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FBE Tez Yazim Kilavuzu İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ SÜPERNOVALARLA İLİŞKİLİ GAMA IŞIN PATLAMALARININ (GRB), GAMA VE OPTİK-IŞIN ÖZELLİKLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ Astronom Özgecan ÖNAL Astronomi ve Uzay Bilimleri Bölümü 1. Danışman Doç.Dr. A. Talât SAYGAÇ 2. Danışman Doç. Dr. Massimo DELLA VALLE Haziran, 2008 İSTANBUL İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ SÜPERNOVALARLA İLİŞKİLİ GAMA IŞIN PATLAMALARININ (GRB), GAMA VE OPTİK -IŞIN ÖZELLİKLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ Astronom Özgecan ÖNAL Astronomi ve Uzay Bilimleri Bölümü 1. Danışman Doç.Dr. A. Talât SAYGAÇ 2. Danışman Doç. Dr. Massimo DELLA VALLE Haziran, 2008 İSTANBUL Bu çalışma ..../..../ 2003 tarihinde aşağıdaki jüri tarafından ....................................... Anabilim Dalı .................................. programında Doktora / Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Tez Jürisi Danışman Adı (Danışman) Jüri Adı İstanbul Üniversitesi Üniversite Mühendislik Fakültesi Fakülte Jüri Adı Jüri Adı Üniversite Üniversite Fakülte Fakülte Jüri Adı Üniversite Fakülte Bu çalışma İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterliğinin T-935/06102006 numaralı projesi ile desteklenmiştir. ÖNSÖZ Lisans ve yüksek lisans öğrenimim sırasında ve tez çalışmalarım boyunca gösterdiği her türlü destek ve yardımdan dolayı çok değerli hocam Doç. Dr. A. Talât SAYGAÇ’a en içten dileklerimle teşekkür ederim. Tezin çeşitli aşamaları boyunca durumun hassasiyetinin bilincinde olan anneme, babama ve ağabeyime nazik ve sabırlı davranışları için ayrı ayrı teşekkür ediyorum. Bu çalışmanın başladığı ilk günlerde elime ilk makaleyi tutuşturan saygıdeğer hocam Prof. Dr. Salih KARAALİ’ye, literatür taraması yaptığım dönemlerde hemen yardımıma koşan Dr. Tolga GÜVER’e ve bulduğu önemli makaleleri benimle paylaşan Araş. Gör. Sinan ALİŞ’e çok teşekkür ederim. Çalışma sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında tartışma fırsatı bulduğum değerli astrofizikçiler Dr. Yuki KANEKO, Dr.Andrew BEARDMORE ve Dr. Paul O’BRIEN’a verdikleri değerli fikirler ve araştırma şevki için minnettarım. Tez konusunu öneren Doç Dr. Massimo DELLA VALLE’ye ve tez çalışmamı proje ile destekleyen İstanbul Üniversitesi’ne teşekkürü borç bilirim. Son olarak, maddi ve manevi her anlamda hiç bir zaman desteğini bırakmayan, çok sevdiğim dostum Murat TAŞ’a şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Haziran, 2008 Özgecan ÖNAL i İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................... i İÇİNDEKİLER ....................................................................................... ii ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ...................................................................................... v TABLO LİSTESİ ................................................................................ viii SEMBOL LİSTESİ ................................................................................. x ÖZET .................................................................................................... xii SUMMARY ......................................................................................... xiii 1. GİRİŞ ................................................................................................... 1 2. GENEL KISIMLAR............................................................................. 8 2.1. GAMA-IŞINLARI ...........................................................................................8 2.2. GIP’LARIN ÖZELLİKLERİ ....................................................................... 11 2.3. GIP’LARIN ARDIL IŞIMA MODELİ: “STANDART ATEŞTOPU” ....... 14 2.3.1. Ateştopunun Evrimi ............................................................................... 20 2.3.2. Ateştopunun Genişlemesinde Önemli Yarıçaplar ................................. 20 2.3.3. Ateştopu Genişlerken Oluşan Rölativistik Şoklar ................................. 25 2.3.4. GIP’larda Sinkrotron Emisyonu............................................................. 29 2.4. GIP’LARIN ARDIL IŞIMA MODELİ: “CANNONBALL” ....................... 29 2.5. GIP’LARIN ATA YILDIZ MODELİ .......................................................... 34 2.5.1. Kolapsarlar ............................................................................................. 34 2.5.2. Milisaniye Magnetarı Modeli ................................................................. 39 2.5.3. Supranovalar ........................................................................................... 40 2.5.4. Kaynaşan Yıldızlar Modeli ..................................................................... 42 2.6. GAMA-IŞIN PATLAMALARI VE SÜPERNOVALAR ............................. 43 2.6.1. GIP’ların Gözlemsel Özellikleri .............................................................. 47 ii 2.6.2. GIP’larla İlişkilendirilen SN’lerin Karakteristikleri ............................ 49 2.6.3. Tip Ib/c SN’lerinin, GIP/SN’lerin ve Klasik GIP’ların Oranları .......... 59 2.7. GIP’LAR, SN’LER, XRF’LER .................................................................... 60 2.8. LİTERATÜRDE VAROLAN İLİŞKİLER .................................................. 64 2.8.1. Eγ,peak – LSN,peak İlişkisi .............................................................................. 64 2.8.2. Eγ,iso – LSN,peak İlişkisi ............................................................................... 66 2.8.3. Eγ,peak,i - Eγ,iso İlişkisi ................................................................................. 66 2.8.4. Eγ,peak - Eγ İlişkisi ...................................................................................... 72 2.8.5. Eγ,peak - Liso İlişkisi .................................................................................... 75 2.8.6. Lγ,iso - Eγ,peak,i T0.45 İlişkisi ......................................................................... 76 2.8.7. Eγ,iso - Eγ,peak – tb İlişkisi ............................................................................ 82 2.8.8. 흉풍풂품- Lγ,iso İlişkisi ..................................................................................... 83 2.8.9. Lγ,iso – V İlişkisi ......................................................................................... 84 2.8.10. 흉풍풂품- Lγ,iso-Puls Süresi İlişkisi ................................................................ 87 3. MALZEME VE YÖNTEM ............................................................... 89 3.1. ADAYLARIN SEÇİMİ ................................................................................. 89 3.2. ADAYLARIN GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ ...................................................... 91 3.2.1. GRB 980425/SN 1998bw ......................................................................... 91 3.2.2. GRB 030329/SN 2003dh .......................................................................... 94 3.2.3. GRB 031203/SN 2003lw ......................................................................... 100 3.2.4. GRB 060218/SN 2006aj ......................................................................... 103 3.2.5. GRB 050525A/SN 2005nc ...................................................................... 107 3.2.6. GRB 021211/SN 2002lt .......................................................................... 111 3.2.7. GRB 011121/SN 2001ke ......................................................................... 116 3.3. SIRADIŞI ADAYLARIN GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ .................................. 121 3.3.1. XRF 020903 ........................................................................................... 121 3.3.2. GRB 060614 .......................................................................................... 125 3.3.3. XRO 080109/SN 2008D ......................................................................... 131 3.4. EKSEN-DIŞI (OFF-AXIS) GÖZLENEN GIP’LAR .................................. 133 3.5. İNCELEME YÖNTEMİ ............................................................................. 140 4. BULGULAR .................................................................................... 142 iii 4.1. GIP/SN’LERİN OPTİK VE GAMA-IŞIN ÖZELLİKLERİ ARASINDA HESAPLANAN İLİŞKİLER .............................................................................. 142 4.1.1. Lγ,iso – LSN,peak İlişkisi .............................................................................. 143 4.1.2. Eγ – LSN,peak İlişkisi ................................................................................. 144 4.1.3. Eγ,peak T0.45 – LSN,peak İlişkisi .................................................................... 145 4.1.4. Lγ,iso – LSN,peak T0.45 İlişkisi ...................................................................... 145 4.1.5. Eγ,iso – tb – LSN,peak İlişkisi ........................................................................ 146 4.1.6. Eγ,peak – tb – LSN,peak İlişkisi ...................................................................... 146 4.1.7. LSN,peak – tb İlişkisi ................................................................................... 146 4.1.8. LSN,peak – tb – Lγ,iso İlişkisi ........................................................................ 147 4.1.9. Matematiksel İlişkilerin Tutarlılığı ve Hesaplanan Parametrelerin Farklılıkları ..................................................................................................... 147 4.2. GIP/SN’LERİN OPTİK VE GAMA-IŞIN ÖZELLİKLERİ ARASINDAKİ PARAMETRİK İLİŞKİLER .............................................................................. 155 4.2.1. -MSN,peak ile logEγ,iso İlişkisi....................................................................
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