 1 to 25 25 Pughoboto 1 to 8 8 Ghathashi 1 to 13 13 Nihokhu 62 & 63 2 Code No. 33, 34 & 71 in region No. 1.5.1.3 (1 to 32, 35 to 61, 64 to 70 and 72 to 82 >could not be shown in map duc to some tech­ nical difficul ties).

Kohima Nil Nil Town (T.e.) 2 1.5.1.2 Nsong 1 to 8 8 70 1238.00 Barail Tenning 1 to 13 l3 Range Peren Sadar 1, 2 & 4 to 12 Code No.3 in region 13 No. 1.5.1.3 Pedi 1 to 7, 9 & 11 Code No.8 & 10, 11 12 to 14 in region No. 1.5.1.3 Ghaspani 3,4,6,7& 1l Code No.1, 2, 5 in 10 to 16 region No. 1.5.1.1 & 8 & 9 in regIOn No. 1.5.1.3. Zubza 5 to 8 4 Code No. I to 4, 9, 10 in region No. 1.5.1.1 Jakhama Nil Nil Jaluke 5,20,21, II Code No.1 to 4, 6 to 22,27 & 12, 14 to 19, 23 to 26 31 to 36 & 28 to 30 in region No. 1.5.1.3 60

1 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 1.5.1.3 Ialuke 1 to 4, 6 to 126 1050.00 Code No.5, 20 to 22, Ialuke­ 12, 14 to 27,31 to 36 in region Medziphema 19,23 to 26, No. 1.5.l.2. Code No. Rolling 28 to 30 24 13 in region No. 1.5.1.4 Hills Pedi 8, 10 & 11 3 Code No.1 to 7, 9 in Tract region No. 1.5.1.2 Ghaspani 8,9, 17 to 16 Code No.1, 2, 5 in 22,26 to region No. 1.5.1.1 28,30 to 34 Code No.3, 4, 6, 7, 10 to 16 in region No. 1.5.1.2 Code No. 23 to 25 & 29 in region No. 1.5.1.4. Locations of villages 27, 30, 31, 32, 33 & 34 could not be shown in the map due to some technical difficulties. Dhansiripar 3 & 7 :2 Code No.1, 2, 4, 5,6 in region No. 1.5.1.4 Nihokhu 1 to 61 & 80 Code No. 62 & 63 in 64 to 82 region No. 1.5.1.1 Location of village No. t to 32,35 to 61,64 to 70 & 72 to 82 could not be shown in the map due to some Dimapur technical difficulties. Sadar ,Nil Nil Peren 3 1 Code No.1, 2 III re-. Sadar gion No. 1.5.1.2. 4 1.5.1.4 Ialuke 13 60+ 431.00 Code No.1 to 4, 6 to Dimapur 1 Town 12 in region No. 1.5.1.3 Plain and 5 in region No. 1.5.1.2. Dhansiripar 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 13 Code No. 3 & 7 in 8 to 15 region No. 1.5.1.3. Dimapur 1 to 42 42 Location of village Sadar No. 26 to 28 could not be shown in the map due to some tech­ nical difficulties. Ghaspani 23 to 25 & Location code No. 26 29 4 to 28, 30 to 34 in re­ bimapur gion No. 1.5.1.3. towrt Nil Nil @The area figures of the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General. India and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method and is approximate. 61

STATEMENT ON REGION-WISE PIIYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS

District Name: Kobima Census Location Cod~ No. 01 Stattl : Nagalalld

Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-Cultural Number Administra­ Characteristics & Name tive Division.

2 3 4 5

1.5.1.1 Jakharna Tipam Udalfs­ The region (1.5.1.1) spreads over the east­ Kohima- circle, Series Ochrepts, ern portion of Kohima district bounded by Tseminyu Chiephobo- and Chen- Udalfs­ Wokha district on the north, Phek district Hilly zou circle, gapra for- Ochrepts­ on its east, Zunheboto district on its Region Zubza cir- mation of Orthents­ north-east and small portion of the state c1e, Ghas- Garo Rins Fluvents of Manipur on its south. It covers 90 pani (Med- (Pliocene), and Ochrepts villages distributed in the following 8 cir­ ziphema) Barail SeTies -Orthents cles-Jakhama circle (13 villages), Chieph­ circle, and Sim- bozou circle (20 villages), Zubza circle l'seminyu sang fOTma- (6 villages), Ghaspani circle (3 villages), circle, tion of Garo Tseminyu circle (25 villages), Pughoboto Pughobot.o Hills (OIigo- circle (8 vmages), Ghathashi cjrcle (13 vill­ cjrcle, cene), Jaintia ages), Nihokhu circle (2 villages). The Ghathashi Series, capital town of Kohima is situated in thjli circle, Disang region. Nihokhu Series circle, (Eocelle) From the relief point of view, the re­ Kohima gion has a maximum height of 1800 metres Town (T.e.) near the village of Jakhama (2) and Visema (3) in Jakhama circle. The minimum height is about 600 metres which is found near the village of Khenyu (18) and Phenshu­ nyu (17) in Tseminyu circle. The ranges are higher towards the south where it merged with the hill ranges of Manipur. The river Diyung originates in the extreme south of this region and flows north to enter Wokha district. Most of the village are situated on the hilt-tops. Only some plain lands are found in the north of Tseminyu circle. Rainfall is quite high during monsoon and temperature is low during winter. The hills are covered with non-coniferous forests.

The soils of this region are, Udalfs- Ochrepts, Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents- Fluvents and Ochrepts-Orthents.

Udalfs High base status soils of humid regions. 62

1 2 3 4 5

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region.

Orthents Recently formed soils. Fluvents Alluvial soils.

Transport and communication facili­ ties in the region are as good as in the other hilly region. The National Highway 39 which interlinked Assam with Manipur passes through this region. The State Highways from Kohima to Wokha district and to Phek district are interlinked with Kohima town and· other administrative circles. Other areas are well-linked by Truck and Jecpable roads .. The minor roads and footpaths are found throughout the region.

1.5.1.2 Nsong Baraii Udalfs- The region (1.5.1.2) spreads over the Barail circle, Series, Ochrepts. southern portion of Kohima district. It Range Tenning Simsang covers the administrative circles of Nsong circle, formation (8 villages), Tenning (13 villages), Peren Peren of Garo Sadar circle (12 villages) and part of Pedi Sadar Hills circle (11 villages), laluke (11 villages), circle, (Oligocene), Ghaspani (11 villages), Zubza (4 villages), Pedi Jaintia and lakhama (0 villag'e). The region has cirCle, Series, demarcated its boundary in the south by Ghaspani Disang river Barak with the state of Manipur and (Medziph- Series the south-west the state of Assam. ema) (Eocene) circle, From the relief point of view, the Zubza region has a maximum height of 2400 circle, metres near the village of Khuzama (4) Jakhama and Kidima (5) and the minimum height circle, about 300 metres is found near the village Jaluke of Chumukidima (25) and Sodzulhu (29). circle The second highest mountain peak, Japvo (3014 metres) is also found in the south of Jakhama circle. The hills run in the north-east to south-west directions. The high ranges are covered with thick growth of non-coniferous trees and are rich in varieties of fauna and flora. Most parts of this region experience heavy rainfall during monsoon.

Soils are the combination of Udalfs­ Oc;hrepts. 1 2 3 4 5

Udalfs High base status soils of humid regions.

Ocbi'epts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region.

Transport and communication is also well developed in this region. The National Highway 39 passes towards the north of Ghaspani circle. The State Highway is interlinked with each administrative circles. The jeepable roads and the minor roads are also interlinked with the impor­ tant villages and circles.

1.5.1.3 Jaluke Tipam Udalfs­ The region (1.5~1.3) spreads over the Jaluke~ circle, Series Ochrepts western Barail range runs in the direction Medzi­ Pedi and Chen­ and of north-east to south-west touching phema circle, gapara Ochrepts­ Assam bord ers on the north and southern Rolling Ghaspani formation Orthents tips. It occupies the administrative circles Hills (Medzi­ of Garo of Jaluke (24 villages), Pedl (3 villages), Tract. phema) Hills Ghaspani (Medziphema) (16 villages), circle, (Pliocene), Dhansiripar (2 villages), Nihokhu (83 vill­ Dhansiri­ Barail ages), Peren (I village) and Dimapur circle. par circle, Series, Dimapur Simsang From the relief point of view, tl.e circle, formation region has a maximum height of 600 Nihokhu of Garo metres which is found near the village of circle, Hills Kejanglwa (9) and Thenjol (IS) of laluke Peren (Oligocene), circle and the minimum height of 150 circle. Jaintia metres near the village Shitovi (4) and Series, Disogaphu (2) in Dhansiripar circle. The Disang Diphupani and Intangki are the main Series rivers which flow in the north-west direct­ (Eocene) ion. The Intangki reserved forests and wild life sanctuary ar;:: situated in the south-west of this region. The paddy is extensively cultivated in the valley areas of this region. Rainfall is moderately high and temperature is considerably high dur­ ing summer.

The soils are the combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts and Ochrepts-Orthents.

Udalfs High base status soils of humid region. 64

1 2 3 4 5

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region.

Orthents Recently formed soils.

From transport and communication point of view this region is well developed in comparison to other hill areas. The National Highway No. 39 passes through Ghaspani (Medziphema) circle. The State Highway is well linked with each adminis­ trative circles. The truck road and jeepable roads are -also found in this region which are interlinked with important villages. 1.5.1.4 Jaluke Alluvial Udalfs- The region (1.5.1.4) spreads over the Dimapur circle, (Recent) Ochrepts north-western part of the district. It Plain Dhansiri- Surma and occupies the administrativ-e'Circle ofa part par circle, Series and Ochrepts- of laluke (l village), part of Dhansiripar Dimapur Baghmara Orthents (13 villages), part of Dimapur Sadar (42 Sa dar. formation villages), part of Ghaspani (4 villages) and Gbaspani of Garo Dimapur town (1 Town). (Medzi- Hills phema) (Miocene), From the relief point of view, the circle, Tipam maximum height of this region is about Dimapur Series and 150 metres above the mean sea level and it town. Chengapara is the only plain region in the entire state. formation The major rivers are Dhansiri and of Garo Diphupani in this region. Rainfall is mode­ Hills rate and temperature is very high during (Pliocene) summer. The people practise agriculture and terrace cultivation within the region. The soils are the combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts and Ochrepts-Orthents. Udalfs High base status soils of humid region. Ochrepts Shallow black, brown soils of northern region. Ortbents Recent formed soils. From the transport and communica­ tion point of view, the North-Eastern Frontier Railway connects this region as well as other regions of the state through Dimapur town with the rest of the coun­ try. The National Highway No. 39 passes through this region. Metalled truck road and jeepable road are also available. Note: Code numbers are written within brackets after village names. DISTRICT PHEK

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Phek district is a part of Naga HiUs (1.5.1) and is situated in the south-eastern part of Nagaland. It is bounded by Tuensang and Zunheboto districts in the north, Kohima in the west, Burma in the east and Manipur in the south. The district is divided into three sub-micro regional divisions on the basis of geology, soils, rainfall, climate and natural vegetation. They are :-

1.5.1.1 Chazouba-Chizami Hilly Region. 1.5.1.2 Phek Hills. 15.1.3 Phokhungri-Meluri Hills.

1.51.1. Chazouba-Chizami Billy Region

This region spreads over the western part of the district and covers the administrative circles of Chazouba, Chietheba, Chizami, Pfutsero and Khezhakenoma and a very sma11 portion of Phek Sadar on the extreme nothern side. The area of the sub- micro region is 577.00 km 2 and is inhabited by 48,013 persons spread over 48 villages with a density of 83 persons per km2 • There is no urban area in this region.

The altitude of the hills of this region varies from 600 to 1800 metres approximately. The ranges run towards south and spread from north-east to south-west. The tributary of Tizu flOWing from the south-west to the north-east is the only river system in this region.

Geologically, it belongs to Oligocene and Eocene (Barai] Series and Simsang formation, laintia Series and Dis2!ng Series). The soils consist of Udalfs-Ochrepts and Udalfs-Ochrepts·Orthents­ Fluvents (high base status soils of humid regions, shallow black, hrown and alluvial soils of northern region).

Rainfall is quite high during monsoon and temperature is moderate in summer and very low during winter months of December and January. The frost is not uncommon in certain areas. The hills are covered with sub-tropical wet hilly forest and the pine trees are found on the slopes of the hills. The forest area is famous for flora and fauna. The uncommon species of the bird 'Tragopan' is often seen in this area.

The villages are situated on the hill tops with compact settlement. Cultivation is the main occupation of the villagers and rice is their staple food.

1.5,1.2 Phek Hills

This region spreads over the middle portion of the dh.trict and comprises of the administrative circJe of Pl1ek Sadar and partly of Meluri circle. The area of this region is 616.00 km2 and is inhabited by 17,251 persons spread over 26 villages. There is no urban area in this region. The density of population of this region is 28 persons per kms only.

The altitude of the hills of this region varies from 1200 to 2400 metres approximately. The Tizu flowing from north to south is the only river of this region. Geologically. it is Oligocene, Eocene (Barail Seriel and Simsang Series and Jaintia Series, Disang Series). Soils are the combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts and Udalfs-Oehrepts-Orthents-Fluvents (high base status soils of humid regions, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of nurthern region, recently formed soils and alluvial soils).

65 66

Rainfall is very high in this region and the temperature is very low during the winter months of December and January. Summers are pleasant. The hills are covered with evergreen forest. Pine trees are also found towards the slope of hills. This region is important from the point of view of forest and forest products. Varieties of flora and fauna are also found in this region.

Most of the villages are situated on the hill tops with compact settlement. Cultivation is their main occupation. Besides terrace cultivation, the banks of the river Tizu have also been utilised for cultivation. Rice is their staple food.

1.5.1.3 Phokhungri-Meluri Hills

This region is situated on the eastern part of the district and covers the administrative cirde of Phokhungri and partly of Meluri circle. The area of this region is 833.00 km2 and is inhabited by 5,354 persons spread over 22 villages. There is no urban area in this region. The density of population with 6 persons per km2 is the lowest in the state.

The entire region is hills and the altitude of the hills vary from 600 to 2400 metres approxi­ mately. The river Tizu and its tributaries flow from south-west to north-cast and turn to south-east direction along the Tuensang district boundary and enter Burma. This is the main river system in this region.

Geologically, it is confined to Oligocene (Barail Series and Simsang formation of Garo Hills) and Eocene periods (Jaintia Series and Disang Series). The soils are the combination of Udalfs­ Ochrepts-Orthents-Fluvents (high base status soils of humid regions, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region, recently formed soils and alluvial soils).

Rainfall during monsoon is quite high and temperature is very low during the winter months of December and January and pleasant in summer season. The hills are covered with tropical wet forest containing valuable timber for commercial use. Rich varieties of flora and fauna are also found in this region. However, the greater part of the forest resources have been reduced to perma­ nent wet rice terrace fields. Most of the villages are situated on the hill tops with compact settlement. Cultivation is the main occupation of the villagers and rice is their staple food. This region needs extra planning for development. CE NSUS OF INDIA MAP 17

NAGALAND J DISTRICT PHEK I,~ CENSUS CODE 02 REGIONAL DIVISIONS ,!l ':::;.v km!ii5 10 kms ~==i=====±======J

PHOKHU

1. 5 .1. 3 , / j //",-

_,_ ...... ~_, .-", .... .;"" ,( ,, \

A N p u R

15 1 1 CHAZOU8A-CHIZAMI HILLY REGION

' 5 1 J PHOKHuNGPI-MELURI HillS 1 )

SD ILS BOU NDARY, INTERNATIO NAL

STATE km~km

DI STRICT

CI RCLE

VILLAGE HAVING 2 000 & ABOVE POPU LATION .. • 5H 3 STATE HIGHWAY .. ,

RIVER .. ~

REGIONAL DIVISION

MACRO ______!' ~!, +.;-_ !'

MESO ______""",..;..__

MIC"O ______------'-i---

SUB-MICRO WITH BOUNO ARY ______-:- ______

GEOLOGY

km~Okm

... //" FQults,Thrusts ~OljgOC~ ne

~Eocent: [Read the sequence of reg ional divisions with reh:rl2:nce to the aU Indio map codes up to 3 tier] 67

DAT A ON REGIONAL DIVISlON

District Name: Phek Census Code No.2 State: Nagaland

Region No. of No. of Area in km2 in region @ Population in region (1981) No./ villages in towns in ------Name each region regionj Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban as evolved name

1.5.1.1 48 No Town 577.00 577.00 48,013 48,013 Chazouba- Chizami-15 Chizami Pfutsero-ll Hilly Khezha- Region kenoma-I Chietheba-6 Chazouba-15 Phek Sadar-O

1.5.1.2 26 No Town 616.00 616.00 17,251 17,251 Phek Phek Sadar-22 Hills Meluri-4

1.5.1.3 22 No Town 833.00 833.00 5,354 5,354 Phokhun- Meluri-12 gri-Meluri Phokhungri-lO Hills

@The area figures of the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this o~ce by graphical method and is approximate. 68

REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES, 1981

District Name: Phek Census Code No. 02 State: Nagaland

81. Division Circle Location Total Total Area of Remarks No. No.1 Code No. No. of No. of Regional Name of Census Villages Villages Division Villages in Circle & Towns in km2@ 1981 in Divi- sion

1 1.5.1.1 Chizami 1 to 15 15 48 577.00 Chazouba- Pfutsero 1 to 11 11 Chizami Khezha- Hilly kenoma 1 1 Region Chietheba 1 to 6 6 Chazouba 1 to 15 15 Phek Sadar Nil Nil

2 1.5.1.2 Phek Phek Sadar 1 to 22 22 26 616.00 Hills Meluri 1 & 2,15 4 Code No.3 to 14 are & 16 in region 1.5.1.3

3 1.5.1.3 Meluri 3 to 14 12 22 833.00 Code No. 1,2,15 & 16 Phokhungri- Phokhungri 1 to 10 10 are in region 1.5.1.2 Meluri Hills

@The area figures of district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, lndia and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method and is approximate. 69

STATEMENT ON REGION-WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS

District Name: Phek Census I,ocatioD Code No. 02 State: Nagaland

Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-Cultural Number Administ­ Characteristics & Name rative Division

------1 2 3 4 5

1.5.1.1 Chizami Jaintia Udalfs­ The region spreads over the western Chaz0uba­ circle, Series, Dchrepts part of Phek district and occupies the Chizami Pfutser.o Disang and Udalfs­ administrative circles of Chazouba (15 Hilly circle, Series Ochrepts­ villages), Chietheba (6 villages), Chizami Region Khezha­ (Eocene), Orthents­ (15 villages), Pfutsero (11 villages), Khezha­ kcnoma Barail Fluvents. kenoma (1 village) and a very small port­ circle, Series ana ion of Phek Sadar. In the west river Chietheba Simsang Sidzu has formed boundary with Kohima circle, formation district while in the south river Razaru Chazouba of Garo has formed boundary with Manipur state. Circle Hills and Phek (Oligo­ From the relief point of view, the Sadar cene) region has a maximum height of 1800 metres near the village Leshemi (I l) and Zuketsa (10) in Khezhakenoma circle and the minimum height is 600 metres near the village of Satheze Bawe (10) and Khetsami (13) in the Chazouba circle. The ranges are higher towards south and spread from north-east to south-west. Most of the villages are situated on the hill tops. The high ranges are covered with thick forest and in the slopes there are pine trees which are more valuable for timber in this region. Towards the north of Chazouba circle where the Tizu river flows a few patches of land are found which are good for cultivation.

The region consists of different vari. eties of soils as Udalfs-Ochrepts and Vdalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents-Fluvents.

Udalfs High base status soils of humid regions.

Orthents Recently formed soils.

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region. 70

2 3 4 5

Fluvents Alluvial soils (recent alluvium).

Transport and communication facili­ ties in the region are as good as in the other hilly areas. There is no National Highway but the State Highway is inter­ linked with Kohima district and Pfutsero circle and Chazouba circle. The State High way is again interlinked with Chizami circle and Pfutsero where it joines with Phek Sadar. There are jeepable roads and minor roads also which join the circles H.Q. and villages in the region.

1.5.1.2 Phek Jaintia Udalfs­ The region spreads over the middle Phek Sadar. Series, Ochrepts­ portion of the Phek district bounded by the Hilly Meluri Disang and Udalfs­ state of Manipur in the south and Zunhe­ Region circle Series Ochrepts­ boto district in the north. The region (Eocene) Orthents­ (1.5.1.2) covers the administrative circles Barail F1uvents. of Phek Sadar (22 villages) and almost Series and half portion of Meluri circle (4 villages). Simsang The river Tizu has demarcated its bounda­ formation ries towards east with Phokhungri circle. of Garo Hills From the relief point of view. the (Oligocene) maximum height of the region is about 2400 metres near the village of Khuzami (16) and Metsalimi OS) in Phek Sadar circle. The minimum height of the region is 1200 metres near the village of ~atuga (10) and Hutsa (12) in Meluri circle. It is entirely a hilly region where the villages are situated on the hi]] tops the high ran­ ges are covered with thick forests and towards the slopes of the land, pine trees are scattered. The region is noted for important forest products such as timber, firewood. The river Tizu and its tributa­ ries play a vital role where the terrace cultivation is carried out on the banks of the river. During summer months the rainfall is quite h:gh and the forests remain evergreen where varieties of fauna and flora are found. Soils are the combination of Udalfs­ Ochrepts and U dalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents­ Fluvents. Udal!. High base status soils of humid regions. 71

~------~------. ------.------2 3 4 5

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and all­ uvial soils of northern region.

Orthents Recently formed soils. Fluvents Alluvial soils (Recent alluvium)

From the communication and trans­ port point of view, the region as a whole is well developed. There is no National Highway in this region but the State High­ way is well developed. The State High­ way is interlinked with Chizami and Phek Sadar and joins Mel uri circle. Most of the villages are linked by minor meta­ lled and jeepable roads with administra­ tive circles.

1.5.1.3 Phokhungri Jaintia Udalfs- The region covers the eastern part of Phokhu- circle, Series, Ochrepts- Phek district. It is surrounded by ngri- Meluri Disang Orthents- Tuensang district in the north, state of Meluri circle. Series Fluvents Manipur in the south-west, the Inter-­ Hills. (Eocene) national boundary of Burma in south-east Barail and Meluri circle in the north-west. Series and The region (l.5.1.3) occupies almost the Simsang major portion of Meluri circle (12 villages) formation and Phokhungri circle (10 vilJages). of Garo Hills From the relief point of view, the (Oligo- region has a maximum height of 2400 cene) metres near the Sutsu (3) and Laruri (2) villages in Phokhungri circle. The minimum height of this region is about 600 metres and is found near the village of Reguri (7) and Akhen (6) in Meluri circle. There is no main river in this region and only the tributaries of Tizu river forming its sources from south flow towards north. The river Tizu flows from . south to north-east demarcating its boun­ dary with Meluri and again it has demar­ cated the boundary in the north-east with Tuensang district. The entire region is hilly, villages are located on the hill tops, the high ranges are covered with tropical­ wet forests containing valuable timber and varieties of fauna and flora. During summer months it receives heavy rainfall, winter months are severely cold. 72

2 3 4 5

Soils are Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orthcnts­ Fluvents in this region.

Udalfs High base status soils of humid regions.

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and all­ uvial soils of northern region.

Orthents Recently formed soils.

Fluvents Alluvial soils (Recent alluvium)

From the communication and trans­ port point of view, the region as a whole is not well developed in comparison to others. There is not even a State Highway. Places are interlinked only with jeepable road and footpath. Between circles and villages there is footpath where transport is carried out through manpower.

Note Code numbers are written within brakets after village names. DISTRICT WOKHA

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Wokha district is a part of Naga Hills (1.5.1) and is situated on the north of Kohima district of the State and adjoins the plain of Assam on the west. The district is divided into three sub-micro regional divisions on the basis of geology, soils, rainfall, climate and natural vegetation. They are :_

1.5.1.1 Bhandari Forested Hills. 1.5.1.2 Diyung River Valley. 1.5.1...> Wokha Hilly Region.

1.51.1 Bhandari Forested Hills

This region is situated in the western part of the district and covers the parts of administrative circles of Bhandari as well as Lotsu. The area of the sub-micro region is 506.00 km2 • It is entirely rural and inhabited by 7,049 persons spreads over 26 villages with a density of 14 persons per km2• The entire region consists of low lying hills with slopes towards Assam Plain. The altitude of the hills of the region varies from ISO to 600 metres (approximately). The river Diyung flowing through the extreme south-eastern part and then entering into Assam Plain is the only river of this region.

Geology of this region consists of Pliocene (Tipam Series and Chengapara formation) and Oligocene formations (Barail Series and Simsang formation). The soils are the combination of Ochrcpts-Orthents (shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern regions, recently formed soils).

In this region the amount of rainfall is 2000 mm during the monsoon months and temperature remains quite low during the winter months of December to February. The summer is warm in the day time and rather cool in the night. The hills are covered with both deciduous and evergreen forests. Most of the villages are situated on the plain terrain of the region. Main occupation of the people is cultivation and rice is their staple food. This region needs ex.tra planning for development.

1.5.1.2 Diyung River Valley

This region covers the middle portion of the district. The boundary of the region spreads from north-eastern part to the south-western part of the district. It covers the administrative circles of Aitepyong, Baghty, Sungro and part of the circles of Lotsu, Bhandari and Wokha Sadar. Its area is 932.00 km2 lapproximately) and inhabited by 30,706 persons spread over 54 villages with a density of 33 persons per km2• The entire area is rural.

The altitude of the hills of this region varies from 400 to 1000 metres (approximately). This region is also called middle range where the ranges of hills are running from south-west to north-east and appear to have merged up with the hills of Mokokchung district. Diyung is the important river in this region flowing from north-east to south-west. The river Baghty is one of the important tributaries of the river Diyung also flowing in this region from north-east to south-west.

Geologically, the region consists of Pliocene-Oligocene-Eocene formations (Tipam Series and Chengapara formation, Jaintia Series and Disang Series). The soils are the combination of Udalfs-

73 74

Ochrepts and Ochrepts-Orthents (shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern regions, recently formed soils, high base status soils of humid regions).

This region experiences heavy rainfall during monsoon and temperature during winter months is quite low. The summers are pleasant and temperature during summer does not exceed 27°C. This region consists of both deciduous and evergreen forests but most of the trees are deciduous. Various species of trees and plants are found in this region. Trees like Champa, Bonsum, Sam, Hollock etc. cover the forest and jungles. There are also plenty of birds, animals and reptiles. Cultivation is the main occupation of the villagers and rice is their staple food.

1.5.1.3 Wokba Hilly Region

This region is situated in the north-eastern part of the district. It is bounded by Kohima district on its south and Zunheboto district in the east. It covers the administrative circles of Chukitong, Wokha town and part of Wokha Sadar. The approximate area of the sub-micro region is 190.00 km2 and inhabited by 11,648 and 8,180 persons spread over 15 villages and one town respecti­ vely. With an over all density of 104 persons per km2 this region has the highest density in the district and second in the state.

The entire region is hilly and the altitude of the hills varies from 500 to 1200 metres approxi­ mately. The river Diyung flowing from the south to north-western part of the region is the main river for watering this area.

Geologically, the region consists mostly of Eocene period (Jaintia Series, Disang Series). Its soils are the combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts (high base status soils of humid regions, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region).

In this region rainfall is moderately high. The temperature during summer months is consi­ derably high and winter is cold. The hills are covered with both deciduous and evergreen forest. Most of the villages are situated on the hill tops with compact settlement. The main occupation of the people of rural areas is cultivation while in urban areas the people are engaged in various acti­ vities. Rice is the staple food of the people. CEN SUS O F INDIA MAP 18

NAGALAND DISTRICT WOKHA CENSUS CODE 03 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

mites 2 0 6 miles '===F~====~~~===r==' kms2 0 8kms

1.5.' ., BHANDARI FORESTED HILLS 1 . 5 .1 .2 DIVUNG RIVER VALLEY 1-5 .1.3 WOKHA HilLY REGION

K o

SOILS \ km~km \ 24 Udalfs-Ochrepts ~ \ BOUNDARY, S TATE

C1 72 Qchr

CIRCLE ,,:', :-:-:'12 f< :: V ILLAGE H AVIN G 2000 & ABOVE POPULATION • URBAN AREA

I STAT E HIGHWAY H 1

RIVER "'~

REG IONAL DIVISION MACRO______

GEOLOGY ME50 ______

kmO~_~'Okm MICRO ______

_--- Faults,Thrusts SUB -MICRO WITH BOUNDARY______

€02l PliocCilnl2

\ ~ OligOCCi!:ncz

~ Eocene

[Read the sczquenccz of regional divisions with reh:rcznce t o the aU IndiO mop up to 3 tier] 75

DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS

District Name; Wokha Census Code No. 03 State : Nagaland

Region No. of villages No. of towns Area in km! in region@ Population in region (1981) No.1 in each region in region/ ------_------Name as evolved name Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

I 5.1.1 26 No Town 506.00 506.00 7,049 7,049 Bhandari Bhandari-22 Forested LotSIl-4 Hills

1.5.l.2 54 No Town 932.00 932.00 30,706 30,706 Diyung Aitepyong-6 River Sungro-5 Valley Baghty-IO Bhandari-lO Lotsu-lO Wokha Sadar-13

1.5.1.3 15 1 Town 190.00 184.08 5.92 19,828 11,648 8,180 Wokha Wokha Wokha Hilly Sadar-9 Census Region Chukitong-6 Town (It is a separate circle)

@The area figures of the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Pl..,.nner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method and is approximate. 76

REGION·\HSE VILLAGE CODES, 1981

Distrirt Name: Wokha Census Code No. 03 State: Nagaiand

81. Division Circle Location code Total No. Total No. Area of Remarks No. No./Name No. of Census of Villages of Villages Regional Villages 1981 in Circle & Towns Division in Divi· in km?@ SIOn

1. 1.5.1.1 Bhandari 1 to 3,8, 22 26 .506.00 Code No. 4 to 7,9 Bhandari ] 5 to 32 to 14 are in region Forested 1.5.1.2 Hills Lotsu 8,9,11&12 4 Code No.1 to 7,10, 13 & 14 are in reg­ ion 15.1.2

2. 1.5.1.2 Aitepyong 1 to 6 6 54 932.00 Diyung Sungro 1 to 5 5 River Baghty 1 to 10 10 Valley Bhandari 4 to 7 & 10 Code No. I to 3, 8 9 to 14 & IS to 32 are in region 1.5.1.1 LotSll ] to 7, to, 10 Code No.8, 9, II & 13 & 14 12 are lTI region 1.5.] .] Wokha 1 to 6, 9 13 Code No.7, 8, 16 Sadar to 15 to 22 are in region 1.5.1.3

3. 1.5.1.3 \Vokha 7,8, 16 to 9 15+ 190.00 Code No. 1 to 6, 9 Wokha Sadar 22 1 town to 15 are in region Hilly 1.5.1.2 Region Chukitong 1 to 6 6 Wokha Nil Nil Census Town

@The area figures of district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, Inuia and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method and is approximate. 77

STATEMENT ON REGION-WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS

District Name; Wokha CeftSBS Locatitm Code No. 03 State: Nagalaml

Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-Cultural Number Adminis­ Characteristics & Name trative Division

1 2 3 4 5

1.5.1.1 Bhandari Tipam Ochrepts­ The region (1.5. I.l) spreads over the Bhandari circle. Series Orthents western parts of the district covering the Forested Lotsu and administrative circles of part of Bhan­ Hills circle Chenga­ dari (22 villages) and part of Lotsu circle para (4 villages). formation ofGaro The maximum height is found 600 Hills metres (approx) near the village of Bhan­ (Pliocene) dari (2) and the minimum height is about Barail ISO metres near the village of Mikirang Series (23) in Bhandari circle. The river and Diyung flows from extreme south and then Simsa1l'g enters into Assam. The region receives formation about 200 cm rainfall and the temp::rature of Garo is very low during winter months. Wet Hills terraced cultivation is very common in the (Oligocene) plains adjoining Assam.

The soils are Ochrepts-Orthents.

Ocbrepts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region.

Ortbents Recently formed soils.

From transport and communication point of view, region is not developed as there is no State Highway and major roads. There are minor jeepable roads and footpaths between the circles and the important village.

1.5.1.2 Aitepyong Tipam Udalfs­ The region (1.5.1.2) spreads over the Diyung circles, Series Ochrepsts middle portion of the district and has de­ River Sungro and and marcated its boundary with Mokokchung Valley circle, Chenga­ Ochrepts­ district in the north and Kohima district Baghty pam Orthents in the south. The region occupies the ad­ circle, formation ministrative circles of Aitepyong (6 vill­ Bhandari ofGaro ages), Sungro (5 villages), Baghty (10 circle, Hills villages), part of Bhandari (10 villages), 78

2 3 4 5

Lotsu (Pliocene), Lotsu (IO villages) and part of W okha circle, Barail Sadar (13 villages). Wokha Series Sadar and From the relief point of view, the Simsang region has a maximum height of 1,200 formation metres which is found near the villages of of Garo Okotso (2) and Pangti (3) in Sungro circle. Hills The minimum height is 400 metres in the (Oligocene), villages of Sungkha (8) and Suphayan (9) Jaintia in Bhandari circle. This region is also Series, called the middle range where the two Disang rivers, namely, Diyung and Baghty flow Series from north-east to south-west of this (Eocene). region. The region experiences heavy rain­ fall during monsoon. Winter is quite cold and the summer is pleasant. Both decid­ uous and evergreen forests are found and varieties of species and plants are found in the forests.

The soils are Udalfs-Ochrepts and Ochrepts-Orthents.

Udalfs High base status .>oils of humid region.

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region.

Orthents Recently formed soils.

From transport and communication point of view, the region is well develop­ ed. There are State Highways interlinked with all the administrative circles. The minor jeepable roads and footpaths are also joined with the villages.

1.5.1.3 Wokha Jaintia Udalfs­ The region (l.5.1.3) spreads over the Wokha Sadar, Series, Ochrepts south-eastern parts of the district and Hilly Chukit­ Disang occupies the administrative circles of Region. ong Series Wokha Sadar (9 villages), Chllkitong (6 circle, (Eocene), villages) and part of Wokha town (1 Wokha Barail town). town Series and From the relief point of view, the Simsang region has maximum height of 1,200 formation metres which is found near the villages of of Garo Mongya (2) and Nungying (6) in Chuki- 79

I 2 3 4 5

Hills tong circle. The minimum height is about (Oligocene) 500 metres which is found near the village of Elumyo (10) and Humtso (9) in Wokha Sadur circle. The Diyung river flows from south towards north in the eastern region. The ranges spread from south-west to north-east, the hills are covered with both deciduous and ever­ green forests. Rainfall is moderately high and temperature during summer months is considerably high. Cultivation is the main occupation in this region.

Soils are the combination of Udalfs­ Ochrepts.

Udalfs High base status soils of humid region.

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region.

From transport and communication point of view, the region is well developed. There are State Highways which are inter­ linked with the town and administrative circles. The jeepable roads and footpaths are also interlinked with each village.

Note: Code numbers are written within brackets after village names. DISTRICT ZUNHEBOTO

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Zunheboto district is a part of Nagaland Hills (1.5.1) and is situated on the central part of the state and bounded by the districts of Mokokchung in the north, Tuensang in the east, Phek and Kohima in the south and Wokha in the west. The district is divided into two sub-micro regions on the basis of the geology, solIs, rainfall, climate and natural vegetation. They are:

1.5.1.1. Western Zunheboto Hills 1.5.1.2 Eastern Zunheboto Hills

1.5.1.1 Western Ztmheboto HHls

The Western Zunheboto Hills is situated in the western part of the Zunheboto district and bounded by Mokokchung district in the north, Wokha in the west and Kohima in the south. The region covers the administrative circles of V.K. Station, Akuluto, Atoizu and parts of Suruhuto, Zunheboto and Satakha. The area of the sub-micro region is 723.00 km 2 and inhabited by 31,404 persons spread over 73 villages. There is no urban area in this region. The density of population in this region is 43 persons per km2.

The altitude of this region varies from 600 to 1800 metres approximately. There are several ranges running more or less parallel from north-east to south-west. Tributaries of the river Diyung flowing towards west through this region. The river Dikhu originates from the north-eastern part of this region and flows towards north.

Geologically, it consists of Eocene (Jaintia Series, Disang Series) and Oligocene formations (Barail Series and Simsang formations of Garo Hills). Soils are the combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts and Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents-Fluvents (high base status soils of humid regions, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region, recently formed soils and alluvial soils).

Rainfall is quite high in this region and its greatest concentration is observed during the monsoon months of July and August. Due to high altitude the temperature remains cold throughout the year making it rather colder in the winter. The region consists of both deciduous and evergreen forests. Most of the trees are deciduous. There are various species of trees and plants for commercial use such as Champa, Bomsum, Sam, Simul, Hollock etc. Most of the villages are situated on the hill tops with compact settlement. Cultivation is the main occupation of the villagers and rice is their staple food. This region is not developed and needs extra planning.

] .5.1.2 Eastern Zunhcboto Hills

This region is bounded by Tuensang district in the north and east and Phek district in the south and covers the administrative circles of Asuto. Aghunato, Satoi, Zunheboto town and parts of Suruhuto, Zunheboto Sadar and Satakha. The area of the sub-micro region is 532.00 k m2 and inhabit­ ed by 22,079 persons spread over R2 villages and 7,678 persons in one town with an overall density of 56 persons per km2. The altitude of this region varies from 1200 to 2400 metres approximately The hill. ranges are more or less running from north-east to south· west. The river Tizu flowing fro:n north to south is the only main river covering the entire region apart from the river Tsutha which is wate~ ing the eastern border of the region.

80 81

The geology of this region consists of Eocene (Jaintia: 'Series, Disang Series) and Oligocene formations (Barail Series and Simsang formation of Oaro Hills). The soi1s are; .,the combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts and Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents-Fluvents (high base status soils of humid regions, shtiH~ black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region, recently formed soils, alluvial Soils).

Rainfall is quite high during monsoon months of June to Septembet: The temperature is moderately low during summer and it is low during the winter season. Fro~'t; i~ commonly visible on 1he hill peaks during the winter. The hills are covered with both deciduous and evergreen forests, from which various species of trees are used far commercial purpoac. The region is rich in tyarions types of wild animals and birds. Most of the villages are located sparsely at the top at the hUls 'with compact settlement. Cultivation is the main occupation of the villagers. Rice is the sta!)te food of the people. 82

DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS

))istrict Name: Zunheboto Census Code No. 04 State: NagaJand

Region No. of villages No. of towns Area in km2 in region@ Population in region (1981) -No.1 in each region in region Name as evolved Name Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

1.5.1.1 73 No town 723.00 723.00 31,404 31,404 Western V.K. Station-9 _..zl;lnheQ9- Akuluto-9 to Hills Atoizu-21 Satakha-15 Zunheboto Sadar-ll Suruhuto-8

1.5.1.2 82 1 Town 532.00 529.00 - 3.00 29,757 22,079 7,678 Eastern Satoi-ll Zunhe- Zunhe- Aghunato-28 boto boto Hills Asuto-21 Census Suruhoto-5 Town ZunhebQto-9 Satakha-8

@The area figures of the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner re8pectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this Office by graphical method and is approximate. 5 ut- iNUiA MA P 19 NAGALAND DISTRICT ZUNHEBOTO CENSUS CODE 04 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

miles 2~"'!'=i=0f====i'=!='F===i=!===r==,;;6 miles kms 2 0 6 8 kms

1.5 . 1.2

/ s

1. 5 1. 1 WE STERN ZUNHEBOTO HILL S

1. 5.1. 2 EASTERN ZUNHEBOTO HILLS

SOILS

kmO 10km '------'

SOUNDARYI DISTRICT

CIRCLE

'VILLAGE. HAVING 2 OOQ 2. ABOVE POPULATION .. •

URBAN AREA

STATE H IGHWAV SH 7

RIVER

REG IONAL DIVISION 1. 5 . 1 .1 GEOLOGY : T r ~ MACRO ___ _ ------

km~km ME SO ______

Faults. Thrusts MICRO ____ ------_ ------

~ Ollgocl2nlZ SUB-MICRO WITH BOUNDARV______

~ Eocene

[Rf2-ad the se:qu«:nCf2- of regional dtv)$K)('ls with rf2-fC2rQ:ncQ. to thtl all Indio mop up to 3 tiflr) 83

REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES, 1981

District Name: Zunheboto Census Code No. 04 State: Nagaland

Sl. Division Circle Location code Total No. Total No. Area of Remarks No. No./Name No. of Census of Villages of Villages Regional ViUages 1981 in Circle & Towns Division in Division in km2@

1. 1.5.1.1 V.K. Sta- I to 9 9 73 723.00 Western tion Zunheboto Akuluto 1 to 9 9 Hills Atoizu 1 to 21 21 Satakha 1 to 14 & 15 Code No. 15 to 22 23 are in region 1.5.1.2 Zunheboto 1,5,12 to 11 Code No. 2 to 4 & 20 6 to 11 are in region 1.5.1.2. Suruhuto 1,4 to 9 8 Code No.2, 3, 10, &13 11 & 12 are in reg~ ion 1.5.1.2

2. 1.5.1.2 Satoi 1 to 11 11 82+ 532.00 Eastern Aghunato 1 to 28 28 1 town Zunheboto Asuto 1 to 21 21 Hills Suruhuto 2, 3, 10, 5 Code No. I, 4 to 9 11 & 12 & 13 are in region 1.5.1.1. ZunhebC1:o 2 to 4, 6 9 Code No.1, 5, 12 to to 11 20 are in region 1.5.1.1 Satakha 15 to 22 8 Code No.1 to 14 & 23 are in region 1.5.1.1. Zunheboto Census Town

@The area figures of district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method and is approximate. 84

STATEMENT ON REGION-WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS

District Name: Zunheboto Census Location Code No. 04 State: Nagaland

Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-Cultural Characteri sties Number-s -Admini­ & Name strative Division

1 2 3 4 5

1.5.1.1. V.K. Stat- Jaintia Udalfs- The region (1.5.1.1) spreads over the Western ion circle, Series, Ochrepts western part of the district. The region Zunhe- Akuluto Disang and Udalf~- occupies the administrative circles of V.K. boto circle, Atoi- Series Ochrepts- Station (9 villages), Akuluto (9 vilJages), RiBs zu 'Circle, (Eocene), Orthents- Atoizu (21 villages), part of Suruhuto Satakha Barail Fluvents (8 villages), part of Zunheboto Sadar Cirole, Zun- Series and (11 villages), and part of Satakha (15 ;hehoto Simsang villages). Sadar, formation ·Suruhuto of Garo From the relief point of view, the <:ircle. Hills (Oligo- region has a maximum height of about cene) 1800 metres which is found near the villa­ ges of Baimho (7) and Shotomi (8) in Zudheboto Sadar circle. The minimum height is about 600 metres which is near the villages of Littami .Old (2) and Littami New (7) in V.K. Station circle. The entire region is hilly where the ranges are cove­ red by both deciduous and evergreen forests. The tributaries of river Dikhu flow from west to east .and the tributaries of river Tizu flowing from eastwards cover major portion of the region.

Soils are the combination of Udalfs­ Ochrepts and Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents­ Fluvents.

Udalfs High base status soils of humid regions.

,{)cbr~ts Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern r.egion.

Orthents Recently formed soils. FJuvents Alluvial soils (Recent alluvium)

From transport and communication point of view, the region has not develo­ ped in comparion to other regions. There is no National Highway, only the State Highway is interlinked with some circles. 85

2 3 4 5

There are minor jeepable roads and foot­ paths in the region.

1.5.1.2 Satoi circle, Jaintia Udalfs­ The region (1.5.] .2) spreads over the Eastern Aghunato Series. Ochrepts eastern part of the district covering the Zunhe- circle. Asuto Disang and Udalfs­ administrative circle of Satoi (11 villages), boto Hills circle. (Eocene), Ochrepts­ Aghunato (28 villages), Asuto (21 villages) Suruhuto Barail Orthents­ and parts of Suruhuto (5 villages), Zunhe­ circle, Series and Fluvents boto (9 villages), Satakha (8 villages) and Zunheboto Simsang Zunheboto town. circle, formation Satakha of Garo From the relief point of view, the circle, Hills region has a maximum height of about Zunheboto (Oligo- 2400 metres which is found near the villa­ town. cene) ges of Tsukomi (15) and Yezhshimi (20) in Aghunato circle. The minimum height is about 600 metres which is found near the villages of Nikuto (18) and Kulhopu (19) in Zunheboto circle. It is entirely hiIly region where the ranges are covered by deciduous and evergreen forests. Varieties of species and trees are found. It is a good place for fauna and flora. Rainfall is heavy during monsoon and the winter months are severely cold. The river Tizu flowing from north towards south covers the entire region. Soils are Udalfs-Ochrepts and Udalfs­ Ochrepts-Orthents-Fluvents.

Udalfs High base status of humid regions.

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and all­ uvial soils of northern region.

Orthents Recently formed soils.

Fluvents Alluvial soils (Recent alluvium).

From transport and communication point of view, the region is not developed. There is no State Highway. Only some minor jeepable roads are found inter­ linked with each administrative circle. The minor roads and footpaths are inter­ linked with villages.

Note Code numbers are written within brackets after village names· DISTRICT MOKOKCHUNG

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Mokokchung district is a part of Nagaland Hills (1.5.1) and is situated in the north-western part of the state, bounded by Assam in the north and west, Tuensang district in the east, Zunheboto district in the south and Wokha district in the south-west. The district is divided into two sub-micro regions on the basis of geology, soils, rainfall, climate and natural vegetation. They are:

1.5.1.1 Eastern Mokokchung Hills 1.5.1.2 Western Mokokchung Hills

1.5.1.1 Eastern Mokokcbung Hills

This region is situated in the south-eastern part of the district and covers the administrative circles of Ongpangkong, Mokokchung town, Kabulong, Chuchuyimlang, Changtongya and part of Tuli circle. The area of this region is 951.00 km2 and is inhabited by 56,259 persons in 55 villages and 18,060 persons in 1 town named Mokokchung. The density of population is quite high with 78 per­ sons per km2 as compared to other regions of the district. The entire region is hilly and the altitude of the hills varies from 400 to 1800 metres approximately. The ranges are higher on the east and run towards north with a gentle slope. Ongpangkong, Langpangkong and Asetkong are the impor­ tant ranges in this region. The river Dikhu flowing towards north along the district boundary of Mokokchung and Tuensang is the main river and the tributaries of Jhanji also playa good role for providing water to this region.

Geologically, this region consists of Dihing Series, Dupitila Series (Pleistocene), Barail Series and Simsang formation of Garo Hills (Oligocene), Jaintia Series, Disang Series (Eocene). The soils are the combination of Ustalfs-Aqualfs-Aquepts and Ochrepts-Orthents (high base status red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils, high base status soils, brown soils, recently form~d soils, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region). Oil and natural gas reserves are seen near Chuchuyim­ lang area of this region.

Rainfall is quite heavy during monsoon period. Weather is pleasant during summer where temperature does not exceed 32°C and it is quite cold in winter season. The region consists of both deciduous and evergreen forests from which the trees are used for commercial purpose. Most of the vilIageJare situated at the top of the hills with a compact settlement. The main occupation of the villagers is cultivation. Rice is the staple food of the people.

1.5.1.2 Western Mokokchung Hills

This region is situated in the western part of the disrrict bounded by Assam in the north and west, Tuensang in the north-east and Wokha in the south. It covers the administrative circles of Mangkulemba, Alongkima, Longchem and part of Tuli circle. The approximate area of this region is 664.00 km2 and is inhabited by 29,874 persons in 54 villages with a density of 4S persons per km2 • No urban area exists in this region.

Altitude of the hills varies from 300 to 1200 metres approximately that have gone more or less parallel towards south-west. There are a few patches of plain land towards the slope adjoining the Assam plains. The river Jhanji and Tiru flowing towards north are the main source of water in this region.

86 87

Geology of this region consists of Tipam Series and Chengapara formation of Garo Hills (Pliocene) and Barail Series and Simsang formation of Garo Hills (Oligocene). Coal, oil and natural gas etc. reserves are found in different parts of this region and can be extracted for commercial purpose. Its soils are the combination of Ustalfs-Aqualfs-Aquepts, Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents­ Fluvents and Ochrepts-Orthents (high base status red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils, high base status soils, brown soils, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region, recently formed soils).

The amount of rainfall (2500 mm) during monsoon months is moderately high in this region. Temperature is high during summer and it is low during the winter months of December and January. The hills are covered with both deciduous and evergreen forests. Various types of wild animals are found in these forests. Most of the villages are at the hill tops with compact settlement. Cultivation is the main occupation of the people. This region occupies the second position in the state for industrial development, though there is not much to mention except one paper mill at Tuli. This region can be developed by instituting different types of industry. Rice is the staple food of the people. 88

DA T A ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS

District Name : Mokokchung Census Code No. 05 State : Nagaland

Region No.; No. of No. of towns Area in km2 in region@ Population in region (J 981) Name villages in in region/ ------each region name Total R ural Urban Total Rural Urban as evolved

1.5.1.1 55 I town 951.00 935.46 15.54 74,319 56,259 18,060 Eastern Ongpan- Mokok- Mokokchung gkong-23 chung Hills Kabulong-8 T.e. Chuchu- (It is a yimlang-ll separate Changt- circle) ongya-lO Tuli-3

1.5.1.2 54 No town 664.00 664.00 29,874 29,874 Western Tuli-5 Mokokch- Alongkima-9 ung Hills Longchem -14 Mongko- lemba-26

@The area figures of the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectively but fur the rural, it is worked out in this office hy graphical method and is approximate. NAGALAND DISTRICT MOKOKCHUNG CEN SUS CODE 05 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

miles 2 6 miles ~~~~~~~~ kms 2 o 6 8 k ms

a::

o N G C H

(f)

1 . 5 . 1 .2

<:>

t-

1 . 5 . 1 . 1 EASTE R N MOKO~CH U N G H ILLS 1 , 5 . 1 . 2 W ESTERN M OKOKCHUNG HIL LS o

SOILS

k m ~Okm l B OUNOA RY~ ST.A.TE

I DISTRICT

19 Usto\1s_AQuotts_Aquepts E:-3 C IRCLE

~ 24 ~~~n~~:_n~~~n-ts VILLAGE HAVING 2000 a. ABOVE POPULATION .. • 72 Ochrepts _Orthents c=:J" URBAN AREA .. c SH 6 STATE HIGHWAY

RIVER REGION AL DIVISION ! . f' r' 1 MACRO ______- _____ ------___. L.: .j...... I ..I __ _

MESO ______------GEOLOGY MI C RO ______. ,. ______- -

km Cf___ __~p k m SUB-MICRO WITH BOUN QARV______...... --- Fault s .Thr usts

kj-Xi::-¥r] Pleistocczne

~ PlIocene

_ QUlOIOccz nc2:

~ Eocene [Read thez sequence of nrgional - divisions with reference t o the all Indio mop up to 3 tier'] 89

REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES, 1981

District Name: Mokokchung Census Code No. 05 State: Nagaland

81. Divi- Circle Location Total Total Area of Remarks No. sion Code No. No. of No. of regional No.1 of Census Villages Villages Division Name Villages in Circle & Towns in km2@ 1981 in Divi- sion

1.5.1.1 Ongpang- Eastern kong 1 to 23 23 55+ 951.00 Mokok- Kabulong 1 to 8 8 1 town chung HiJls Chuchu yimlang 1 to 11 11 8 Chang- tongya 1 to 10 10 Tuli 2 to 4 3 Code No.1, 5 to 8 are Mokokch- in region 1.5.1.2 ung (T.C.)

2 1.5.1.2 Tuli 1,5 to 8 5 54 664.00 Code No.2 to 4 are in Western Alongkima 1 to 9 9 region 1.5.1.1 Mokok- Longchem 1 to 14 14 Location of the villiage chung Mangku- I to 26 26 No.5, 14 to 26 are not Hills lemba shown in the map due to some technical diffi- culties.

@The area figures for the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office and is approximate. 90

STATEMENT ON REASON-WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS

District Name: Mokokchung Census Location Code No. 05 State: Nagaland

Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-Cultu ral Number Adminis­ Characteristics & Name trative Division

2 3 4 5

1.5.1.1 Ongpangk­ Dihing Ustalfs­ The region (1.5.1.1) spreads over the Eastern ong circle, Series, Aqualfs­ eastern portion of the distflct and occu­ Mokok­ Kabulong Dupitila Aquepts and pies the administrative circles of Ongpang­ chung circle, Series Ochrepts­ kong (23 villages), Kabulong (8 villages), Hills Chuchu­ (Pleis Orthents Chuchuyimlang (11 villages), Changtongya yimlang tocene), 00 villages), part of Tuli (3 villages), and circle, Jaintia Mokokchung town (1 town). Chang­ Series, tongya Disang From the relief point of view, the circle, Series region has a maximum height of 1,800 Tuli circle, (Eocene), metres which is found near the village of Mokok­ Barail Longkhum (14) in Ongpangkong circle. chung Series The minimum height is about 400 metres town and which is found near the Tuli station (1) in Simsang Tuli circle. The river Dikhu flowing to­ formation wards east has demarcated its boundary of Garo with Tuensang district and the tributaries Hills of river Jhanji are flowing entirely in the (Oligocene) region. The river Chubi flows towards the north of this region. The region is entirely hilly which forms three important ranges such as Ongpangkong range, Aset­ kong range and Longpangkong range. Rainfall is heavy during monsoon, the winter is cold and the summer is mild. The region consists of both deciduous and evergreen forests.

The soils are Ustalfs-Aqualfs-Aquepts and Ochrepts-Orthents.

Vstalfs High base status red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils.

Aqualfs High base status soils (Hydro­ morphic).

Aquepts Brown soils (Hydromorphic). 91

1 2 3 4 5

Ocilrepts Shallow b~ack, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region.

Orthents Recently formed soils.

From transport and communication point of view, the region is well developed in comparison to other regions. There is no National Highway, but the State High­ way is interlinked with each administra­ tive circles. Metalled roads are also found within the region. JeepabJe roads and minor roads are also developed which are connected with the villages.

1.5.1.2 Tuli circle, Tipam Ustalfs- "The region (1.5.1.2) spreads over the Western Alongkima Series Aqualfs- western portion of the district and occup­ Mokok- circle. and Aquepts, ies the administrative circles of Alongkima chung Longchem Chengapara Udalfs- (9 villages), Longchem (14 villages), Man­ Hills circle, formation Ochrepts- gkulemba (26 villages) and part of Tuli Mangku- of Garo Orthents- (5 villages). lemba circle Hills Fluvents (Pliocene), and From the relief point of view, the Barail Series Ochrepts- region has a maximum height of 1,200 and Simsang Orthents metres which is found near the villages of formation of Satsuk (6) and Atuphumi (8) in Mangko­ Garo Hills lemba circle. The minimum height is (Oligocene). about 300 metres which is found near the villages of Yajang (12) and Akumen (11) in Lungchem circle. The river Jhanji flows entirely in the region towards north and the Tiru is also another important river flowing in this region. Towards the slopes of Assam, terrace cultivation is practised. This region is also divided into two ranges, viz., Japukong range and Jangpetkong range. Rainfall is moderate, winter is cold and the summer is mild. The ranges are covered with the mixed forests of deciduous and evergreen.

The soils are the combination of U stalfs-Aq ualfs-Aquepts, Udalfs-Ochre· pts-Orthents-Fluvents and Ochrepts­ Orthcnts. 92

2 3 4 5

Ustalfs High base status red loamy, red sandy and Alluvial soils.

v Flu,tnts Alluvial soils (Recent alluvium).

Aqualfs High base status soils (Hydro­ morphic).

Aquepts Brown soils (Hydromorphic).

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region.

Orthents Recently formed soils.

From transport and communication point of view, the region is not developed. The State Highway links the region with one administrative circle only. The rcmaining area is interlinked with minor jeepable roads and footpaths.

Note: Code numbers are written within brackets after village names. DISTRICT TUENSANG

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Tuensang district is a part of Nagaland Hills (1.5. I) and is situated in the eastern part of the state. The entire eastern part of the district is bounded by Burma, northern part by Mon district and southern part by Phek district and western part by Mokokchung and Zunheboto districts. The district is divided into two sub-micro regions on the basis of geology, soils, rainfall, climate and natural vegetation. They are:

1.5.1.1 Southern Tuensang Hills 1.5.1.2 Northern Tuensang Hills

1.5.1.1 Southern Tuensang Hills

This region spreads over the southern part of the district and covers the administrative circles of Noklak, Shamatorr, Chessore, Thonoknyu, Seyochung, Kiphire, Pungro, Sitimi and the part of Tuensang Sadar circle. The approximate area of the sub-micro region is 2551.00 km2 and is inhabited by 68,049 persons spread over 127 villages with a density of 27 persons per km2 • The entire region is hilly and the altitude of the ranges varies from 600 to 3800 metres approximately. The hHly ranges have spread over north-east to south-west. The highest peak of the state 'Saramati' (3826 metres) is also situated in this region. The river Zunggi and its tributaries flow towards south-west and join the river Tizu which makes the boundary between Tuensang and Phek districts. This is the main river system of this region.

Geology of this region consists of Barail Series and Simsang formation (Oligocene), Jaintia Series, Disang Series (Eocene). This region is rich in its mineral deposits like limestone and marble, asbestos, coal etc. near Kiphire area, which can be extracted commercially. Soils are the combination of Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents-Fluvents, Udalfs-Ochrepts and Orthents-Ochrepts.

Rainfall is moderate to heavy during monsoon period. The winter is cold but summer is warm. Due to variation of altitude vegetation of this region is equally varried and variegated. As a result the forest is tropical, evergreen and mixed with tropical and semi-evergreen. The forests are having valuable timber species. The villages are sparsely located at the hill tops with core.pact set­ tlement .. The main occupation of the people is cultivation and major agricultural products are maize, millet, rice etc. and these are the staple food of the people.

1.5.1.2 Narthun Tuensang Hills

This region is situated on the northern part of district bounded by Mon district and Burma in the east, Mokokchung district in west and Assam in north. The region covers the administrative circles of Tamlu, Longleng, Noksen ,Chare, Longkhim, Monyakshu and Tobu and a part of Tuensang Sadar. The area of this region is approximately 1677.00 km2 inhabited by 720,83 persons in 109 villages and 12,200 persons in one town with an oveall density of 50 persons per km2• The entire region is hilly and the altitude of ranges varies from 300 to 3500 metres approximately. The ranges, however, slope down towards the west. The river Dikhu is the main river flowing towards north making the district boundary with Mokokchung and then turns towards north-east forming the boun-

93 94 dary with Mon. Besides Dikhu, the river Yangnyu originates from the south eastern part of this region and flows towards north making the boundary with Mon district joins Dikhu.

Geology of this region consists of Barail series and Simsang formation of Garo Hills (Oligocene), laintia Series, Disang Series (Eocene), Tipam Series and Chengapara formation (Pliocene), Dihing Series, Dupitila Series (Pleistoecne). The soils are the combination of Ustalfs-Aqualfs­ Aquepts, Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents-Fluvents and Orthents-Ochrepts, (high base status soils of humid regions, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region, recently formed soils, alluvial soils, high base status-red loamy, red sandy and alluvial so11s, brown soils, high base status soils).

Rainfall is heavy and is concentrated during the monsoon months. Weather is pleasant in the summer and cold in winter. Frost is not uncommon in most parts of the region during winter. The entire region is covered with tropical and sub-tropical forests with non-coniferous trees and plants. Different kinds of wild animals like tiger, panther, wild cat, himalayan bears are found in this region. Most of the villages are located on the hill tops with compact settlement. Cultivation is the main occupation of the villagers and their agricultural products are maize, millet, rice etc. Rice is the staple food of the people. 95

DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISION

District Name: Tuensang Census Code No. 06 State: Nagaland

Region No. of No. of Area in km2 in region@ Population in region (1981) No·1 villages in towns in name each region region/ Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban as evolved name

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.5.1.1 127 No town 2551.00 2551.00 68,049 68,049 Southern Pungro-23 Tuensang Kiphire Hills Sadar-24 Sitimi-9 Seyochung-ll Chessore-8 Shamatorr-13 Thonoknyu-12 Noklak-19 Tuensang Sadar-8

1.5.1.2 109 1 town 1677.00 1642.00 34.25 84,283 72,083 12,200 North~rn Longkhim-12 Tuen- Tuensang Chare-12 sang T.C. Hills Noksen-12 (It is a Tuensang separate Sadar-19 circle) Tobu-II Monyakshu-7 Longleng-27 Tamlu-9

@The area figures of the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method and is approximate. 96

REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES, 1981

District Name: Tuensang Census Code No. 06 State: Nagaland

Sl. Division Circle Location Code Total Total Area of Remarks No. No.; No. of Census No. of No. of Regional Name Villages 1981 Villages Villages Division in Circle & Towns in km2@ in Divi- sion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. 1.5.1.1 Pungro 1 to 23 23 127 2551.00 Southern Kiphire Tuensang Sadar 1 to 24 24 Hills Sitimi 1 to 9 9 Seyochung 1 to 11 11 Chessore ] to 8 8 Shamatorr J to J 3 13 Thonoknyu 1 to 12 12 Noklak 1 to 19 19 Tuensang Sadar 18 to 25 8 Code No. 1 to ] 7, 26 & 27 are in re- gion 1.5.1.2.

1. 1. 5.1.2 Longkhim 1 to 12 12 109+ 1677.00 Northern Chare 1 to 12 12 1 town Tuensang Noksen ] to 12 ]2 Hills Tuensang 1 to 17, Code No. 18 to 25 Sadar 26 & 27 ]9 are in region 1.5.1.1 Tobu 1 to 11 11 Monyakshu 1 to 7 7 Longleng 1 to 27 27 Tamlu ] to 9 9 Tuensang Nil Nil T.C.

@The area figures for the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectivdy but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method ~nd is approximate. 97

STATEMENT ON REGION-WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS

District Name; Tuensang Census Location Code No. 06 State: Nagaland

Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-Cultural Number Adminis­ Characteristics & Name trative Division

1 2 3 4 5

1.5.1.1 Pungro Barail Udalfs- The region (1.5.1.1) spreads over the Southern circle, Series Ochrepts, southern part of the district and occupies Tuensang Kiphire and Simsang Udalfs- administrative circles of Pungro (23 Hills Sadar, Sitimi formation Ochrepts- villages), Kiphire Sadar (24 villages), circle, of Garo Orthents- Sitimi (9 villages), Seyochung (11 villages), Seyochung Hills Fluvents and Chess ore (8 villages), Shamatorr (13 vill­ circle, (Oligocene), Orthents- ages), Thonoknyu (12 villages), Noklak Chessore Jaintia Ochrcpts (19 villages) and part of Tuensang Sadar circle, Series, (8 villages). Shamatorr Disang circle, Series From the relief point of view, the region Thonoknyu (Eocene). has a maximum height of about 3,800 circle, metres which is found near the village of Noklak Manik (7) in Pungro circle. The highest circle, peak in the state (Saramati in Tuensang Tuensang district) is 3,826 metres which is found in S.Ild'lr this region. The minimum height of this region is about 400 metres which is found near the village of Tuensang (Ngangpo 26). The region is entirely hilly. The river Tizu demarcates its boundary in the south and the river Langnyu flows entirely in the region from the north. The main river Zungki flows towards south to join Tizu river. Rainfall is moderate to heavy in the region, winter is cold and summer is warm. The forests of this region are classified into wet-ever­ green mixed with semi-evergreen.

Soils are the combination of Udalfs­ Ochrepts, U dalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents-Flu­ vents and Orthents-Ochrepts.

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern re­ gion. 98

2 4 5

Ortbents Recently formed soils.

Fluvents Alluvial soils (Recent alluvium) Udalfs High base status soils of humid regions.

From transport and communication point of view, the region, is not deve­ loped as compared to others. There is no National Highway but the State High­ way links Kohima with Tuensang Sadar. Some of the administrative circles are interlinked with the State Highway but most of the circles are joined by minor jeepable roads. Footpaths link the villages.

1.5.1.2 Longkhim Dihing Ustalfs- The region (1.5.1.2) spreads over the nor­ Northern circle, Series, Aqualfs- thern part of the district and occupies the Tuensang Chare Dupitial Aquepts, administrative circles of Longkhim (12 Hills circle, Series Udalfs- villages), Chare (12 villages), Tobu (II Noksen (Pleisto- Ochrepts- villages), Noksen (12 villages), Monyakshu circle, cene) Orthents- (7 villages), Longleng (27 villages), Tamlu Tuensang Tipam Fluvents and (9 villages) and part of Tuensang Sadar 19 Sadar, Series Orthents- villages) and Tuensang town. Tobu and Chenga- Ochrepts circle. para for- From the relief point of view, the Monyakshu mation of region has a maximum height of about circle, Garo Hills 3,500 metres which is found near the Longleng (Pliocene), villages of Yangkhao (6) and Singnyu (7) circle, Barail in Monyakshu circle. The minimum heigf-tt TamIu Series is about 600 metres found near the villages circle, and Chare New (2) and Chare Old ( ) in Chare Tuensang Simsang circle. town formation of Garo Dikhu is the main river of the region Hills (Oligo- and forms the boundary between Mokok­ cene), chung and Tuensang district in the west. laintia It turns towards north-east forming boun­ Series, dary of Tamlu and ~ongleng circles and Disang then meets the rivet{ Yangnyu which flows Series towards north forming the district boun­ {Eocene) dary between M on and Tuensang.

The entire region is hilly which is covered with deciduous forests Rainfall is heavy and winter is severely cold. 99

1 2 3 4 5

Soils are the combination of Ustalfs­ Aqualfs-Aquepts, Udalfs-Ochrepts-Orth­ ents-Fluvents and Orthents-Ochrepts. Ustalfs High base status, red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils. Aqualfs High base status soils (Hydro­ morphic). Aquepts Brown soils (Hydromorphic) Orchepts Shallow black, brown and allu­ vial soils of northern region. Udalfs High base status soils of humid regions. Orthents Recently formed soils.

Fluvents Alluvial soils (Recent alluvium).

From transport and communication point of view, the region is not developed. The State Highway links this region with Mokokchung district and most of the administrative circles are linked by the minor jeepable roads.

Note: Code numbers are written within brackets after village names. DISTR.ICT MON

REGIONAL DIVISIONS

Mon district is a part of Nagaland Hills (1.5.1) and is situated in the extreme north-east of the state and bounded by Tuensang in the west and the south, Assam in the north, Arunachal Pradesh and Burma in the east. The district is divided into three sub-micro regions on the basis of geology, soils, rainfall, climate and natural vegetation. They are ;-

1.5.1.1 Champang-Phomching Hilly Region. 1.5.1.2 Mon Hilly Region. 1.5.1.3 Singhphan-Chiknuyu Rolling Hills.

1.5.1.1. Champang--PhomchiDg Hilly Region

This region is situated in the extreme south-eastern part of the district covering the adminis­ trative circles of Phomching, Chen, Champang and part of Mon Sadar. Approximate area of this region is 560.00 km 2 and is inhabited by 37,252 persons spreard over 35 villages with a density of 67 persons per km2 • There is no urban area in this region. The altitude of the ranges varies from 400 to 1800 metres approximately. The entire region is hilly and the ranges spread towards the east. The river Tapi originates from the north-eastern part of this region and flows towards north and turns to west and south-west derections making sub-micro regional boundary and joins the Yangnyu river. Besides this, the river Yangnyu flowing towards northern direction making the boundary with Tuensang district and joins Tapi river at the north-western corner of this region.

The geology of this region consists of Barail Series and Simsang formatian of Garo Hills (Oligocene), Jaintia series, Disang Series (Eocene). Soils are the combination of Orthents-Ochrepts (recently formed soils, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region).

The rainfall quite high d\lring the months of monsoon, i.e., from July to September. The summer is warm and winter is very cold. The region consists of tropical deciduous forests. The alpine forests are also visible on the top of the hills of this region. Vegetation is dense along the eastern part bordering Burma. Villages are commonly found at the top of the hills with compact settlement. The main occupation of the people in this area is cultivation. Rice, millets,' maize etc. are their important agricultural products. The Jhum cultivation is predominantly followed in this region. Rice is the staple food of the people.

1.5.1.2 MOD Hilly Region

This region is situated in the middle part of the Mon district and covers the administrative circle of Mon town and partly of Naginimara, Mon Sadar and Tizit circles. The area of sub-micro region is 480.00 km2 and is inhabited by 22,205 persons spread over 29 villages and 6,898 persons 2 in Mon town respectively with an overall density of 61 persons per km • The altitude of this region varies from 200 to 1200 metres. The entire region is hilly and the ranges slope down towards the north. The river Tapi flowing towards south-west forms the sub-micro regional boundary and joins the Yangnyu which is flowing towards west and turns to north making the district boundary. Tekong and Yangnyu rivers and their tributaries flowing towards north are the source for providing water to this region.

100 101

Geologically, the region consists of laintia Series, Disang Series (Eocene), Barail Series and Simsang formation of Garo Hills (Oligocene). The soils are the combination of Ustalfs-Ochrepts­ Aquepts, Ustalfs-Aqualfs-Aquepts and Orthents-Ochrepts (high base status, red loamy, red sandy, and alluvial soils, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region, brown soils, high base status soils, recently formed soils).

As compared to other regions of the slate, the rainfall has been observed heaviest in this region during the monsoon. Weathber is pleasant during the day time and cold in the night in winter but in summer it is quite warm. The ranges are covered with tropical forests having varieties of species of trees. The most important forest product is commercial timber. Among the fauna, elephants, tigers, wild pigs etc. are important wild animals. Most of the villages are located at the top of the hills with compact settlement The main occupation of the villagers is cultivation and rice, millets, maize etc. are the important agricultural products. Occupation in the urban areas is varied. Rice is the staple food of the people of this region.

1.5.1.3 Sin:bphao-Chiknuyu Rolling Hills

This region is situated in the extreme northem part of the district bordering Assam in the north and covers the part of administrative circles of Tizit, Moo Sadar and Naginimara. The area of the sub-micro region is 746.00 km2 and is inhabited by 12,583 per~ons sprt:ad over 18 villages with a density of 17 persons per km2 which is the lowest in the district.

The entire region is lowlying area with unLulating hills and aJjoins the plain of Assam towards north. The altitude of the region varies from 200 to 600 metres approximately The river Dikhu flowing towards north demarcates the boundary with fuensang, whereas Tizit, Tiru and Tijap are the other rivers flowing towards north.

Gevlogically, this region consists or Tipam Series and Chengapam formation (PHocene), Dihing Series, Dupitila Series (Pleistocene), Barail Series and Simsang formation and Garo HiHs (Oligocene) and Jaintia Series and Disang Series (Eocene). This region. is rich in its mineral depo­ sits like coal and iron ore. Oil seepages are also seen and can be extracted commercially. The soils are the combination or Ustalfs-O ;hrepts-Aquepts, Ustalfs-Oenret*s-Orthents and Ustalfs-Aqualfs­ Aquepts (high base status-red loomy. red sandy and alluvial soils, shal!ow bIllICk, brown and aHuvial soils of northem regioll, browlll seils, recently formed soils, higb blase status soils).

The rainfall is heavy during the monsoon months of July to September. Weather is warm in the plain area adjoining Assam·· but it is pleasant in other areas. Winter is quite cold in the high altitude areas. The region is covered wilh sub-tropical forests having varieties of species of trees useful for commercial purposes. Deciduous forests comprising pine trees are important in the slopes Jf Assam. Vegetation is more dense along the foot hills. Majority of the people are engaged in ;ultivation and some are in forestry. This region is having all types of faciliti~s for industrial jevelopment. This is the second place linked by rail in the state. There is not much to mention Lbout the industrial field except a few wood industries. Villages are found in the plain terrain of the ·egion. Rice is the staple food of the people of this region. 102

DATA ON REGIONAL DIVISIONS

District Name: Mon Census Code No. 07 State: Nagaland

Region No.1 No. of No. of towns Area in km2 in region@ Population in region (1981) Name villages in in region! --_._------_._---- each region name T R U T R U as evolved

1.5.1.1 35 No town 560.00 560.00 37,252 37,252 Champang- Champang-14 Phomching Chen-8 Hilly Region Phomching-l1 Mon Sadar-2

1.5.1.2 29 1 town 480.00 47l.00 9.00 29,103 22,205 6,898 Mon Hilly Nagini- Mon Region mara-8 Census Mon town Sadar-15 Tizit-6

1.5.1.3 18 Nfl town 746.00 746.00 12,583 12,583 Singhphan- Nagi- Chiknuyu nimara-6 Rolling Hills Mon Sadar-2 Tizit-IO

@The area figures of the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method and is approximate. NAGALAND DISTRICT MON CENSUS CODE 07 REGIONAL DIVISIONS

kms 2t==±=l===t===±===,====i8 kms

s

c a:

o c T \ 1.5.1. t CH,a,MPANG-PHOMCHING HILLY REGION

1.5 1.2 MON HILLV REGION

1.5 1 3 SlNGHPHAN-CHIKNUYU ROLLING HILLS

SOILS

eouNO"'~"" IN'EfmaTIONAL

S"'A,TE' OISTRIc.r eiRe. E RE5£R'V£D F.)R£ST VILLAGE HAI/l~G 2 • URBAN AREA . dO?' .J

STATE I-IIGHWAV SM 5

RAILWAY UNE' w T N.

RIVER , .. RE:G IONAl D VIC' ON • ~ 1 ! MACRO ____ ---- ME50 __ _

MICRO __ 11 Ustalfs Ocnrctpts AQu~pts 103

REGION-WISE VILLAGE CODES, 1981

District Name : MOD Census Code No. 07 State: Nagaland

U. Divi­ Circle Location Total Total Area of Remarks No. sion Code No. No. of No. of Regional No'; of Census Villages Villages Division Name Villages in Circle & Towns in km2@ 19K1 in Divi­ sion

1.5.1.1 Champang 1 to 14 14 35 560.00 Cham pang­ Phomching Chen 1 to 8 8 Hilly Region Phomching I to 11 11 Mon Sadar 12 to 13 2 Code No. 1 & 2 are in region 1.5.1.3, 3 to 11 & 14 to 19 are in region 1.5.1.2

2 1.5.1.2 Nagini­ Code No.1 to 4, 13 & Mon mara 5 to 12 8 29+ 480.00 14 are in region 1.5.1.3 Hilly 1 town Region Mon Sadar 3 to II & 15 Code No, 1 & 2 are in 14 to 19 region 1.5.1.3 Code No. 12 & 13 are in region I. 5. 1.1 Tizit 6 to II 6 Code No.1 to 5 and 12 to 16 are in region 1.5.1.3 Mon Nil Nil Nil Census Town

3 1.5.1.3 Nagini­ I to 4, Code No.5 to 12 are in Singhphan­ mara 13 & 14 6 18 746.00 region 1.5.1.2 Chiknuyu Rolling Hills Mon 1 & 2 2 Code No.3 to 11 and 14 Sadar to 19 are in region 1.5.1.2, 12 and 13 are in region 1.5.1.1 Tizit 1 to 5 & Code No.6 to 11 are in 12 to 16 10 region 1.5.1.2

@The area figures for the district total and urban total are supplied by the Surveyor General, India and Town Planner respectively but for the rural, it is worked out in this office by graphical method and is approximate. 104

STATEMENT ON REGION-WISE PHYSIO-CULTURAL DETAILS

District Name: Mon Census Location Code No. 07 State: Nagaland

Division Name of Geology Soils Physio-Cultural Characteristics Number Adminis­ & Name trative Division

1 2 3 4 5

1.5.1.1 Champang Barail Orthents- The regi on (1. 5.1.1) spreads over the Champang- Circle, Series and Ochrepts southern portion of the district and Phom- Chen Simsang occupies the administrative circles of ching Circle, formarion Champang (14 villages), Chen (8 villages), Hilly Phomching of Oaro Phomching (11 villages) and part of Region Circle, Hills Mon Sadar (2 villages). M'Cm Sadar (Oligocene), laintia From the relief point of view, the Series, region has a maximum height of about Disang 600 metres which is found near the villages Series of Nyanyu (10) and Longwa (11) in (Eocene) Phomching circle. The minimum height is about 200 metres which is found near the village of Tang (13) in Mon Sadar circle. The river Yangnyu is flowing in the south-west and the tributaries of Tapi rivers are found entirely in the region. The ranges spread towards east covered by extensive deciduous trees. Rainfal1 is high during monsoon.

Soils are the combination of Orthents­ Ochrepts.

Ortllents Recently formed soils.

Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region.

From transport and communication point of view, the re-gion is not developed. The State Highway links Tuensang with M~n Sadar circle and the other ad.ministrative circles are connected by minor jeepable roads and footpaths only. 105

2 3 4 5

1.5.1.2 Naginimara Barail Series UstaIfs­ The region (1.5.1.2) spreads over the Mon circle, Mon and Simsang Ochrepts­ middle part of the district and occupies Hilly Sa dar, formation Aquepts, the part of administrative circle of Nagini­ Region Mon town, of Garo Ustalfs­ mara (8 villages), Mon Sadar (15 villages) Tizit. Hills Aqualfs- and Tizit (6 villages) and Mon town. (Oligocene), Aquepts Jaintia and From the relief point of view, the Series, Orthents- region has a maximum height of about Disaog Ochrepts 600 metres which is found near the Series village of Longpho (15) in Mon Sadar (Eocene) circle. The minimum height is about 200 metres which is found near the village of Tingalibam (16) in Tizit circle. The river Tapi flowing towards south is the main river and the tributaries of Tekong and Yangnyu rivers flow in the region. The region consists of slopes where the ever­ green forests are common. Rainfall is heavy during monsoon.

Soils are the combination of Ustalfs-Ochrepts-Aquepts, UstaIfs- Aqualfs-Aquepts and Orthents-Ochrepts.

Ustalfs High base status red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils.

Oclirepts Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region.

Aquepts Brown soil (Hydromorphic). Orthents Recently formed soils. Aqualfs High base status soils (Hydro­ morphic).

From transport and communication point of view, the region is not deve­ loped. The State Highway links the circles and the minor jeepabJe roads are found between the villages and adminis­ trative circles.

1. 5.1.3 Naginimara Dihing Ustalfs­ The region (1.5.1.3) spreads over the Singh­ ci.' cle , Mon Series, Ochrepts­ northern part of the district and occu­ phan­ Sadar. Dupitila Aquepts, pies the part of the administrative circles Chiknuyu Tizit circle. Series Ustalfs­ of Naginimara (6 villages), Mon Sadar Rolling (Pleistocene), Ochrepts­ (2 villages) and Tizit (lO villages)_ Hills Tipam Ortheots 106

1 2 3 4 5

Series and and Ustalfs­ From the relief point of view, the Chengapara Aqualfs­ region has a maximum height of 600 formation Aquepts metres which is found near the village of of Garo Wangla (2) in Man Sadar circle and the Hills minimum height is 200 metres which is (Pliocene), found near the Tizit Farm (4) in Tizit Barail circle. Towards the north-west, the river Series and Dikhu demarcates its boundary ~nd Simsang rivers Tiru, Tijap, Tikong, Tizit and formation Yangnyu are flowing entirely towards of Garo the north. This region is entirely plain Hills where it joins the plains of Assam. Rain­ (Oligocene), fall is heavy during monsoon and winter Jaintia is cold. The forest products are timber Series, and wood. Disang Series Soils are the combination of Ustalfs- (Eocene) Ochrepts-Aquepts, Ustalfs-Ochrepts- Orthcnts and Ustalfs-Aqualfs-Aquepts. Ustalfs High base status-red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils. Ochrepts Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of northern region. Aquepts Brown soils (Hydromorphic). Orthents Recently formed soils. Aqualfs High base status soils (Hydro­ morphic).

From the transport and communica­ tion point of view, the region is well developed. The State Highway links the circles. There are also metalled roads in this region.

Note: Code numbers are written within brackets after village names. APPENDIX

APPENDIX

SlIo\Vir'tg Administrative Co~stituents by Dist~icts with Reference to the Sub-Micro Regions in Nagaland and Other Stat~s, Namely, Manipur, Assam and Meghalaya and the Union Territory of Mizoram

Macro Region Meso Region State Micro Region District Sub-Micro Region with code with code No. with -code No. with code No. No. & Name & Name & Name & Name

2 3 4 5 6

------~~--- PLAIN

1. The Northern 1.5 Eastern Nagaland 1.5.1 Nagaland Kohima 1.5.1.4. DimapUI Plain Mountains Hilly Zone Hills

VALLEY

1.5 I Nagaland W okha 1.5.1.2. Diyung River Valley Hills

HILLS/MOUNT AINOUS REGION

Kohima 1.5.1.1. Kohima-Tseminyu Hilly Region Wokha 1.5.1.1. Bhandari Forested Hills Mokokchung 1.5.1.1. Eastern Mokokchung Hills Mon 1.5. 1. I. Cham pang-Phomching Hilly Region Tuensang 1.5.1.1. Southern Tuensang Hi1ls Zunheboto 1.5.1.1. Western Zunheboto Hills Phek 1.5.1.1. Chazou ba-Chizami Hilly Region Phek 1.5.1.2. Phek Hills Kohima 1.5.1.2. Barail Range Mokokchung 1.5.1.2. Western Mokokch- ung Hills Mon 1.5.1.2. Mon Hilly R~gion Tuensang 1.5.1.2. Northern Tuensang Hills Zunheboto 1.5.1.2. Eastern Zunheboto Hills Phek 1.5.1.3. Phokhungri-Meluri Hills

109 110

1 2 3 4 5 6

Wokha 1.5.1.3. W okha Hilly Region Man 1.5.1.3. Singhphan-Chiknuyu Rolling Hills Kohima 1.5.1.3. Ialuke-Medziphema Rolling Hills Manipur 1.5.2 Manipur Manipur 1.5.2.1. Northern Hilly Hills North Region Manipur 1.5.2.1. Northern Hilly West Region Manipur 1.5.2.1. Western Hilly South Region Manipur 1.5.2.1. Northren Hilly East Region Manipur 1.5.2.2. Eastern Hilly Region North Manipur 1.5.2.2. Western Hilly Region West Manipur 1.5.2.2. Eastern Hilly Region South Manipur 1.5.2.2. Eastern Hilly Region East Manipnr 1.5.2.3. Western Hilly Region North Manipur 1.5.2.3. Eastern Hilly Region West Manipur 1.5.2.3. Southern Forested South Region Manipur 1.5.2.3. Southern Hilly East Region 1.5.3 Imphal Tengnoupal 1.5.3.1. TengnoupaJ Billy Valley Region Tengnoupal 1.5.3.2 Tengnoupal Eastern Hilly Region Tengnoupal 1.5.3.3. Tengnoupal Southern Hilly Region Manipur 1.5.3.4. Jiribam Hilly Region Central Mizoram 1.5.4 Hill Zone Aizawl 1.5.4. J. Hachhek Tlang Region Chhimtuipui 1.5.4.1. Uiphum Tlang Region Aizawl 1.5.4.2. Aizawl Mountainous Region Lunglei 1.5.4.2. Thorang Tlang Region Chhimtuipui 1.5.4.2. Muabbu Samang Tlang Region 111

1 2 3 4 5 6 ..~cr) Aizawl 1.5.4.3. Chalfilh-Kawlkulh Tlang Region Lunglei 1.5.4.3. Lunglei Mountainous Region Chhimtuipui 1.5.4.3. Eastern Saiha Moun- tainous Region Aizawl 1.5.4.4. Eastern Moun- tainous Region Lunglei 1.5.4.4. Purun Tlang Region Assam 1.5.7 Cachar Cachar 1.5.7.1. Barai] Range Plains Cachar 1.5.7.4. Bhairabi-Bhuban Hilly Region North Cachar 1.5.8.1. Cachar Hills West Hills North Cachar 1.5.8.2. Cachar Hills East Hills North Cachar 1.5.8.3. Barail Range Hills Karbi Anglong 1.5.8.3. Diphu Forested Hills Karbi Anglong 1.5.8.4. Nambar Forest Karbi Anglong 1.5.8.5. Bhoi Region Karbi Anglong 1.5.8.6. Mikir Hills Meghalaya 1.5.9 Eastern East Khasi 1. 5.9.1. North East Khasi Meghalaya Hills Hills Jaintia Hills 1.5.9.2. Narpuh Saipung Forest Region 1.5.10 Western West Garo 1.5.10.1. North West Garo Meghalaya Hills Hills West Garo 1.5.10.2. South West Garo Hills Hills 2. The Great 2.7 Brahmaputra Assam 2.7.1 Western Goalpara* 2.7.1.5. Andharmua-Ajaghar Plains Valley Brahmaputra Hills Tract Valley Kamrup* 2.7.1.5. Southern Forested Hills 2.7.2 Central Nagaon* 2.7.2.4. Lumding Forested Brahmaputra Region Valley 2.7.3 Eastern Sibsagar· 2.7.3.4. Nambar Forest Brahmaputra Valley Sibsagar* 2.7.3.5. Geleki-Abhayapur Forest Region Dibrugarh* 2.7.3.5. Upper-Dihang Forest Region Note :-*Districts marked by asterisks have been included under the macro region the Great Plains as the major portion of the concerned districts falls ill that region. However, these are extension of the Northern mountains Macro region in these areas.