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Olbers' Paradox
Astro 101 Fall 2013 Lecture 12 Cosmology T. Howard Cosmology = study of the Universe as a whole • ? What is it like overall? • ? What is its history? How old is it? • ? What is its future? • ? How do we find these things out from what we can observe? • In 1996, researchers at the Space Telescope Science Institute used the Hubble to make a very long exposure of a patch of seemingly empty sky. Q: What did they find? A: Galaxies “as far as The eye can see …” (nearly everything in this photo is a galaxy!) 40 hour exposure What do we know already (about the Universe) ? • Galaxies in groups; clusters; superclusters • Nearby universe has “filament” and void type of structure • More distant objects are receding from us (light is redshifted) • Hubble’s Law: V = H0 x D (Hubble's Law) Structure in the Universe What is the largest kind of structure in the universe? The ~100-Mpc filaments, shells and voids? On larger scales, things look more uniform. 600 Mpc Olbers’ Paradox • Assume the universe is homogeneous, isotropic, infinte, and static • Then: Why don’t we see light everywhere? Why is the night sky (mostly) dark? Olbers’ Paradox (cont’d.) • We believe the universe is homogeneous and isotropic • So, either it isn’t infinite OR it isn’t static • “Big Bang” theory – universe started expanding a finite time ago Given what we know of structure in the universe, assume: The Cosmological Principle On the largest scales, the universe is roughly homogeneous (same at all places) and isotropic (same in all directions). Laws of physics are everywhere the same. -
Journal of Physics & Astronomy
Journal of Physics & Astronomy Review| Vol 8 Iss 2 The Big Bang Never Happened: A Conclusive Argument Rowland D* Independent Researcher, Canadian Association of Physicists, Canada * Corresponding author: Rowland D, Independent Researcher, Canadian Association of Physicists, Canada, E-Mail: [email protected] Received: February 15, 2020; Accepted: March 2, 2020; Published: March 20, 2020 Abstract For over 100 years, the prevailing belief has been that the universe was created by a big bang singularity. This speculative event is an impossibility that has become a firmly entrenched notion only because of a fundamental scientific error that few have questioned, until now. This paper provides both logical proof and corroborating scientific evidence that the universe could not have begun from a singularity, that galaxies are not receding from the Milky Way, and that we are not on a collision course with Andromeda. Edwin Hubble made faulty assumptions and significant miscalculations. Big bang theory presupposes that somehow the universe spontaneously created itself from nothing. This notion defies both physics and logic, the science of thinking and reasoning. Nothing cannot be the cause of something. Aristotle is reputed to have expressed it this way: “The notion that there could be nothing that preceded something offends reason itself.” Keywords: Big Bang, Astronomy, Astrophysics 1. Introduction For over 100 years, the prevailing belief has been that the universe was created by a big bang singularity. Because of both logical and scientific errors, this speculative event could not possibly have happened. The big bang idea has become firmly entrenched because of a fundamental scientific error compounded by faulty assumptions, presumptive reasoning, and miscalculations. -
Friedmann Equation (1.39) for a Radiation Dominated Universe Will Thus Be (From Ada ∝ Dt)
Lecture 2 The quest for the origin of the elements The quest for the origins of the elements, C. Bertulani, RISP, 2016 1 Reading2.1 - material Geometry of the Universe 2-dimensional analogy: Surface of a sphere. The surface is finite, but has no edge. For a creature living on the sphere, having no sense of the third dimension, there is no center (on the sphere). All points are equal. Any point on the surface can be defined as the center of a coordinate system. But, how can a 2-D creature investigate the geometry of the sphere? Answer: Measure curvature of its space. Flat surface (zero curvature, k = 0) Closed surface Open surface (posiDve curvature, k = 1) (negave curvature, k = -1) The quest for the origins of the elements, C. Bertulani, RISP, 2016 2 ReadingGeometry material of the Universe These are the three possible geometries of the Universe: closed, open and flat, corresponding to a density parameter Ωm = ρ/ρcrit which is greater than, less than or equal to 1. The relation to the curvature parameter is given by Eq. (1.58). The closed universe is of finite size. Traveling far enough in one direction will lead back to one's starting point. The open and flat universes are infinite and traveling in a constant direction will never lead to the same point. The quest for the origins of the elements, C. Bertulani, RISP, 2016 3 2.2 - Static Universe 2 2 The static Universe requires a = a0 = constant and thus d a/dt = da/dt = 0. From Eq. -
The High Redshift Universe: Galaxies and the Intergalactic Medium
The High Redshift Universe: Galaxies and the Intergalactic Medium Koki Kakiichi M¨unchen2016 The High Redshift Universe: Galaxies and the Intergalactic Medium Koki Kakiichi Dissertation an der Fakult¨atf¨urPhysik der Ludwig{Maximilians{Universit¨at M¨unchen vorgelegt von Koki Kakiichi aus Komono, Mie, Japan M¨unchen, den 15 Juni 2016 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Simon White Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Jochen Weller Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung:Juli 2016 Contents Summary xiii 1 Extragalactic Astrophysics and Cosmology 1 1.1 Prologue . 1 1.2 Briefly Story about Reionization . 3 1.3 Foundation of Observational Cosmology . 3 1.4 Hierarchical Structure Formation . 5 1.5 Cosmological probes . 8 1.5.1 H0 measurement and the extragalactic distance scale . 8 1.5.2 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) . 10 1.5.3 Large-Scale Structure: galaxy surveys and Lyα forests . 11 1.6 Astrophysics of Galaxies and the IGM . 13 1.6.1 Physical processes in galaxies . 14 1.6.2 Physical processes in the IGM . 17 1.6.3 Radiation Hydrodynamics of Galaxies and the IGM . 20 1.7 Bridging theory and observations . 23 1.8 Observations of the High-Redshift Universe . 23 1.8.1 General demographics of galaxies . 23 1.8.2 Lyman-break galaxies, Lyα emitters, Lyα emitting galaxies . 26 1.8.3 Luminosity functions of LBGs and LAEs . 26 1.8.4 Lyα emission and absorption in LBGs: the physical state of high-z star forming galaxies . 27 1.8.5 Clustering properties of LBGs and LAEs: host dark matter haloes and galaxy environment . 30 1.8.6 Circum-/intergalactic gas environment of LBGs and LAEs . -
Appendix a the Return of a Static Universe and the End of Cosmology
Appendix A The Return of a Static Universe and the End of Cosmology Lawrence M. Krauss and Robert J. Scherrer Abstract We demonstrate that as we extrapolate the current CDM universe forward in time, all evidence of the Hubble expansion will disappear, so that observers in our “island universe” will be fundamentally incapable of determining the true nature of the universe, including the existence of the highly dominant vacuum energy, the existence of the CMB, and the primordial origin of light elements. With these pillars of the modern Big Bang gone, this epoch will mark the end of cosmology and the return of a static universe. In this sense, the coordinate system appropriate for future observers will perhaps fittingly resemble the static coordinate system in which the de Sitter universe was first presented. Shortly after Einstein’s development of general relativity, the Dutch astronomer Willem de Sitter proposed a static model of the universe containing no matter, which he thought might be a reasonable approximation to our low-density uni- verse. One can define a coordinate system in which the de Sitter metric takes a static form by defining de Sitter spacetime with a cosmological constant ƒ S W A B D 2 2 D 1 as a four-dimensional hyperboloid ƒ AB R ;R 3ƒ em- 2 D A B D bedded in a 5d Minkowski spacetime with ds AB d d ; and .AB / diag.1; 1; 1; 1; 1/;A;B D 0;:::;4: The static form of the de Sitter metric is then dr2 ds2 D .1 r2=R2/dt 2 s r2d2; s s s 2 2 s 1 rs =R L.M. -
The First Galaxies
The First Galaxies Abraham Loeb and Steven R. Furlanetto PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD To our families Contents Preface vii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Preliminary Remarks 1 1.2 Standard Cosmological Model 3 1.3 Milestones in Cosmic Evolution 12 1.4 Most Matter is Dark 16 Chapter 2. From Recombination to the First Galaxies 21 2.1 Growth of Linear Perturbations 21 2.2 Thermal History During the Dark Ages: Compton Cooling on the CMB 24 Chapter 3. Nonlinear Structure 27 3.1 Cosmological Jeans Mass 27 3.2 Halo Properties 33 3.3 Abundance of Dark Matter Halos 36 3.4 Nonlinear Clustering: the Halo Model 41 3.5 Numerical Simulations of Structure Formation 41 Chapter 4. The Intergalactic Medium 43 4.1 The Lyman-α Forest 43 4.2 Metal-Line Systems 43 4.3 Theoretical Models 43 Chapter 5. The First Stars 45 5.1 Chemistry and Cooling of Primordial Gas 45 5.2 Formation of the First Metal-Free Stars 49 5.3 Later Generations of Stars 59 5.4 Global Parameters of High-Redshift Galaxies 59 5.5 Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Brightest Explosions 62 Chapter 6. Supermassive Black holes 65 6.1 Basic Principles of Astrophysical Black Holes 65 6.2 Accretion of Gas onto Black Holes 68 6.3 The First Black Holes and Quasars 75 6.4 Black Hole Binaries 81 Chapter 7. The Reionization of Cosmic Hydrogen by the First Galaxies 85 iv CONTENTS 7.1 Ionization Scars by the First Stars 85 7.2 Propagation of Ionization Fronts 86 7.3 Swiss Cheese Topology 92 7.4 Reionization History 95 7.5 Global Ionization History 95 7.6 Statistical Description of Size Distribution and Topology of Ionized Regions 95 7.7 Radiative Transfer 95 7.8 Recombination of Ionized Regions 95 7.9 The Sources of Reionization 95 7.10 Helium Reionization 95 Chapter 8. -
Authentification of Einstein's Static Universe of 1917
Journal of Modern Physics, 2014, 5, 1995-1998 Published Online December 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.518194 Authentification of Einstein’s Static Universe of 1917 Eli Peter Manor Israel Medical Association, Caesarea, Israel Email: [email protected] Received 2 October 2014; revised 1 November 2014; accepted 28 November 2014 Copyright © 2014 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Static cosmology has been abandoned almost a century ago because of phenomena which were unexplained at those times. However, that scenario can be revived with the modern findings of gravitational forces, coming from outside of the “luminous world”, tugging on our universe. These unexplained phenomena were: the redshift, the CMB, and Olbers’ paradox. All these can now be explained, as done in the present manuscript. 1) The observed redshift, which is commonly attri- buted to the Doppler effect, can also be explained as a gravitational redshift. Thus, the universe is not expanding, as has also been described in recent publications, thereby, making the “Big Bang” hypothesis unnecessary. 2) Gravitation is induced by matter, and at least some of the distant mat- ter is expected to be luminous. That electro-magnetic emission is extremely redshifted, and thus perceived by us as CMB. CMB is not necessarily a historic remnant related to the “Big Bang”, rather it is the redshifted light, coming from extremely distant luminous matter. 3) According to Olbers’ paradox, the night sky is expected to be bright. -
Einstein's Conversion from His Static to an Expanding Universe
Eur. Phys. J. H DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2013-40037-6 THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL H Einstein’s conversion from his static to an expanding universe Harry Nussbaumera Institute of Astronomy, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland Received 19 September 2013 / Received in final form 13 November 2013 Published online 4 February 2014 c EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag 2014 Abstract. In 1917 Einstein initiated modern cosmology by postulating, based on general relativity, a homogenous, static, spatially curved uni- verse. To counteract gravitational contraction he introduced the cos- mological constant. In 1922 Alexander Friedman showed that Albert Einstein’s fundamental equations also allow dynamical worlds, and in 1927 Georges Lemaˆıtre, backed by observational evidence, con- cluded that our universe was expanding. Einstein impetuously rejected Friedman’s as well as Lemaˆıtre’s findings. However, in 1931 he retracted his former static model in favour of a dynamic solution. This investiga- tion follows Einstein on his hesitating path from a static to the expand- ing universe. Contrary to an often advocated belief the primary motive for his switch was not observational evidence, but the realisation that his static model was unstable. 1 Introduction It has become a popular belief that Albert Einstein abandoned his static universe when, on a visit to Pasadena in January and February 1931, Edwin Hubble showed him the redshifted nebular spectra and convinced him that the universe was expand- ing, and the cosmological constant was superfluous. “Two months with Hubble were enough to pry him loose from his attachment to the cosmological constant” is just one example of such statements [Topper 2013]. -
Focus Fusion Poses Overwhelming Competition To
Focus Fusion poses overwhelming competition to $10 billion Tokamak Purports to be a far more feasible and profoundly less expensive approach to hot fusion, in contrast to what the international project (ITER) in France is pursuing. Lawrenceville Plasma Physics is currently researching and developing the Plasma Focus Device for hydrogen-boron nuclear fusion. No response from ITER. Nov. 2, 2005 Primary Grid Power Potential (Source) Focus Fusion poses overwhelming competition to Tokamak Purports to be a far more feasible and profoundly less expensive approach to hot fusion, in contrast to what the international project (ITER) in France is pursuing. Lawrenceville Plasma Physics is currently researching and developing the Plasma Focus Device for hydrogen-boron nuclear fusion. by Sterling D. Allan Open Source Energy News -- Exclusive Interview (Listen to anchor, Charlee Redman introduce this story) WEST ORANGE, NEW JERSEY, USA -- Imagine a non-polluting power plant, the size of a local gas station, that would quietly and safely power 4,000 homes, for a few tenths of a penny per kilowatt-hour, compared to 4-6 cents/kw-h of coal or natural-gas-powered plants. One technician could operate two dozen of these stations remotely. The fuel, widely available, is barely spent in the clean fusion method, and would only need to be changed annually. That is what inventor Eric Lerner envisions with his focus fusion technology in which hydrogen and boron combine into helium, while giving off tremendous amounts of energy in the process. The size and power output would make it ideal for providing localized power, reducing transmission losses and large-grid vulnerabilities. -
Hubble's Cosmology
2nd Crisis in Cosmology Conference, CCC-2 ASP Conference Series, Vol. 413, c 2009 Frank Potter, ed. Hubble’s Cosmology: From a Finite Expanding Universe to a Static Endless Universe A. K. T. Assis,1 M. C. D. Neves,1,2 and D. S. L. Soares3 1. Institute of Physics “Gleb Wataghin,” University of Campinas UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil email: assis@ifi.unicamp.br 2. Departamento de F´ısica, Funda¸c˜ao Universidade Estadual de Maring´a — FUEM, 87020-900 Maring´a, PR, Brazil email: [email protected] 3. Departamento de F´ısica, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C. P. 702, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil email: dsoares@fisica.ufmg.br Abstract. We analyze the views of Edwin Hubble (1889–1953) as regards the large scale structure of the universe. In 1929 he initially accepted a finite ex- panding universe in order to explain the redshifts of distant galaxies. Later on he turned to an infinite stationary universe and a new principle of nature in order to explain the same phenomena. Initially, he was impressed by the agreement of his redshift-distance relation with one of the predictions of de Sitter’s cosmological model, namely, the so-called “de Sitter effect,” the phenomenon of the scattering of material particles, leading to an expanding universe. A number of observa- tional evidences, though, made him highly skeptical with such a scenario. They were better accounted for by an infinite static universe. The evidences he found were: (i) the huge values he was getting for the “recession” velocities of the neb- ulae (1,800 km s−1 in 1929 up to 42,000 km s−1 in 1942, leading to v/c = 1/7), with the redshifts interpreted as velocity-shifts. -
The Big Bang Never Happened: a Startling Refutation of the Dominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe
http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Cosmo/bang.txt Is the Big Bang a Bust? The Big Bang Never Happened: A Startling Refutation of the Dominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe. By Eric Lerner New York: Random House, 1991, 466 pp. Cloth, $21.95. Victor J. Stenger Published in Skeptical Inquirer 16, 412, Summer 1992. Normally the refutation of a dominant scientific Comment [GB1]: Although the Big Bang Theory (BBT) is such a great embarrassment to many theory takes place on the pages of a scientific journal. scientists and much of the public, it persists within a philosophical milieu that has gotten, if anything, But strange things are happening in science these days, even more regressive during the 16 years since this critique of plasma cosmology was published. Papers as a Nobel laureate admits to publishing falsified data, that criticize Einstein’s relativity or the BBT great research universities are accused of misspending, generally are rejected by mainstream “scientific journals” that commonly publish all sorts of and wacky claims like cold fusion are announced by press nonsense (string theory, parallel universes, etc.) that does not contradict those theories directly. One conference. News magazines proclaim that science is in needs to reread Kuhn’s “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” to get an idea of what is going on here trouble, so it must be so. The scientific establishment and why the gate keepers of conventional cosmology has been smug and complacent for too long. It's high will not be refuting the BBT in their highly respected, peer -reviewed journals any time soon . -
Arxiv:1701.08720V1 [Astro-Ph.CO]
Foundations of Physics manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Tests and problems of the standard model in Cosmology Mart´ın L´opez-Corredoira Received: xxxx / Accepted: xxxx Abstract The main foundations of the standard ΛCDM model of cosmology are that: 1) The redshifts of the galaxies are due to the expansion of the Uni- verse plus peculiar motions; 2) The cosmic microwave background radiation and its anisotropies derive from the high energy primordial Universe when matter and radiation became decoupled; 3) The abundance pattern of the light elements is explained in terms of primordial nucleosynthesis; and 4) The formation and evolution of galaxies can be explained only in terms of gravi- tation within a inflation+dark matter+dark energy scenario. Numerous tests have been carried out on these ideas and, although the standard model works pretty well in fitting many observations, there are also many data that present apparent caveats to be understood with it. In this paper, I offer a review of these tests and problems, as well as some examples of alternative models. Keywords Cosmology · Observational cosmology · Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements · dark matter · dark energy · superclusters and large-scale structure of the Universe PACS 98.80.-k · 98.80.E · 98.80.Ft · 95.35.+d · 95.36.+x · 98.65.Dx Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) 85A40 · 85-03 1 Introduction There is a dearth of discussion about possible wrong statements in the foun- dations of standard cosmology (the “Big Bang” hypothesis in the present-day Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Departamento de Astrof´ısica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain arXiv:1701.08720v1 [astro-ph.CO] 30 Jan 2017 Tel.: +34-922-605264 Fax: +34-922-605210 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Mart´ın L´opez-Corredoira version of ΛCDM, i.e.