DOCSLIB.ORG

Mating Systems and Parental Investment Mating Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mating Systems and Parental Investment Mating Systems Mating systems and parental investment Mating systems Pattern of matings in a population green anole Antithesis = promiscuity Polygyny Scramble: no attempts to defend females, resources horseshoe crabs Northern barred frog Female defense: must be clustered elk Dulichiella spp. Polygyny Montezuma’s oropendola Polygyny Resource defense: males defend food, nest sites Red-winged blackbird Lamprologus cichlid Resource distribution Distribution of females affects males’ ability to guard them Males cannot monopolize wide-ranging females dunnock Polygyny threshold ??? Polygyny threshold Male with no other females (monogamy) Male with other female(s) polygyny threshold Quality of male’s territory Polygyny threshold Polygyny threshold = point at which it’s better to be polygynous on a good territory Male dominance polygyny When females and sage grouse resources too dispersed, males compete Leks = communal display arenas hammerhead bat Uganda kob Leks Classical lek: males display in sight of each other Exploded lek: males rely on vocal communication, e.g. kakapo Leks High variance in male mating success – 10-20% males achieve >50% copulations – one male got 75% copulations wire-tailed manakin Leks • Hotshots – Females attracted to lek by dominant male Leks • Hotshots – Females attracted to lek by dominant male • Hotspots – Leks located in high-use areas Leks • Hotshots – Females attracted to lek by dominant male • Hotspots – Leks located in high-use areas • Female preferences – Females prefer large groups of males Leks Position of most successful male territory shifts (hot shot?) black grouse Removal of dominant male may cause lek to shift, disband Leks Lek placement varies with respect to female density (hot spot??) Paradox of the lek How is genetic variation maintained? Hamilton Rowe and Zuk and Houle Paradox of the lek If females mate once, why do leks form? Polyandry • Usually characterized by sex-role reversals • Factors favoring polyandry include – Male-biased sex ratio Wilson’s – Precocial offspring jacana phalarope – Superabundant food Polyandry spotted sandpiper x Clutch manipulations Selects for production reveal incubation of two clutches constrained at four eggs Monogamy Given sex differences in gamete production, why monogamy? Monogamy Duration may be variable Rare in mammals (<5%) common in birds (>90%) Monogamy Occurs in species where females are widely distributed, rarely encountered mantis shrimp Mate assistance Important when young are Important where habitat is energetically demanding harsh or offspring survival is low cotton-top tamarins emperor penguins Mate assistance Female + male Female only Female enforcement Conflict of interests between the sexes regarding care of offspring, opportunities for additional matings Female untethered Female tethered burying beetle < 6 min > 6 min Duration of male pheromone emission Extra-pair copulations In some species, >50% offspring are extra-pair young tree swallow 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Number of broods of Number 0 0.0 - 0.10 0.91 - 1.0 0.11 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.30 0.31 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.50 0.51 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.70 0.71 - 0.80 0.81 - 0.90 superb fairy wren Proportion of extra-pair young (EPY) 50-90% EPY (avg. 78%) Why do females solicit EPCs? Material benefits? Adelie penguins get rocks from EPC partners Why do females solicit EPCs? Material benefits? scorpionfly • EPCs are less “institutionalized” version of polyandry • Many of the same benefits apply Why do females solicit EPCs? Male defense …against nest predators …against infanticidal males red-winged blackbird Hanuman langur 32% predation on females with EPY 54% predation on females with no EPY Females may mate often to confuse paternity Why do females solicit EPCs? Genetic benefits – Guard against poor sperm quality of mate pseudoscorpion Why do females solicit EPCs? Genetic benefits – Guard against poor sperm quality of mate – Increase genetic diversity of offspring blue tit Why do females solicit EPCs? Genetic benefits – Guard against poor sperm quality of mate – Increase genetic diversity of offspring – Mate with genetically superior male bluethroat EPCs in humans Population % nonpaternity southern Africa (!Kung) 2 rural Michigan, USA ~10 Munich and Copenhagen >10 Italy 13.2 India 15.3 urban Michigan, USA 20.1 Liverpool, UK 20-30 Parental investment Parental investment Behavior that increases Nutrition in egg fitness of offspring at cost to parent Pre-hatching (nest site, protecting eggs) Post-hatching (provisioning, lowland gorilla protecting young) Parental investment Post-hatching investment is rare Patterns of parental investment mallee fowl • Female-only care predominates • Male, biparental care is rare How do we account for the general female bias golden-lion tamarin in parental care? Patterns of parental investment = Richard Dawkins Logic suffers from “sunk cost” or What about the abrupt “Concorde” fallacy termination of investment in polyandrous species? Patterns of parental investment Explained by order of gamete release? Mode of fertilization Provider sex Internal External guppy Male Few Many piranha Female Many Few How to explain the predominance of male care in frogs where males deposit sperm first? Importance of paternity Extra-pair 9 8 paternity 7 6 may select for 5 4 decreased tree 3 male care 2 swallow 1 Number of broods of Number 0 If costs to male and female to rear young 0.0 - 0.10 0.91 - 1.0 0.11 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.30 0.31 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.50 0.51 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.70 0.71 - 0.80 0.81 - 0.90 Proportionare the of same, extra-pair but young only (EPY) 3 of 4 chicks are his… He should reduce his dark-eyed level of investment junco Recognition of unrelated young? No apparent discrimination against EPY male female Male tree swallows show Male yellow warblers do no feeding bias to own not adjust feeding rate chicks, feed those closest in response to cuckoldry or most in need Recognition of unrelated young? Alpha, beta male dunnocks care for young in proportion to time spent with female Females may use mating solicitations to manipulate male parental investment Experimental = male Control = male bluegill on nest with bluegill on nest “sneaker” in a jar Tested defensive responses to nest predator Recognition of unrelated young? Why the difference between care of eggs and care of fry? Sex differences in costs of investment St. Peter’s fish Male care persists where costs to females exceed costs to males? Male care depends on costs/benefits to male ~11 days ~7 days Sex differences in costs of investment giant water bug Large eggs require high level of care .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Does Parental Investment Affect Emotional Concern and Psychopathy in Grown-Up Children?
    Does Parental Investment affect Emotional Concern and Psychopathy in Grown-up Children? Alexej Belskij, 39374 Master's Thesis in Psychology Supervisors: Jan Antfolk and Annika Gunst Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi, 2020 FAKULTETEN FÖR HUMANIORA, PSYKOLOGI OCH TEOLOGI ÅBO AKADEMI Subject: Psychology Author: Alexej Belskij Title: Does Parental Investment affect Emotional Concern and Psychopathy in Grown-up Children? Supervisors: Jan Antfolk and Annika Gunst Parental investment is an important cue for children to determine whether the environment is safe and predictable or risky and chaotic. An unpredictable environment may justify a risky lifestyle with early reproduction and little investment into offspring, while a predictable environment allows a cautious lifestyle and more parental care. Empathic concern and psychopathy can represent there two different life history strategies. We investigated the relationship between parental investment, empathic concern and psychopathy and hypothesized the amount of parental investment to positively influence emotional concern and negatively influence psychopathy. We also explored whether maternal and paternal investment would affect emotional concern or psychopathy differently for men and women. The sample consisted of 1291 participants’ self-reports. Parental investment was assessed with a self-constructed measure, emotional concern was assessed with Interpersonal Reactivity Index questionnaire items and psychopathy was assessed with the Self-Report Psychopathy III form. Using a Structural Equation Model (SEM), we found a positive relationship between maternal investment and emphatic concern (β = 0.15), and a negative relationship between both maternal investment (β = -0.09) and paternal investment (β = -0.08) and psychopathy. Interestingly, maternal investment contributed to their daughters’ empathic concern and paternal investment positively influenced their sons’ emphatic concern.
    [Show full text]
  • Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
    Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory
    challenges Article Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory Lorenza Lucchi Basili 1,† and Pier Luigi Sacco 2,3,*,† 1 Independent Researcher, 20 Chestnut Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Boylston Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3 Department of Comparative Literature and Language Sciences, IULM University, via Carlo Bo, 1, Milan 20143, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-496-0486 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editor: Palmiro Poltronieri Received: 26 February 2016; Accepted: 26 April 2016; Published: 3 May 2016 Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new approach to couple formation and dynamics that abridges findings from sexual strategies theory and attachment theory to develop a framework where the sexual and emotional aspects of mating are considered in their strategic interaction. Our approach presents several testable implications, some of which find interesting correspondences in the existing literature. Our main result is that, according to our approach, there are six typical dynamic interaction patterns that are more or less conducive to the formation of a stable couple, and that set out an interesting typology for the analysis of real (as well as fictional, as we will see in the second part of the paper) mating behaviors and dynamics. Keywords: sexual strategies; emotional attachment; mating; couple formation and dynamics; Tie-Up; Active vs. Receptive Areas; frustration and reward; Tie-Up Cycle; flow inversion 1. Introduction The process of reproductive mating is a clear example of a complex socio-biological phenomenon, of paramount evolutionary importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Mating Strategies Human Mating Strategies
    Human Mating Strategies Human Mating Strategies As descendants of a long line of successful maters, modern humans have inherited the mating strategies that led to their forebear’s success. These include long-term mating, short-term mating, and mixed mating strategies. This article presents empirical evi- dence supporting evolution-based hypotheses about the complexities of these mating strategies, which differ substantially for men and women. array of adaptations specifically dedicated to the David M. Buss, Professor, task of mating. Department of Psychology, Nowhere do people have an equal desire to mate University of Texas, Austin with all people. Everywhere, some people are pre- ferred as mates, others shunned. Desires are central to all facets of mating. They determine who we are attracted to, and who is attracted to us. They influ- ence which attraction tactics will be successful (those that fulfill desires) and which attraction tac- tics will fail (those that violate desires). Successful mate retention tactics involve continuing to provide resources that fulfill the desires of a mate. Failure to Perhaps no adaptive domain is more central to re- fulfill these desires causes breakup and divorce. At production than mating. Those in our evolutionary every step of the mating process, from mate selec- past who failed to mate failed to become ancestors. tion to mate expulsion, desires determine the Modern humans are all descendants of a long and ground rules. unbroken line of ancestors who succeeded in the complex and sometimes circuitous tasks involved in Sexual Selection and Parental Investment mating. As their descendants, modern humans have Although Charles Darwin (1859) recognized that inherited the adaptations that led to the success of survival was central to the evolutionary process, their ancestors.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Aging and Mating: the Ticking of the Biological Clock in Female Cockroaches
    Reproductive aging and mating: The ticking of the biological clock in female cockroaches Patricia J. Moore* and Allen J. Moore School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved June 5, 2001 (received for review March 30, 2001) Females are expected to have different mating preferences be- reproductive state? Few empirical studies have addressed cause of the variation in costs and benefits of mate choice both these questions. Lea et al. (15) present evidence that the between females and within individual females over a lifetime. consistency of mate preference in midwife toads, presumably Workers have begun to look for, and find, the expected variation reflecting a high motivation to mate, is greatest in ovulating among females in expressed mating preferences. However, vari- females. Kodric-Brown and Nicoletto (16) find that older ation within females caused by changes in intrinsic influences has female guppies are less choosy than when they are younger not been examined in detail. Here we show that reproductive even if still virgin. Likewise, Gray (17) demonstrated that older aging caused by delayed mating resulted in reduced choosiness by female house crickets show no significant preference for the female Nauphoeta cinerea, a cockroach that has reproductive calls of attractive males compared with young females. cycles and gives live birth. Male willingness to mate was unaf- An essential factor in considering the effect of reproductive fected by variation in female age. Females who were beyond the state on the expression of female mate choice is to show that in optimal mating age, 6 days postadult molt, required considerably fact there is variation in the costs associated with mate choice less courtship than their younger counterparts.
    [Show full text]
  • Courtship & Mating Reproduction in Insects
    Reproduction Courtship & Mating in Insects • How do the sexes find each other? – Light – Swarming (male only/ female only) – Leks (male aggregations) • Defend territory against males • Court arriving females – Pheromones What do they do once they find each other? Courtship • Close range intersexual behavior that induces sexual receptivity before and during mating. • Allows mate choice among and within species. 1 Types of Courtship • Visual displays Nuptial Gifts • Ritualized movements • 3 forms • Sound production – Cannibalization of males • Tactile stimulation – Glandular product • Nuptial gifts – Nuptial gift • Prey • Salt, nutrients Evolution of nuptial feeding Sexual Cannibalization • Female advantages • Rather extreme – Nutritional benefit • Male actually does not – Mate choice (mate with good provider) willingly give himself • Male advantages up… – Helping provision/produce his offspring – Where would its potential – Female returns sperm while feeding rather than reproductive benefit be? mating with someone else • Do females have • Male costs increased reproductive – Capturing food costs energy and incurs predation success? risk – Prey can be stolen and used by another male. 2 Glandular gifts Nuptial gifts • Often part of the spermatophore (sperm transfer unit) – Occupy female while sperm is being transferred – Parental investment by male • Generally a food item (usually prey) • Also regurgitations (some flies) • But beware the Cubic Zirconia, ladies Sexual selection Types of sexual selection • Intrasexual selection – Contest competition
    [Show full text]
  • Mating Preferences Might Evolve by Natural Selection. If Mating Mate
    A GENERAL MODEL OF SEXUAL AND NATURAL SELECTION P. O'DONALD Department of Zoology, University College of North Wales, bangor Received28.xii.66 1.INTRODUCTION FISHERin The Genetical Theory of JVatural Selection (1930) described how mating preferences might evolve by natural selection. If mating behaviour varies among different genotypes, some individuals may have an hereditary disposition to mate with others having particular characteristics. Usually of course it is the females who choose the males and their choice is determined by the likelihood that the males' display will release their mating responses. If some females prefer to mate with those males that have characteristics advantageous in natural selection, then the genotypes that determine such matings will also be selected: the offspring will carry both the advantageous geno- types and the genotypes of the mating preference. Once the mating preference is established, it will itself add to the selective advantage of the preferred genotypes: a "runaway process" as Fisher called it develops. In a paper in Heredity (1963) I described a mathematical model of this type of selection. In the simplest case two loci must be involved: one locus determines the preferred character and the other the mating preference. If there are only two alleles segregating at each locus, ten different genotypes can occur if the loci are linked and nine if they are not. If they are sex-linked, there are i possible genotypes. I derived finite difference equations giving the frequencies of the genotypes in terms of parameters describing the degree of dominance of the preferred genotypes and the recombination fractions of the loci.
    [Show full text]
  • The Long-Reach of Fathers' Earnings on Children's Skills in Two- Parent
    Running Head: LONG REACH OF FATHERS’ EARNINGS The long-reach of fathers’ earnings on children’s skills in two- parent families: Parental investments, family processes, and children’s language skills Natasha J. Cabrera University of Maryland, College Park Ronald B. Mincy Hyunjoon Um Columbia University Fragile Families Working Paper WP18-06-FF LONG REACH OF FATHERS’ EARNINGS 2 ABSTRACT Using a sample of 735 two-parent families drawn from the FFCWS, we examined the direct and indirect associations between fathers’ permanent earnings during the early childhood and children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes at ages 5 and 9 through parental investments, family processes, and children’s skills at age 3. We found that fathers’ earnings in the early years were significantly related to children’s language skills at age 5 but not to aggressive behavior or to any outcomes at age 9. The association between earnings and language skills at age 5 and math and reading at age 9 were mediated by cognitively stimulating materials and children’s language skills at age 5. The effect sizes are small and the mediating effects of fathers’ earnings on reading and math are only for children of the highest earning fathers. For two-parent families, policies to increase fathers’ earnings alone will have little impact on children’s development. KEYWORDS: Early and middle childhood, FFCW, parental investment, coresidence Note: This work was done when Natasha J. Cabrera and Ron Mincy were Visiting Scholars at the Russell Sage Foundation in 2016. LONG REACH OF FATHERS’ EARNINGS 3 The long-reach of fathers’ earnings on children skills in two- parent families Policies and programs aimed at increasing men’s involvement in their children’s lives have focused on their ability to support them financially.
    [Show full text]
  • Coevolution of Parental Investment and Sexually Selected Traits Drives Sex-Role Divergence
    ARTICLE Received 12 Jan 2016 | Accepted 11 Jul 2016 | Published 18 Aug 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12517 OPEN Coevolution of parental investment and sexually selected traits drives sex-role divergence Lutz Fromhage1 & Michael D. Jennions2 Sex-role evolution theory attempts to explain the origin and direction of male–female differences. A fundamental question is why anisogamy, the difference in gamete size that defines the sexes, has repeatedly led to large differences in subsequent parental care. Here we construct models to confirm predictions that individuals benefit less from caring when they face stronger sexual selection and/or lower certainty of parentage. However, we overturn the widely cited claim that a negative feedback between the operational sex ratio and the opportunity cost of care selects for egalitarian sex roles. We further argue that our model does not predict any effect of the adult sex ratio (ASR) that is independent of the source of ASR variation. Finally, to increase realism and unify earlier models, we allow for coevolution between parental investment and investment in sexually selected traits. Our model confirms that small initial differences in parental investment tend to increase due to positive evolutionary feedback, formally supporting long-standing, but unsubstantiated, verbal arguments. 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. 2 Ecology, Evolution & Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.F. (email: [email protected]) or to M.D.J. (email: [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Must Primate Males Choose?
    Max-Planck-Institut für demogra sche Forschung Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1 · D-18057 Rostock · GERMANY Tel +49 (0) 3 81 20 81 - 0; Fax +49 (0) 3 81 20 81 - 202; http://www.demogr.mpg.de MPIDR WORKING PAPER WP 2010-032 NOVEMBER 2010 To care or to fi ght: must primate males choose? Daniel A. Levitis ([email protected]) Laurie Bingaman Lackey This working paper has been approved for release by: Alexander Scheuerlein ([email protected]), Deputy Head of the Laboratory of Evolutionary Biodemography. © Copyright is held by the authors. Working papers of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed in working papers are attributable to the authors and do not necessarily re ect those of the Institute. 1 To care or to fight: must primate males choose? 2 3 Daniel A. Levitis1,2 and Laurie Bingaman Lackey3 4 1Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 5 Laboratory of Evolutionary Biodemography 6 Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1 7 18057 Rostock Germany 8 Email: [email protected] 9 10 2Museum of Vertebrate Zoology 11 University of California, Berkeley 12 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building 13 Berkeley, CA 94720-3160 USA 14 15 3International Species Information System 16 2600 Eagan Woods Drive, Suite 50 17 Eagan, MN 55121-1170 USA 1 18 Females in all mammalian species care for their offspring, while most mammalian males 19 do not. This failure of paternal investment is generally explained in terms of a trade-off 20 between paternal care and mating competition.
    [Show full text]
  • Mate Choice | Principles of Biology from Nature Education
    contents Principles of Biology 171 Mate Choice Reproduction underlies many animal behaviors. The greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Female sage grouse evaluate males as sexual partners on the basis of the feather ornaments and the males' elaborate displays. Stephen J. Krasemann/Science Source. Topics Covered in this Module Mating as a Risky Behavior Major Objectives of this Module Describe factors associated with specific patterns of mating and life history strategies of specific mating patterns. Describe how genetics contributes to behavioral phenotypes such as mating. Describe the selection factors influencing behaviors like mate choice. page 882 of 989 3 pages left in this module contents Principles of Biology 171 Mate Choice Mating as a Risky Behavior Different species have different mating patterns. Different species have evolved a range of mating behaviors that vary in the number of individuals involved and the length of time over which their relationships last. The most open type of relationship is promiscuity, in which all members of a community can mate with each other. Within a promiscuous species, an animal of either gender may mate with any other male or female. No permanent relationships develop between mates, and offspring cannot be certain of the identity of their fathers. Promiscuous behavior is common in bonobos (Pan paniscus), as well as their close relatives, the chimpanzee (P. troglodytes). Bonobos also engage in sexual activity for activities other than reproduction: to greet other members of the community, to release social tensions, and to resolve conflicts. Test Yourself How might promiscuous behavior provide an evolutionary advantage for males? Submit Some animals demonstrate polygamous relationships, in which a single individual of one gender mates with multiple individuals of the opposite gender.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Sexual Strategies: the Evolution of Long-Term Bonds and Extrapair Sex
    Women's Sexual Strategies: The Evolution of Long-Term Bonds and Extrapair Sex Elizabeth G. Pillsworth Martie G. Haselton University of California, Los Angeles Because of their heavy obligatory investment in offspring and limited off­ spring number, ancestral women faced the challenge of securing sufficient material resources for reproduction and gaining access to good genes. We review evidence indicating that selection produced two overlapping suites of psychological adaptations to address these challenges. The first set involves coupling-the formation of social partnerships for providing biparental care. The second set involves dual mating, a strategy in which women form long­ term relationships with investing partners, while surreptitiously seeking good genes from extrapair mates. The sources of evidence we review include hunter-gather studies, comparative nonhuman studies, cross-cultural stud· ies, and evidence of shifts in women's desires across the ovulatory cycle. We argue that the evidence poses a challenge to some existing theories of human mating and adds to our understanding of the subtlety of women's sexual strategies. Key Words: dual mating, evolutionary psychology, ovulation, relationships, sexual strategies. Hoggamus higgamus, men are polygamous; higgamus hoggamus, women monoga71Jous. -Attributed to various authors, including William James William James is reputed to have jotted down this aphorism in a dreamy midnight state, awaking with a feeling of satisfaction when he found it the next morning. The aphorism captures a widely accepted .fact about differences between women and men: Relative to women, men more strongly value casual sex (Baumeister, Catanese, & Vohs, 2001; Buss & Schmitt, 1993; Schmitt, 2003). James's statement, how­ ever, is dearly an oversimplification.
    [Show full text]