Veterinary Medicine in Mbaitoli LGA of Imo State, Nigeria

Full Length Research Paper

Socio-economic determinants of farmers’ use of ethno- veterinary medicine in Mbaitoli L.G.A of Imo State, Nigeria

Nnadi F. N. 1*, Umunakwe, P. C1., Nnadi, C. D. 2 and Okafor, O. E.3

1Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 2Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Bayelsa State, Nigeria. 3Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC), Abuja, Nigeria.

Accepted 18 October, 2012

There is an urgent need to explore and develop sustainable remedies for the management of livestock diseases in Nigeria. This is important considering the rising cost of modern veterinary services, decline in the number of veterinary doctors and the side effects associated with the use of synthetic chemicals as livestock drugs which as a result has kept the livestock industry in the country unproductive. This paper identifies the socioeconomic determinants of the use of ethno-veterinary medicine practices among rural farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Data were elicited from 120 respondents using structured questionnaire and interview schedule. These were analyzed using percentages, frequencies, mean statistics and multiple regression at 0.05% significant level. Results revealed that a greater proportion (37.50%) of the farmers spent 7 - 12 years in the school, majority (78.33%) were married, (62.50%) had a household size of 5 - 8 persons and (89.20%) were members of social organizations. It was also revealed that majority (91.17%) of the farmers perceived ethno-veterinary medicine as affordable and simple, easily prepared due to the availability of raw materials within the environment (91.67%), have high social value (80.83%), requires no specialized training (70.00%), compatible with the culture (61.17%), causes no harms to the animals (68.33%), environmentally sustainable (61.67%) and requires no special infrastructure for their use (59.13%). The results further revealed that majority of the farmers (99.17%) administered palm oil to the animals or rubbed it on the affected parts of the body, rubbed ash on the body of the animal (61.67%), fed the animals with certain forages (99.17%) and administered concoctions (78.33%) as remedies for livestock diseases. The hypothesis tested revealed that farmers’ use of ethno-veterinary medicine was positively related to their socioeconomic characteristics and some selected attributes of the technology. The study concludes that educational programmes should be introduced in the study area so as to increase the educational level of the farmers and that there should be policy interventions to enhance biodiversity conservation.

Key words: Socioeconomic, determinants, farmers, use, ethno-veterinary medicine, Mbaitoli L.G.A, Imo State - Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION

The Nigerian livestock industry is performing below proteins for the growing population. While annual expectation in its role of providing adequate animal population growth rate is about 3.0%, the estimated annual growth rate of the outputs of the major products is nearly stagnant. Also, the contribution of the livestock sub-sector to the gross domestic product (GDP) has *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. been declining (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2005). This poor

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performance of the livestock sub-sector has persisted in remedies, surgical and manipulative techniques, spite of the livestock population of about 600 million husbandry strategies and magico-religious practices (National Bureau of Statistics, 2007). The per capita (McCorkle, 1995). The totality of these indigenous animal animal protein intake is below 7.0 g per day. With healthcare beliefs and practices is what is popularly reference to the 35.0g of animal protein recommended by referred to as ethno-veterinary medicine (McCorkle, FAO, the shortfall in minimum protein requirement is 1986). about 89.0% (Okojie, 1999). This situation as a matter of Ethno-veterinary medicine is more accessible to urgency necessitates a significant improvement in farmers, is cheaper to obtain, easily understood, livestock production if the shortfall in protein availability in environmentally-friendly and often more socio-culturally the country must be met especially as the population is acceptable, better adapted to local realities, locally projected to hit 600 million by 2030 (Mafimisebi et al., available and very suitable for use on smallholdings by 2012). livestock keepers who can prepare the traditional According to Olaokun (1998) the generic problems remedies themselves. Thus, the use of ethno-veterinary confronting the livestock sub-sector in Nigeria is medicine is obviously sustainable and ecologically responsible for the country meeting only about 50.0% of sounds (Gueye, 1999, McCorkle, 1995). Furthermore, the her per capita protein requirements from domestic use of ethno-veterinary medicine is preferred because it sources. Associated with these generic problems are is less risky and easier to observe the effects of the specific constraints which include the traditional animal applied herbs (Mwale et al., n.d). There are also rearing system characterized by high mortality rate, low remarkable drawbacks of traditional medicines in terms of growth rate, prevalence of pests and diseases and other their preparation, efficacy, disease diagnosis and factors which render efficient use of resources impossible treatment specifications (Mathias and McCorkle, 1996). (Okunmadewa, 2002). Nevertheless, their potentials in the management of The problems of pests and diseases and high mortality livestock diseases cannot be denied. rates require that health issues in traditional livestock The extent of knowledge and utilization of ethno- management be decisively tackled for a successful veterinary medicine differ according to the culture and livestock development programme in Nigeria (Mafimisebi prevailing socio-economic characteristics. Thus, it is et al., 2012). This is important because researches have important to provide empirical answers to such questions shown that health expenses constitute close to 20.0% of like when and why do farmers use traditional medicines the total cost of livestock production in Nigeria in the management of their livestock’s health (Mafimisebi (Mafimisebi et al., 2006; Okunmadewa, 2002). The et al., 2012). Worldwide, adoption of improved livestock massive devaluation of the Naira in 1986 has led to the health management practices and the relationship continued loss of value of the currency which has between the adoption behavior of farmers and farmers’ resulted to unprecedented increases in the prices of characteristics have been studied (Mafimisebi et al., agricultural inputs, especially veterinary drugs which are 2006; Gosh, Goswani and Mazumdar, 2005). imported. The consequence of this is that poor livestock In Nigeria, however, the actual extent of use of traditional farmers are priced out of the market for imported medicines as well as factors responsible for the products (Olaokun, 1998). In three out of the five agro- differences in their utilization among farmers in the same ecological zones in Nigeria, all (100.00%) of the sampled and/or different localities have been sparingly explored. A farmers rated high cost of veterinary drugs as the major careful investigation of this will contribute to improving factor constraining livestock production in the country Nigeria’s livestock health management policies. This will (Philip et al., 2009). Also, Bizima (1994) and Gueye help ensure the sustainability of livestock production and (1997) observed that resource-poor farmers in Africa do guarantee increased supply of affordable animal proteins not have money or access to chemical medicine. (Mafimisebi et al., 2012). It is against this background The high prices of inputs are the main cause of the that the following research questions were asked; collapse of many commercial livestock concerns (Mafimisebi et al., 2012). Smallholder livestock farmers What are the socioeconomic characteristics of the were then left with the option of using more of alternative farmers? medicine in managing the health of their animals so that What are the perceptions of the farmers to the use of livestock production can remain competitive (Aletor et al., ethno-veterinary medicines in livestock health 2007). management? and According to McCorkle (1986) traditional stock raisers, What are the ethno-veterinary practices used by farmers and herders have from time immemorial farmers in the study area? developed and perfected their own ways of managing the health of their stock thereby keeping them productive. Objectives of the study Traditional livestock keepers were reported to treat and prevent livestock diseases using age-long home The broad objective of the study was to identify the

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socioeconomic determinants of the use of ethno- farmers with the use of structured questionnaires and veterinary medicine by rural farmers in Mbaitoli LGA of interview schedule. The socioeconomic characteristics of Imo State, Nigeria. the farmers were measured by asking the farmers to Specifically, the study sought to: indicate them and their responses were recorded using appropriate units. Farmers’ perception of ethno-veterinary 1. Investigate the socioeconomic characteristics of the medicine was determined by providing a list of possible farmers using ethno-veterinary medicine in the study variables that their views of ethno-veterinary practices. area; The various ethno-veterinary practices used in the study 2. Determine farmers’ perception of the use of ethno- area were identified by providing a list of possible ethno- veterinary medicine in livestock management in the study veterinary practices obtained from literature and personal area; and observations and farmers were asked to indicate the 3. Identify the various ethno-veterinary medicine ones they used which was recorded. practices used in the study area. Objectives 1, 2 and 3 were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and mean statistics. The hypotheses were analyzed with Ordinary Least Square multiple regression Research hypothesis using the four functional models of linear, semi-log, double log and exponential at 0.05 (5.00%) level of There is no significant relationship between the rural significance. The model is specified thus: farmers’ use of ethno-veterinary medicine and their socioeconomic characteristics. Y = f(X 1---7) - e

Where Y = dependent variable (ethno-veterinary METHODOLOGY practices used by rural farmers) X1 – X7 = independent variables Mbaitoli Local Government Area is in Imo East Senatorial X1 = education (number of years in school) zone of Imo State. It has 28 autonomous communities X2 = marital status (Single = 1, Married = 2, Widowed = 3 with an estimated total land area of 234 km 2 and an and Divorced = 4) estimated population of 255,000 people X3 = household size (www.mbaitoli.gov.ng). The area experiences two X4 = social organization membership seasons namely: dry season which starts from October X5 = social value (No social value = 1, High social value = and ends in February and rainy season which lasts 2) between March and October. The mean annual rainfall is X6 = cost (Expensive = 0, Inexpensive = 1) between 25,000 and 28,000 mm while the mean annual X7 = compatibility temperature is between 27 and 30°C with relative e = error term humidity of about 98% during rainy season and 60 to 80% during the dry season. The soil is well drained sandy loam (www.en.wikipedia.org). The major occupation of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the people is farming with trading as a major secondary occupation. The major crops grown are cassava, maize, Age yam, melon and vegetables. The major livestock kept include poultry, sheep and goats. The results in Table 1 show that a greater proportion of The population for the study comprised all farmers in the farmers were within the age range of 36 - 50 years. the study area who engaged in livestock production. The mean age of the farmers was 51.30 years. From this, Multi-stage sampling technique was used for sample it could be inferred that the study area was dominated by selection. The first stage comprised the random selection farmers who were still in their active ages and can thus of 10 autonomous communities namely; Nkalu, Ifakala, engage actively in agricultural production. Also, the age Isi-Ogbaku, Orodo, Umunoha, Ogwa, Ubahaeze, of the farmers could possibly have offered them a Ubomiri, and Ogbaku from the 28 autonomous sufficient period of time to experiment on ethno-veterinary communities. The second stage comprised the random medicine before validating their efficacy in livestock selection of two villages from each of the 10 autonomous health management. communities giving a total number of 20 villages. The third stage which was the final stage involved the random selection of six farmers from each of the 20 villages Sex making a total of 120 farmers. Data for the study were obtained from both primary and Table 1 shows that majority (54.16%) of the farmers were secondary sources. Primary data were elicited from the male while the remaining 45.84% were female. This

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Table 1. Distribution of farmers according to their socioeconomic characteristics.

Socioeconomic characteristic Freq % M Age ≤ 20 7 5.83 21- 35 27 22.50 36 - 50 46 38.33 51.30 51 - 65 26 21.67 ≥ 66 14 11.67

Sex Male 65 54.16 Female 55 45.83

Marital Status Single 94 78.33 Married 7 5.84 Widowed 18 15.00 Divorced 1 0.83

Educational status (Years) 0 (No formal education) 18 15.00 1 – 6 (Primary education) 21 17.50 7 -12 (Secondary education) 45 37.50 8.33 13 – 18 (Tertiary education) 36 30.00

Household size (Number of persons) 1 – 4 36 30.00 5 – 8 75 62.50 9 – 12 6 5.00 5.7 13 - 16 3 2.50

Membership of organizations Non-member 13 10.80 Ordinary member 23 19.20 Regular meeting attendant 26 21.70 Financial member 26 21.70 Committee member 16 13.30 Executive member 16 13.30

Livestock reared Goat 113 94.17* Chicken 104 86.67* Dog 30 25.00* Pig 14 11.67* Cattle 0 0.00* Sheep 71 59.17* Snail 1 0.83* Rabbit 10 8.33*

Source: Field survey data, 2012; * Multiple response.

reveals that male farmers in the study area engage more rural areas limit women from accessing adequate in livestock production than their female counterparts. resources needed for agricultural production. This According to Igbokwe (2008) certain customs prevalent in restriction could however encumber their ownership of

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certain livestock, thereby accounting for the greater household size has the potential of increasing farmers’ percentage of male farmers’ participation in livestock access to agricultural information as the household production. The dominance of male farmers coupled with members could belong to several farmers groups, thus their being the heirs to continue family lineage accessing information from different sources. However, a traditionally would dispose and expose them to the use of large farm size could be counterproductive thereby more ethno-veterinary practices than their female retarding the rate of investment. counterpart.

Membership of organizations Years of formal education The distribution of the farmers by membership of social The result in Table 1 shows that a greater proportion organizations in Table 1 shows that majority (89.20%) of (37.50%) of the farmers spent 7 - 12 years in formal the farmers were members of social organizations schooling while the remaining 30.00 and 17.50% spent however in different capacities. Membership of 13 - 18 years and 1 - 6 years respectively in the school. associations has been closely associated with the spread Only 15% of the farmers had no formal education. The and adoption of agricultural innovations. Belonging to mean number of years spent in school was found to be social organizations such as farmers’ groups could 8.33 years. From this table, it could be inferred that most facilitate the sharing of information on ethno-veterinary of the farmers received one form of formal education or medicine, thus promoting access and use of such the other with majority receiving secondary education. practices by individual farmers. According to Ekong Educated farmers are capable of making their own (2003) participation in social groups encourages the decisions (van den Ban and Hawkins, 1985). This might diffusion and adoption of agricultural innovations. make them try alternative technologies. Some attributes of orthodox veterinary medicine such as high cost, complexity, negative side effects on the animals etc could Livestock reared by farmers favour the use of local veterinary medicine by the farmers. This however corroborates the findings of The distribution of the farmers by livestock reared as Adesope et al. (2011) that rural livestock farmers in presented in Table 1 shows that goats (94.17%), chicken Bayelsa state, Nigeria are using local veterinary medicine (86.67%) and sheep (59.17%) were the major livestock to manage the health of their livestock. kept by farmers in the study area. Factors like agro- ecological conditions, cost/level of management, farmers’ income level and scale or size of the farm possibly Marital status influenced the types of livestock kept by the farmers. Also, the availability of cheap treatments against livestock The marital status distribution of the farmers in Table 1 diseases for the animals could encourage the keeping of shows that majority (78.33%) of the farmers were such animals by farmers since it will minimize the cost of married. Since majority of the farmers were married, production of such animals and maximize the farmer’s there is complementarities of efforts in information profit. As a result of these factors, farmers will tend to supply, decision making and farm labour supply as the keep some animals more than the others. The finding of husband, wife and children are involved. Each this study is in agreement with the finding of a study by stakeholder provides wealth of indigenous experience to Taiwo et al. (2012) that sheep, goat and cattle are the bear on the other’s experience and this is a wonderful major livestock kept in Nigeria. asset. This finding however is in line with the finding of a study by Umunakwe (2011) where majority of the rural farmers in Imo state were married. Perception of ethno-veterinary medicine

The distribution of the farmers by their perception of Household size ethno-veterinary medicine in Table 2 shows that majority (94.17%) of the farmers perceived ethno-veterinary The distribution of farmers by household size in Table 1 medicine as cheap and affordable and simple shows that majority (62.50%) of the farmers had a respectively. Also 91.67% perceived it to be easily household size of 5 - 8 persons while the mean prepared due to the availability of raw materials within the household size was found to be 6 persons. This environment. A total of 80.83% perceived it to have high household size was fairly adequate. Each member was a social value while 70.00% indicated that they require prospective source of farm information and a stakeholder relatively little or no special training for using them. In the in the business. According to Aazami et al. (2001) a large same manner, 68.33% indicated that they cause no harm

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Table 2. Distribution of farmers according to their perception of ethno-veterinary medicine.

Perceptions Frequency %* Rank Environmentally sustainable 74 61.67 7th Cheap and affordable 113 94.17 1st Simple 113 94.17 1st Relatively little or no special training is required for their use 84 70.00 4th Compatible with the culture 77 64.17 6th Raw materials for the preparation are easily available 110 91.67 2nd Has no harmful effects on the livestock 82 68.33 5th Has high social value 97 80.83 3rd Requires little or no special infrastructure for their use 71 59.1 8th

Source: Field survey data, 2012; *Multiple response.

Table 3. Distribution of farmers according to ethno-veterinary remedies used for the treatment of livestock diseases.

Ethno-veterinary remedies used for the treatment of livestock diseases Frequency %* Drinking oil/rubbing oil on the affected part 119 99.17 Rubbing ash on the body of the animal 74 61.67 Divination 1 0.83 Feeding the animal with certain forages 119 99.17 Preparing concoctions for the animals to drink 94 78.33 Rubbing the fluids of certain plants on the body of the animals 1 0.83

Source: Field survey data, 2012, * Multiple response.

to the animals, compatibility with the culture recorded on the affected parts of their body (99.17%) and feeding 64.17% while environmental sustainability recorded the animal with certain forages (99.17%). The entries 61.67% and requiring little or no special infrastructure for further showed that preparing concoctions for the animals their use recorded 59.10%. to drink (78.33%) and rubbing of ash on the body of the These perceptions perhaps reflect the possible reasons animals (61.67%) were used by the farmers to treat their why ethno-veterinary medicine is popular among local animals. The various practices lend credence to the use livestock farmers. According to Ngoroje and Bussman of multifarious practices in ethno-veterinary medicine for (2006) ethno-veterinary medicine is gaining importance in the treatment of livestock diseases by rural farmers in the management of livestock diseases in African Nigeria (Okoli et al. 2002). In line with this, Toyang et al. countries. This according to Field and Simpkin (2004) is (2007) reported the use of such practices as bathing because they are locally available and affordable to animals with decoctions, and infusion with non-plant farming communities. They are also known to provide low mixture as common and widely used ethnovet methods cost animal health care alternatives for simple health for the treatment of ectoparasites and some infectious issues in rural communities (Okoli et al., 2002; Moyo, diseases like heartwater in Africa. 2008) and are relatively simpler to prepare and administer (Okoli et al., 2002). The relative advantage of an innovation over existing practices, compatibility to Hypothesis users’ needs, trialability and observability and the lower There is no significant relationship between the rural complexity in its use enhance its adoption by farmers farmers’ use of ethno-veterinary medicine and their (Rogers, 2003). selected socioeconomic characteristics and ethno- veterinary technological attributes.

Ethno-veterinary remedies used for the treatment of livestock diseases Factors influencing the use of ethno-veterinary medicine by rural farmers Entries in Table 3 show that majority of the farmers treated their animals by giving them oil to drink/rubbing oil The result in Table 4 shows that Double Log Function

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Table 4. Relationship between selected socioeconomic characteristics and technological attributes of farmers and their use of ethno- veterinary medicine.

Explanatory variable Linear model Semi -log model Double – log model Exponential model Constant 183.4022 121.3116 92.1055 81.3992 R Squared 0.5127 0.4318 0.8925 0.6338 No. of observations 120 120 120 120 Degree of freedom 119 119 119 119 t – value 16.6461 12.0952 13.8125 27.4372 Education (X 1) 10.4491 2.4217 0.0513 0.0064 Ratio (5.1928)** (3.4094)** (5.8965)** (4.923)** Marital Status (X 2) 12.1147 1.6091 0.0841 0.0071 Ratio (1.1123) (1.557) (6.8373)** (1.1093) Household size (X ) 3 14.2913 4.9021 0.0845 0.0082

Ratio (1.1038) (1.2857) (6.0791)** (1.1232) Social organization membership (X ) 4 12.1104 1.0821 0.0717 0.0091

Ratio (4.0164)** (1.1846) (5.0492)** (7.5833)** Social value (X 5) 15.2016 3.0842 0.0726 0.0089 Ratio (1.1165) (1.1547) (4.8079)** (1.1866) Cost (X 6) 14.3317 3.0842 0.0731 0.0076 Ratio (1.0928) (1.0415) (5.8951)** (5.4285)** Compatibility (X 7) 11.4685 2.1167 0.0883 0.0081 Ratio (5.6447)** (4.2156)** (2.2354)** (4.7647)**

Source: Field survey data, 2012.

had the highest number of significant variables and R- practices as discerned by the farmers. The result agrees Square. Thus, it serves as the lead equation for the with the findings of Adesope et al. (2011) that majority of explanation of the relationship. the rural farmers rearing animals in Bayelsa state The result shows that there was a significant received formal education. relationship (F = 132.8125; P ≤ 0.05) between socio- Marital status had a positive relationship (t = 6.8372) economic characteristics of the farmers and some with the use of ethno-veterinary medicine. This means selected technological attributes and their use of ethno- that as marital status increased by singles becoming veterinary medicine practices. With coefficient of multiple married, the use of ethno-veterinary medicine also determinations (R) and 0.8925, it implies that the increased. Through the complementarities conferred by combined effects of the variables accounted for 89% marriage, couples and the attendant off-springs can bear variations in the use of ethno-veterinary medicine by the on one another their knowledge and experiences about farmers. The significant variables were educational level, ethno-veterinary medicine. This further sharpens their marital status, and household size, membership of social desire for the use. organizations, cost, social value and compatibility. Household size as well had a positive relationship (t = Specifically, the result further shows that education had 6.0791) on the use of ethno-veterinary medicine by the a t-value of 5.8965, marital status had a t-value of farmers. Large household size would provide more hands 6.8372, household size had a t-value of 6.0791, to face the varied responsibilities of livestock keeping. membership of social organizations t-value of 5.0492, Members of the household thus pool together ethno- cost had a t-value of 5.8951, social value had a t-value of veterinary knowledge acquired from different sources for 4.8079, and compatibility had a t-value of 2.2353 at 5% the management of their livestock’s health. According to level of significance. Negash (2007) a household with a large working labour Educational status of the farmers had a positive force will be in a position to manage labour – intensive relationship with the use of ethno-veterinary medicine agricultural activities. This will increase the household’s with a t-value of 5.8965. This implies that increased level possibility to adopt new and better technologies. of education increased the use of ethno-veterinary Membership of social organizations had a positive medicine practices by the farmers. Education sharpens relationship (t = 5.0492) with the use of ethno-veterinary the intellect and increases farmers’ analytical minds for medicine. Farmers who belong to social organizations decision making. This could be attributed to the obvious are more likely to adopt ethno-veterinary medicine than superiority of the attributes and efficacy of the new those who do not. Farmers could share their experiences

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of use of the technologies among members of their social those that ensure biodiversity conservation as it will organizations and thus get clarifications on problems they preserve the raw materials (mostly herbs) that are used encountered. The work of Nnadi and Amaechi (2007) in the preparation of ethno-veterinary remedies thus explained social organizations as important fora for the reducing the cost and enhancing the accessibility of diffusion and adoption of innovations. ethno-veterinary medicine to rural farmers. Social value and the use of ethno-veterinary medicine were found to be positively related (t = 4.8079). This implies that increasing the magnitude of the value (that is REFERENCES benefit) increased the use of ethno-veterinary medicine. According to Rogers (2003) the relative advantage of a Aazami M, Sorushmehr H, Mahdei KN (2011). 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The of the 5 th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society of finding agrees with the assertion of Mgbada (2002) that Indigenous Knowledge and Development , 3 – 6 higher cost of an innovation will discourage its adoption November, 2011. by farmers. Aletor VA, Osho IM, Awoniyi TAM (2007). Medicinal plants of animal production and health importance. In: G.E. Onibi, S.O. Agele Adekunle VAJ, MO Olufayo CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION (Eds.), Medicinal plants in agriculture. Proceedings of the Akure-Humboldt- Kellog/3RD SAAT Annual Ethno-veterinary medicine has remained the most Conference, XVI-XXXV. popular remedy for livestock diseases among rural Central Bank of Nigeria, (CBN) (2005). Annual reports farmers in developing countries. Findings from the study and statements of accounts for the year ended 31 st indicate the use of ethno-veterinary medicine to treat Decemeber, P. 154. diseases of their livestock in Nigeria. These were Gosh, R.K., Goswani, A. and Mazundaar, A.K. (2005) perceived to be environmentally sustainable, cheap and Adoption behavior of dairy farmers in relation to affordable, simple, compatible with the culture, have no artificial insemination in co-operative farming system. harmful effects on livestock and require little or no special Journal of Interacademeia , 9(1): 250 – 258. infrastructure for their use. The use was significantly Gueye, E.F. (1999). Ethno-veterinary medicine against related to education, marital status, household size and poultry diseases in African villages. World’s Poultry membership of social organizations, social value and the Science Journal, Vol. 55, June 1999. cost of ethno-veterinary medicine. Mafimisebi T.E, Oguntade A.E. (2011). Health From the foregoing, the study therefore makes the infrastructure inequality and rural-urban utilization of following recommendations: orthodox and traditional medicines in farming households: A case study of Ekiti State, Nigeria. 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