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Impact of Human Activities on Some Selected Parts of Ogun River Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

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Impact of Human Activities on Some Selected Parts of Ogun River Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 12, December-2019 805 ISSN 2229-5518 IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON SOME SELECTED PARTS OF OGUN RIVER ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. Adekitan, A . A, Olaonipekun S.O, Adejuwon J. O. and Bankole A. O. Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta E-mail:[email protected] Phone number: 08038258205 ABSTRACT The problem of getting quality water is increasing as untreated effluents are discharged into surface water bodies. This study aim at assessing the impact of wastes generated from human activities such as Abattoir site, Sawmill, Car Wash, River banks and dumpsites on Ogun river. The Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological parameters were investigated at the Upstream, Point of discharge and Downstream of the river. The results of this study revealed that all the measured parameters has a significant difference in their mean values. The ranges of the mean values of all the parameters measured for pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Temperature, Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Acidity, Alkalinity, Chloride, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Total Suspended SolidsIJSER (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),Biological oxygen Demand(BOD), Sodium, Potassium, Nitrate, Phosphate, Total Coliform Count, Total Bacteria Count, Lead, Chromium, Iron, Zinc and Copper were 6.50-6.68, 120.40-149.40 µS/cm, 28.10-28.68˚c, 59.60-84.00 mg/L, 5.00-6.80 mg/L, 1.12-2.16 mg/L, 16.20-21.20 mg/L, 53.60-74.80 mg/L, 30.40-38.40 mg/L, 23.20-44.00 mg/L, 400.00-720.00 mg/L,1.21-2.33 mg/L, 30.83-35.03 mg/L, 9.40-14.20 mg/L, 2.60-4.40 mg/L, 0.43-0.65 mg/L, 0.12-0.13 mg/L, 160 cfu/100 ml, 16000-600000 cfu/100 ml, 0.08-0.33 mg/L, 0.01-0.09 mg/L, 0.29-1.2 mg/L and 0.01-0.14 mg/L respectively. From the - results, it was discovered that, the values of DO, NO 3, PO4, TSS, K, Total coliform count, Total Bacteria Count, Lead, Chromium and Iron exceeded the permissible limits of WHO (2017) guideline for drinking water. Pollution of Ogun River water along it courses is evidenced by the high concentrations of pollution indicators, nutrients and trace metals above the acceptable limits. The water quality of River Ogun from the waste discharge points, therefore poses a lot of health hazards to users. Keywords: Effluents, Water quality, Health, River IJSER © 2019 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 12, December-2019 806 ISSN 2229-5518 INTRODUCTION There has been an increasing concern about the environment in which man lives. Solid wastes, mount of rubbish, garbage and sewage are being produced everyday by our urban society. In an attempt to dispose of these materials, man has carelessly polluted the environment. In the past, men thought the environment had an infinite capacity to devour his waste without any ill effects. More recently, however, man’s health and welfare are being affected by environmental pollution. These pollutants are substances present naturally in the environment but when released in significant amount by humans, become toxic. Water can be polluted by substances that dissolve in it or by solid particles and insoluble liquid droplets that become suspended in it (Plant et al., 2001). Even paper is sometimes a high-tech material. It’s not IJSERjust a bunch of fibers that are laid down and put together. It is coated, bonded and got a tremendous amount of technology built in it (Stu, 2002). Human activities are a major factor determining the quality of surface and groundwater through atmospheric pollution, effluent discharges, use of agricultural chemicals, eroded soils and land use (Niemi et al, 1990). The quality of surface water within a region is governed by both natural resources (such as precipitation, weathering process and soil erosion) and anthropogenic effects (such as urban, industrial and agricultural activities and the human exploitation of water resources) (Khali et al., 2009). Pathogens, the disease-causing bacteria and viruses associated with human and animal waste, can also make water unsafe for human use. If pathogens or the indicator bacteria associated with human and animal waste are found during water analyses, drinking water supplies may require expensive filtration IJSER © 2019 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 12, December-2019 807 ISSN 2229-5518 or disinfection. Waterborne pathogens derived from human and animal waste are a significant water quality concern in many parts of the world. Thus, in the United States of America (USA) “pathogens” are the most frequent cause of “impairment” in waters covered by the US Clean Water Act (USEPA 2009). Toxicity and sub-lethal toxicity of soaps, detergents and bio-refractory organics create water pollution and affect the ecology and micro-organism, fauna and flora near the pollution load (Morrison et al., 2001 : Liu, et al., 2015). Biological toxic effect is significant to physiology and behaviour of organism to alter its capacity for growth and reproduction or mortality (Griego, et al., 2003 : Anikwe et al., 2006 ). Hence soaps, detergents and bio-refractory organics containing water should be avoided to drain in the water reservoir. Despite these improvements, continuing urban growth and nonpoint source runoff of contaminants and storm water are expected to challenge these historic gains (Muchuweti et al., 2006: Ogugbuaja, et al., 2001). Though, water is essential to all forms of life and makes up 50 to 97% of the weight of all plants andanimals and aboutIJSER 70% of human body (Rene et al., 2008 : Bariweni et al., 2000). Despite its importance, water is the most poorly managed resource in the world (Rao, 2006: lzonfuo, et al.,2001). METHODOLOGY Description of the Study Area River Ogun is one of the rivers in the southern – western part of Nigeria which covers a total area of about 22.4 km² with coordinates; latitude 6°35’32’’N and longitude 3°27’42’’E. It is located at an elevation of 38 meters above sea level and transverses through Ibarapa, Iseyin, Abeokuta, Owode, Ikorodu, and Ifo local government areas before finally discharging into the Lagos lagoon. Lafenwa market, Abeokuta has become a place with continuous pollution due to the its relevance as a focal point IJSER © 2019 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 12, December-2019 808 ISSN 2229-5518 of various commercial activities; buying and selling of agricultural produce and farm animals. The geology of Ogun State comprises the sedimentary and basement complex rocks. According to Akanni (2000), about 1,200 km of Ogun State is of sedimentary formation while about 400 km is of basement complex rocks of pre-Cambrian formation. There are two main relief regions: first, the creeks and lagoons forming a small section in the south eastern part of the state, the altitude of which ranges from 0 to 40 meters above the sea level. Second, the undulating coastal plain and the low land with the elevation increasing northwards from about 30 to 250 meters above sea level. The plain is broken by sand stone cresta especially towards the western part of the state. There are pockets of rock outcrops dotting the landscape especially around state capital (Abeokuta). The whole state is drained by flowing coastal rivers such as Ogun, Yewa, and Shasha from Oyo state through the thickly vegetated western part of the state. Numerous small rivers and streams are at the south eastern parts flowing perenniallyIJSER through the swampy terrain (Akanni, 2000). IJSER © 2019 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 12, December-2019 809 ISSN 2229-5518 Figure 1: Map of Ogun river showing the sampling locations. Sampling ProcedureIJSER Water samples were collected at five different locations from various points of the river for laboratory analysis. The different locations were chosen based on their accessibility and proximity to pollution sources. Global Positioning System was used to determine the actual positions of each location and referenced to ensure consistency in the sampling points. Sample Collection Five samples of water were collected at each location into a 2.5 litre bottle container that have been properly rinsed with distilled water. The bottles were also rinsed with the water sample before collection to avoid interference. The samples were stored in an ice pack and transported to the laboratory for the physical, chemical and bacteriological analyses. Some of the physical IJSER © 2019 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 12, December-2019 810 ISSN 2229-5518 parameters were measured in-situ and they includes: pH, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and Dissolved Oxygen. Wastewater samples from Five (5) different locations at various points of the river were collected for laboratory analyses. Twenty-five samples which are made up of five sampling points each located on the River bank (R1, R2, R4, & R5), abattoir site (A1, A2, A3, A4, &A5), sawmill site (S1, S2, S3, S4, &S5), dumping site (D1, D2, D3, D4, &D5), and Car wash site (C1, C2, C3, C4, &C5) respectively were identified. DISCUSSION OF RESULT Results of the physical and chemical parameters on water quality of Ogun River pH The mean value of pH from all the water samples ranged from 6.5-6.68 and the values were relatively good throughout the sampling locations (Table 2). They all conform to the WHO guideline value for wastewater quality discharge into water bodies of 6.5 – 8.5 (WHO 2017).
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