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Cape Barren English. Linguistic Communications: Working Papers of the Linguistic Society Cf Australia, No

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Cape Barren English. Linguistic Communications: Working Papers of the Linguistic Society Cf Australia, No DOCUMENT RESUME ED 136 548 FL 008 026 AUTHOR Sutton, Peter TITLE Cape Barren English. Linguistic Communications: Working Papers of the Linguistic Society cf Australia, No. 13. INSTITUTION Linguistic Society of Australia. PUB DATE 75 NOTE 38p.; Filmed from best available copy AVAILABLE FEOB Linguistic Communications, c/o Department of Japanese, Bonash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168 ($8.00 Australian per issue) EDRS PRICE EF-$0.83 Plus Postage. BC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Creoles; *Dialects; *English; Language Research; Language Usage; *Language Variation; Phonetics; *Phonology; Pidgins; Regional Dialects; Syntax; Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS Australia (Cape Barren Island); Australia (Tasmania) ABSTRACT Cape Barren English is clearly the most aberrant dialect of English spoken in Australia. Descended from English sealers, whalers and ex-convicts and their Aboriginal wives,the inhabitants of Cape Barren Island, Tasmania, have lived in relative isolation for the last 150 years or more. Their dialect isnot a creolized pidgin; it has a number of lexical and phonological elements traceable to the rural dialects of southwest England,which are not found elsewhere in Australia. There are also strong traces of Aboriginal "foreign accent" at a phonological level. The specialized terminology of whaling and sealing has been adapted to the insular environment, especially in the exploitation of mutton-bird-rookeries. (Author) *********************************************************************#* Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makesevery effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC'Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EBBS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** co 63. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE Pr% NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF T".4 EDUCATION 4 THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- CAPE BARREN ENGLISH -PERMISSION TO R EPRDDUCE THIS DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED F ROM COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL BY MICRO- THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN. FICHE,ONLY HAS BEEN qRANTED BY LIJ ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE- SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS DPERAT INGUNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE NA. TIDNAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERMIS Peter Sutton SION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER.- Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 4110 INTRODUCTION This is a brief and very incomplete study ofthe English spoken by the partAboriginal people of Cape BarrenIsland, Tasmania: Lack of time has forced it to be in theneture of a preliminary report only, but since no previous study of thisvariety of English has been made, this report should be usefulas a steppingoff point for further investigation shouldanyone wish to make it. -An A.B.C. television documentaryprogramme shown-in '1964 first brought the existence of the Cape BarrenIslanders to-the writer's attention, and it includedsome interviews with Islanders, mainly in connection with the.social problemsof the Island and the sensational treatment they had occasionally.receivedin the Tasmanian press. The writer was impressed bysome phonological decularities of the Islanders' speech,and at the beginning of 1969 made enqUiries by letter to the zoologist (Dr.D. Dorward, Monash) who had made a study of the Cape Barrengoose, and to the school master resident on the Island. The replies confirmed a suspicion that some sort of dialect other than AustralianEnglish was spoken by the "Cape Barreners" (as theyare called by.the white people of the neighbOuring Flinders Island), and inMay 1969 I went to 62 the Island to investirett. A portable fiCord taperecorder and tapes WEI::: supplied by sheteoartment of English, Universityof 5ydney,- as 'the work ei'=T.C.; t= done as part of the fourthyearcourse ik EarlyEnglish L:nguate and Literature. GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY CF ThEAREA The Furneaux Group of islands lies off the northeasterntip of Tasmania. There era abput fortyfiveislands in,the group, the largest being Flinders Island,approximately 513,000acres and roughly 40 x 20 miles. It-is e rural community withseveral thousand people, mostly entaged in sheep and cattleor 'mixed farming. Its mein town is Whitebait( on the West Coast and it hasa fishing. centre at Lady Barron on the southern coast. Cape Barren Island (40,3255. 145°15E), to the south of Flinders, is the secondlargest in the group with about.110,000 acres. Its population in 1969was about 58 including eighteen children. These two are-the onlyislands.now inhabited, although up to about fifty years ago several ofthe smeller islands were able to support a family or two each..Several of the older peoplecn Flinders Island ware born or:,.say,,Green . _ Island or Long Island, althcurn theseare now inhabited only by sheep. Chapoel Island is inhabited by a la=ce number ofvenomous snakes, and also by mutton biros whenthey ere breeding. Mutton bird rookeriesare found bn most of the biggerislands. Some time between ISO:lend 1810 a band of sealers andwhalers set themselves up in Bass Strait ith native women as. consorts. Little is known of them before the 1520's, but it ',earns that.they carriedon sealing arbund the islants,and possibly some whaling* until these industries began to wars in the1820's: Atiabout this .time, a. .piretical group led .by James Munro, had itsheadquarters on what is . now Vensittert Island (it was then known es Gun Carriage Is.) There is a Mount Munro and Munro Beyon Cape Barran Island. Apart from raiding settlenlerts (es welles Tasmanian Aboriginal tribe-6).ton -the north crt :If. Tasmania, in early timesinvolving 3 63 murder and Violence, thisgroup, by 1832, was expurting air tons of mutton bird feathers annually. This would involve the slaughter of about 112,000 yound birds, a considerable task for such agroup. Originally there appear to have bneight white men, nine Tasmanian Aboriginal women, feurmainland Australian Aboriginal women, one Maori woman, a Negress, andan Indian woman 1 - The men were: James Munro, Thomas Mansell,George (or James Everett, H....nry (or Richard) Maynard, JohnSmith (nee Harwood or Burwood) Thom*as Tucker, James Beedon (orBeaton, nee Isaacs) John Thomas. Later additions in the 1670'sware: Sam Bligh (1851), Henry Burgess, William Brown, John Summers. The original founders of what arc now known as the Cape Barren Island. Hybridswere a colourful group. In 1831 they were moved from Gun CarriageIsland to Preservation Island because the *TasmanianGovernment wanted the former island as a place to settlethe Tasmanian Aborigines. The Government also demanded that thede facto wives of the men be placed on Gun Carriage along with the othernatives. Munro made a deal with the officials- he would round up all the natives in-Tasmania if-his group could be allowed tokeep their women. Naturally, his side of the bargainwas not kept, but the woman were. Most of the founding fathersseem to have come from Britain, and to have been born between ebout 1700 and 1800. Thomas Mansell came from Sydney, although it is not known whether hewas born there. (George Everett mairied e South AustralianAborigine, and later a Maori girl called Mattai.). Richard Maynard was English, and apparently fairly well-educated. He was a convict who had been transported to Van Diemen's Land.On escape he had lived with the Tasmanian Aborigines, and married the daughterof the tribal chief - a girl called Manalagana.They had a daughter 1 Much of this materiel is from A.L. Meston, "TheHalfcastes of the Furneaux Group", Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., Launceston,July 1947. 4 64 who later married John Smith .(nga Burwood or Barwood). Smith also me;:ried a TasManien woman, Tanoanitara, but it isnot clear that she was Maynard's daughter, esshe seems to have a full-bleod. Smith's. daughter Fanny, saio haWas called Noota (see Moyle 1899 record). Mayrart late= married a Victorian Aborigine and hadnine more children. James Beacon (or Beaton) was a London. Jew, nde Isaaca, whoarrived in 1827. re married a pure-blood Tasmanian,Emarinna. He was a remittance nan, and probably of the middle class. His:daughter Lucy, born 1829, was literate and renowned, end,became a type of leader:of her people . in the mid-19th century. Thomas Tucker marriedan Indian woman and nad savaral children. John Thomas was a Welshman-whoarrived before 1810. He married a full-blood Tasmanian woman, and hisgreat-great-. grandson Mr. Ron Thomas, was postmaster on Cape Barren Islandin 1969. Sam Bligh was an Irishman,lout no more is known of him atpresent. His surname appears es a middle name of one of theislanders today 2 (as cotes also thename "Bu.,-w000") By 1872 there were BC people in whet, by then,woulo have been the Cope Barren Island community. These included 32 adultsend 52 children. In 1947 therewera about. 120_peopler-and-were-then-said-to-be-ndispersing"; In 1959 there ere only six surnames or the Island: Mansell, Everett, Tncmes,Brown enc However, there are aboutas many Cape Barzaners living.elsewhere, and these include Burgessand Beaton among their names. Some live on Flinders Island,and many in Launceston (particularly Invermay) ano other parts of Tasmania. Dispersal is now proceading fairly quickly. There is no workon the Island, [and it would not be welcome, as it would intrude upona workless tradition of one and a half oenturies.j. The mutton-birding industry'is seasonal only, and although quite profitable, is hardano dirty work. The school has its holidays in the birding season, so thateven quite small children can take part in this traditionaloccupation [(see Transcripts)]. 2 The Christian-names ofthe present-day Islandersare of considerable interest, as many are no longer at all common,anu those of the females 65 have an interesting phonological peculiarity.
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