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Edible Grain Legumes George J University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Panhandle Research and Extension Center Agricultural Research Division of IANR 2014 Edible Grain Legumes George J. Vandemark USDA–ARS, [email protected] Mark A. Brick Colorado State University, [email protected] Juan M. Osorno North Dakota State University, [email protected] James D. Kelly [email protected] Carlos A. Urrea University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/panhandleresext Vandemark, George J.; Brick, Mark A.; Osorno, Juan M.; Kelly, James D.; and Urrea, Carlos A., "Edible Grain Legumes" (2014). Panhandle Research and Extension Center. 88. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/panhandleresext/88 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural Research Division of IANR at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Panhandle Research and Extension Center by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 5 Edible Grain Legumes George J. Vandemark,* Mark A. Brick, Juan M. Osorno, James D. Kelly, and Carlos A. Urrea ABSTRACT Edible grain legumes, including dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), have served as important sources of protein in the human diet for thousands of years. In the United States, these crops are consumed nationally and produced for export markets. The objectives of this study were to examine yield gains in edible grain legume crops over the past 25 yr. Genetic gain in dry bean during the past 30 yr based on common trials was 13.9 kg ha−1 yr−1 (0.77% yr−1) and 17.4 kg ha−1 yr−1 (0.85% yr−1) for navy and pinto bean cultivars, respectively. Data from national yield tri- als on research sites indicates that yield gains were 0.4, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.7% for pinto, navy, black, and kidney beans, respectively. The results also suggest that dry bean cultivars have not reached a yield plateau for most market classes. Contin- ued introgression of germplasm from other races of common bean should provide new sources of genetic diversity to enhance yield in the future. Over the past 25 yr, the production of cool season food legumes (pea, lentil, and chickpea) in the United States has increased dramatically; however, yields of dry pea in the United States have decreased by 0.3% per year, lentil yields have increased by only 0.1% per year, and chickpea yields have increased by 2.8% per year. Pea and lentil production has increased dramatically in Montana and North Dakota, but the cultivars grown in this region were originally developed in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Canada and are likely not well adapted for Montana and North Dakota. Several cur- rently grown cultivars are at least 20 yr old, but new cultivars have been released that are superior to these older cultivars. Abbreviations: CDBN, Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery; NGP, Northern Great Plains; PNW, U.S. Pacific Northwest. George J. Vandemark, USDA-ARS, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, 303 Johnson Hall, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164. *Corresponding author (george. [email protected]). Mark A. Brick, C113 Plant Sciences Bldg., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523 (Mark. [email protected]). Juan M. Osorno, Dep. of Plant Science, Loftsgard Hall 166, P.O. Box 6050, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58108 ([email protected]). James D. Kelly, Dep. of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Bldg., Rm. 370, 1066 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824 ([email protected]). Carlos A. Urrea, Univ. of Nebraska, Panhandle Research and Extension Center, 4502 Avenue I, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 ([email protected]). doi:10.2135/cssaspecpub33.c5 Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops. CSSA Special Publication 33. Stephen Smith, Brian Diers, James Specht, and Brett Carver, editors. © 2014. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711-5801, USA. 87 88 Vandemark et al. Dry edible bean is arguably the most important grain legume in the human diet and has been characterized as the almost perfect food (Brough- ton et al., 2003; Câmara et al., 2013). Dry beans were widely cultivated in Mexico and the United States during pre-Columbian times. Kaplan (1965) reported that dry beans found at an archeological site in the southwestern United States were cultivated 2300 yr ago and that they likely originated from Middle America. New World settlers cultivated dry beans from European introductions in the eastern United States and from landraces of small red, pink, pinto, and great northern beans in the western United States that were cultivated by Native Americans. The early landraces were grown on small acreages in the United States until state and federal governments initiated improvement programs during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The first large-scale production of dry edible beans in the United States occurred in Orleans County, NY in 1839 (Bowen, 1898). New York State became an important producer of dry beans and maintained its dominance until the early 1900s when Michigan became the leading producer (http://www.agmrc. org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/dry-edible-bean-profile, accessed 15 Oct. 2013). Michigan was the largest producer of commercial dry bean in the United States until 1991 when North Dakota became the top-ranking producer. The leading market classes of dry beans produced in the United States are pinto (?42%), navy or pea (?17%), black (?11%), and great northern (?5%) (USDA-ERS, 2010). Other important market classes produced include light red kidney, dark red kidney, pink, small red, cranberry, and small white, with lesser amounts of specialized market types such as yellow eye, Appaloosa, Anasazi, and others. Total world production of dry bean increased 65% from the 10-yr period of 1961 to 1970 to 169 million tonnes during 2001 to 2010 (USDA-ERS, 2013). During this time span, U.S. dry bean production increased 71.0% to 11.5 million tonnes and accounted for 5.8% of world production. U.S. production is limited by many environmental conditions, including heat and drought stress, early fall frost and late spring frost, soil compaction, hail, etc. (Brick and Grafton, 1999). In addition, pathogens that cause rust Uromyces( appendiculatus Pers:Unger), common bacterial blight [ Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye], bacterial brown spot [Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (van Hall)], halo blight [Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Burkholder)], white mold [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary], and soilborne fungi that causes root rots can further reduce yield of beans (Brick and Grafton, 1999). Basis for Yield Improvement in Dry Beans In recent years, scientists in developing countries and the United States have made major advances in dry bean disease resistance, stress tolerance, and increased yield (Kelly, 2004). Agronomic and biotechnological tools have contributed to these achievements. Dry bean breeding programs in the United States were initiated to improve specific market classes and production systems in their region. Because environmental conditions such as nighttime temperatures, rainfall pattern, relative humidity, and soil types are so different among production areas, genetic improve- ments in one region have little more than academic interest to colleagues working with different market classes in other regions. For example, gains made in breed- ing pinto beans for the irrigated semiarid production zones of southern Idaho have little application to breeding small seeded determinate navy or Andean kidney Edible Grain Legumes 89 beans for the high humidity, rainfed conditions of the midwestern United States. As a result, breeders in each region developed individual strategies and focused on specific market classes for local production. Breeders in the 1960s through the 1990s became known for the specific market class of dry bean on which they focused: M.W. Adams in Michigan focused on navy bean; D.H. Wallace in New York focused on kidney bean; D.R. Wood in Colorado focused on pinto bean; D.P. Coyne in Nebraska focused on great northern bean; M.J. Lebaron and J.J. Kolar in the PNW focused on pinto bean; D.W. Burke in Washington focused on small red and pink beans; and F.L. Smith in California focused on pink bean. A summary of the achievements and limitations of contemporary bean breeding programs was recently reviewed by Beaver and Osorno (2009). In the early 1900s, breeding programs at Cornell University focused largely on disease resistance, including the earliest work on the genetic race structure of anthracnose [Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.- Scrib.] and differential responses of this pathogen to host genotypes (Burkholder, 1918). Breeding efforts also focused on physiological traits and improving yield through efficient partitioning of plant metabolites (Wallace et al., 1993). Breeding programs in Michigan extend back to the early 1900s (Michi- gan State University, 2009), and those at the University of Idaho were initiated in 1925 (Singh et al., 2007). Research in Michigan focused largely on improving plant architecture and yield (Adams, 1982; Kelly, 2000). In the intermountain west, breeders focused largely on developing resistance to a range of pathogens, including rust, white mold, bacterial blights, plant viruses, and root patho- gens (Singh and Schwartz, 2010). Exchange of germplasm among programs was limited to major disease resistance traits because more complex traits such as yield, plant architecture, and energy partitioning were not directly transferable because of genotype ´ environment interactions among commercial seed classes. Fundamental concepts such as yield component compensation, first described by Adams (1967), prevented breeders from combining the high pod load potential of small seeded navy beans with very large seed size of a kidney bean (White and Gonzales, 1990). In addition, breeders were constrained by differences in growth habit, maturity, and seed traits demanded by the market place.
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