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Veterinary Medicine in Mbaitoli LGA of Imo State, Nigeria

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Veterinary Medicine in Mbaitoli LGA of Imo State, Nigeria Research Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Management Vol. 1(1), pp. 025-033, November, 2012 Available online at http://www.apexjournal.org/RJAEM. ©2012 Apex Journal Full Length Research Paper Socio-economic determinants of farmers’ use of ethno- veterinary medicine in Mbaitoli L.G.A of Imo State, Nigeria Nnadi F. N. 1*, Umunakwe, P. C1., Nnadi, C. D. 2 and Okafor, O. E.3 1Department of Agricultural Extension, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 2Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Bayelsa State, Nigeria. 3Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC), Abuja, Nigeria. Accepted 18 October, 2012 There is an urgent need to explore and develop sustainable remedies for the management of livestock diseases in Nigeria. This is important considering the rising cost of modern veterinary services, decline in the number of veterinary doctors and the side effects associated with the use of synthetic chemicals as livestock drugs which as a result has kept the livestock industry in the country unproductive. This paper identifies the socioeconomic determinants of the use of ethno-veterinary medicine practices among rural farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Data were elicited from 120 respondents using structured questionnaire and interview schedule. These were analyzed using percentages, frequencies, mean statistics and multiple regression at 0.05% significant level. Results revealed that a greater proportion (37.50%) of the farmers spent 7 - 12 years in the school, majority (78.33%) were married, (62.50%) had a household size of 5 - 8 persons and (89.20%) were members of social organizations. It was also revealed that majority (91.17%) of the farmers perceived ethno-veterinary medicine as affordable and simple, easily prepared due to the availability of raw materials within the environment (91.67%), have high social value (80.83%), requires no specialized training (70.00%), compatible with the culture (61.17%), causes no harms to the animals (68.33%), environmentally sustainable (61.67%) and requires no special infrastructure for their use (59.13%). The results further revealed that majority of the farmers (99.17%) administered palm oil to the animals or rubbed it on the affected parts of the body, rubbed ash on the body of the animal (61.67%), fed the animals with certain forages (99.17%) and administered concoctions (78.33%) as remedies for livestock diseases. The hypothesis tested revealed that farmers’ use of ethno-veterinary medicine was positively related to their socioeconomic characteristics and some selected attributes of the technology. The study concludes that educational programmes should be introduced in the study area so as to increase the educational level of the farmers and that there should be policy interventions to enhance biodiversity conservation. Key words: Socioeconomic, determinants, farmers, use, ethno-veterinary medicine, Mbaitoli L.G.A, Imo State - Nigeria. INTRODUCTION The Nigerian livestock industry is performing below proteins for the growing population. While annual expectation in its role of providing adequate animal population growth rate is about 3.0%, the estimated annual growth rate of the outputs of the major products is nearly stagnant. Also, the contribution of the livestock sub-sector to the gross domestic product (GDP) has *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. been declining (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2005). This poor 026 Res. J. Agric Environ. Manage performance of the livestock sub-sector has persisted in remedies, surgical and manipulative techniques, spite of the livestock population of about 600 million husbandry strategies and magico-religious practices (National Bureau of Statistics, 2007). The per capita (McCorkle, 1995). The totality of these indigenous animal animal protein intake is below 7.0 g per day. With healthcare beliefs and practices is what is popularly reference to the 35.0g of animal protein recommended by referred to as ethno-veterinary medicine (McCorkle, FAO, the shortfall in minimum protein requirement is 1986). about 89.0% (Okojie, 1999). This situation as a matter of Ethno-veterinary medicine is more accessible to urgency necessitates a significant improvement in farmers, is cheaper to obtain, easily understood, livestock production if the shortfall in protein availability in environmentally-friendly and often more socio-culturally the country must be met especially as the population is acceptable, better adapted to local realities, locally projected to hit 600 million by 2030 (Mafimisebi et al., available and very suitable for use on smallholdings by 2012). livestock keepers who can prepare the traditional According to Olaokun (1998) the generic problems remedies themselves. Thus, the use of ethno-veterinary confronting the livestock sub-sector in Nigeria is medicine is obviously sustainable and ecologically responsible for the country meeting only about 50.0% of sounds (Gueye, 1999, McCorkle, 1995). Furthermore, the her per capita protein requirements from domestic use of ethno-veterinary medicine is preferred because it sources. Associated with these generic problems are is less risky and easier to observe the effects of the specific constraints which include the traditional animal applied herbs (Mwale et al., n.d). There are also rearing system characterized by high mortality rate, low remarkable drawbacks of traditional medicines in terms of growth rate, prevalence of pests and diseases and other their preparation, efficacy, disease diagnosis and factors which render efficient use of resources impossible treatment specifications (Mathias and McCorkle, 1996). (Okunmadewa, 2002). Nevertheless, their potentials in the management of The problems of pests and diseases and high mortality livestock diseases cannot be denied. rates require that health issues in traditional livestock The extent of knowledge and utilization of ethno- management be decisively tackled for a successful veterinary medicine differ according to the culture and livestock development programme in Nigeria (Mafimisebi prevailing socio-economic characteristics. Thus, it is et al., 2012). This is important because researches have important to provide empirical answers to such questions shown that health expenses constitute close to 20.0% of like when and why do farmers use traditional medicines the total cost of livestock production in Nigeria in the management of their livestock’s health (Mafimisebi (Mafimisebi et al., 2006; Okunmadewa, 2002). The et al., 2012). Worldwide, adoption of improved livestock massive devaluation of the Naira in 1986 has led to the health management practices and the relationship continued loss of value of the currency which has between the adoption behavior of farmers and farmers’ resulted to unprecedented increases in the prices of characteristics have been studied (Mafimisebi et al., agricultural inputs, especially veterinary drugs which are 2006; Gosh, Goswani and Mazumdar, 2005). imported. The consequence of this is that poor livestock In Nigeria, however, the actual extent of use of traditional farmers are priced out of the market for imported medicines as well as factors responsible for the products (Olaokun, 1998). In three out of the five agro- differences in their utilization among farmers in the same ecological zones in Nigeria, all (100.00%) of the sampled and/or different localities have been sparingly explored. A farmers rated high cost of veterinary drugs as the major careful investigation of this will contribute to improving factor constraining livestock production in the country Nigeria’s livestock health management policies. This will (Philip et al., 2009). Also, Bizima (1994) and Gueye help ensure the sustainability of livestock production and (1997) observed that resource-poor farmers in Africa do guarantee increased supply of affordable animal proteins not have money or access to chemical medicine. (Mafimisebi et al., 2012). It is against this background The high prices of inputs are the main cause of the that the following research questions were asked; collapse of many commercial livestock concerns (Mafimisebi et al., 2012). Smallholder livestock farmers What are the socioeconomic characteristics of the were then left with the option of using more of alternative farmers? medicine in managing the health of their animals so that What are the perceptions of the farmers to the use of livestock production can remain competitive (Aletor et al., ethno-veterinary medicines in livestock health 2007). management? and According to McCorkle (1986) traditional stock raisers, What are the ethno-veterinary practices used by farmers and herders have from time immemorial farmers in the study area? developed and perfected their own ways of managing the health of their stock thereby keeping them productive. Objectives of the study Traditional livestock keepers were reported to treat and prevent livestock diseases using age-long home The broad objective of the study was to identify the Nnadi et al 027 socioeconomic determinants of the use of ethno- farmers with the use of structured questionnaires and veterinary medicine by rural farmers in Mbaitoli LGA of interview schedule. The socioeconomic characteristics of Imo State, Nigeria. the farmers were measured by asking the farmers to Specifically, the study sought to: indicate them and their responses were recorded using appropriate units. Farmers’ perception of ethno-veterinary 1. Investigate
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