Committee Ppoossiittiioonn Ppaappeerrss

DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE PPOOSSIITTIIOONN PPAAPPEERRSS

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Country: Afghanistan Delegate: Kevin Tamerler

The Taliban Ladies and Gentlemen of the Disarmament and International Security, I am honored to be asked to speak on a topic so closely linked to my own country, and would like to thank the council for recognizing this grave threat to my nation's very existence. And I would like to begin by singling out two among your number for special recognition: two permanent members of the Security Council: Russia and the United States. Many of your governments and your people would like to say that the Taliban are an Afghani problem that necessitates an Afghani solution. Perhaps they are right in some respects, but first I would like to give you a history lesson. Two decades ago, Afghanistan was a puppet state of the USSR, of Russia. A handful of Afghani patriots, many of them ardent Muslims, tried to fight off the might of the atheistic superpower. The CIA, ever opportunistic to be one up on the Russians, chose to support these zealots, sending millions of dollars of equipment and training aid, much of it filtered through Pakistan. The free nations of the world applauded as this scrappy band of freedom fighters defeated the military juggernaut that was Russia, leading to the end of the Cold War, bringing freedom to Eastern Europe. Indeed, one could even say that my people's blood was shed for the sake of your democracies. After the victory, the CIA lost interest in us. We were no longer any use to them, so they simply let us be. Chaos soon reigned. In one small province, a group of former soldiers of the Communist puppet state, finding themselves with force but nothing better to do, bedeviled the local population. The soldiers raped two young girls, and the populace came up in arms, lead by a tall, fiery, one eyed local teacher named Omar. He began with only 30 men and sixteen rifles, they called themselves his students, his Talib, the Taliban. He brought stability to a war-torn nation, crushed the Warlords and allowed people to begin to build a new life after the destruction visited upon by the proxies of the Superpowers. Now, I am not denying that the Taliban are a vicious, extremist force. They bring a form of law not endorsed by the Quran, harsher even than the writings they profess to believe allow. They bring violence to fellow believers as well as to those they see as invaders. I will not argue that the Taliban are a force for good, they are not. What I will argue is that if the west wishes to be free of the Taliban, if they wish there to be freedom in Afghanistan, then they must attack the disease, not the symptoms. NATO today wants to do what the CIA did twenty years ago: get the enemy that threatens them, then cut and run. That lead to the cancerous growth that ultimately brought terror to your cities. What you must do is bring the people of Afghanistan, those who may one day become Talib, to a place where they no longer are faced with the choice between joining the Taliban and death. If the choice they face is religious fundamentalism or starvation, fundamentalism or anarchy, fundamentalism or a corrupt western puppet, fundamentalism or drug dealers; then dignity will allow only one option. The Aghans are a proud people who will never submit to the ignominy of being a narco-state, or to colonialism, or to slow starvation and death. They will fight, and if the only option you give them is Mullah Omar then by God they will fight for Mullah Omar. You, the peoples of the world, especially the ones who created these deplorable conditions, who fermented the dark liquor of the Taliban, need to create a world in which they have a future to fight for. An economic future in which starvation and poverty will be a distant memory, a political future of democracy, free speech and justice, and a future free from the fear that choosing the wrong side in a coin-flip could mean death.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Country: Afghanistan

Delegate: Kevin Tamerler

Cybercrime The attack by Israel upon our neighbor Iran should not be tolerated any more than such an attack would be tolerated had they achieved their aims by bombs and missiles. Look for a moment at the permanent members of the security council: Britain, America, France, Russia, and China. What do they all have in common? They were the first five countries to have nuclear arms. Now, what does this tell us? All countries are supposedly equal in the view of the United Nations, yet these five are more equal than others. What does this show us? It shows us that a nations concerns can only be taken seriously if it possesses nuclear weapons and the will to use them. The case of China is particularly instructive: at first they tried to prevent China from obtaining them, but when presented with a Fait Accompli the free world instead embraced China, giving them power and influence that was at the time completely out of line with their isolationist policies and economic stagnation. Now, what example have you set for the developing nations of the world? If you try to get nuclear weapons, we will try and stop you, but if you get them despite us, then you can come into the clubhouse. Why, then, are we shocked when nations like Iran and North Korea seek Nuclear weapons? Why are we shocked at all that everyone wants the miracle of Nuclear Power for their impoverished people? The reason I have digressed so far, is to bring home a powerful point: Cybercrime is crime, cyber attacks are attacks. In this increasingly digital world, the threat of destroying a nations infrastructure, it's economy, and it's military targets is a grave one, and not to be taken lightly. I propose to the security council that we undertake an investigation into the source of the attack on the Iranians, and when we find what Nation is responsible we hold them no less liable then we would if they had done their bloody work with bombs and bayonets. In this world there is no line between a cyber attack and a real attack. The danger of cybercrime is increased greatly because it does not depend on military, political, or economic might to attempt such an attack. Any nation, or even a non-centralized network such as the Taliban or Al Qaeda with the necessary knowledge could execute such an attack. The danger of such a group virtually shutting down the modern world is deadly. Imagine the economic chaos that could ensue if the global stock markets were shut down for even a day. For this reason, it is critical that the security council take a strong stand against cybercrime now. Do not allow the obvious perpetrators of this crime to escape with no consequences. Many on this council find the aim of preventing a Nuclear Iran an honorable one, and there are arguments to be had there. However, to allow such a blatant attack upon and infringement of a Nation's sovereignty is tantamount to overturning every founding principle of this organization. Do the delegates wish to trample upon the sacrosanct principles of nonaggression? I think not.

Delegation: The African Union Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taleban

The African Union is highly concerned about the activities of the Taleban. Its direct involvement in the sheltering of Osama bin Laden and other militant Islamic groups, large-scale drug trafficking and treatment of women very strictly have become some of the pressing world issues calling for international security. The group has weakened the resolve of the international community and increased recruitment to the insurgency. Through its influence, the Taleban has disengaged the Afghan population from the Afghan government and international efforts; limiting the engagement and effectiveness of policies and agreements established to help the country. A continent plagued with similar problems, the African Union fully grasps the severity of such extremist activities. We strongly discourage acts of terrorism. In support of the Security Council, we condemn allowing Afghanistan to be used as a base for the export of terrorism and for providing safe haven to extremists. Drawing a parallel to attacks by the al-Shabaab in Somalia, we believe that collaborative efforts by member states to establish a firm control of the situation is necessary to diminish the capabilities of the group. A higher level of security is also required to minimize negative spillover effects to regional countries; threats to attack Kenya from the Al-Shabaab has resulted in embassies issuing travel alerts, adversely affecting tourism in our region’s biggest economy. To quote from Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, “Let us now act in concert and we’ll sweep them from Africa”. The African Union believes it is pertinent that the Disarmament and International Security Committee continue its role in promoting dialogue among the parties involved; we see an important development in the 2010 secret peace talks initiated by Taliban commanders. The fact that it took place suggests that some Taliban members were prepared to put faith in an international organization to broker a deal to end the nine-year war. In addition, the fight against terrorist activities of the Taleban naturally concerns the regional countries, and Pakistan is clearly a key stakeholder in this issue. It is imperative that the committee hold direct talks with the Pakistanis on the issues of drug trafficking and extremist activities. The African Union also call for increased funds to promote Afghan self-sufficiency, which remains in short supply and impede efforts to reduce reliance on poppy farms. Despite challenges long withstanding to bring the area under control, we must continue to engage the key stakeholders and eventually convince them to cooperate; raising international security and stability.

References

“African Union Seeks Troops to Halt `Taliban-Style' Safe Haven” Bloomberg. Web. Jul 26, 2010

“Afghanistan & the United Nations” UN News Centre. Web. 1 Feb 2011

“Religious Extremism in NWFP, Swat and Chitral: Impact on Gilgit-Baltistan” UNPO. Web. August 11,2009 < http://www.unpo.org/article/9914> “Tunisia – Sahel – Africa - Afghanistan – defence cooperation” French Embassy. Web.19 January 2011 “The Taleban of Eastern Africa The Islamic Courts Union won the fight over Mogadishu – is Somalia finally becoming a safe-haven for Al Qaeda?” World Security Network. Web. 08-Aug-06

“UN in secret peace talks with Taliban” Guardian.co.uk. Web. Thursday 28 January 2010

“Countering Taliban Information Operations in Afghanistan” NDU PRESS. Web. September 2010

"The Taliban and Its Regional Impact: The Implications for U.S. Policy" The Nixon Center. Web. April 17, 2000

“Alarming Increase in Taliban Activities in Pakistan” ground report. Web. March 31, 2009

Delegation: The African Union Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism With the development of Internet and other cyberspace communication, the concept of cyberterrorism is simultaneously more focused on by the public. Cyberterrorism, where hackers and crackers are involved, includes different sorts of attacks which largely impede the daily communication all over the world and even cause great loss from different aspects. Therefore, the existence of Disarmament and International Security Committee will be decisive to the stability of cyberspace. More specifically, the African Union believes that the committee must cooperate with different corresponding parties and provide necessary assistance to maintain the natinoal security within African Union, reduce the cyber attack both internet and non-internet, and rebuild a safe internet infrastructure within African countries. In Africa, the existence of development countries implies the explosive growth in information and communication technologies, and the challenges regarding cyberterrorism are urgent to be overcome. According to the report presented on cyber security at Cote D’Ivoire in 2008, cyber crime in Africa is growing faster than on any other continent. Countries especially like Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana belong to the countries that are under serious cyber attack all over Africa. The forms of attack include fraudulent credit card transactions originating from USA and HK, The reasons underlying the phenomena could be found which basically including several major aspects. Antivirus applications wouldn’t be fast enough to clean contaminated PCs; some computer users do not adopt necessary actions to lessen the rising online threats, lacking even basic knowledge of computers; and most African countries have no legal regulations to stop or prosecute online crime. With the globalization trend, there is more cooperation between African countries and other countries throughout the world, and the economic sustainability together with the political stability will also correlated with other countries’ benefit. Definitely, the African Union would like to reinstate the fact that UN’s effort will be essential to effectively build the communication system, reducing the economics loss caused by the cyber attack and stable the country’s daily operation. So far, it could be seen that several African Countries have made attempts to enact the relevant legislation and penalize the hackers or crackers, provide online computer training and create IT security awareness, but given the instability of some of the African regime, insufficient capital to run the programs, and relatively low awareness of cyber safety by the general public, the role of UN will be more and more important. Apart from providing more substantial education on anti cyber-attack, reinforcing the legislation process, UN also bears the mission to unify African countries on the issue and ensure the sustainable development of the whole world.

References:

Africa Could Become The Cybercrime Capital Of The World

West Africa to Fight Cybercrime - Online Computer Training Can Create IT Security Awareness

Cyber Crime Africa Summit

Cyber terrorism hits Nigeria

Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana top cybercrime in Africa Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban Country: Albania Delegates: Jennifer Linker and Victor Ivanov

There is no denying that the Taliban is a strong and extreme religious group, unlawfully using force to ensure their sustained success and presence in Middle Eastern countries. Albania is against terrorism and terrorist groups within and outside of their boarders, preaching a declaration of religious toleration and cooperation. National sovereignty and political freedom are two of the most important aspects of forming a national identity. This is what Afghanistan is aiming to do, and a variety of groups have attempted to influence the direction of Afghani development including the Taliban. The nation of Albania supports both resolutions passed by the United Nations General Assembly, Resolution 64-11 and 63-18, for curbing the extreme activities of the Taliban. As Resolution 64-11 states it is imperative that the United Nations assist each nation in finding their own direction and developing into their own powerful entity, the resolution: “Stresses the central and impartial role of the United Nations in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan…guided by the principle of reinforcing Afghan ownership and leadership;”. Albania stresses that it is important that the Afghani government works to determine its own motives, so that unrest within its boarders can calm and the Taliban can stop their aggressive attacks. Albania recognizes that to some people, what might appear to be terrorist organizations could resemble a dedicated movement for a national cause to others, and wishes for the international community to respect the “growing pains” that each nation will experience while establishing its own identity. That is not to say that Albania supports aggression or violence, the nation only wishes to ensure that self-expression and equality are duly represented within each nation’s government. Albania prides itself on not only its religious toleration, but also its religious harmony. Albania is one of the few nations where religious devotion does not directly translate into extremism, and that is because the people are open to diverse ideas, and even though the nation is predominantly Islamic, the people understand that accepting their neighbors is just as important as sharing ones own ideals with others. In terms of violence, Algeria has a strong anti- terrorism policy, which they recently reestablished. They have no tolerance for groups that they deem active in pursuing criminal activities to demonstrate their superiority. They have established a framework for determining what organizations constitute terrorist groups, how to identify them, how to punish them, and what their rights going forward consist of. Albania has ratified all twelve of the United Nation’s anti-terrorism resolutions. In terms of future goals for relations with the Taliban, Albania would like to see governments world-wide developing active ways of defining terrorism within their own boarders so they can begin to understand what constitutes a terrorist attack and how to handle its emergence. Albania would like to encourage each nation to implement an education program for its people, which will help them understand the significance of non-extremist groups and other potential streams they could take to ensuring their ideas are expressed. Albania would also like to encourage the creation of an organized legal system that the international community could implement in determining and reprimanding global terrorists. Finally, Albania would like to recommend that each nation implement something similar to their own organization entitled, the Interministerial Coordinating Committee, a group that coordinates information on terrorism from different branches of the government bringing it to a centralized place and acting as an ombudsman for the communication and spreading of national terrorism policies, neutral to any partial opinions.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism Country: Albania Delegates: Jennifer Linker and Victor Ivanov

Electronic communication services and networks are the backbone of Albania’s economy. Nearly 93% of EU companies and 51% of Europeans actively used the internet in 2007. However natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and premeditated human action can pose serious risks to Albania’s information and communication services. Recent and serious attacks on Estonia, Lithuania and Georgia proved that essential electronic communication services and networks are under constant threat. In regards to the Taliban, the possibility of cyberterrorism remains a concern as the Taliban has become increasingly aware of the advantages of cyberterrorism to its objectives. They have become adept at using the internet to distribute propaganda and other information, communicate with supporters, and facilitate other operations. Banks and corporations are also a large target of cyberterrorism groups, the most prominent example being the 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia. Smooth functioning of communications infrastructures is vital for key areas of Albania’s economy ranging from energy distribution and water supply to transportation, finance and other important services. Albania recognizes that the internet plays a vital role in the stability of government agencies and corporations as well as essential functions of daily life and thus realizes that it is responsible to enhance the security of information technology within its borders. Albania also recognizes the constant threat of cyber terrorism groups and supports measures to allay the threat of cyber terrorist action. Albania is a member of a number of international organizations, as well as multiple regional organizations, including NATO, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the UN, the Stability Pact, the Adriatic Charter, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), most of which are fairly well equipped to handle cyber terrorist attacks. In addition, Albania has also worked hard to comply with the precedents set by the European Union on preventative measures for cyberterrorist attacks and has supported U.S. anti-terrorism efforts by freezing terrorist assets and shutting down NGO’s with possible links to terrorist financing. Albania’s Interministerial Coordinating Committee (ICC) has coordinated information on terrorism from different branches of its government by bringing it to a centralized place for the communication of national terrorism policies. As far as proposed solutions and preventative measures for cyberterrorist activities, Albania advocates fostering cooperation and a greater exchange of information and good policy practices among members of the United Nations and other world organizations of which it is also a member. Albania is also in favor of fostering stronger communication with its allies in the UN and other organizations for joint responses to large-scale communication network attacks. Albania would also be in favor of private security help but would need supplemental funding from outside organizations as it is currently in the process of making substantial changes to its government and economic infrastructure. Lastly, Albania encourages other countries to implement organizations similar to the ICC in order to combat potential cyberterrorism threats. Delegation from the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Represented by: Bocconi University,

Position paper for the General Assembly, Disarmament and International Security Committee The issues before the General Assembly, Disarmament and International Security Committee are:

1. Topic Area A: The Taliban Delegate: Gianluca De Santis

The Taliban’s recent resurgence and the deep entrenchment it has achieved in the Afghan and Pakistani region are seriously endangering the most inviolable human rights, thus demanding to be handled with the utmost attention and care. For this reason, the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, in compliance with the first article of the charter of the United Nations, urges this assembly to take effective collective measures for the removal of threats to the peace, hence to renew and further strengthen the resolutions adopted on January 27th, 2009 and on January 20th, 2010. As one of the first countries to condemn the 9/11 terrorist attacks and mindful of a decade-long experience with domestic terrorism, which culminated with the attacks that took place in Algiers in April 2007, confirms its commitment to the global fight against terrorism. Nowadays in Afghanistan such commitment necessarily takes the form of concrete presence, support and solidarity with the Afghan people, in order to urge the development of a democratic society after the years of “Taliban terror”. That is why aid workers should keep on operating in the region and all the necessary steps to ensure their safety, security and free movement in the country, avoiding the interference with the Taliban, should be taken by the member countries and the Afghan Authorities, in conformity with resolution 63/18. All Member States should deny the Taliban any form of financial and political support (in conformity with resolution 64/11 Art.7) and should put all their effort to bring to justice the perpetrators of the attacks in the region, as well as to improve the Consolidated List, in order to ensure that the sanctions against individuals and entities can be implemented effectively. On the other hand, direct measures against sovereign states should be avoided as they would result into excessive meddling in those nations themselves. At the same time the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria wishes to reassert its call to distinguish between terrorism and political resistance, urging all Member States to focus their attention on moderate Taliban safeguard, since, as Afghan citizens to all intents and purposes, they undoubtedly deserve adequate safeguard, in order to lay the solid foundations for a unite Afghanistan. Hand in hand, this delegation deems Afghanistan current government legitimized to rule the country in conformity with 2009 presidential elections’ results; yet, it acknowledges that the courage of the Afghan people for their active engagement in the electoral process should be characterized, in the upcoming round of voting, by higher security standards in order to ensure a higher voter turnout, that would express the will of the Afghan people to a wider extent.

2. Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism Delegate: Andrea Pelliccia

The fight against cyber terrorism is intensifying through the setting-up of the necessary legal tools, not only for the issue of possible attacks to some of the most critical and important governmental agencies but even to the use of internet as a way of financing some of the most dangerous terroristic cells. For these reasons Algeria’s government has already issued a law on August 5th, 2009; articles 3, 4 and 7 give the state powers to eavesdrop and censor Internet content whenever irregularities and abuses are founded. This whole law also make clear the citizen rights as given in the constitution of explicit freedom of expression and right to privacy. Always considering the legal tools, the Ministry of Justice has provided a new training session in which judges from different courts in Algeria are trained in new specializations including punitive mechanisms and legal provisions to fight electronic terrorism. Algeria is still trying to develop new methods to fight more efficiently the cyber terrorism threat but it’s even looking forward to enhance the relations with all the other Arab countries to have a more effective control over the Islamic fundamentalism terroristic activities in North Africa. During the 34th Arab Police and Security Conference, held in Tunis on December 8th and 9th 2010, Arab security officials stressed the need to safeguard Arab IT system and urged representatives of the Arab League and Interpol to use encryption to ensure information contained in Arab IT system. Another main point of the conference was the necessity to severely punish perpetrators of IT terrorism remarked by all the government participating at the conference as one of the priority of the Arab states. Therefore, renewing the internal dispositions plus fast and effective international cooperation are the critical point for Algeria’s battle against cyber terrorism. Algeria believes that next years will be crucial for consolidating the anti-cyber terrorism agreements among Arab states and the rest of the world, especially United State of America, which is always on the cutting edge of IT technologies and is seen as a reference point in this field. Delegation from the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Represented by: Bocconi University,

Position paper for the General Assembly, Disarmament and International Security Committee The issues before the General Assembly, Disarmament and International Security Committee are:

1. Topic Area A: The Taliban Delegate: Gianluca De Santis

2. Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism Delegate: Andrea Pelliccia

Committee: General Assembly – Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic: Taliban Country: Principat d’Andorra (Principality of Andorra) School: Anglo-American University in Prague

The principality of Andorra has minimal regular military force and is not a part of NATO and is not actively taking part in the International war on terror in Afghanistan. However Andorra stands firmly by its allies and partners acknowledging the need for the ongoing military operations in Afghanistan and its boarders with Pakistan. Realizing that the Taliban is the leading force behind the destruction of international efforts in the region as well as a means of fueling anti-western Islamic extremism, Andorra wishes to underline that efforts in the region so far have hit unfertile soil and haven’t been as effective as hoped.

It is time for the international community to redefine the core problems and concentrate on finding lasting solutions. For too long have we searched for quick solutions and immediate victories. Let us not repeat the mistakes made before in Afghanistan, where a lengthy war lead by the soviets in 1979 ended up destroying the country after the red armys withdrawal guided by the Geneva accords, their failure to address the post-occupation period adequately and the US loss of interest in the region.

Andorra believes that much work needs to be done before troops can be withdrawn from the region and even more work to secure a safe environment afterwards. Defeating the influence of the Taliban and the criteria for such a defeat are crucial. Cutting the funding of Taliban not only from Persian golf states but also as it so happens, from the investments of US companies contracted to create infrastructure and rebuild from the ashes on location in Afghanistan. Destroying Darra Adamkhel in Pakistan’s North-West Frontier Province and similar gun markets in tribal areas where Taliban gets most of its arms from. Diminishing poppy fields across the country and turning farmers to agriculture. Decreasing the use of UAV attacks to a minimum and thus decreasing civilian casualties. Launching a new wave of humanitarian help which is everso needed by the citizens who living in one the least developed countries in the world now have a choice between living in fear or hatred. A situation fueled as much by the Taliban as by failed efforts to secure the region. The drive to bring safety back to the Afghan people must also include education of its people.

Andorra is looking forward to continue supporting its allies and partners on the field of International security, namely Spain and France in their involvement in Afghanistan as they have bravely done so far. And while Andorra hasn’t actively been fighting in the region, we would like to become a flagship for change, tipping the balance from sticks to carrots, from weapons, to helping hands.

Committee: General Assembly – Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic: Cyberterrorism Country: Principat d’Andorra (Principality of Andorra) School: Anglo-American University in Prague

There is not one universal definition of cyber-terrorism. The Internet is a global and extremely complex medium. It can be not only used to perform terrorist acts but also as a source of information for terroristic purposes, a mean of communication for terrorist groups and a space for supporting networks and communities with terroristic background. Cyber-terrorism can cause all different kinds of damage. It can be only a form of protest as well as a criminal activity motivated by ideological or economical reasons. It is extremely difficult to identify, let alone prosecute, the offender or offenders as it can be individuals as well as organized groups of different character and background. The Principality of Andorra is convinced that regarding the global character of the Internet it is necessary to treat cyber-terrorism as a global problem. The international community needs to cooperate in this matter. We need to establish common framework for fight with terrorism on the Internet. The basic is sharing information and expertise. Andorra supports building a shared database concerning terrorist activities and communities on the Internet. Cooperation with the private sector is also crucial. We must protect critical information systems on both global and regional level. Andorra wants to emphasize the requisite of creating international legal platform and measures for dealing with this type of criminal activity. Angola: Reconciliation Reflects Addressing of People's Concerns

17 September 2010

Saurimo — The reconciliation among all Angolans is a manifestation of the addressing of the problems afflicting the people, in response to the slogan proclaimed by the first and late president António Agostinho Neto.

This was said on Friday in Saurimo, north-eastern Lunda Sul province, by Angolan minister of Public Administration, Employment and Social Security, Antonio Pitra Neto.

The minister was speaking at a talk under the main event of the celebrations of the National Hero's Day, September 17, in homage to Antonio Agostinho Neto.

He said the Independence of Angola, proclaimed on November 11, 1975, was a landmark that led to the inauguration of journey towards the gradual resolution of people's problems.

On the other hand, he said that the peace attained in 2002, was determining to capitalise and make the measures in favour of the citizens more tangible, noting that this has enabled to reach the goal set by Agostinho Neto in his slogan "One people on Nation".

Pitra Neto appealed to all citizens to work hard and with responsibility and zeal with a view to accomplishing Agostinho Neto's directions of "production, discipline and vigilance".

He said the resolution of the people's problems requires continued dedication from all citizens.

Before the talk, minister Pitra Neto laid a wreath by Agostinho Neto's monument in Saurimo.

AllAfrica - All the Time

MPLA Reaffirms Fight Against Discriminatory Behaviours

13 December 2010

Sumbe — MPLA is the greatest force with nationwide implantation and profound roots in popular masses for rejecting and fighting racism, tribalism and regionalism, as well as practices that attempt to divide Angolans or the national territory, stated last Saturday this party's secretary general.

Julião Mateus Paulo "Dino Matrosse" spoke at the central act in the ambit of the 54th anniversary of the ruling MPLA foundation, organised in Sumbe district, central Kwanza Sul Province.

According to the politician, as fruit of the recognition of guaranteeing better living condition for the population, the party grew from 600, 000 militants in 1992 to four million.

The secretary general spoke about the history of the organisation, from its foundation, in the fight against national independence, defence of national sovereignty, achievement of peace and the process of national reconciliation and reconstruction. He spoke of the persecution of nationalists in the trial of almost 50 patriots accused of conspiracy and the uprising of Kassanje region that resulted in a massacre, on January 4, 1961, and the February 4 mass liberation movement, followed by arrests and massacre of natives.

He quoted heroes in the struggle against colonialism, such as the first president, Agostinho Neto, whom he considers a "man of culture and politics" who knew how to conduct the armed struggle and diplomatic efforts that led the Angolan people to national independence, on November 11, 1975.

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Citizens Recognise November 11 - Head of State

11 November 2010

Luanda — The Angolan head of State, José Eduardo dos Santos, Wednesday in Luanda, said he was happy to see that the divergences were overcome and that all Angolans recognised the November 11 as a national celebration day.

The president said Angola overcame its divergences and contradictions after a long period of hurdles, to attain peace and national reconciliation.

The head of State was addressing the ceremony of decoration of ex-combatants and war-veterans.

National independence and peace have created the conditions for all to work towards improving the quality of living of everyone, he also said.

A total of 60 citizens who contributed to the national liberation struggle were awarded medals.This was as part of the celebrations of the 35th anniversary of Angola's independence, on November 11.

AllAfrica - All the Time

Minister Praises Mass Media History in 35 Years of Independence

10 November 2010

Benguela — The Angolan minister of Social Communication, Carolina Cerqueira, Wednesday stressed the course, in 35 years of National Independence, of the sector she leads in its role to promote the national unity and preservation of social cohesion.

In an interview to Angop, at the end of working visit to the southern Benguela province, Carolina Cerqueira said the sector always followed up the main events that marked the country's life, despite the Mass Media Ministry to have been institutionalised in 1992. During the mentioned period, Angola's Social Communication Organs carried out an extensive work of information, mainly in defence of peace and national reconciliation that boosted the country's development for the social wellbeing of population.

According to the official, both the social communication and culture have the same objective to disseminate the country's reality, taking to the public at national and international level what is good in Angola.

The mass media minister was accompanied by the secretary general of the Ministry, Lucas André, the chairpersons of boards of directors of Angolan News Agency (Angop), national radio station (RNA), public television station (TPA) and newspaper.

AllAfrica - All the Time

Governor Defends Continuous Participation in Peace Consolidation

20 September 2010

Menongue — The need for every Angolan to continue participating in the consolidation of the peace process and national reconciliation was defended last weekend in Kuchi District, by the governor of Kuando Kubango Province, Eusébio de Brito Teixeira.

The governor made this statement at the political rally in the ambit of the 17 September date, National Hero's Day, in honour of the first president of the country, António Agostinho Neto, and other heroes, a holiday that in the province was celebrated in Kuchi District, 93 kilometres east of Menongue City.

Eusébio de Brito Teixeira defended also participation of Angolans in the National Reconciliation process and strengthening democracy and rule of law, under the leadership of the Angolan statesman, José Eduardo dos Santos.

The rally counted on the presence of members of the provincial government, members of parliament, representatives of the ruling MPLA party, religious personalities, administrator of Kuchi, Teresa Intumba, traditional authorities, members of the governing party's youth wing (JMPLA) and people in general.

AllAfrica - All the Time

President's Role in National Reconstruction Highlighted

13 August 2010

Caxito — The contribution of the head of State, José Eduardo dos Santos in the political and socio- economic stability of the country was highlighted on Friday in the city of Caxito, Bengo province, by the MP Francisco Cortez.

During a lecture, the MPLA deputy said that the president played a great role to reach peace and in the reconciliation among Angolans.

Memorandum for Peace in Cabinda Signed Four Years Ago

2 August 2010

Luanda — The signing of the Memorandum of Understanding for Peace and Reconciliation in Angola's northern Cabinda province, completed four years on August 1 this year.

The Memorandum was signed in 2006, in the Noble Hall of south-western Namibe province's district administration, by the minister of Territory Administration, Virgílio de Fontes Pereira, for the Government, and the leader of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue (FCD), António Bento Bembe.

Among other issues, the accord included the granting of a special status for Cabinda, based on the respect for the Constitution and other legislation in force in the Republic of Angola as a united and indivisible nation.

It also includes the approval of an Amnesty Law, ceasing of hostilities, demilitarisation of the forces of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and adjustment of the Angolan Armed Forces in Cabinda's military region.

In his address on the occasion, Virgílio Fontes Pereira said the Government always kept a clear stand on the Cabinda issue.

He then stated that Cabinda is part of Angola and its situation should be considered in the respect for the law in force in the country.

In his turn, Bento Bembe assured that his organisation would reject any attitude that could push the people of Cabinda back into an environment of unrest and absence of peace.

"Peace in the enclave has come to stay", he then said, after signing the Memorandum.

In his turn, Roberto de Almeida, who represented the head of State at the meeting, José Eduardo dos Santos, stated that "in fact, since April 2002 that only in the province of Cabinda there continued to exist an armed conflict, overcome by patriotism, good sense and capacity for dialogue from all parties involved."

He also called for a recognition of the clearsightedness showed by the head of State and all those who placed the interests of the country above eventual contingencies of geographic, historical and cultural nature.

He recalled that it was the acceptance by the Government authorities of its particularity that dictated the granting of a special status for Cabinda province, to the interest of its populations and of the people of Angola in general. On the same day, the ruling MPLA party Politburo, in a declaration issued on the occasion of the ceremony, saluted the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding for Peace and Reconciliation in Cabinda and all parties involved in the process, with stress to the president of the Republic.

The Politburo reiterated its firm purpose of abiding by the ideals of the Angolan people and do its best towards the construction of a united and indivisible motherland, in which each Angolan feels as part and parcel, regardless of political options, religion, race, place of birth or any other difference.

Meanwhile, on August 10, 2006, the National Assembly authorised the president of the Republic, José Eduardo dos Santos, in his capacity as highest magistrate of the Nation to make peace in Cabinda, within the terms of the Memorandum signed on August 1.

In a resolution approved with 129 votes in favour, none against and no abstention, the Parliament considered that the accord resulted from the pressing need for peace in Cabinda, expressed and felt daily by the populations of Angola in general and of the enclave, in particular.

The National Assembly also approved the Memorandum of Understanding for Peace and Reconciliation in Cabinda, which imparted more legal dignity to the document that contained several actions awaiting implementation with a view to the end of the conflict in the province.

On the same day, the National Assembly approved the Amnesty Law for Peace and Reconciliation in Cabinda, within the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding.

The draft that was later on promulgated by the president of the Republic, covered all military crimes also committed within the framework of the conflict until the date of the signing of the accord.

The Parliament also approved a resolution that authorised the Government to make alterations to the organic structures of the provinces, districts and local administrations.

This includes the approval of a Special Status for Cabinda, under the Memorandum of Understanding, following the recognition, by the Government, of the historical, geographic and cultural particularities of the province.

The Memorandum sets the general bases for the organisation, powers and functioning of the State Administration in Cabinda, within the framework of its integration in the political and administrative division of the country and respect for the Constitution and other existing legislation.

The speaker was lecturing under the theme "Engineer José Eduardo dos Santos - the greatest example of humility and patriotism" part of the festival "Congratulations Zé Dú" sponsored by the Association Colossal Youth.

The lecture is part of the celebration of the 68th anniversary of the head of State to be marked on 28th August.

Born in Luanda in 1942, José Eduardo dos Santos is son of Eduardo Avelino dos Santos and Jacinta José Paulino.

Constitution Reflects Consolidation of Democracy and Lawful State

13 May 2010

Luanda — The minister of Home Affairs, Roberto Leal Ramos Monteiro "Ngongo", this Thursday considered the new Constitution of Angola, in force since last February 05, proves the commitment of the Angolan people to the consolidation of democracy and the lawful state.

The official was speaking at the opening ceremony of the third meeting of the Fire-fighters Union of the Portuguese Speaking Countries (UBPLP), happening until next Friday 14 in the Angolan capital, Luanda.

The minister said that after the eight years of peace, the Republic of Angola is under a process of reconciliation and creation of a climate of confidence conducive to the consolidation of democracy and lawful state.

He also made reference to the national reconstruction process, with particular emphasis to the rehabilitation of socio-economic infrastructures.

The Portuguese Speaking Countries Community (CPLP) is made up of the Republics of Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, Sao Tome and Principe ad East Timor.

Angola is aware that email scams remain the most prevalent of computer crimes in Africa. However, technological advance will make external cyber terrorism possible in the future. After meetings at the UN World Information Society Summit, we decided to combat these crimes with our Plan of Action for Electronic Governance. This project will include mapping the identity and identification of all our citizens who will be enrolled into a database of digital identities. Angola supports the Convention on Cyber Crime and seeks to make its laws compatible with the Convention on Cyber crime and its additional protocol. . We support the Convention’s commitment to prevent illegal access, illegal interception, data interference, system interference, misuse of devices, computer-related forgery, computer-related fraud, offences related to child pornography and offences related to copyrights. We further support the Additional Protocol and its prevention of hate crime propaganda. We believe this will help in preventing certain forces from easily using the internet to destabilize our efforts at national reconciliation with the use of hate messages based on ethnic differences. We look forward to greater international cooperation in controlling these abuses and have made these abuses incompatible with our laws and have established the procedural tools necessary to investigate and prosecute such violations. We believe the state where a cybercrime is committed should have jurisdiction unless previous legal arrangement provide for other arrangements. We view the treaty process as the source of international law as it involves the sovereign decision to sign and ratify. Angola believes it proper to employ hactivists for defensive purposes.

Microsoft Corp chief executive officer Steve Ballmer announced new partnerships with the government of Angola, and closer collaboration with the European Union (EU) to accelerate Africa’s social and economic development at the second annual African Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Best Practices Forum.

Organised in partnership with the government of Burkina Faso and the EU, the forum brings high-level officials in the public sector, multilateral and non-governmental organisations, and business leaders together to discuss how ICT can help foster more efficient and transparent public services and development across the continent.

“During the next 10 years, a new wave of technology innovations will make computing more affordable, more powerful and more accessible than ever,” Ballmer said. “These advances will make it possible to deliver the benefits of information technology much more broadly across Africa. At Microsoft, we are committed to working in close partnership with African governments, international organisations, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and others to facilitate e-government initiatives, promote technology access and capacity building, and share regional and global best practices.”

Through its Unlimited Potential commitment, and in support of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals, the partnerships Microsoft announced today will accelerate the adoption of relevant, affordable and accessible technology in both the public and private sector. The partners will combine their respective expertise in development and technology to develop projects and solutions applicable across Africa.

The government of Angola and Microsoft have expanded their local strategic partnership to provide secure and accessible ICT to the government and the people of Angola. This includes a commercial enterprise agreement, as well as a commitment to implement technology-access, e-government, skills development, digital inclusion and digital literacy programmes.

“The Government is clear that information and communication technology — when implemented in ways that are locally relevant — can help enhance the services we deliver to the people of Angola,” said Professor Pedro Teta, Honorable Vice-Minister of Science and Technology, Angola. “It can improve communications, ensure transparency and reduce costs. It can also support social and economic development, stimulate our private sector, and help our local industries to be even more competitive. Considering the current growth rates of our economy and our desire to embrace technology in its many different forms, partnerships like the one signed today with Microsoft are significant.”

Microsoft was one of the first companies to join the EU-Africa Business Forum when it was launched in November 2006 by Louis Michel, European Commissioner responsible for Development and Humanitarian Aid. Microsoft’s chairman for Africa, Dr Cheick Modibo Diarra, has chaired the ICT working group since the EU-Africa Business Forum’s inception. He was recently appointed as co-chair with Sir John Grant, the president (Europe) of BHP Billiton, of the next EU-Africa Business Forum, which supports the NEPAD eSchools initiative.

At the ICT Best Practices event, the EU is supporting the attendance of NGOs, and small and medium-sized enterprises from across Africa — the intention being to develop the dialogue between public and private stakeholders and foster concrete plans for best practices implementation programmes.

“We should not forget that investment in ICT can lead to major advances in reaching the UN’s Millennium Development Goals,” Michel said. “My objective, and the goal of the European Commission, is to help bridge the digital divide in all corners of Africa and to integrate the African economy into the global market. I’d like to thank and commend the government of Burkina Faso and Microsoft for hosting the ICT Best Practices Forum towards this shared aim.”

To enable African governments and citizens to share best practices and their success stories, Burkina Faso’s Ministry of Technology has officially launched the ICT Best Practices website. The initiative, spearheaded by Dr Diarra and constructed by Microsoft Gold Certified Partner Softnet Burkina SA, presents an interactive database of information submitted by public sector agencies and non-governmental organisations throughout Africa on a pan-African website. The site can be found at To apply for this position, please visit

This article was found at the online version of afrol News. The URL and reference to the article is http://www.afrol.com/articles/17316

Angola Technology | Human rights | Economy - Development Angola going for e-governance .. or e-censorship afrol News, 17 November - The Angolan government has announced an ambitious "Plan of Action for Electronic Governance", starting next year. The project includes electronic mapping and registering of the identity of all Angolans, using new technologies. Sceptics however hold that there still is a lack of legislation regarding protection of privacy and that authorities are planning to censor the Internet.

The large Angolan government delegation at the UN World Information Society Summit (WSIS), and headed by Prime Minister Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, yesterday visited the stand of the Swiss company WISeKey. WISeKey SA is responsible for the design, implementation and management of the "Secure Angola Project", which is planned as a component of the "Action Plan for Electronic Governance", aimed at taking conclusive steps towards a digital society in Angola.

The Prime Minister said that "the emergence of the knowledge society will demand from all of us new ways of seeing and analysing the world around us and new governance paradigms. This will involve new models and new schemes for interaction between government and citizens, giving another vision and greater effectiveness to citizens' contact with and participation in the social, cultural, educational, academic, economic and political life of the country."

Indeed, the government of Angola is working on one of Africa's most ambitious e- governance schemes. According to the action plan, the project includes mapping the identity and identification of all citizens to enrol all Angolans into a database of digital identities. For this to happen, the government has put special emphasis on the security of electronic communications.

According to the Swiss technology provider, Angola was to get "appropriate solutions" resolve the problems of security of communications, identity and identification of citizens. Carlos Moreira, Chairman of WISeKey, in a statement yesterday stressed the security and "sovereignty" needs of states such as Angola, but did not focus on citizens' needs for security and data privacy.

"In modern societies," Mr Moreira said, "the existence of technologies is not sufficient to turn them into contemporary societies, i.e. into knowledge societies. The wide variety of situations of insecurity encountered by the outside world and the mobility of the majority of citizens reaffirm the need for new forms of sovereignty: the identity and identification of citizens, using digital media, are of vital importance in reasserting the sovereignty of states."

In a country like Angola, where the government willingly restricts access to information and press freedom, the "sovereignty" to identify citizens' use of digital media may of course turn into a powerful weapon of censorship and mapping of citizens acceding websites criticising the government. This issue was not addressed in public by the Swiss provider, who will not detail the possibilities made available to Angolan authorities.

Data privacy legislation is still at an infant stage in Angola and the issue so far has not been brought to a public debate in the media. Therefore, there exist few legal limits to which data authorities can collect from citizens - for example which Internet sites they have looked at - and how authorities may use these data. This lack of legislation, combined with new and powerful mapping tools, may lead to abuse, critics hold.

Professor Pedro Teta, Angolan Deputy Minister and Chairman of the National Information Technology Commission, however is optimistic. Angola is now to be brought "up to the front line of countries committed to building the knowledge society. We are fully aware that we have a long way to go because of various historic factors, but we have the will," Mr Teta says.

"As a result, over the next five years, Angola will spare no effort in seeking to attain the levels of development in the field of knowledge and use of ICT that can bring us closer to best practice on other continents," Professor Teta states. He says he counts on essential support from President Eduardo dos Santos as well as "the institutional solidarity of the government as a whole."

By staff writer

Convention on Cybercrime From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

The Convention on Cybercrime is the first international treaty seeking to address Computer crime and Internet crimes by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques and increasing cooperation among nations.[1][2] It was drawn up by the Council of Europe in Strasbourg with the active participation of the Council of Europe's observer states Canada, Japan and China.

The Convention and its Explanatory Report was adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe at its 109th Session on 8 November 2001. It was opened for signature in Budapest, on 23 November 2001 and it entered into force on 1 July 2004.[3] As of 2 September 2006, 15 states had signed, ratified and acceded to the convention, while a further 28 states had signed the convention but not ratified it.[4]

On 1 March 2006 the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime came into force. Those States that have ratified the additional protocol are requited to criminalize the dissemination of racist and xenophobic material through computer systems, as well as of racist and xenophobic-motivated threats and insults.[5]

Contents [hide]

• 1 Objectives • 2 Accession by the USA • 3 Accession by other non-European states • 4 See also • 5 References • 6 Further reading • 7 External links

[edit] Objectives

The Convention is the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer- related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security. It also contains a series of powers and procedures such as the search of computer networks and Lawful interception.

Its main objective, set out in the preamble, is to pursue a common criminal policy aimed at the protection of society against cybercrime, especially by adopting appropriate legislation and fostering international co-operation.

The Convention aims principally at:

1. harmonising the domestic criminal substantive law elements of offences and connected provisions in the area of cyber-crime 2. providing for domestic criminal procedural law powers necessary for the investigation and prosecution of such offences as well as other offences committed by means of a computer system or evidence in relation to which is in electronic form 3. setting up a fast and effective regime of international co-operation.

The following offences are defined by the Convention: illegal access, illegal interception, data interference, system interference, misuse of devices, computer-related forgery, computer-related fraud, offences related to child pornography and offences related to copyright and neighbouring rights.

It also sets out such procedural law issues as expedited preservation of stored data, expedited preservation and partial disclosure of traffic data, production order, search and seizure of computer data, real-time collection of traffic data, and interception of content data. In addition, the Convention contains a provision on a specific type of transborder access to stored computer data which does not require mutual assistance (with consent or where publicly available) and provides for the setting up of a 24/7 network for ensuring speedy assistance among the Signatory Parties.

The Convention is the product of four years of work by European and international experts. It has been supplemented by an Additional Protocol making any publication of racist and xenophobic propaganda via computer networks a criminal offence. Currently, cyber terrorism is also studied in the framework of the Convention.

Delegation: Antigua and Barbuda Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban is one of the most pressing issues concerning the international community. The rise and current existence of the Taliban has become one of the most serious international threats, referring not only to the security aspect, but to problems concerning many other fields: corruption, territorial disputes, drug proliferation and so on. Thus, Antigua and Barbuda strongly believes that it is of great importance to address the issue in the GA-DISEC in a coherent manner.

Antigua and Barbuda has always been stressing that the issue of the Taliban can’t be solved relying on the Afghanistan government only, to tackle this problem calls for international concerns and consolidated efforts. During the past decade, broad consensuses have been reached and accordingly actions have been taken under the framework of the UN and other international protocols. The Bonn Agreement, the Berlin Declaration, the Afghanistan Compact, Resolution A/RES/64/11 and 63/18 have been successively adopted which managed in putting forward measures aimed at eradicating the Taliban and improving the situation in Afghanistan. Addition to that, other UN bodies like United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has made great contribution in tackling corruption and drug trade internationally which motivated the anti-terrorism and anti- narcotics work in Afghanistan.

However, there are a number of unresolved issues or disputes remaining to be discussed. To resolve this issue, Antigua, above all, would like to stress the central and impartial role of the United Nations in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan. With regard to the military aspect, realizing that the cooperation with the Taliban is less practical because of a lack of internationally acknowledged legislation and strategy, we suggest the Government of Afghanistan should continue promoting its cooperating-relationship with international community and organizations like ISAF; proper negotiations but not cooperation with the Taliban under the framework of the UN and international supervision are welcomed. In addition, we call on cooperation among the Afghan Military Forces, the warlords and local militias by adhering to DDR programs in order to ensure that the cooperation is under the supervision of Afghan government. Mentioning the drug trade issue, Antigua and Barbuda reaffirms that promoting economic alternatives like saffron (according to the practice of the UNODC’s alternative development program) is an essential way to stop drug cultivation and protect the local market security. What’s more, we appeal that efforts against drug trade and opium should be centered in the sectors of health, education, basic infrastructure, good security and environmental protection at the same time. To minimize corruption in Afghanistan, we could, in short-term, rely on the supervision of the UN, and pay special attentions to implementing relevant laws and monitoring the distribution and humanitarian assistance.Antigua and Barbuda believes that through joint efforts, we will be able to propel the solution of the issue of the Taliban. Delegation: Antigua and Barbuda Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Antigua and Barbuda considers Cyberterrorism to be one of the gravest dangers facing the world today. Cyber techniques unite the whole world together, but also leave many potential dangers: web attacks are more easily to carry out than protect from; remote control of Internet offers terrorists chances to break in systems far away, so even the most develped countries cannot only rely on themselves to tackle the problem. Not only that, history and status quo both reveal many challenges in world corperation: because of different laws and ideologies, the definitions and ranges of Cyberterrorism diverse; standard of internet security varies; technology levels and web security sense also make a great deal of differences around the world. However, our confidence in fighting Cyberterrorism comes from what we have done in this area. Those agreements we have already made in Resolution 64/211 build us a substantial foundationon. And some regional co-operations, such as the European Convention on Cybercrimes, can be good precedent when we discuss Cyberterrorism on global level.

Antigua and Barbuda believes it is necessary and urgent to talk about this problems in UN. As Antigua and Barbuda, many famous tourist countries face a dilemma between security and human right. Since many visitors choose to have Internet commercial confrences in their vacations, to protect web security for the visitors, we have to monitor some informations, but this monitoring itself is also an insecure element, which can be utilized by terrorists. On the other hand, normal citizens in Antigua and Barbuda still seek for more Internet experiences. Many developing countries are in the same phase as we are, and we need technology support, not only the "first aid" from some international organizations when our webs collapse, but a share of informations, of experiences being attacked and experiences fighting the attacks.

To balance human right and security, Antigua and Barbuda suggests that we differentiate our cooperation levels according to the different web security factors. In this way, developed countries can protect key technologies and developing countries can get technology support they need. Antigua and Barbuda also suggests we should set up a mechanism to promote basic network technology globally. Developed countries can offer fund support and some hacktivists and relevant international organizations can offer direct tech support. Such a mechanism will unite all possible forces to fight Cyberterrorism. On the issue of state Cyberterrorism, Antigua and Barbuda suggests we can use our work on limit nuclear weapons as a source of reference and draw up a Treaty on anti-State-Cyberterrorism. Futhermore, based on what happened in Iraq and the effects of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Antigua and Barbuda agrees to build a punitive system, but insists that all the punitive acts must be based on valid evidences and under strict monitor. Antigua and Barbuda believes that through joint efforts, we will be able to propel the solution of Cyberterrorism. POSTION PAPER

Delegation: Argentine Republic Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: Taliban

The Argentine Republic is committed to give maximum priority to the fight against international terrorism, transnational organized crime and drug trafficking; it seeks to encourage international action in the pursuit, control and elimination of these scourges. The Government of Argentina has been particularly cooperative in responding to requests related to blocking the financial assets of terrorists. Argentina is a party to eleven of the twelve conventions and protocols relating to terrorism. Argentina cooperated closely in all significant international counterterrorism efforts within the United Nations and the Organization of American States. In recognition of Argentina’s ongoing commitment and contribution to international peace and security, the United States government formally granted Argentina the status of major non- NATO ally in February 1998.

Argentina had been elected as a non-permanent member of the Security Council for the term 2005-2006. Argentina and the Security Council Committee were established pursuant to a resolution concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals. From the moment it became a UNSC non-permanent member on 1 January 2005, Argentina has chaired the Security Council Committee, also known as the Al-Qaida -Taliban Committee. Argentina had previously chaired the Committee in 1999-2000. Argentina has endeavoured to strengthen the links with international organizations such as INTERPOL , with which the Committee is working on a complementary collaboration agreement regarding the fight against terrorism and with regional and sub regional organizations such as Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe (OSCE).

In January 2002, the Government created a new office within the Foreign Ministry to coordinate action and policy on international counterterrorism issues. In October 2002, Argentina also established a new Financial Intelligence Unit to investigate money laundering and terrorist finance-related crimes. In 2002, Argentina reiterated its initial offer made shortly after the September 11 attacks of material support for UN-mandated Coalition peacekeeping operations in Afghanistan or elsewhere, if needed and thereby terminating the regime of the Taliban.

Two different bills have been introduced in the Argentine Senate to counter international terrorism. In the year 2004 the government started to draft a money laundering bill related to terrorism. The objective of the bill was to provide the government with exceptional measures to combat terrorism.

The global hunt for Osama bin Laden and the al-Qaida terrorist network is known to have impacted the Latin American countries as well, challenging the security apparatus of the region and altering US-Latin American relations. The tri-border area of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil is known for money laundering of cocaine production revenue. The region is also believed to launder money from Afghan Opium sales. It has been one of the problems that affect the Argentine Republic immensely as well. Argentina has worked and continues to work towards ensuring that the Taliban is kept under check.

Delegation: The Argentine Republic Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyber Terrorism

The Argentine Republic recognizes the global threat that cyber terrorism poses today and is committed to give maximum priority to cyber security, and the fight against cyber terrorism while also doing its part to encourage other countries to do the same.

While there is no published evidence that terrorist organizations are currently planning a coordinated attack against computers, computer system vulnerabilities persist worldwide, and initiators of the random cyber attacks that plague computers on the Internet remain largely unknown. As of today, the Argentine Republic finds itself to be the fifth fastest Internet Growing Country in the world, which puts it in a position of threat from cyber terrorism. Therefore since 2003, the Argentine Republic has been actively participating towards an Inter-American strategy to combat threats to cyber security. Together with the US, Canada and Chile, it aims at a multi-dimensional and multidisciplinary approach to create a culture of cyber security. The Argentine Republic also created the Office of Teleprocessing Network Emergency Coordination (Ar-CERT). There is active collaborative effort by the Government of the Argentine Republic, professionals and the armed and security forces.

There are other various steps taken by the Argentine Republic to show its sincerity towards the goal of cyber security, from the establishment of a Permanent Interdisciplinary Forum of Cryptograph and Computer Security. Not to mention government sponsored public awareness programs and adoption of relevant legislations.

All governments must work towards comprehensive active response policies to prevent attacks on infrastructures and assets. Governments will not be able to accomplish this goal without the private sector, which is why the Argentine Republic has been involved in technology sharing with private corporations and small communities. It has also offered to arrange for fellowships to enable experts from OAS member states to take part in courses on cyber security given by the Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Infrastructure Institute. Along with centralization and coordination of efforts to manage attacks or attempts against the networks, participation in the international infrastructure of global response to security incidents, another issue focused on has been suggested that the OAS look at programs aimed at helping judges understand cyber security issues.

The Argentine Republic has also addressed the question of cooperation among countries in terms of joint initiatives to counter attacks, develop related legislation, information sharing, emergency response programs, and statistics. It is the belief of the Argentine Republic that Information security should be instituted and international norms of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) should be adopted, and that there should be an institutional attitude of protection of cyber activity, laws that facilitate police action, an increase in police experience, and participation in international courses, a national strategy to ensure safety of critical government systems, and training. Cyber terrorism prevention requires an international effort, and that is precisely the purpose of the collaborations with other nation states on the part of the Argentine Republic. Argentina has worked and continues to work towards ensuring that the Taliban is kept under check. Delegation: Republic of Armenia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban

The United Nations has been named a target of Taliban activities and attacks. Despite this and because of the Taliban’s influence in the region, Armenia promotes negotiations and compromise with these groups in order to establish security and stability in the state and internationally. The Taliban has been known for human rights violations as well as attacks on aid workers. However, aid is necessary in the region until the responsibility for security can fully be transferred to the Afghan government. This new government has established its sovereignty by best representing the people of Afghanistan by promoting women’s rights and human rights. In this United Nations Conference Armenia strongly asserts that a plan of action be created to stop violence caused by the Taliban. This step-by- step plan should approach this issue in multiple ways including: an international cooperation to achieve the stability of Afghanistan, respect for the electoral process and implementing the results, establishing security in the state, peace and reintegration of members of armed groups, punishment for those continuing to engage in terrorist activities, and continuing to protect human rights in the region. Armenia would like to show our support for this government and assist in an easy transition from international control to the country’s government taking control. Although there are many difficulties in achieving this goal, including present and violent arms groups that pose a threat, there is a great need to create a plan that effectively deals with the Taliban. Armenia appreciates the great influence that the Taliban has in this region and stresses the cooperation of the international community to create stability in this region. Delegation: Republic of Armenia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Armenia strongly urges to prioritize the development of both plans and actions to curb efforts of cyberterrorism and providing assistance to victims of these crimes. Cooperation within the international community is necessary to accomplish this goal. Cyberterrorism is an issue of growing importance in this age of global expansion through the internet. The country of Armenia recognizes the need for an effort to raise global awareness concerning the issue of cyberterrorism. This United Nation’s Conference should create plan of action as well as a timeline for its implementation. Although this type of attack has not been common in the past, terrorist groups are developing the capabilities to use the internet for terrorist agendas and (in a few instances) have damaged nations through government or business data systems. Armenia promotes a development of teams and task forces devoted to the protection of international online systems. Preventative measures should be taken to stop attackers and punish them for these crimes against the international community. This should impede any terrorists with dangerous and destructive intentions that use the internet as a means to disrupt societies. In order to accomplish all of these goals, we believe that the following issues are important components to such a plan: a budget devoted to an international coalition against cyberterrorism, prevention of attacks, learning information about current cyberterrorists, developing systems that protect against attacks, declaring those terrorists behind these activities be treated as such with regard to penalties. Armenia promotes international cooperation and participation in the development of such complex security systems to protect the trade and peace within the international community.

Armenia believes the most important and effective approach to combat cyberterrorism is an investment in the education of students and all scholars in the computer science field. Special attention should be put on analytical and programming education tracks. Already starting with a great deal of knowledge about the internet, bright, young individuals will have a better opportunity to learn about and create advanced online security systems. Investing in this kind of education and giving a portion of the budget to these efforts will be an important part of the long term solution for the ever-growing and changing internet and the threats it brings.

These issues are critical to the promotion of peace and stability in the international community. POSITION PAPER OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

“Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate.” John F Kennedy

The Commonwealth of Australia strongly condemns the actions committed by the Taliban insurgent group, which constitutes the principal obstacle to the achievement of a democratic and stable Afghanistan. In this sense, Australia is convinced that the way forward implies the continuation of training, mentoring and equipping of the Afghan army and police; strong monitoring of the border with Pakistan in order to eradicate safe heavens for insurgents and terrorist groups; and assertive measures to reduce levels of corruption. In the past eight years, Australia has been deeply committed in Afghanistan in two levels: (i) On a military level with Operation SLIPPER that includes around 1,455 troops, and (ii) On a civilian level through approximately $110 million in humanitarian aid. On the other hand, the government of Australia highlights the importance of Afghan local forces to take control over security and maintain it before international troops start the transition. While Australia remains committed to the announced two-to-four year pullout schedule, we believe that the announcement of a more specific pullout date would be detrimental. Consequently, the withdrawal must be a gradual process in which Australia will be not only committed in its military role, but also through civilian providers of development aid and a long-term commitment in Afghanistan.

While Australia supports the great effort of the United Nations in Afghanistan and is deeply involved in the duties of ISAF and UNAMA, as well as in the work of various UN bodies, we also acknowledge that the international community must redouble its efforts to preserve stability in the region. In this sense, the UN must increase the funding of development and reconstruction projects in Afghanistan. In particular, Australia urges an increase in donations for the World Bank’s “Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund”, since more contributions are needed.

The Australian Government strongly believes that the military solution is only part of the answer. Negotiations are also required in Afghanistan, but they must be approached from a position of military and political strength and not as a sign of defeat. These activities will include interaction with the religious Mullahs and the more moderate and malleable Taliban which must renounce violence, cut their links to terrorists and accept the Afghan constitution. To this end, Australia proposes the creation of the “Afghan Reintegration Council for a Conciliated Agreement” (ARCCA) which will be an international and neutral platform for the establishment of the necessary channels of dialogue for official peace talks between the Government of Afghanistan and the Taliban. Simultaneously, Australia proposes the implementation of the “National Afghan Reconciliation Program” (NARP) consisting in measures to educate, incorporate and unify the Afghan population, especially former Taliban. Lastly, as a counter narcotic strategy, Australia proposes the “Three dimensional plan of action” (3-D Plan), an integral Social, Economical and Political strategy, that consists in a profitable alternative crops program, combined with technical assistance for farmers and a set of infrastructure projects. Nowadays Australia’s commitment is stronger than ever and is genuinely invested in stabilizing and rebuilding Afghanistan.

POSITION PAPER OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

Competition has been shown to be useful up to a certain point and no further, but cooperation, which is the thing we must strive for today, begins where competition leaves off. Franklin D. Roosevelt

The Commonwealth of Australia strongly condemns cyber-terrorism, especially since Australia and Australians are directly exposed by transnational extremist religious terrorism. Our country has been named as a target by Al Qaida and other associated terrorist groups like Jemaah Islamiyah. In order to counter this threat, high levels of cooperation and full sharing of resources are required in three levels (i) international inter-governmental; (ii) regional inter-governmental and (iii) private and public partnerships. Moreover, even though Australia promotes a free speech policy and protects the Australians’ rights to privacy, this should not be taken as license to disseminate illegal contents on the internet and other mass media. Furthermore, Australia is against State sponsored terrorism and is committed to fight it, even despite the mounting technological difficulties it implies; difficulties that, of course, require this Committee to take cautious yet decisive action. This means there will be no early decisive defeat of this threat; this is a long-term challenge that can only be overcome with a strategic response.

While Australia supports the great effort of the United Nations in the fight against cyberterrorism and is deeply involved in the duties of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and UNODC, we also acknowledge that the international community has been focusing in regional and bilateral agreements to counter this threat. However, the cross-border nature of cyberterrorism needs global cooperative actions. Even though Australia recognizes that regional efforts are important, they are only the first step in order to achieve cyber-security. In this sense, it is time to take the second step: international consensus in a legal binding treaty. With this in mind, Australia would encourage this Committee to submit consideration of the international legal issues surrounding this matter to the International Law Commission at the Hague in order to offer feedback to our future negotiations.

For the Commonwealth of Australia, a strategic response implies mutual collaboration in resources sharing and establishing effective regulatory frameworks. Accordingly, the Australian Government proposes the implementation of the “Cyber Security Assistance Program” (CYBER ASSIST) which consists in the implementation of a country specific cyber-security stoplight classification in order to assist them though a Special Experts Exchange Network between Member States under the auspices of the Counter Terrorism Committee of the Security Council. In this regard, countries would be able to apply techniques that have been tested and used before by other States. Furthermore, the challenge to strengthen legal enforcement regimes remains substantial. For this purpose Australia proposes “LEGAID”, a program to be conducted by the Secretariat in which a group of experts would create model norms which states could voluntarily choose to incorporate into their respective legislations; these models would be especially useful for developing countries. Model norms will not only cover substantial law, but also appropriate procedural law for the prosecution of these types of criminals. Lastly, Australia proposes to assign to the Telecommunication Development Sector of the ITU, the task of collecting voluntarily offered information resulting from the Internet Governance Forum and other relevant platforms, as well as private companies and governments with the purpose of drawing semestral manuals to be accessible to the public. These manuals will contain information about recent attacks, sharing of solutions, new cyber-security technologies, etc. Finally, Australia sincerely hopes all nations can reach consensus in countering this threat and reach the level of commitment necessary to achieve international cyber-security.

Delegation: Austria Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban continues to pose a threat to the stability and peace of the Middle East. Drug trade fuels their budget to continue destabilizing the reconstruction in Afghanistan, with

Afghanistan being the largest producer of opium poppy worldwide. The existence of the Taliban cannot be tolerated, thus Austria has continued to pledge support for the reconstruction of

Afghanistan, which equals billions of dollars annually when combined with the rest of the international community. Since 2002, Austria has participated in the International Security

Assistance Force in its effort to continue its support for the mission of the international community to assist Afghanistan in its reconstruction and the stabilization of its democracy.

Austria is also a member of the international reconstruction assistance program, to which they have pledged 8.5 million Euros since 2002.

The goal for the international community is to completely hand over control for security to the Afghans by 2014. This handing over will begin in 2011 and continue throughout the duration of the timeframe in an incremental fashion. A large threat to this goal is the Taliban, which Austria and the rest of the international community realizes which is why we all continue to pledge our support for international security forces and continue to use them globally to fight these sorts of organizations. As long as the Taliban continues to destabilize the efforts of the international community to promote peace and democracy, Austria and its partners will continue to fight it to keep it from intruding on the efforts to maintain the tenets of freedom.

Committee: Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Topic Area B: International Organized Crime Country: Austria Delegate: Sundous M. Eddeb

Austria deems international organized crime as a threat to the stability of us all whom place priority in the principle of harmony and sanctuary. International organized crime threatens security structures of the international community as well as the environment through their delinquent actions of money-laundering and drug, arms, and human trafficking, dumping toxic waste, hunting endangered species and much more. Austria fully supports the sovereign right of countries, but needless to say, these crimes affect us as a whole. We, the international community, cannot be hopeful in resolving these problematic issues without collaborative efforts.

Austria, along with other European Union members, is susceptible to these crimes because of porous borders, thus we understand the necessity of cooperative efforts. The signing of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime constitutes our first attempt to promote cooperation to prevent and combat transnational organized crime more effectively. Yury Fedotov, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime also believes that these groups are “too big for countries to confront on their own.” These groups are interconnected; they have created a transnational connection that has been and continues to infect the governmental foundations of various countries, akin to being connected to corrupt regimes. The United Nations is still trying to work out solutions in ways of doubling their efforts, yet substantial progress is still under way because of a lack of cooperation amongst us member states in tackling this massive dilemma.

Austria is confident in the measures the UN has taken by emphasizing a need for cooperation amongst all member states and being able to secure the sovereign right of states while tackling the issue of international organized crime. Austria furthermore understands the imperativeness of this issue and has been working with other European Union members, in efforts to stop these precarious acts through ways as eliminating money laundering by establishing a comprehensive domestic regulatory and supervisory regime for banks and non- bank financial institutions as stated in the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Austria hopes, that with the collaboration and cooperation of other member states, not only within the EU but the international community as a whole that these illicit groups will diminish significantly and eventually will come to an end. Delegation: The Republic of Azerbaijan Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: Taliban.

With the 9/11 attacks on American soil, terrorism assumed a new phase. The war on Afghanistan was the direct response of these attacks. One of the initial purposes of the war was to remove the Taliban regime from power. Azerbaijan considers the Taliban a terrorist organization. Immediately after that tragedy Azerbaijan has joined, fully and unconditionally, the antiterrorist coalition and continues to contribute to the campaign against international terrorism while pursuing its detailed program of implementation of scheduled steps in the legislative, organizational, and practical areas. Azerbaijan further believes that Azerbaijan- Afghanistan relations have great potential, but the strengthening of this bilateral relationship will only be possible by co-coordinating efforts to fight terrorism, which both Azerbaijan and Afghanistan has suffered from. Azerbaijan also greatly values the current Afghani government’s backing our country’s stance on the Nogorno- Karabakh conflict.

The republic of Azerbaijan considers strengthening of regime and the fight against legalizing proceeds from crime primary means to resist the increase in organized crime. Strengthening of the regime will prevent the use of Pakistani territory by terrorist networks such as the Taliban. Furthermore, Afghanistan too is in dire need of reconstruction and strengthening of regime after years of war. The newly found sources of mineral including iron ore, gold, copper, lithium and coal presents a great prospect for rebuilding the Afghani economy. However, if mishandled, could lead to corruption and a means of funding Taliban activities. One fundamental aspect that cannot be ignored when the strengthening of regimes is concerned is the fight against the legalizing of proceeds from crime. This can be explained by the fact that only through this can one deprive the criminals of the possibility of getting large profits from illegal activity (such as the current opium trade in Afghanistan which is the main source for funding the Taliban insurgency) and investing in the further development of the criminal structure. The difficulty of fighting the laundering of crime proceeds is that the movement of illicit means is similar to the movement of legal capital. Legalization of proceeds from crime is often connected to many other crimes; it has its specific complex mechanism and often bears international character. In the issue of countering this phenomenon the Republic of Azerbaijan also intensively cooperates with the international community. In December 2000 Azerbaijan signed the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and in November 2001 – the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime. In November 2001 the amendments were introduced into the Law on Currency Control with the purpose to reveal the proceeds from criminal activity. For the first time the legislation of Azerbaijan has set the “threshold sum” for the transfer of cash currency abroad. That sum is equivalent to 50.000 US dollars and when the “threshold” is exceeded the customs must within 7 days inform the National Bank and the Ministry of Taxation. In accordance with the 1996 Law on Banks and Banking in the Republic of Azerbaijan, the financial means and other assets of legal entities, placed with a credit institution, may be frozen or seized only after an appropriate court decision and in a procedure determined by the legislation. The credit institution, having received an arrest warrant, immediately terminates operations involving the accounts and deposits (in the amount of the frozen assets). Confiscation of financial means and other assets placed at a credit institution is conducted only on the grounds of the effective court verdict. At the same time fight against terrorism in the Republic of Azerbaijan is not limited only to adoption of normative and legal acts but also provides for the appropriate organizational and practical measures. In May 2002 the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan issued an Order on Plan of measures on implementation of the UN Security Council Resolutions No. 1368 of September 12, 2001, No. 1373 of September 28, 2001 and No. 1377 of November 12, 2001. By the mentioned Order the appropriate executive bodies were instructed to conduct measures against terrorism and financing of terrorist activities, freezing of finances and other assets and/or economic recourses of individuals and legal entities that commit or attempt committing the acts of terror. The Plan also provides for the implementation of measures aimed at prohibiting any individuals and organizations operating in Azerbaijan from granting any assets, financial or other services for direct or indirect usage by offenders. The Plan envisages comprehensive assistance to the countries of antiterrorist coalition in investigation of cases related to terrorist activities. In the Caucasus, the war on terrorism paved the way for a new level of U.S. bilateral relations with both Azerbaijan and Armenia through the repeal of section 907 of the 1993 Freedom Support Act, which had denied aid to Azerbaijan in response to our war with Armenia over Nogorno- karabakh. We realize that terrorism threatens the world, which is based on principles of civilized, peaceful, equitable and democratic co-existence. Social, political and psychological impact of terrorism is enormously destabilizing, it undermines both economic progress and development. It increasingly acquires the character of global threat and so the necessity to join efforts within the international community in combating terrorism grows. Azerbaijan believes that the long-term goals of struggle against international terrorism should target not only separate terrorist organizations, groups and/or individuals, but also the causes and sources of terrorism in general. Delegation: The Republic of Azerbaijan Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyber Terrorism

Since gaining its independence from the USSR in 1991, Azerbaijan has worked to foster a system of free press. Under the new constitution, the rights to free speech and free press are protected, but there is still censorship both by the government and by journalists. Conflict with Armenia and the struggle to build a democratic country have slowed efforts to improve the press system. The current Azerbaijani Constitution and a number of press laws fully support the use of mass media (print, audiovisual, videoconferencing, satellite communications, cyberspace, etc.) to spread the word on the democratic, frontier capitalism experiment in Azerbaijan. Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution express that Azerbaijan's vision is to establish a political liberal democracy in conjunction with a free market economy. The mass media are asked to play a crucial role in informing, disseminating, and reporting about these ideals, the constitutional foundations, and the means of their achievement. Even diplomatically, this new transitional capitalist power aims, via the media diffusion within and without Azerbaijan, to foster relations with the industrialized capitalist West, principally Western Europe and the USA. The Constitution, the anti-censorship decree of 1998, and a variety of other government documents assert that the independence of the mass media in Azerbaijan is "an established fact." Effectively, since the newly introduced Constitution, the Azerbaijani mass media have proliferated and acquired a myriad of investigative, reporting, and broadcast rights. The Parliament, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Information, private journalist organizations, and the foreign media provide a variety of safeguard devices against censorship, reporting official bureaucratic abuses, bribery and corruption, violation of the constitutional civil rights of the Azeri people, and the freedom and independence of journalists. Gradually, however, particularly in virtue of more training, journalistic education, openness, and objective but courteous reporting, censorship should eventually be eliminated.

Azerbaijan’s 1995 Constitution guarantees many press and media rights and responsibilities. Precisely, Article 28 stresses the Right to Freedom, Article 40 emphasizes the Right to Culture (the arts, literature, humanities, communication and media, lingual and religious diversity, etc.), Article 47 focuses upon the Freedom of Speech, and Article 49 zeroes in on the Freedom of Information. There is a need for the State of Azerbaijan and related institutions, principally the Ministries of Culture, Information, Justice, Education, and Foreign Relations to facilitate the role, tasks, functions, dynamics, and objectives of the Azerbaijani media and foreign-linked media. The media are expected to keep tabs on the government as well. However, further reform is required with respect to circumventing corrupt reporting; promoting the media coverage of the whole nation; fairly representing the national identity and culture; and emancipating the media and press from the yet visible tight hold of the State. The press and media are justifiably a necessary tool to building democracy and contributing to the artistic, scientific, technologic, political, and socioeconomic development of any country, and specifically to Azerbaijan's internal and global prosperity, the inter-cultural and inter-civilization harmony amongst nations, and planetary peace.

Azerbaijan signed the Convention on Cyber Crime on 30th of June 2008 and ratified it by 15th of March 2010. The Convention is the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security. According to the preamble of this Convention, the main aim of the Convention is to pursue "a common criminal policy aimed at the protection of society against cybercrime, inter alia by adopting appropriate legislation and fostering international co-operation”. The Convention includes a list of crimes that each signatory state must transpose into their own law. It requires the criminalization of such activities as hacking (including the production, sale, or distribution of hacking tools) and offenses relating to child pornography, and expands criminal liability for intellectual property violations. It also requires each signatory state to implement certain procedural mechanisms within their laws. For example, law enforcement authorities must be granted the power to compel an Internet Service Provider to monitor a person's activities online in real time. Finally, the Convention requires signatory states to provide international cooperation to the "widest extent possible" for investigations and proceedings concerning criminal offenses related to computer systems and data, or for the collection of evidence in electronic form of a criminal offense. Law enforcement agencies will have to assist police from other participating countries to cooperate with their "mutual assistance requests."

Bangladesh Disarmament and Internal Security

In contrast to the experiences of much of south and central Asia, Bangladesh has yet to be attacked directly by Taliban forces. We have a longstanding position of diplomacy before military intervention, which has aided us in achieving peaceful, if not heated, conclusions to our dealings with fellow nations India and Pakistan. Given our diplomatic relationship with India, and the aggression aimed towards them by the Taliban, we are in support of pursuing action against the Taliban to eliminate the threat they pose. We can however only support action in the form of negotiation, education, and aid. This stance is a result of recent civil unrest in Bangladesh and our position as a South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) state. At this time, the majority of our population would be opposed to any direct military action against a fellow SAARC state such as Afghanistan. It is important to us to be able to ensure the stability of our own government before trying to force the stability of another. As such, we support the empowerment of the local warlords in Afghanistan to defend their regions through force from Taliban insurgency. We do not however support the arming of these factions, merely the consent to pursue their own means to protect their territories. Furthermore, we strongly believe that negotiations should be pursued with the Taliban warlords to determine if a compromise on laws and territories can be reached. Assuming no agreement can be reached, we are willing to provide supply chain and medical support to U.N. and NATO forces operating in Afghanistan.

Unlike much of Asia, Bangladesh has yet to become thoroughly concerned with cyberterrorism. Although we have taken some precautionary measures to defend against this issue in the past, these measures have been minimal. In one instance, Bangladesh established a set of policies now referred to as “cyber law,” but failed to explicitly include issues such as cyber squatting, spam, and even cyber terrorism itselfi. However, we had never experienced a major incident involving cyber terrorism before these policies were set. More recently, we have fallen victim to security breaches that have highlighted our vulnerability. In March 2010, a set of websites operated by the Prime Minister’s Office was hacked by a user whose whereabouts was tracked to India. The hack was a threat regarding the potential for Pakistani terrorists to enter India through Bangladesh. During this time of political turmoil, the geography and history of Bangladesh puts it in a very sensitive position, making protection against cyberterrorism all the more vital. Thus, it is in our interest to strengthen the cyber law of Bangladesh, deterring the activity of potential criminals.

i http://www.scribd.com/doc/21942830/Cyber-Crime-prevention-in-Bangladesh Bangladesh Disarmament and Internal Security: Cyberterrorism

Unlike much of Asia, Bangladesh has yet to become thoroughly concerned with cyberterrorism. Although we have taken some precautionary measures to defend against this issue in the past, these measures have been minimal. In one instance, Bangladesh established a set of policies now referred to as “cyber law,” but failed to explicitly include issues such as cyber squatting, spam, and even cyber terrorism itselfi. However, we had never experienced a major incident involving cyber terrorism before these policies were set. More recently, we have fallen victim to security breaches that have highlighted our vulnerability. In March 2010, a set of websites operated by the Prime Minister’s Office was hacked by a user whose whereabouts was tracked to India.The hack was a threat regarding the potential for Pakistani terrorists to enter India through Bangladesh. During this time of political turmoil, the geography and history of Bangladesh puts it in a very sensitive position, making protection against cyberterrorism all the more vital. Thus, it is in our interest to strengthen the cyber law of Bangladesh, deterring the activity of potential criminals.

ihttp://www.scribd.com/doc/21942830/Cyber-Crime-prevention-in-Bangladesh Committee: Disarmament and International Security Council Topic: The Taliban Country: Belarus Delegate: Hao Jiaxing and JI Jixin University: China University of Political Science and Law

During the past 20 years，with the constant growing power of Taliban, people suffered numerously from their cruel rule and armed groups. After 9/11, some achievements have been made with the efforts from collision forces and Taliban has been suppressed to a certain degree, nevertheless, Taliban still controls almost half of Afghanistan and its illegal armed force is an enormous threat to world security. Belarus is deeply concerned about the devastating effect Taliban brings about. In this aspect, we call for voluntary adherence to international rules and regulations regarding terrorism and realizing the significance of cooperation in this area.

As is generally known, The United Nations is playing a central role in preventing such a crisis from deteriorating. It established Security Council Committee to particularly deal with affairs concerning Al-Qaida and Taliban, and the sanctions regime has been modified and strengthened by a number of resolutions including 1333 (2000), 1390 (2002), 1455 (2003), 1526 (2004), 1617 (2005), 1735 (2006), 1822 (2008) and 1904 (2009).Apart from that , it required all States to take the following measures in connection with any individual or entity associated with Al-Qaida, Usama bin Laden and/or the Taliban as designated by the Committee: assets freeze, travel ban and arms embargo .Also varied conferences such as the first and second Tokyo conferences, the Berlin conference, London conference have made contributions to reaching consensus on the issue.

As a country of central Asia, Belarus highly concerns about the implications of the current situation in Afghanistan, thus, we made decisions to establish a rapid reaction force aimed at repelling incursions by extreme Islamic groups emanating from Afghanistan, along with the restrictive measures against particular susceptible members in accordance with the Security Council Resolutions stated above and the relevant General Assembly resolutions adopted by consensus. Belarus is also one of the founders of The Eurasian Group On Combating Money Laundering And Finance Of Terrorism, which is now the largest international organizations in such area .Besides, the government of Belarus cherish the chance to work with countries nearby, such as Venezuela, Russia and China and has made impressive progress.

The Belarus is a country which pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and all–directional diplomacy with respects human rights and peace for the mankind, . We are deeply convinced that governments are suggested to continue taking concrete steps which reflect its firm commitment with multilateralism and its political will to fulfill all its obligations. Recognized the fact that the problem in Afghanistan cannot simply be solved by military force, for it is related to Afghan people's religious belief, the unpleasant living standard and local economic development level, the local traditional tribe, warlords and private armies, consequently, other comprehensive measures must be taken in order to achieve our desired objective and there are some areas UN and other countries can reach out. 1. Food Aid and Financial Aid The World Food Programme has already made Afghanistan its target for food aid and ensured that each of its interventions involves investment in physical or human assets of lasting value, but that is far from enough. Other country which has the ability is suggested to offer some help in that way. And the sustainable micro-finance services provided by UNDP is another way to go and is worthy of being learnt from.

2. Private armed clans and warlords Due to some historical reasons, there are a great many entrenched private armed clans and local tribal armed warlords, and it is these people who are inextricably bound to the Taliban. In order to address the Taliban, these forces cannot be ignored. The approaches being different, the trail may even be trading the arms with money and guarantee for their secure and ease life in the future.

3. Transformation of attitude towards Muslins Western powerful countries must be fully alarmed that they should not impose western ideology on muslins, and they have no rights to interfere with local people’s religious belief and way of life. The hostile attitude towards foreign armies along with the feeling for Taliban as their “Muslim brothers” is one of the main reasons why some measures are so difficult to carry out in the local.

The government of Belarus is determined to continue to contribute to the prevention of the expand of the power of Taliban in all its aspects with cooperation with other nations and to the process of general and complete restrictions to listed people under strict and effective international control, with a view to strengthening international peace and security, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.

Delegation: The Kingdom of Belgium Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic : The Taliban Within a year of USSR withdrawal from Afghanistan, the Taliban assumed control of the government, and has since infringed on the human rights of the citizens of Afghanistan and been found to harbor and train

terrorist cells. This has forced Belgium, with her allies, to take strong steps correct the oppressive regime. Such

actions have included but are not limited to: establishing an arms embargo; withdrawal of Belgian

representatives from Afghanistan; the freezing of all assets associated with Osama Bin Laden; and the

restriction of movement of senior Taliban officials. This aggressive stance against the Taliban is supplemented

humanitarian policies such as the 2002 Tokyo Conference which supplied humanitarian aid shortly after the

liberation of Afghanistan, and the 2004 Berlin Conference in which $8.2 billion was given for disarmament,

demobilization, and reintegration. Belgium was also a sponsor of the London Conference of 2006, in which

$10.5 billion was given in humanitarian aid and infrastructure development.

Consistent with the 2003 assimilation of the International Security Assistance Force into NATO,

Belgium holds to common goals of eliminating the Taliban as a totalitarian regime on both a local and national

level. While Operation Enduring Freedom removed the Taliban from control of national affairs in 2001, a

resurgence has occurred in which it is believed several regions of Afghanistan are again under the heavy

influence of the Taliban, as well as several regions of Pakistan, indicating that the international organization

must be dealt with by international means. Belgium recognizes the need to rout terrorists wherever they may be

found in the world, and while state sovereignty must be considered, delayed action at the behest of sovereignty

will leave NATO forces with their hands bound, and unable to be effective. This mentality is a direct result of

Belgium's experiences post-Rwanda as the lack of support for UN peacekeeping forces lead to a genocide and

the death of ten Belgian peacekeepers. Belgium also recognizes the continued success of coalition operations,

but also believes that the main threat to Afghani people stems from political, economic, and social instability

within the country. While direct military operations were required to liberate Afghanistan, Belgium believes

that the most direct way to thwart Taliban operations, is to invest in rural Afghanistan, especially in the realm of

education. Citing the Taliban's origins in rural Islamic schools, it is only be education that younger Afghani

generations will see the Taliban as the terrorist regime that they are, and not an idyllic political party. Delegation: The Kingdom of Belgium

Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic B : Cyberterrorism

As web use proliferates across the world, the threat of cyber-terrorism has become a growing concern of

The Kingdom of Belgium as it relates to the international community. Although a serious physical attack has

yet to be recognized, Belgium recognizes that this threat is one best addressed by the international community

through preventative measures. While Belgium has not yet developed a domestic policy specifically addressing

cyber terrorism, it is interested in the development of a resolution that will outline appropriate domestic policy

which is key to the prevention of cyber, as well as conventional, terrorism and may include the identification of

domestic institutions that are likely targets as in accordance with Resolution 64/211, or a serious campaign to

remove sensitive information critical to national and financial security from the realm of the Internet.

As a signatory of the European Convention on Cybercrime, Belgium would be interested in the

development of international policy regarding the mobilization of domestic or international forces to prosecute

cyber criminals and apply pressure against cyber terrorism, in addition to the potential development of an

information sharing network to aid the international community in identifying and prosecuting cyber terrorists.

Belgium does uphold the national sovereignty of all nations and the civil rights and liberties they may provide

to their citizens in response to an international directive on cyber terrorism. As set forth by her NATO allies,

Belgium’s interest is in the development of an international policy whose goal is to protect national networks

from harmful software; to prevent attacks through conducting vulnerability assessments and comprehensive

vulnerability notifications; to detect threats through utilizing Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS); to respond to

threats by providing constant incident response capabilities; and to recover from threats by maintaining a highly

responsive on-line or on-site incident recover support facility.

Position Paper

We, the government of Belize condemns the usage of land and sea mines in military conflicts as the action that can indiscriminately harm the non-involved parties and innocent civilians while leaving a deep, infrastructural damage on the of the conflicted area that significantly deters the safety and recovery of the local communities even after the conflict has been resolved.

Our government is the signatory and ratified member of the Ottawa

Treaty banning the development and deployment of anti-personnel mine since February 27th, 1998. Particularly in the politically tumultuous areas of Central America, indiscriminant usage of landmines has resulted in a powerful human tragedy harming the lives of innocent civilians. In this context, we also express our support in the efforts of the regional and international communities in assisting the victims of the landmines in recuperation and rehabilitation.

Our position remains the same for the issue of narco- terrorism which is increasingly becoming the crux of both international security issue and global organized criminal activities. The interlinking between the problems of global terrorism and illicit narcotic trade powerfully deepens the scope and complications of the terrorism-related military conflict while giving the illegal narcotic trade another fresh source of income. In this context, we ask for the international cooperation of the governments in the Central American and Caribbean regions in enforcing greater inspection of the border and port control and preventing the area from becoming the hub of the international narco-terrorist commerce. Delegation: The Republic of Benin Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

Benin is strongly against the Taliban and the threat they pose against Afghanistan and also surrounding countries. In the southwestern city of Kandahar this immensely catastrophic group came to being. This group started to pierce into Afghanistan in the year 1994. Knowing the history of the Taliban and their aim as an organization one would argue that they would not have many supporters. Since then this horrendous group was established the group has been supported by the Pakistini Inter Service Intelligence (ISI) The Pakistani ISI supplied the group with weapons for their attach. Another means by which they survived was the drug trade. The Taliban's justification for their actions is that they aim to decontaminate the region. During the Taliban's reign women under the Taliban were not given the right to education or event the right to walk the streets alone. Women were also punished very severely. The Taliban's justification for this was that women would cause men to lust after them. In 2002 the International Security Assistance Force aided in the attempts to demolish the Taliban. Though efforts against the Taliban were tenacious the Taliban still managed to reclaim a fair amount of the country through guerilla tactics. With the help of the Taliban and other warlords Afghanistan has been awarded the title of the second most corrupt country in the world.

In the area of cooperation with the Afghani parties to the extent at which Benin would aid them in the ceasing of endeavors in the degradation of women, the wars and terrorism and all the other negative attributes Benin obliges. The operations that the Taliban are actively involved in are those that Benin is trying to prevent. An example would be the treatment of women. Benin is actively trying to fight against the violence agains women. As a signatory of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Benin finds the treatment of women under the Taliban to be repugnant to say the least. The constitution of 1990 also recognizes equal rights for men an women. Women are heavily relied on in the work force, especially agriculture and in the Ministry of Health where they occupy 35% of the occupations. Benin would be willing to aid in the fight against the Taliban by cooperating with the Afghani parties.

Drug trading is another area that Benin is working on diminishing. In the year 2007 Benin seized 423kg of cocaine. Benin was one of the three countries in West Africa who accounted for 20% of the seizures of cocain air traffic from January 2006 to May 2008 according to a UN report. Drug trafficking whether it be cocaine or opium poses a security threat on West Africa. Benin along with the West Africa branch of UN’s Office on Drugs and Crime will work diligently to see that drug trafficking is significantly decreased. This being as such the Republic of Benin is against the Taliban's use of opium as their support system.

Corruption is yet another issue that Afghanistan faces because of the Taliban. This is also an issue that Benin is fighting in its own country. Benin has been partnering with many organizations who dedicate themselves to fighting against corruption. Benin is partnering with the National Front of Organizations against Corruption (FONAC) and the African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption (APNAC). On behalf of Benin, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) also released a publication entitled “Benin Decentralization and Anti-Corruption Support Program –Phase II– Extension "Increasing Civil SocietyParticipation in Decentralization and Reinforcing Governance through Anti-Corruption Initiatives in Benin"

Afghanistan's security forces, though aided by outside forces such as NATO and ISAF still have room for improvement. The Republic of Benin is a strong believer in peacekeeping. Even in this extreme case scenario the Republic of Benin will still hold true to its values. This being as such we believe that a possible resolution is rather than waring with the Taliban, to continue attempts to mediate and negotiate with them. Our second suggested resolution is to put forth a more forthright fight agains the opium trade. If the opium is being fueled by poppy fields, these poppy fields should be eliminated. If the Taliban is not supplied with that which fuels them they will not be able to sustain themselves. With this in mind, the Pakistani ISI should be forbidden to supply the Taliban with any resources. The repercussions of them doing so should be so severe enough that they would not attempt to do so.

Work Cited

America.gov. "Secretary Clinton on 50th Anniversary of Benin’s Independence." America - Engaging the World - America.gov. 29 July 2010. Web. .

Boko, Michée. "Global Integrity - Benin Notebook." Global Integrity Independent Information On Governance and Corruption. 2006. .

"Fact Sheet: Benin - Women, Agriculture and Rural Development." FAO: FAO Home. Economic and Social Development. Web. .

"IRIN Africa | BENIN: Screening out Morally Unfit Crime Fighters | Benin | Economy | Governance." IRIN • Humanitarian News and Analysis from Africa, Asia and the Middle East - Updated Daily. Irin Global, 29 Oct. 2008. Web. .

"USAID in AfricaSuccess Stories: Fighting Corruption in Benin." USAID in Africa Success Stories. 2003. Web. 01 Feb. 2011. .

Delegation: The Republic of Benin Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyber terrorism

Infiltrating and removing data from office files, disrupting daily activities, destroying information, and dispersing viruses are just a few ways hackers and crackers can wreak havoc while in a company's database. The Republic of Benin is firmly against cyber terrorism. In fact, to highlight their dissonance with the activity, they have joined IMPACT—International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats, a not-for-profit organization focused on bridging governments, academia, industry leaders and cyber security experts to enhance the global community’s capacity to prevent, defend against and respond to cyber threats. Cyber terrorism can be defined as the activities in cyberspace and information technology that aid in terrorist activities. The dangers of cyber terrorism have been very detrimental to countries. For example, in 2009 North Korea was presumed to be causing the attacks to financial institutions, newspapers and intelligence services of the United States and South Korea. Their suspicions were wrong and the actions were traced to the United Kingdom. A more recent attack was against Google and twenty Corporations in China; there had been a number of attacks on these companies that spanned from December 2009 to January 2010. The attacks seemed to target the human rights activists, but they were traced to be unknown. Systems can be distorted in many different ways to fit the hackers’ perspectives. There are two commonly accepted methods: the system can either be attacked internally in the company or externally through the company.

Attacks can come in all forms, which is precisely why Benin equipped themselves with the help of IMPACT in hopes of ridding or preventing any form of cyber threats. Destruction to a network can occur as easily as walking into a corporation with a net book and wireless internet access. In past years’ conventions on cybercrime forums were held, but in May 2010 the United Nations took a firm stand against cyber threats by directly addressing it for the first time and by launching the 64/211. This was proposed to create a global culture of cyber security and find ways to protect global infrastructure from harm. At this present time, however, the proposed resolution effect is still ambiguous.

Many believe cyber deterrence is a good way to prevent cyber terrorism, but the disadvantage with this act is cyber terrorism as a whole will not be able to be stopped by this alone. Advanced forensic technology will have to be put in place to track down the hackers successfully. Sadly, this type of technology is presently difficult to sustain. The removal of sensitive information can be another way of ridding cyber terrorist aids, but most information has already been placed on the internet and could have already been copied. Despite original information being removed, copies are still out there and can be posted on the internet by countries that have a strong free speech act.

Censorship is implemented across countries to help prevent any important data from leaking; however, in the few countries that don't have a censorship, persons are able to broadcast all types of information over the web. For example the al-Qaeda's acts were able to be seen all around the world because it was broadcasted from a country that did not have a censorship. This was how we were able to see the magnitude of the terror al-Qaeda inflicted on so many people, and hopefully it can lead to the demise of their regime. Terrorists have taken on many other routes to aid in their attacks, but they have mastered manipulating corporations cyber-wise effectively. If something isn't done soon a 9/11 is likely to reoccur through the cyber causing a great depression state. As a result, The Republic of Benin, along with other countries, is trying to persuade the United Nations to take more actions to repress cyber terrorism.

Works Cited http://www.impact-alliance.org/aboutus/mission-&-vision.html http://www.itu.int/GlobalDirectory/index.html

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: International Cooperation Country: Bhutan

The kingdom of Bhutan has seen in recent years the growing amount of hostility and conflict throughout the globe. The people of Bhutan look to our government and head of state to assure peace and international cooperation in a constantly changing world. They need to be convinced that the recently elected constitutional government along with the National Assembly is doing everything in their power to protect the interest of the people. This cabinet needs to be decisive, proactive and understanding when regarding these issues of the international community and its cooperation. The Kingdom of Bhutan has been moving slowly towards a progressive movement of new democratic tendencies. As the basic lifestyle in Bhutan shows, the people are open to cooperation, treaties, and peace of any kind. Nestled in the Himalayas; Bhutan has even adopted an economic measure of GNH or Gross National Happiness. This is one example of the Bhutanese’s cooperation and peace throughout their culture. This as well as numerous other cultural traditions practiced today in our modern world show the ability of a country to promote peace, unity, and cooperation in the fullest sense. With these images and ideals, I ask this cabinet to consider peace keeping and international cooperation a key goal. Bhutan relies on the Indian Air Force and has no military forces. Also Bhutan has been friendly with India regarding treaties of foreign affairs, trade, and travel. Since increasing agreements and treaties with India, China, Taiwan, and many other surrounding nations; Bhutan has increased its relations and is planning on increasing their international cooperation treaties. The Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty is one example of many more cooperation agreements to come in the future. Overall, the people of Bhutan are looking to the government to continue this international path toward cooperation and peaceful existence with more than just neighboring countries. As Bhutan continues to progress and grow, its international security and cooperation will as well. Becoming more democratic is a long-term goal of the Bhutanese and with this newfound progression comes the need for international cooperation as well. The people of Bhutan are a peaceful and culturally rich nation; however, with all of its traditions comes the need to grow and modernize with increased globalization. Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: International Cooperation Country: Bhutan

The kingdom of Bhutan has seen in recent years the growing amount of hostility and conflict throughout the globe. The people of Bhutan look to our government and head of state to assure peace and international cooperation in a constantly changing world. They need to be convinced that the recently elected constitutional government along with the National Assembly is doing everything in their power to protect the interest of the people. This cabinet needs to be decisive, proactive and understanding when regarding these issues of the international community and its cooperation. The Kingdom of Bhutan has been moving slowly towards a progressive movement of new democratic tendencies. As the basic lifestyle in Bhutan shows, the people are open to cooperation, treaties, and peace of any kind. Nestled in the Himalayas; Bhutan has even adopted an economic measure of GNH or Gross National Happiness. This is one example of the Bhutanese’s cooperation and peace throughout their culture. This as well as numerous other cultural traditions practiced today in our modern world show the ability of a country to promote peace, unity, and cooperation in the fullest sense. With these images and ideals, I ask this cabinet to consider peace keeping and international cooperation a key goal. Bhutan relies on the Indian Air Force and has no military forces. Also Bhutan has been friendly with India regarding treaties of foreign affairs, trade, and travel. Since increasing agreements and treaties with India, China, Taiwan, and many other surrounding nations; Bhutan has increased its relations and is planning on increasing their international cooperation treaties. The Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty is one example of many more cooperation agreements to come in the future. Overall, the people of Bhutan are looking to the government to continue this international path toward cooperation and peaceful existence with more than just neighboring countries. As Bhutan continues to progress and grow, its international security and cooperation will as well. Becoming more democratic is a long-term goal of the Bhutanese and with this newfound progression comes the need for international cooperation as well. The people of Bhutan are a peaceful and culturally rich nation; however, with all of its traditions comes the need to grow and modernize with increased globalization. Delegation: Plurinational State of Bolivia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Bolivian government considers the issue of the Taliban and in general, Islamic fundamentalism, to be one of the gravest threats to global security. Although, NATO and Afghan forces have been fighting the Taliban for over nine years, Afghanistan’s democratic stability remains fragile and will continue to be so unless the Taliban and all other Islamic insurgent groups are removed. Fueled by Afghanistan’s abundant production of opium, the recent months have revealed a resurgence of the Taliban forces consequently leading to an increase in indiscriminate attacks on NATO, humanitarian aid workers and Afghan civilians.

Though the issue of the Taliban remains an internal affair, it’s past cooperation and support of the international terrorist network of Al-Qaeda and its continuing agenda to disrupt global peace illustrates that it must also be seen within the context of international security. Thus, it is essential that the Disarmament and International Security Committee consider ways to address the destabilizing impacts of the Taliban. In particular, Bolivia believes that the committee, while reiterating the UN’s commitment to combat terrorism, must consider other solutions, instead of the current NATO eradication approach, in resolving the opium drug trade while also finding ways to rehabilitate Taliban combatants so that they too can become responsible Afghan citizens.

Bolivia has always supported actions against the Taliban even before the invasion in 2001. Bolivia adamantly supported UN Security Council Resolution 1267 in 1999 that enforced trade embargoes against the Taliban and Al-Queda in Afghanistan and it has ratified all international conventions and agreements on combating and defeating terrorism. Bolivia is also aware that its geopolitical situation, its porous and extensive borders and its status as a developing nation, renders it as a possible target, refuge or transit place for radical Islamic terrorist networks. As a result, in 2005, the Permanent Mission of Bolivia to the United Nations reaffirmed our commitment to combat global terrorism by reporting to the United Nations of any suspicious terrorist activities. More significantly, in order to combat the threats of increasing terrorist activities, Bolivia established a number of specialized anti-terrorism units such as the Anti-Terrorism Center (CEAT) and over the years, it has been strengthened to deal with possible cases linked to radical Islamic terrorism. Our continuous investigations reveal no activity in the Bolivian territory under the influence of the Taliban, Osama bin Laden and Al-Queda.

The Bolivian government believes that in order to remove the Taliban from power, the solution lies at the heart of its finances; in this case, the abundant opium trade that constitutes 40 to 60 percent of the Taliban’s income and one third of Afghanistan’s GDP. The US lead NATO forces’ approach of eradication of the poppy fields is an ineffective solution in combating both the international drug trade and the Taliban because according to the United Nations Office of Drug and Crime (A/65/612–S/2010/630) report, the summary revealed that cultivation continued to occur in the insecure southern and western provinces of Afghanistan. Thus, even NATO’s early 2010 military drive in Marjah seems to have had little effect on the drug trade. More importantly, Bolivia regards this current strategy as futile, unproductive and dangerous because the billions of dollars spent have not only resulted in any decrease in the drug trade but instead, it has cultivated anti-Western sentiments amongst Afghan famers’ because this strategy destroys their livelihood. As a result, Bolivia believes such irrational methods must be stopped because it fuels mistrust and anger amongst the farmers thereby jeopardizing future stability. Instead Afghanistan must look for more viable solutions such as creating programs where poppies are replaced with a legal crop such as wheat or developing an industry that uses the opium as medical ingredients. Thus, not only does the program help farmers maintain or even increase their livelihood, but it will also combat the drug trade and the Taliban. In conclusion, Bolivia calls upon the United Nations to further look into the aforementioned solution in combating the drug trade and the Taliban.

Delegation: Plurinational State of Bolivia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The nation of Bolivia recognizes the grave international threat posed by cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorist actions have the potential to cripple defense networks, jeopardize national security, and decimate economies worldwide. As cyber technologies advance and proliferate around the globe, the possibility of cyber attacks grows greater every day. Bolivia fears the prospect of global cyber-warfare, and is committed to stand in opposition to nations that utilize cyber technologies in an irresponsible or invasive manner. Recognizing that there is no nation in the world that is fully prepared to deal with a cyberterrorist attack, Bolivia strives to reduce its own vulnerability to cyber attack, and to as partner with other nations to improve security for all.

The Plurinational State of Bolivia is aware that some content control and restrictive monitoring of the internet must be asserted by the government in order to assure security for the Bolivian people. However, Bolivia is extremely proud of its commitment to support the dual freedoms of information and expression, and prioritizes highly the necessity for safety without loss of liberty. In addition, Bolivia stands behind the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and affirms that every person has the right “to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media”. Therefore, although Bolivia is deeply committed to maintaining the safety of its citizens, it will not take any measures that unduly jeopardize their human rights. Bolivia is anticipating eagerly the launch of its new telecommunications satellite, Tupac Kateri, named after one of Bolivia’s national heroes, which was acquired with assistance from the People’s Republic of China. Bolivia is extremely grateful for this assistance, as this will be the first communications satellite of Bolivia and will not only provide communications and broadcasting services to the whole territory of Bolivia, but also facilitate the development of civil projects like remote education and telemedicine. The Plurinational State of Bolivia recognizes that although there are manifold gains to be had from this technological leap, new dangers for national security and threats of cyberterrorist attacks may also arise.

In order to combat the manifold risks associated with advances in cyber technology, the nation of Bolivia plans to launch a comprehensive cyber security plan as a part of its defense network. This plan will focus primarily on securing and removing sensitive information from the internet, and will emphasize the importance of cooperation among the South American states who are most vulnerable to cyber attack. It is in the best interest of every nation to promote the creation of a global culture and support network for cyber security. However, the nation of Bolivia does believe that it is crucial to retain sovereignty and to protect the classified nature of this at-risk information, and therefore will be cautious about the degree to which international cooperation is implemented into this plan.

Position Paper for the General Assembly 1st Committee

Delegation From: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Represented By: Clark College

Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban is an organization that puts its religious ideals above international law. They have carried out full scale massacres against people, groups and countries, and justified it by twisting the teachings of the Koran. As such, the international community has and continues to take diplomatic and sometimes aggressive tactics to stop this group from furthering its goals. Bosnia and Herzegovina is fully committed to the fight against terrorism of all kinds and continues to make active contributions in this respect. Bosnia and Herzegovina continues to invest significant efforts in the prevention and fight against terrorism, and it is an active member of the counterterrorism coalition committed to fighting all types of terrorist activity, especially through institutional capacity-building and the harmonization of its legislation with the relevant United Nations and European conventions and protocols. Terrorism is not only a threat to peace and security; in our view, it is immoral and counterproductive. It is immoral because innocent people are killed, and it is counterproductive because terrorism cannot resolve problems. It only produces new ones. In that regard, we would like to highlight here the example of Bosnian Muslims, since we were the major victim of the aggression against Bosnia between 1992 and 1995. We managed to defend ourselves, but both during and after the war we never turned our hands to revenge or terrorism. In the past, Bosnia and Herzegovina was treated as a problematic and questionable Balkan country because of its multi-ethnic and multicultural nature so we are especially sensitive to the type of terrorism that misuses religious feelings and, in so doing, jeopardizes local societies and global society. Fighting terrorism is justified, but all of us will be losers if we fail to do everything we can to help the innocent people who are suffering today. Our experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina teaches us that military intervention is not enough for a sustainable, long-lasting solution. At the same time, we have to have a clear vision of a political solution, accompanied by a program for social and economic development, once military intervention is over. The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy remains a central international framework for the concrete and efficient efforts of the international community. We therefore call for its full implementation, recalling General Assembly resolution 64/297 which reaffirms the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and its four pillars, which constitute an ongoing effort, and calls upon Member States, the United Nations and other appropriate international, regional and sub regional organizations to step up their efforts to implement the Strategy in an integrated manner and in all its aspects. Recall S/RES/1267 (1999) and S/RES/1904 (2009) which impose strict sanctions against the Taliban and any states that that harbor terrorist organizations. Position Paper for the General Assembly 1st Committee

Delegation From: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Represented By: Clark College

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Bosnia and Herzegovina is strongly supportive of the United Nations, its many programs and partners pertaining to this issue; including NATO, the World Bank, and the Working Group on Internet Governance. Although there is no clear definition of "Cyberterrorism", we believe that any politically motivated criminal action using the cyber world is cyberterrorism. This issue is very important to BiH because of our recent reestablishment into the telecommunications world after the Bosnian War in 1995. By the end of 2009, internet users made up over 31% of the state. BiH is in full support of A/RES/62/211, creation of a global culture of cybersecurity and taking stock of national efforts to protect critical information infrastructures, and A/RES/55/63, combating the criminal misuse of information technologies. Along with these resolutions, BiH is a major proponent for the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime as of its entry into force on the first of July, 2004. As stated by the permanent representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ivan Barbalić, "The increasing correlation among terrorism, transnational organized crime, drugs and arms smuggling, and money-laundering, as well as the frequent use of new information technologies by terrorists, requires an integrated global approach and close cooperation among relevant State institutions and elements of civil society at the national level, as well as cooperation and coordination with sub regional, regional and international organizations." We believe that this is a global issue and needs to be addressed by all states. The permanent representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ivan Barbalić, states, "The promotion and protection of human rights and the rule of law should remain a priority, as they constitute the fundamental values enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Any measures undertaken by the states to combat terrorism, including the prosecution and convention of perpetrators of terrorist acts and the protection of and provision of reparations to victims, must be anchored in the rule of law and comply with the State obligations under the provisions of international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law." Since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that every human has the right to seek, receive and impart information. Therefore, each and every member state has a responsibility to walk the fine line between how they want to govern the World Wide Web and the Universal Human Rights that every human being is entitled to. Bosnia and Herzegovina wishes to write a working paper with many countries about the lines between human rights and technology that we all have the right to. There are many ways that member states could contribute to the security of the Cyberworld, and we hope to work with them to get to a resolution that will help put an end to Cyberterrorism.

Brazil Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban Top Area B: Cyberterrorism Brazil is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in many of its specialized agencies. As Brazil's domestic economy has grown and diversified, the country has become increasingly involved in international politics and economics. Brazil has also bolstered its commitment to nonproliferation through ratification of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, signing a full-scale nuclear safeguard agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency, among others. Internationally, Brazil chooses to pursue its goals through multilateral institutions where it is skilled at organizing consensus positions. It argues for greater equality among sovereign nations and maintains the policy of non-intervention. Notwithstanding the large economic and political growth Brazil has encountered these past years, Brazil still needs work as “continued stability and future growth will require avoiding the mistakes of the past while finding new solutions to the problems that remain.”1 This statement summarizes what needs to be done in most, if not all, international conflicts. Pertaining to the first issue at hand, the approach that was primarily taken with the Taliban has shown not to be successful: corruption is still rampant, drug trade (poppy) is still one third of Afghanistan’s GDP and Afghanistan’s security forces are not equipped to handle Afghanistan’s problems. New solutions to these problems must be found. For starters, it is crucial to enforce a zero-tolerance policy towards corruption; an education campaign to reinforce that not only corruption but also the producing and trading of opiates is immoral and against Islamic law. Both corruption and the production of opiates undermine security and educational approaches. In terms of security, it cannot be provided by military force alone. Security requires good governance, justice and the rule of law, reinforced by reconstruction and development. The support of the individual nations and regional security organizations is no longer sufficient to solve and achieve these measures. Therefore, Brazil believes that a peacemaking mission is necessary. The peace-building/peacekeeping/peacemaking mission will help Afghanistan transition from war to peace and enforce the Afghan security forces. It will also help the Afghan government recuperate its power and take control of the country, eventually without international assistance. Brazil has already contributed troops to UN peacekeeping efforts in the Middle East and will gladly contribute troops and work as a mediator in this new venture. Cyberterrorism is a relatively new phenomenon in the world. With the advent of the Internet and continuing transition to dependence on the internet, and computers more generally, to provide everything from communications and power to the control of traffic lights and household appliances, this connectivity with computers and the internet presents opportunities for would-be terrorists to attack in ways that most nations are unprepared for. As the Stuxnet worm has shown in Iran, although most likely created by a nation-state, cyberterrorism has the potential to cripple critical systems. At risk these days are power plants and distribution networks; satellite, cable, and television access; traffic control systems; financial institutions; and many other crucial underpinnings of modern society. An attack on any of these could have the potential for devastating losses in terms of both lives and economic damage. The Taliban and cyberterrorism present challenges for the world at large. The Taliban presents a risk, located as it is in such an important geostrategic location. Cyberterrorism provides the ability to cause massive damage throughout world. In both cases, a coordinated, worldwide, consensus-based approach is necessary, as anything less will fail to produce the results necessary to combat these problems.

1 Foreign Affairs: Brazil’s Big Moment. December 2008.

Република България epublic of R

Sofia, February 17th, 2011 Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area A: The Taliban ulgaria

As a historical battlefield, Afghanistan had been severally influencedB by many tribes, cultures and empires. However, no other international agent was as determinative as the Soviet Union in ways to establish a warfare culture to the aforementioned country. The insurgency of the mujahedeen in “jihad” against the USSR and the American’s indirect support to the outbreak were, inter alia, the crucial facts to understand the present situation. Bearing these facts in mind, it became clear why the Taliban is so solid. With all necessary resources, the insurgents were able to build a powerful, respected and well-armed government. Supported by an extreme felling of religious responsibility, the Taliban gained internal power and, in a short range of time, was able to, among other things, impose the Sharia law, recruit a large army intended to defend the Taliban’s purposes, became a threat for those who have posted than in such position and inaugurate recently a new sort of terrorism. For an effective discussions and future resolution, we stress the importance of cooperation between the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and ISAF, reiterating resolutions 1833(2008) and 1868(2008). The Bulgarian army has contributed substantially within the framework of the NATO-led International with almost six-hundred people, acting in key regions in Afghani territory. The success of the ISAF operation is of crucial importance for the security and reconstruction of Afghanistan. NATO’s commitment in Afghanistan features prominently on the priorities list of the Bulgarian foreign and defense policy. It is an important issue to empower the Afghan administration, where a political process is necessary and the UN should have a central role. Bulgaria welcomes the accords reached between the international community and the government of Afghanistan at the London Conference (January 2010). These important decisions will create the necessary conditions for the government of Afghanistan to maintain security on its own and to exercise its sovereignty over the entire territory of that country. Special attention is due to the set of objectives for transferring the safekeeping ownership to the Afghan Security Forces (ASF), for increasing the numerical strength of the Afghan National Army and the Afghan National Police Force, and for supporting the government program of national reconciliation and reintegration. The fulfillment of the London accords will ensure that progress is made towards the attainment of our common goals. Not less important, is the necessary combat between the international community and the poppy fields. The funds raised by these fields are one of the biggest sources of Taliban’s resources. Because of this, eradicating the poppy fields represents an effective solution to restrain the international drug trade and reduce Taliban’s power. To assist Afghan’s capacity building efforts in the field of security through training of the Afghan National Police it’s a sine qua non condition to start improving the Afghan situation regarding the drug traffic. Thus, it is reasonable to request the North America Treaty Organization, UNAMA’s support and the Operation Enduring Freedom to voluntarily provide field training and assistance in strategic matters. According to the UN office on drugs and crimes, there are several mistakes concerning the strategies used and protected areas. Then, in order to recover this progress, it’s reasonable to, in partnership with the World Bank and UN specialized agencies to revise the present protected areas and search for new approaches concerning this problem.

Република България epublic of R

Sofia, February 17th, 2011 Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area A: Cyberterrorism ulgaria

Direct, fast, highly destructive and very hard to prevent, CyberterrorismB represents a difficult threat to deal with. Although most criminals are just amateurs, there are those who can access strategic points for society as military installations, power plants, air traffic control centers, banks and telecommunication networks. Seen there is no consensus between parties concerning how to retaliate such a crime it’s complicated to start acting and that is one of the challenges this committee must face.

Being part of the European Convention on Cybercrime, the Republic of Bulgaria is concerned about the possibilities of became target of cyber strikes, caused by lack of strong security infrastructure, especially those sponsored by other governments. Also, it is very important to remind the importance of working together with the World Bank in order to guarantee the necessary resources to implement the future expected resolutions. As a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, we also would like to stress the good opportunity of cooperation by logistic assistance.

To define all kinds of cyber space violation is also important, bearing in mind this should the first step to reach into specifics and clear resolution. The major hindrance to overcome here is how to prevent cyberterrorism. Deterrence is effective, however, as firms as Symantec have already warned, in wrong ways; this action may lead governments to Human Rights Violation. The same problem happens with censorship which violates article 19.

At this point, enhance defense by cooperating with private security firms is the best solution the international community still find for fight against expected stikes. Although it can became expensive for some countries, the Republic of Bulgaria strongly supports the formulation of agenda and resolutions that stresses this abovementioned solution.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: The Taliban Delegation: Burundi Burundi

The nation of Burundi recognizes the pressing nature of the threat posed by the Taliban, both to the government of Afghanistan and to the international community. Attacks led by terrorists with the backing of the Taliban present a danger to all countries and will continue to do so until the international community addresses the threat with a concerted effort to improve the security situation. The drugs trafficked from this region are also a major concern, not only to Burundi but also to the entire Central African region. The drug trade and opium production in Afghanistan have a direct effect on the supply of opium in the Central African region. Burundi supports the proposal to eradicate poppy fields in Afghanistan in order to curb the drug trade and cut off one of the significant sources of revenue for the Taliban.

Burundi is a nation well acquainted with the difficulties presented by civil strife, warlords, and internal conflict. The government of Afghanistan faces many difficulties that can only be properly met with an internal response. Building on the outcomes of the London Conference and the Second Tokyo Conference, Burundi supports the strengthening of domestic Afghan institutions in order to both increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the Afghan government; necessarily diminishing the influence of those who seek to undermine it.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: Cyberterrorism Burundi Delegation: Burundi

Cyberterrorism presents an entirely new type of threat to the international community that, up until this point, little has been done to confront. Given the amount of sensitive material and confidential information accessible through Internet networks, Burundi understands the call by certain nations for a global response to cyberterrorism.

Burundi, like other members of the African bloc, remains vulnerable to potential cyber terrorist attacks. Although much of Burundi’s population is not directly endangered by the threat of an internet-based cyber attack, a number of domestic industries have vital interests at stake. Burundi acknowledges that Internet use is expanding within its borders and supports the push for the construction of a more secure Internet infrastructure. As Burundi’s number of Internet users continues to grow, Burundi remains committed to their right to information security.

Non-Internet cyber attacks present the most crucial hazard to Burundi, as damage done to other communication networks could potentially cause the greatest harm. Burundi backs those who call for security provision from the private sector and supports the exploration of further measures in the prevention of cyber attacks.

Delegation: The Royal Kingdom of Cambodia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban

The Royal Kingdom of Cambodia is fully aware that the Taliban, though all the efforts made since 2001, remain being one of the main threats not only in Afghanistan or the middle east, but it poses a real threat to world peace and international security. Cambodia strongly condemns terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. Cambodia further condemns the actions of the Taliban but expresses deep concern over the stereotyping of religions and manifestations of intolerance and discrimination particularly against the Muslim community. Cambodia is convinced that respect for diversity, as well as dialogue among and within civilizations is essential for peace; so we invite all nations to promote tolerance, mutual understanding and respect for freedom of religion and belief.

Regarding the current situation in Afghanistan, Cambodia agrees with the already taking actions by the UN and NATO. Our country expresses its support to the Afghan National Army and recognizes its crucial participation defending their country from the menace of the terrorism. However, Cambodia stresses the need of strengthening this armed force due to the increased peril posed mainly by Al-Qaeda. As president Dwight D. Eisenhower said once “Though force can protect in emergency, only justice, fairness, consideration and co-operation can finally lead men to the dawn of eternal peace.” Therefore, leaving aside the military issues, our country believes that unless the root causes of terrorism were addressed, such as: the strengthening of the rule of law and democratic processes, the fight against corruption, the acceleration of justice sector reform, the promotion of national reconciliation, drug and arms traffic, and poverty; any solution proposed by the international community will remain ineffective. Cambodia believes that the program of disbandment of illegal armed groups that operate in different parts of the country should be immediately implemented under Afghan ownership, as a measure to save from harm the population’s integrity; meanwhile the use of weapons should be strictly controlled by the Afghan National Police in order to prevent them from falling into the hands of criminal groups. Nevertheless as a democratic country, Cambodia strongly opposes any violation to the sovereignty of Afghanistan or any intervention without its authorities’ consent. Cambodia disapproves any negotiation or cooperation with Taliban as it has shown no respect for human lives and international laws.

Concerning the opium production and drug trade, Cambodia supports the eradication programs of poppy fields and its replacement for alternative crops. In this regard, we propose the implementation of an operational program in order to seed crops with a higher commercial value avoiding the detrimental economic impact to the farmers families; and also ask for cooperation to the WTO to export the products to the nations that are committed with the reconstruction of Afghanistan and the consolidation of the peace in the region. Furthermore, our country encourages the UN to help Afghanis to exploit their mineral resources and assist the government in building mines that will not only provide economic resources for the reconstruction but it will help to decrease the unemployment levels preventing this people to be recruit from the Taliban forces. Cambodia calls for the enhancing and harmonization of actions and measures between the Afghan Nation and the International Community, always guided by the principle of reinforcing Afghan ownership and leadership. Delegation: The Royal Kingdom of Cambodia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Royal Kingdom of Cambodia is fully aware that the threat of cyberterrorism to our countries’ technical infrastructure is real and immediate. This includes everything from the possibility of hacking into our government systems and servers causing them crashing and rendering our people defenseless, to terrorists hacking into air traffic control systems bring about plane to crash, or even worse, terrorists remotely launching nuclear weapons. Cambodia declares that cyberterrorism also poses a threat to our population when fundamental rights such as personal privacy or the right of access to information are violated. For this reason, our country believes that there should be internet censorship, creating a shield of protection for children from pornography and exploitation and, at the same time, protecting national security information. In order to implement it, Cambodia created a state company called Telecom. Moreover, the Kingdom of Cambodia has also developed the National Computer Emergency Response Team for Cambodia (CamCert) that provides information, security advice to internet users and providers, and receives reports from internet threats that allows the government to know what kind of weaknesses are inside the country and, more importantly, it allows Cambodia to work prevention of cyber attack. This task is also reinforced by international cooperation received from the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber-Terrorism (IMPACT), and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) organ of de UN agency World Summit on Information Society (2005), which has developed the 2007 Cyber Security Agenda. Furthermore, the Kingdom of Cambodia strongly believes that even though the establishment of a global internet policy has not effectively prevented cybercrimes from happening yet, neither has it helped to identify the sponsors involved, member states could start working on the implementation of a specialized agency in charge of protecting national security systems. This agency in each country would be expected to produce foreign signals intelligence information and work on creating guidelines as to critical information regarding national security data. Cambodia further calls for sharing knowledge at an international level as a means for strengthening cooperation, highlighting national efforts as well as international policies. Furthermore, the development of recommendations for Internet Governance Forum as a multi stake holder, intergovernmental Organizations on Cyberterrorism, among others, providing advices on the matter is fundamental. Moreover, the Royal Kingdom of Cambodia, calls for the implementation of an effective policy that involves Government, business organization and individual owners and users of information as an innovation in exercising responsive regulation and enhancing cyber security by allowing citizens to become key actors in promoting cyber security. Public Education and awareness through promoting prevention on a global culture of security is also required. Cambodia strongly believes that each country should implement a protocol of security, and considers as a good example to follow the one implemented by USA, called the Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP), coordinating with their stakeholders the progressively implementation depending on their own characteristics and needs; taking into consideration that developed countries participation is crucial to close the digital divides in order to achieve universal access to communication technologies to undeveloped countries. Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: Taliban Country: The Republic of Cameroon School: Salem State College

I. General Statement The Republic of Cameroon believes that Taliban insurgency is posing a serious threat to the regional and international peace and security. The Taliban wants to preserve the Muslim faith in the region. The Republic of Cameroon is a country that has many allies involved in the conflict with the Taliban. The Republic of Cameroon stands by any decisions made by the United Nations regarding the Taliban. The Republic of Cameroon stresses the need for international cooperation among all countries in fighting terrorism and it endeavors to the best of its ability to abide by United Nations resolutions. The Republic of Cameroon is committed to preventing individuals and entities from recruiting or supporting Taliban members in carrying out activities inside Cameroon and to preventing individuals from participating in any terrorist training camps established in another country. However, as a developing country, Cameroon does not have adequate resources and technologies to fight terrorist activities.

II. Particulars The Republic of Cameroon recognizes that misery, poverty, injustice, corruption and intolerance were often at the root of terrorist acts, and stresses the need of assistance in its fight against terrorism. To fight against Taliban and its networks, Cameroon stresses the need of appropriate training and seeks assistance in the area of counter-terrorism for law enforcement personnel, border police, customs officers and banking personnel; provision of technical equipment for identification, detection, surveillance and monitoring and appropriate technological and data-processing tools to monitor the movement of persons at border points; as well as technological and data-processing tools to monitor transfers of funds and foreign exchange transactions. We are concerned with the ethnic population of Afghanistan. What we believe is the issue of their corruption with the number of warlords in the area. Those warlords are a threat to individuals in Afghanistan and outside of Afghanistan. They increase their drug trade and distribute it throughout the region. There should no longer be a drug trade within and beyond the borders of Afghanistan. What we must do is work with leaders to find ways their economy can succeed legitimately. This will eliminate the trade of drugs and allow the country to flourish. The Republic of Cameroon encourages dynamic cooperation among States and international organizations, and it had stepped up its contacts with international, regional and sub regional organizations through its periodic meetings. As a responsible UN member, Republic of Cameroon firmly supports the UN approach and would like to strengthen the capacities of its services responsible for the better implementation of measures adopted under resolution 1267 (1999), resolution 1445 (2003) and 1446 (2003).

Committee: Disarmament an International Security Topic: Cyber Terrorism Country: The Republic of Cameroon School: Salem State University

I. General Statement

The Republic of Cameroon has been one of the many countries to join a fight against cyber terrorism and those who commit these acts. The UN targets hackers attempting to obtain a better understanding of systems so they can crack those systems and cause damage. Terrorists who are using cyber terrorism are trying to manipulate computers and programs of the military so that they can go in and plant viruses and worms so that their computers will not function under an actual attack. Cameroon has signed onto the International Multilateral Partnership against Cyber Terrorism. We believe that there should be full sharing of countries in their fight against Cyber Terrorism. The more we know the more we can combat. We already have a great coalition of countries working together to fight and end cyber terrorism. We advocate a resolution be passed so it be mandatory for countries to share their intelligence this will make the possibility to end cyber terror great. Censorship is an issue, the wiki leaks scandal should be a call to action to increase security. All government information should be censored, as well as anything promoting terrorist activity. Any individuals or states should be punished for committing any acts of cyber terrorism. We the People’s Republic of Cameroon would like to receive external technical assistance, including appropriate training, provision of adequate technological and data-processing tools to monitor the movement of persons and goods at border posts and screen the transfer of dubious assets, etc.

II. Particulars

The Republic of Cameroon strongly urges the need of better cooperation among the member countries of Interpol and International Telecommunication Union. The Republic believes that better cooperation and information sharing between the countries is the effective way of dealing with cyber terrorism. Therefore, Republic of Cameroon believes that defining major cyber crimes, determining legal procedures to help ascertain the cyber terrorists and formulate general principles of cooperation and mutual international legal assistance is vital to fight cyber terrorism.

HNMUN 2011 Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) Topic A: The Taliban – Topic B: Cyberterrorism Country: Canada Universidad Católica Andrés Bello Guayana (Venezuela)

Sixty four years ago, as one of the founders of the United Nations, we pledged in stating that this organization should save forthcoming generations from the scourge of war, should reaffirm the dignity of the human being, uphold international law, promote social progress and better standards of life in freedom. Indeed, much has been achieved, yet a lot remains to be reached. It is paramount to recall why the international community remains in Afghanistan. It was this land where Al Qaeda organized the murder of 3,000 innocent people on 9/11 attacks. It is the Afghan- Pakistan border from where terrorists have still launched more aggressions against our homelands and allies. We cannot permit this threaten continue. Canada has contributed substantially over years with the operation in Afghanistan by working on the provincial reconstruction teams, disarmament and demobilization programs. The joint task force in Afghanistan comprises all Canadian forces assets deployed in southwest Asia through operation Accius, operation Archer and operation Athena; by establishing a force of almost 3,000 personnel and military assistance. We are engaged to assist Afghan people to build a country that is better governed and more secure. Our priority is focus on the commitment of four key aspects: the development of education and health programs, the progress of security through the training of the Afghan Security Forces, ASF, the promotion of regional diplomacy and a better humanitarian assistance. The goal is to lead responsibility for security back to Afghan people after 2014. Training ASF is a key element for transition in order to eradicate the lack of Afghan unity and trust, corruption and Taliban territorial control, as well as the drug trade. Canadian forces have broken through a real difference in the lives of the Afghan community, oftentimes at a high cost. Nevertheless, it is not merely to protect Afghanistan or Canadians. It is rather about the protection of humanity; this is a Principle of Responsibility which is impossible to escape from. We firmly agree that the global community should work together by watching the respect of equal rights, by providing security and stability, as well as by struggling against terrorism in all its faces. Especially nowadays that technology development has deviated its path. In recent years the internet has come to play a major role in people’s lives. It was estimated that 27.7% of the world’s population had reliable access to the internet. It is also estimated that the jeopardy of cyberterrorism is 60% greater each year; this means that the threat is ever-growing. It is not only the amount of attacks occurring, but also the complexity is also increasing. Terrorist currently use the internet for psychological warfare, propaganda, data mining, fundraising, recruitment, mobilization, networking, information sharing and planning and coordination. These have to be the key points to tackle in order to address the subject. With events such as the attack to South Korea’s and American financial institutions, newspapers, intelligence services in 2009, the January 2010 coordinated series of attacks against Google and 20 corporations in China, we can see the potential of cyberterrorism, which could easily decimate governments, destroy economies and be a huge security threat. Since we need to disable the capability of terrorist groups to achieve their attacks, we believe that the role of private security actors in the fight against cyberterrorism will be important, as well as the cooperation between States. Canada is completely engaged in the eradication of this threat; there shall be no heaven for terrorist groups, at least not in this world. HNMUN 2011 Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) Topic A: The Taliban – Topic B: Cyberterrorism Country: Canada Universidad Católica Andrés Bello Guayana (Venezuela)

Sixty four years ago, as one of the founders of the United Nations, we pledged in stating that this organization should save forthcoming generations from the scourge of war, should reaffirm the dignity of the human being, uphold international law, promote social progress and better standards of life in freedom. Indeed, much has been achieved, yet a lot remains to be reached. It is paramount to recall why the international community remains in Afghanistan. It was this land where Al Qaeda organized the murder of 3,000 innocent people on 9/11 attacks. It is the Afghan- Pakistan border from where terrorists have still launched more aggressions against our homelands and allies. We cannot permit this threaten continue. Canada has contributed substantially over years with the operation in Afghanistan by working on the provincial reconstruction teams, disarmament and demobilization programs. The joint task force in Afghanistan comprises all Canadian forces assets deployed in southwest Asia through operation Accius, operation Archer and operation Athena; by establishing a force of almost 3,000 personnel and military assistance. We are engaged to assist Afghan people to build a country that is better governed and more secure. Our priority is focus on the commitment of four key aspects: the development of education and health programs, the progress of security through the training of the Afghan Security Forces, ASF, the promotion of regional diplomacy and a better humanitarian assistance. The goal is to lead responsibility for security back to Afghan people after 2014. Training ASF is a key element for transition in order to eradicate the lack of Afghan unity and trust, corruption and Taliban territorial control, as well as the drug trade. Canadian forces have broken through a real difference in the lives of the Afghan community, oftentimes at a high cost. Nevertheless, it is not merely to protect Afghanistan or Canadians. It is rather about the protection of humanity; this is a Principle of Responsibility which is impossible to escape from. We firmly agree that the global community should work together by watching the respect of equal rights, by providing security and stability, as well as by struggling against terrorism in all its faces. Especially nowadays that technology development has deviated its path. In recent years the internet has come to play a major role in people’s lives. It was estimated that 27.7% of the world’s population had reliable access to the internet. It is also estimated that the jeopardy of cyberterrorism is 60% greater each year; this means that the threat is ever-growing. It is not only the amount of attacks occurring, but also the complexity is also increasing. Terrorist currently use the internet for psychological warfare, propaganda, data mining, fundraising, recruitment, mobilization, networking, information sharing and planning and coordination. These have to be the key points to tackle in order to address the subject. With events such as the attack to South Korea’s and American financial institutions, newspapers, intelligence services in 2009, the January 2010 coordinated series of attacks against Google and 20 corporations in China, we can see the potential of cyberterrorism, which could easily decimate governments, destroy economies and be a huge security threat. Since we need to disable the capability of terrorist groups to achieve their attacks, we believe that the role of private security actors in the fight against cyberterrorism will be important, as well as the cooperation between States. Canada is completely engaged in the eradication of this threat; there shall be no heaven for terrorist groups, at least not in this world. Kristie Flaherty Harvard National MUN Position Paper DISEC Topic #1

The Taliban

Cape Verde is a country located off the coast of western Africa. Made up of nine islands, Cape Verde won its independence from Portugal in 1975. Since their independence, they have been working hard to achieve economic and political stability. Their economy, although low in natural resources, has been succeeding off their tourism industry. They have a stable government, consisting of a president and a prime minister. Large portions of the Cape Verdeans do not actually live in Cape Verde, but rather in other countries, like the United States.

Cape Verde has been labeled a developing country and has been accepted into the

World Trade Organization (WTO). They receive large amounts of foreign investment to also stimulate their economy.

Cape Verde has not encountered any transnational issues and does not have a large stand on the Taliban. As a neutral state that would not like to cause conflict,

Cape Verde would agree that the United Nations needs to take a stand on terrorism and if the Taliban is harboring this crime, action needs to be taken. The leaders of the Taliban should remain classified as terrorists because they are allowing terrorist organizations to form, and not allowing the United Nations or the United

States to take the appropriate actions against terrorists.

Lauren Burzalow

Harvard MUN Position Paper

DISEC

Topic # 2

February 3, 2011

Cyberterrorism

As an island nation, Cape Verde is not connected by land to other nations, making it very difficult to keep in contact with other nations were something to happen to our internet servers.

This makes cyberterrorism an issue of particular interest to us because we feel that the internet is vital to staying in touch with the rest of the world. We are also a nation that has a large percentage of our population living abroad. This makes it important to our people that they can stay in touch with their families living in other nations. Not only is this a matter of national security, it is vital to the happiness of our people.

We believe that some sort of international organization should be set up in order to address the issues at hand with the vulnerability of most smaller nations to cyber terrorism. Large countries such as the United States should make an effort to share the technology they have with other friendly nations who are looking to protect themselves against this threat. There should also be some sort of research and development center set up that could investigate a way for smaller nations to set up infrastructure to guard against internet attacks.

Delegation: The Republic of Chad

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic A: Taliban

In a world full of poverty and violence, the Republic of Chad recognizes the need to abstain from terrorism. Malicious acts carried out by extremist groups should be condemned and avoided at all costs. The Taliban in Afghanistan, since its emergence in 1994, has proven to be a force of violence. In order to maintain economic and social stability, the need for power-hungry coups and disrespect for proper authority must not be tolerated. As the Republic of Chad constantly has to fend off irrational rebels who seek to destroy our natural resources and order, we recognize the necessity to preserve order and government authority. The Taliban has no central order; therefore, its widespread usage of violence and disruption of economic trade should be carefully combated.

The Republic of Chad strongly supports and urges the U.N. to maintain peace in Afghanistan. Chad has proven committed to the preserving of peace in many cases such as the army’s successful neutralizing of over forty Islamic militants within our own borders in 2004. Afghanis should be granted the opportunity to develop a democratic form of government if they so desire. The Republic does urge however that intervention be taken with extreme caution. We, the Republic of Chad, know the detriments of intervention, such as the negative results of the Libyan intervention when power-hungry coups sought to upend Chad nearly thirty years ago. In addition, cooperation with militant groups should be non-existent. Chad recognizes the importance of alerting those unfit for leadership that order is vital for the well-being of all. The Republic of Chad also acknowledges that Afghan security forces should be adequate. However, we strongly urge that outside aid in military matters should be kept at a minimum.

Although peace must be kept in highest regard, the Chadian Government knows intervention from outside countries, especially from the West, could incite violence to carry into its own borders. As the overwhelming numbers of refugees from Darfur continue to overflow our borders, the Republic of Chad asks that any action taken to upend the Taliban be taken with extreme caution. Afghanistan does not need instability as this could risk financial hardships for their regional neighbors. The Republic urges the U.N. to carefully seek ways to end the dominance of the Taliban. Cooperation with rebellious forces is not acceptable and should be condemned. If the U.N. permits its members to cooperate with terrorists, then order and peace around the world will be held at bay. Delegation: The Republic of Chad

Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

We, the Republic of Chad, are working with numerous different networks in order to prevent cyber terrorism. There are many data centers that are tracking the work and threats received online, although Chad has not recently been a target of any on-line terrorist threats. IMPACT

(International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Terrorism) is the first public-private global data base. With Chad being a participating country in efforts to stop cyber terrorism threats and attacks, we are able to receive two different types of signals from the center alerting the country of any potential danger. Delegation: República de Chile Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban Chile considers the Taliban to be a major threat to global security. Since the Taliban has been in power, Afghanistan has become increasingly destabilized and since 2001 the Taliban has become global issue. The Security Council created the Al-Qaeda and Taliban Sanctions Committee in 1999 and the Taliban has been discussed at multiple international conferences and General Assembly meetings as well. Though the Taliban is no longer controlling the Afghani government the current situation is still critical. While there are global security implications, Chile believes that the threat by the Taliban, as an Afghani problem, can only be resolved by the Afghanis. Chile believes in empowering the sovereignty of Afghanistan through allowing the Afghani government to make its own decisions. We believe that in order to build confidence in the Afghani government, the leadership must decide if and how they wish to engage the Taliban in talks. Afghanistan has a unique culture and an intricate, as well as complicated history. Many fail to respect Afghanistan’s special cultural needs and identity. The majority of the international community considers the actions of the Taliban’s rule to be immoral however; the solution is not criticism and implementation of other cultural ideas but encouraging nation building in the region. Recent developments in Afghanistan have missed the mark of rebuilding and encouraging the Afghani people and nation, and instead have decreased the sovereignty of the state, decreased the stability of the region, and increased corruption while decreasing Afghani unity. In order for the situation in Afghanistan to improve we must return control and sovereignty to the state of Afghanistan itself. We can assist Afghanistan in many way, for instance, Chile has one of the most advanced and capable militaries in South America and we believe that aiding and training the ANA will increase their strength, stability and ability to handle their current situation. The UN has capabilities, and the ability to help Afghanistan that singular states cannot. Through the UN we can build governance through democratization, decreasing corruption in government and increasing unity and trust in governance. It is believed by some that the culture of Afghanistan makes it extremely difficult for national unity and a strong, stable national democracy, however if the idea of democracy is tailored to fit Afghanistan’s needs and identity, the rampant corruption in government can be decreased. Another major issue is reducing the drug trade. While we cannot simply irradiate all poppy fields the UN can increase programs that help provide for farmers to grow sustainable, legal and accommodating crops such as wheat. Though costly, programs can be created in systems similar to microloans to assist Afghani farmers. Therefore, Chile believes that the UN and other states should refrain from infringing on Afghani sovereignty and, rather than imposing changes that may reject their unique culture, allow Afghanistan to find solutions to their own problems, with assistance from the international community. Delegation: Chile Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyberterrorism Delegate: Christina Lee Ryerson

Cyberterrorism, a growing threat to nations around the world, leaves critical elements of society vulnerable to cyber-attack. In the digital age, dependency on internet communication is vital to a nation’s economy, national security and other vital infrastructure such as electric grids and nuclear plants. As the threat continues to grow it is important for the international community to work in a cooperative manner to develop a regime to deal with cyberterrorism.

It is Chile’s position that any attempt to deal with the growing issue of cyberterrorism must be done in a cooperative manner through the international community to come up with a common definition and legal framework for dealing with cyber attacks. The International Telecommunications Union has taken up this cause having signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats; a nonprofit public-private partnership bringing together a number of experts from academia, the cyber security industry and government to collaborate on the issues of cyber security. The recent Memorandum of Understanding establishes the headquarters for the Global Response Centre, intended to facilitate the sharing of information and send out early warnings of an impending attack.

Chile, a member of IMPACT, has taken part in a number of working groups and other workshops in an attempt to facilitate cooperation regarding how to construct national legislation, investigating online crimes and the collection of electronic evidence. The framework created for these regional meetings is an attempt to increase the capabilities of the members in fighting cybercrime.

The General Assembly passed resolution 64/211 establishing a framework for the sharing of information regarding cyber-attacks between nations. However, this resolution does not go far enough in establishing a common legal definition between nations on what constitutes cyberterrorim, or how to handle jurisdictional issues that may arise during the course of an investigation into an attack. Cyber terrorism presents a unique jurisdictional challenge because someone in a country on the other side of the world can attack a country’s critical infrastructure and the question becomes: “Where should this crime be adjudicated?”

Before any discussions regarding cyberterrorism can occur however, there must be an international agreement to the definition of cyberterrorism and the distinction between an act of cyberterrorism and a cybercrime. While consensus on the precise definition of cyberterrorism may be elusive in the international arena, an attempt must be made to define the concept before any serious discussion of how to proceed commences. One definition, given by Maura Conway, is the “premeditated, politically motivated attacks by sub-national groups or clandestine agents against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data that result in violence against noncombatant and targets.” This definition is an adequate start to discerning the difference between cybercrime and cyberterrorism.

As discussions regarding the creation of a legal regime to deal with issues of cyberterrorism commence, it is important to ensure that a State’s sovereignty is not violated with clear distinctions made between a cybercrime, which would be within the prevue of the State, and an act of cyberterrorism crossing international borders.

Delegation: Republic of Colombia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Colombia feels deeply concerned by the presence of the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Indeed, the problems deriving from the influence of the Taliban in both countries are not unfamiliar to Colombia which has been facing a threat of a similar nature on the part of the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) over the past four decades. Similar to the FARC: the Taliban justify their terrorist acts through an ideology that also assists them in recruiting their members; functions as a loose network, taking advantage of the specific geographical conditions of the area and fund their operations by fostering highly developed drug trafficking. Afghanistan's narcotics trade reaches $3 billion a year and this has strengthened the Taliban and greatly weakened the government's capacity. Colombia remains consistently committed to annihilating the threat caused by the FARC on its territory, preventing the rebels from putting a strain on the population and entrenching themselves in organized crime such as hostage taking. Therefore, Colombia feels it is facing similar challenges as governments tackling the Taliban threat. Colombia has drawn lessons from its own experience and believes that terrorist activities perpetrated by the Taliban, whatever their origin or motivation, do not have any reason to be. They are a deep threat to the values and principles that maintain international order and UN institutions, alongside the liberties protected and promoted by the UN Charter.

Colombia has been exporting its expertise in counter narcotics operations to Afghanistan since 2005. There is a strong cooperation between both countries. Indeed, Special Forces within the Colombian National Police have spent several months training Afghan police, teaching them command tactics and how to find and attack drug lords. As a responsible international actor, Colombia joined the international commitment to its local actions: it has ratified the "International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism" as well as the majority of international conventions that have been adopted in order to prevent and repress terrorism, within the United Nations. Colombia has been a party to the "International Convention for the suppression of Terrorist Bombings" since 2004 and continues to support the work of the Special Committee created by resolution 51/210 on measures to eliminate international Terrorism. Furthermore Colombia condemns Human rights violations perpetrated by the Taliban. As a signatory country of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment since 1985, Colombia stresses its commitment in preventing abuse and working jointly with the international community on enhancing protection for aid workers and civilians.

Colombia believes that the Taliban should not be considered anything other than a group of terrorists. States that support the Taliban should be punished, as terrorism is incompatible with sovereignty. It is therefore crucial to support the Afghan government in reasserting itself throughout the country and to help it reinforce its legitimacy in the eyes of its nationals. It must be able to guarantee civilian security and liberty, protect human rights and foster the political and economic impulse vital to all provinces of Afghanistan. In order to achieve those aims, Colombia encourages the crucial contribution of aid workers who provide effective relief to civilians at a local level. Colombia welcomes the continuing efforts of the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) regarding exchange of information; it calls for the groups to further enhance coordination of their activities in view of deterring terrorist acts and securing aid provision in the event of attacks. It is essential to continue to strengthen cooperation and assistance within organizations of any scale, should they be international or local. Colombia suggests boosting funding for Counter Narcotics in Afghanistan. Colombia is aware that terrorism is a global threat to international peace and security requiring a global answer. It is paramount to put aside our differences and agree on a framework to curtail the threat in a comprehensive and cooperative way. Delegation: The Republic of Colombia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B : Cyberterrorism

Colombia acknowledges the alarming emergence of cyberterrorism. Its characteristics are inseparable from the expansion of the Internet: an exponential development, a phenomenon that ignores borders, and a gateway to a blank check anonymity. And yet, the Internet tosses around many decisions and information which are vital to the functioning of our contemporary societies and infrastructure. From the air traffic control system to the distribution of energy and food as well as economic and financial relations, every state is nowadays dependent on the Internet to provide for its citizens. Cyberterrorism therefore potentially strikes right at the heart of what makes the very legitimacy of the nation-states that compose the International community. A state’s sovereignty would be flattened by the general state of panic, distrust and disarray that would immediately result from a cyberterrorist attack. The recent Wikileaks phenomenon showed that this risk was no longer simply hypothetical.

Colombia is subject to cyberterrorism and has thus remained all the more strongly committed to combat it. Since the 1990s, the FARC have operated a webpage located in an American server. They use the Internet as a way to increase their political influence throughout lobbying and propaganda; capturing the attention of young Colombian students, who represent a recruiting source of future militants. It also allows the FARC to gain access to confidential data bases and steal information about travelers as part of their kidnapping and extortion techniques. Colombia is currently seeking to make cyberterrorism a punishable crime in its own legislation by amending the law 599 of 2000 as part of its ‘citizen security policy’. The intention is to define the crime so that attacks on information systems cannot be used to terrorize the population. In order to see progress on the topic internationally, Colombia has taken an active part in the work of the Inter American Committee against terrorism (CICTE) on intercepting terrorist financing, strengthening border controls and sharing each others’ experiences. Within the Framework of the UN, Colombia actively supports the work of the CTC (Counter-Terrorism Committee), and is also part of a joint workshop on international cooperation about the use of the Internet for terrorist means held within the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Colombia reckons it is a major priority that the United Nations agree on a common definition of cyberterrorism. Such an achievement is the compulsory prerequisite to any credible hope. Colombia feels it is paramount to include every form or manifestation that cyberterrorism can comprise: the use of Internet as a means of communication and coordination by terrorist groups, as well as the intrusion, disruption or even destruction of security, communication and banking systems set by states or private actors. Colombia therefore recommends ensuring that none of cyberterrorism’s dimensions is forgotten, for the International community cannot afford the creation of loopholes in its directives on such a burning issue. As a result, we strongly urge for the creation of international standards on cybersecurity networks. Furthermore, Colombia exhorts the United Nations to ease the setting up of partnerships between governments and the private sector to reinforce the security efficiency of states’ critical cyberinfrastructures. The experience of the private sector could be of great use in the light of the complex technologies at stake. Colombia calls for the development of simulation exercises on cybersecurity organized between Nation-states, as a major means to update and test countries’ safety. Our country encourages the establishment of exemplary sanctions for cyber criminals in order to deter as many ill-intentioned attempts as possible, and to display the International community’s determination on the matter. Delegation: The Commonwealth Secretariat Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topics: The Taliban; Cyberterrorism

The Taliban and Cyberterrorism are two of the more eminent problems plaguing the sustainability and security of out world’s future. DISEC (Disarmament and International Security) is especially focused on these issues and their respective solutions. The Commonwealth Secretariat is also taking action against these growing concerns. Our Commonwealth does not represent any one country, but a plethora of peoples and states encompassing 54 countries and 1.8 billion people. It is very likely that a significant portion of this body has and will be affected by these two daunting issues. While the Commonwealth believes the UN has taken significant action against The Taliban and Cyberterrorism, more can be done to quell these growing threats before irreparable damage is done.

The Taliban are an organization of Islamic extremists that formed during the Soviet insurrection of Afghanistan, and although the conflict is now in the pages of history, the ideological group still remains and threatens not only the peace and security of Afghanistan, but the stability of the Middle East as well. Many of the larger and more influential members of the Commonwealth have been targets of Taliban aggression, or unfortunately, involved in helping aiding Taliban efforts. Several solutions have recently been presented as to what exactly can to be done to resolve issues with Taliban and their impact on global security. The solutions namely being: Eradicating poppy fields in Afghanistan, which account for 90% of the world’s opium supply and serve as a key income to Taliban. Secondly, community defense initiatives that can offer assistance to NATO forces and the Afghan National Army against the insurgency. Finally, modernizing Afghan Security forces and restructuring the current military strategy to minimize Taliban influence in the region. The Commonwealth believes utilizing stricter resolutions is necessary to defeat this clear and present danger.

DISEC is also concerned with the pressing threats Cyberterrorism can pose. By definition, Cyberterrorism involves politically motivated actions that attempt to instill fear in the recipient’s government. With new technological advancements, more threats have been created and a need for strong action is vital to stemming future damage. A few propositions have arisen to combat the detriment caused by Cyberterrorism. Cyber deterrence, removal of sensitive governmental information from the internet, censorship, and private security assistance. The Commonwealth is gravely concerned about this issue as many members fall victim to this injustice, with no future solutions concretely in sight. Investments in new preemptive technology and a global conversation on what is the necessary course of action are vital to ending the threat of Cyberterrorism.

These impositions toward our security were not created over night and are certainly unwilling to disappear in a timely manor. What must be done is challenging, yet necessary, toward securing a safe world for all our member nations. The Taliban and Cyberterrorism are strikingly similar in regards to global security. Both were allowed to arise under the complacency of our governments, and now, threaten to bring down the social and financial institutions that keep this world running. Delegate: Chen Shuyu You Xiaojie Country: Comoros Committee: DISEC Topic: The Taliban

After 911, the Taliban is connected with the conception of “Terrorism”. Also a lot of questions should be concerned about such as the drug trade, the human rights, the Afghan Security force and the unity of Afghan. Though much concentration are put, question still remain and some of them tend to tangled in a even worse situation. Not only the United Nations, but also the regional organizations have made great effort in improving current situations in Afghanistan. The General Assembly every year will give out a resolution towards Taliban and Afghan. The most vital resolution is S/RES/1267 (1999), which put much emphasize on dealing with terrorism. Also the Bonn conference and the London conference, which is considered to be the conclusion of Bonn conference, have launched the project of Afghanistan humanitarian aid. The Islamic Union of Comoros will, and always strongly supports the resolution of UN, and string for excellence in realizing the common targets. As a member of the Islamic family, Comoros have expressed significant concern about its religious colleague-Afghan, on the issues of human rights, drug trade and terrorism. Comoros claimed the destruction caused by the terrorism of religious extremists, and we firmly oppose such notorious measures for the reason of respecting the tenants from Allah. Comoros also call for the understanding of Islamism and also the Afghanistan people. our position is due solely to our commitment to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, and in particular the principles of respect for the sovereign equality of State, the non-use of force, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and the right of peoples to self-determination. Comoros suggest the whole members of United Nations ascertain the clauses as the foundation for solution to the peaceful settlement of Afghan and also the Taliban. 1. Reaffirming the sovereignty of Afghan government and the opposition of invasion from any country or organizations in any forms. 2. Reaffirming that the terrorism in all its forms and manifestations constitutes one of the most serious threats to peace and the most serious threats to peace and security and that any acts of terrorism are criminal and unjustifiable regardless of their motivations, whenever and by whomsoever committed, and reiterating its unequivocal condemnation of Al-Qaida, Usama bin Laden, the Taliban, and other individuals, groups, undertakings, and entities associated with them, for ongoing and multiple criminal terrorist acts aimed at causing the death of innocent civilians and other victims, destruction of property and greatly undermining stability, 3. Welcoming the common understanding and fully respect for the Islamic world, calling for the respect for Islamic religious feelings. Also the respect for Arab countries and Islamic countries all over the world. 4. Calling for the strict measures taken to combat the drug trade between Afghan and the sister countries in line with the international law and the United Nations Charter. Comoros here to express deepest appreciation for the all the effort UN Secretary-general has done to resolve the problem. As a Islamic member, Comoros will firmly and consistently support the United Nations and believe the final resolution of Taliban issue. Position Paper Delegate: You Xiao Jie ，Chen Shu Yu Country: Comoros School: Shanghai International Studies University Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyberterrorism Nowadays, the information infrastructure is increasingly under attack by cyber criminals. The number, cost, and sophistication of attacks are increasing at alarming rates. Worldwide aggregate annual damage from attacks is now measured in billions of U.S. dollars. All these attacks threaten the substantial and growing reliance of commerce, governments, and the public upon the information infrastructure to conduct business, carry messages, and process information. Even worse, some transnational terrorism was carried out by design through the cyber world. Though the international community has devoted a lot to the protection of information defense, measures thus far adopted by the private and public sectors have not provided an adequate level of security. While new methods of attack have been accurately predicted by experts and some large attacks have been detected in early stages, efforts to prevent or deter them have been largely unsuccessful, causing increasingly damaging consequences. Comoros government insisted on advocating international cooperation in dealing with cyber crime and terrorism. First, every nation should increase awareness about cyber security threats and risks. Not only the government, but also the community should be educated about protecting information. Second, sharpening technical skills and strengthening cyber security professional's knowledge is of great significance. Plus, with the rapid development in virtual reality, conventions of cyber security must establish appropriate benchmarks. Third, we urge more economic and technical support for African countries. Internet access and service is rather poor and the computer system can be easily attacked by cyber virus in these areas. To sum up, cyberterrorism is a critical and complex task to accomplish. As long as we view the problem from overall point of view and figure out the cutting edge of cyber security, we are sure to make a huge step-up in the coming future. Delegation: The Democratic Republic of Congo Committee: The Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban The Democratic Republic of Congo recognizes the issue of the rise of the Taliban as threat to global security. Radical extremism backed by the Taliban, breeds uncertainty and instability within universal social, economic and political institutions. Taliban influence is not only assisted by guerrilla attacks and raids in Afghanistan to rally national support through territorial acquisition, but also through factors such as the unrelenting support of the Pakistani government in the past. Inability of the Afghan government and police forces to assume their given roles, buttressed by revenue through the drug trade and international terrorist frameworks, and finally, due to the lack of national unity between the warlords, Afghan government and the ISAF have each had a role to play in Taliban influence. While advancing the United Nations’ position for peace-keeping, DRC holds the issue at hand to be dealt with strategically and tactfully, with the joint support of the rest of the world. The Democratic Republic of Congo, along with other African Union member states, has persistently condemned Taliban-related extremism. Most recently, in July 2010, the member states got together to discuss the possibility for a peace-keeping mission in Somalia after the al- Shaahab group began bombings in the country. While the Democratic Republic of Congo believes that the issue of the Taliban insurgency must be tackled with immediacy for the sake of the security of global citizens, it also believes that this cannot be achieved without the support of other nations that must work together with the Afghan government and people in order to address the root causes of terrorism. The DRC believes that this can be done so by framing a common approach and strengthening international cooperation. The Democratic Republic of Congo is inclined to work with the international community to combat terrorism engendered by groups such as the Taliban.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Delegation: The Democratic Republic of the Congo Topic B: Cyberterrorism The Democratic Republic of the Congo recognizes the crucial need to address the growing problem of cyberterrorism as threats to nations all over the world are increasing exponentially. The DR Congo also acknowledges that there is not yet a concrete way to deal with the problem of cyberterrorism mainly because it is unprecedented—the Internet, relatively speaking, is a fairly young phenomenon that is still being improved and expanded on a daily basis. Although the issue of cyberterrorism does not particularly or significantly affect the DR Congo, new initiatives are being put into place to increase access, both cost-wise and geographically, to Internet services in the country. In August of 2007, a feasibility study was conducted in the DR Congo to propose low-cost Internet solution in terms of investment and operations. The main recommendations made by the study included:

• Recourse to transmission towers as supporting structures and, where that is not possible [close to 50% of the area], following railway and road routes. • The establishment of a network on the open access model • Use of ADSL technology for the fibre itself. With regard to optoelectronic equipment, DWDM and Ethernet technology in a new-generation fibre optic network using DWDM for the backbone and Ethernet for access networks1 Recognizing that these suggestions will be put into place likely within the next 5 years, it is crucial to create a plan to deal with cyberterrorism while we are still in the developmental stages of implementing nation-wide Internet accessibility. As it is widely known, African nations (thought they only comprise 6.7% of internet users worldwide) mainly suffer from cyber attacks within the communications industry, and so we must deal with this issue of cyberterrorism by creating a safe internet infrastructure for residents to access and utilize, as it is still possible to effectively control the future of internet within the DR Congo. Our government would be more than wiling to work with and lead other African countries with similar goals in creating a plan to develop and ensure safe and secure internet access to the people of Africa, and would welcome any help from our fellow members of the United Nations, and any experts that may help to advance telecommunications safety in Africa. It is of extreme importance that this problem be discussed forthwith, as there has been an obvious rise in hacking and other internet-based attacks by terrorist organizations and individuals seeking to destabilize democratic nations. We appeal to our fellow democratic member-states in helping us to create a plan that will prevent cyber-terrorism from affecting our nation.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Country: Republic of Congo School /University: Manhattanville College Delegate names: Kenneil Haye, Chukwueloka Muoka Topic: Taliban

Africa is home to hundreds of rebel armies and groups, through which a substantial amount of small arms are filtered, creating instability. Since 1990, African states have declared their commitment to disarmament of conventional and nuclear arms, but their inability to control rebel groups has made their efforts largely ineffective. Reform has become far more difficult over the past decade as illicit arms play a large part in the African economy, producing capital needed to keep the economy from failing. Reaching disarmament requires the elimination and regulation of small arms without disrupting the natural balance of governments and economies.

The United Nations are very concerned about Taliban due to their violations of human rights. The group has been around since the 1990’s in Afghanistan. Since then, it has spread to numerous regions, specifically The Republic of Congo. Members of the Taliban could be called reverse idealists. They want to change the world for the better but are willing to sacrifice any person and even themselves to achieve those goals. These individuals are fanatics who want to shape the world in their own images and to stand for ultimate truth. The Taliban regime faced international inspection and condemnation for its policies. The Republic of Congo believes that Taliban insurgency is posing a serious threat to the regional and international security and peace. This problem brings up numerous issues about how to handle the situation. Other than strategic and military matters, the Taliban have become so deeply entrenched in The Republic of Congo.

Delegation: The Republic of Congo School: Manhattanville College Committee: Disarmament and International Security Delegates: Kennell Haye, Chukwueloka Muoka

Topic B: Cyber-terrorism

With the increase of the internet globally, the issue of the cyber-terrorism has become more significant. As of 2007, it was estimated that 22% of people in the modern world have access to the internet. This tenfold increase in usage has led to plenty of abuse by its users. For example, in 2007, Estonia was subject to a well planned denial-of-service attack. Almost all of the national ministries’ servers were knocked off-line as well as those of two major financial institutions. In the republic of Congo, cyber-terrorism has the potential to destroy governments, cripple economies, and damage defense networks. Though many of these attacks result from young programmers who fool around, the issue becomes more serious when institutions, or even nations, decide to use the internet as a weapon.

Currently, there has been little done to solve the problem. Of all developed nations, only the United States has the sophisticated infrastructure to handle the problem with Joint Task Force- Global Network Operations. The necessary means to prevent these attacks are expensive. The General Assembly has tried to make a “global culture of cyber security” in resolution 64/211, though plenty of problems still remain. How can governments effectively combat cyber terrorism as the enemy is constantly changing? In addition, there are laws that seek to prosecute cybercriminals. However in the Republic of Congo there is no effective global infrastructure to prevent the attacks from happening in the first place.

Delegation: Costa Rica Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

As far as news goes on, the fact about the Taliban has been widely informed such as security/terrorism, drugs, corruption, etc. Some of the problems are indeed concerns of Costa Rica as well, especially drugs and security. Drugs bring a huge trouble to Costa Rica. From a country which was a drug transit ground, we have become a new consumer market, a drug repackage site for re-exportation, which expands the drug usage in all over the country. Along with it come the problems. According to 09/25 EPE Report, there are 16 drug contract killings in the 1st half of 2006, which is a big concern for the country specializing in tourism. The country has issued some policies about drugs and the most significant one is the Joint Maritime Agreement (the support of $5 million from the US in purchasing policy equipment, improving specialized training, prison reinforcement and border help). In return, Costa Rica lets the US use our water, ports and territory. Although there are many opinions opposing this Agreement, president Chinchilla still strongly believes in the positivity of the American’s help. As a result of this rule, the government and police have caused suspicion; which slow down the trade business, exports and imports, etc. The ruling also handicaps the country counter-narcotics operation regard of the intense suspicion. Another strategy is unclearly stated as “eliminate them” and if it doesn’t work, “starve them so they aren’t as effective.” The exact way to stop them is still ambiguous; the country is working hard on our way to get away with drugs. Another significant problem with Costa Rica is security. As mentioned above about the drug contract killings, national security is indeed important for us. Since the earlier 19th century, there has happened human trafficking from mostly Nicaragua and Panama, which affect largely to country reputation, human right and security. In addition, illegal immigrants from the same neighbor countries have not only diverted Costa Rica but also caused conflicts. There are multiple cases about how daily crimes such as robbery, etc. keep happening. In addition, the country is suffering a huge risk of being attacked by others nation due to the military weakness and territory control effect by the US. Despite different reasons the cause is still similar to which of Afghanistan, our country is currently threatened by many dilemmas including security and drugs; we urge the UN and other nations to help and support us. UNDP/World Bank is capable in supporting Costa Rica with funding for our military and security improvement; however more focusing on grants for projects as educations, infrastructure, health, natural resource management; so that there will be a lesser dependence on the

US. Education is what we want to focus on besides any military forces; we hope to bring knowledge to our citizens about how negative drug effects could cause us. UNODC support is what we need for fighting against illegal drugs however we also hope to enable the counter-narcotics operations, which positively serve our health system.

Delegation: Costa Rica Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Costa Rica does not have many online regulations against social networking websites or search engines unlike some countries like China which has an issue with Google and now they have a Google China specifically for them. On the other hand Syria banned some social networking websites like Facebook to regulate the political activity online. The United States has somewhat less online regulations due to the freedom of speech but recently faced by the WikiLeaks issue which was widely discussed since it’s a website that published various military videos which showed civilians being killed and other frightening scenes against the US army and other government divisions.

Costa Rica did not face a major issue with Cyber Terrorism unlike the United States and China, but it is of course possible that Costa Rica is exposed to the online attacks like any other nation. Cyber terrorism can affect anyone at anytime unless it is protected by many sources and even if that is possible there are few chances that you are fully protected. Websites like the US Department of Defense showed vulnerability against online attackers. Costa Rica is also vulnerable against online terrorism and stands with global rules that would protect nations from these types of attacks.

In May 2010 the UN for the first time addressed this issue of Cyber Terrorism with resolution 64/21. The resolution contained ways for nations to protect themselves from online attacks. The UN should have a new resolution that includes effective ways of defense against cyber terrorism and what steps a country should take if it is exposed to such attacks. Costa Rica supports a resolution which provides ways of security against online attackers.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC)

Delegates: Julian Gurm-Villet and Orsalan Ben Rejeb

Country: République de Côte d'Ivoire (Republic of Ivory Coast)

Topic Area A: Cyber Terrorism

The role of cyber terrorism has gained prominence in the 21st century, as a by-product of advancing technological development. The likelihood of a cyber attack poses a greater threat each year, often at an exponential rate. Additionally cyber terrorism is responsible for wiping $20 billion dollars worth of trade and business around the world every year. It can also pose a threat to the safety of military, economic and individual institutions; Cote d’Ivoire strongly holds the belief that whilst it is a steadily developing nation, it should become mindful of the potential threat to future growth, once a respective level of economic and infrastructure development has been achieved. Cote d’Ivoire maintains that extent for prosecuting cyber terrorists is practically non-existent, due to computational and algorithmic measures that often serve to conceal the identity of the culprit. The issue is of great concern for the Republic of Cote d’Ivoire for numerous reasons. The first being that a surge in online banking and commercial services may see economic growth threatened; secondly the explosion of micro finance and mobile money services has increased the capacity for online phishing identity theft. The measures taken by the UN, in establishing a cyber terrorism database (InterPol) is recognised as a step forward in facilitating a stable framework under which commerce and trade can grow, the republic of Cote d’Ivoire firmly supports the notion of intergovernmental cooperation in tackling this pressing issue, Cote d’Ivoire does however, recognise that a lack of a global body to that tackle this issue will serve as a future problem, the premise stemming from conflicting definitions of what constitutes cyber terrorism. Examples include “Article 323-1 of the French peal code (1994) whereby it states that fraudulently obtaining or maintaining access to the whole or part of a system for automated data processing is punishable [by imprisonment and a fine]”. The Netherlands has a system where accessing a person’s computer without their permission is a maximum sentence of six months imprisonment; whereas, Japan’s computer crime law does not criminalize unauthorized access unless the intruder has bypassed personal security.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) Delegates: Julian Gurm-Villet and Orsalan Ben Rejeb Country: République de Côte d'Ivoire (Republic of Ivory Coast) Topic Area B: The Taliban

The Republic of Ivory Coast is proud to participate in the upcoming Disarmament and International Security Committee meeting in February. The Republic of Ivory Coast wishes to thank the honourable chairs and organizers for proposing two excellent topics, both of deserve much attention. It is hoped that these talks will result in comprehensive agreements for the achievement of greater peace, stability and prosperity. Topic Area A concerns a threat of such great importance to international security that no nation can deny an interest; the Republic of Ivory Coast thus strongly encourages delegates to choose to discuss Topic Area A.

Throughout recent months there have been great challenges facing the people of the Republic of Ivory Coast. Whilst the previous ruling party has caused much turmoil, resulting from its refusal to hand over responsibility to its rightful successors, the support of the international community has been instrumental in facilitating progress made. Such support is essential for all countries facing challenges to their security, culture and their way of life; Afghanistan and Pakistan have the great sympathy of the Republic of Ivory Coast in their struggle against the influences of the Taliban. The Republic of Ivory Coast abhors the attempts of the Taliban, and all other such groups without legitimate claims to power, to deprive their people of their security under their rightful government.

As it is essential to avoid unnecessary bloodshed, communication with the Taliban should now be conditionally offered within narrow margins. Dialogue with a view to compromise is the preferred course of action of the Afghan government, which should be respected. The Republic of Ivory Coast would endorse direct communication for a very limited trial period, which should be followed by military action as required. Decisive military action is a last resort, as the costs are great in precious life and resources; if the aforementioned stage of discussions proves fruitless we must ready. A resolution on the preparation of international military forces will be therefore be gladly welcomed and supported by the Republic of Ivory Coast.

Committee : Disarmament and International Security

Country represented : Republic of Croatia ; Delegates : Stéphanie Dion & Gabrielle Lantagne

Topic Area A : The Taliban

If the Republic of Croatia was created with the outburst of Yugoslavia in 1991, it took only a year or so to become a member of the United

Nations. Since then, Croatia is also known to be a member of the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization and CEFTA.

Besides it, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank classified Ivo Josipovic’s Republic as an “emerging, developing and high income economy”. Thus, Croatia is a new powerful country with a bright future, also deeply involved worldwide, promoting peace and international security.

As a matter of fact, one of the biggest issues, related to its promotion of stability and guarantee allied defence, is the organisation of the

Taliban in Afghanistan. In order to stop this group threatening Karzai’s nation and the global security as well, Croatia has decided to step up by establishing and training the security sector, the Afghan army and the police. In order to achieve this aim, the Croatian military troops will participate in NATO’s major offensive in Afghanistan, by leading the assault of the 209th crops of the Afghan army. The operation is set to be launched in the first half of 2011 and it is expected that some 200 Croatian soldiers will be directly involved in combat operations, while the other part of the contingent will be responsible for securing key national institutions, military bases, and military and civilian officials.

Croatia believes that by increasing the size of the Afghan National Security Forces, it will help handling the threat of the Taliban, stopping once and for all the war crimes, the imposed Sharia law, and the multiples committed human rights abuses against women.

Committee : Disarmament and International Security

Country represented : Republic of Croatia ; Delegates : Stéphanie Dion & Gabrielle Lantagne

Topic Area B : Cyberterrorism

Also, cyberterrorism and cybercrimes are important concerns for Croatia. In fact, Croatia, as of today, has been implicated in numerous conventions and organizations whose goal is to prevent and stop cyberterrorism. As a sate member of the Council of Europe, Croatia signed then ratified in 2002 the Convention on Cybercrime which aims to harmonize national laws regarding cyberterrorism and cybercrimes and to improve the level of cooperation between the different nations of the world in order to improve this problem.

Croatia is also a member of The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 2008, this organization decided to create a sub-organization called the Defence Management Authority which develops procedures in order to prevent and deter cyber attacks.

As a matter of fact, Croatia believes that the solution to cyberterrorism and cybercrimes is to create uniform standards and procedures which will allow more cooperation between nations by harmonizing international laws on the subject of cyberterrorism and cybercrimes.

Delegation: Republic of Cuba Committee: Disarmament and International Security. Topic Area A: The Taliban

Cuba as an example of liberty and as a fighter of despotism, is attending to this meting as a country that believes that here at United Nations, and today as Ambassadors of peace we can solve this issue.

After the war with the soviets was over, the Country was still fractionalized. The first became of the Taliban was in 1994, this group compromised in religious schools, Taliban popularity with many afghans was supported by the Pashtun community, disillusioned with the Tajik ethnic and Uzbek leaders and the problem was not purely an ethnicity question, was also of the prevailing lawlessness in many parts of the country, the objective of Taliban was stamping out corruption, restoring peace and, allow commerce.

Taliban also set up the world’s most pure Islamic state, banning frivolities like television, music and cinema. They eradicated crime by reinforcing the introduction of an Islamic law. With 90% of the country under their control, the Taliban have continued to press claims for international recognition.

In 2003, NATO took control trying to eliminate Taliban and impose the State that United States and the other Countries as part of NATO want, only in February of 2009 they dispatched 17.000 troops to the region, and 20 extra NATO countries send more troops, they thought it was a good solution, by sending more mercenaries as a new solution to the problem.

Many of the related problems did not directly concerned to the Taliban, but some countries with media manipulation showed the world how they made every murder, when actually NATO was killing all the population slowly.

All the measures must be accepted by the Taliban and the actual government, the internal tensions in the Country have gotten the attention of this committee but we haven’t solved it, because all the solutions must be discussed respecting the self- determination of the country, we must respect their culture and help them as well.

Let us make the history to remember ourselves as heroes of diplomacy.

Position Paper

Delegation: Republic of Cyprus Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

The Republic of Cyprus, as one of the most important telecommunication hubs in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East region, has always been an active advocate of cybersecurity. Since 1961, Cyprus has been a member state of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). We are therefore strongly committed to effectively combating the threats to cyber-security that have drastically increased both in number and gravity during recent years. Cyprus, recognizing the need of standardized cybercrime legislation, ratified the European Convention on Cybercrime in 2001. It will therefore work to further increase the number of nations endorsing international standards of the Convention as well as to find measures to keep these standards as up to date as possible. Cyprus also emphasizes the importance of ameliorating international networks regarding the prosecution of cybercrime and cyberterrorism, in order to facilitate the exchange of information regarding cybercriminals. Thus Cyprus strongly supports the reinforcement of the linkage between national and international police forces. Creating platforms for exchanging knowledge of network and information security, such as vulnerabilities, internal security issues as well as good practice, is also a necessary step. Cyprus endorses efforts such as the European Public Private Partnership for Resilience (EP3R), which works to join public and private stakeholders in public policy discussion concerning the enforcement of Critical Information Infrastructure (CII). Combating cyberterrorism is should not be limited to preventing terrorist cyber-attacks, but should also include the regulation of terrorist and racist content in cyberspace. Although Cyprus supports the ideal of freedom of expression, it considers that granting this freedom to violent organizations may lead to a greater vice than that of censorship. The Cypriot legislation therefore ratified the Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Cybercrime, which criminalizes racist and xenophobic acts within cyberspace, in 2006. Our delegation believes it would be favorable that other countries take similar measures. Regarding the Taliban, Cyprus believes that the gradual withdrawal of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan must be tightly synchronized with continuous efforts to form a stable, unified and transparent Afghanistan government. The Taliban thrives from Afghan citizens' lack of trust for their government; re-establishing this trust will be the key to countering the Taliban rise in Afghanistan. Specifically, in order to eradicate corruption within Afghanistan’s public sector, Cyprus proposes that informal, community-based groups such as shuras and jirgas be more systematically integrated into anti-corruption efforts. This will be an effective solution to the lack of communication between the Afghan government and the civil society, which has continuously been criticized despite the variety of anti- corruptive measures that have been proposed and implemented in Afghanistan to date. The effective transition of security responsibilities to the Afghanistan National Security Force (ANSF) is also an imperative task in the formation of a stable Afghan state: Cyprus strongly supports the Joint Framework for Inteqal as well as the efforts of the Joint AfghanNATO Inteqal Board (JANIB) in assessing the state of transition, and would like to work to expand their capabilities. Another crucial issue that must be tackled to stabilize Afghanistan is the eradication of opium sales, the main source of finances for the Taliban. We wish to give our full support to the “New Beginning” perspective, an Afghan-led, Afghan owned effort proposed during the Kabul Conference and implemented in the Afghan National Development Strategy (ANDP). At an international level, nations should thoroughly restrict transaction of opium as well as the influx of profits derived from trafficking. Cyprus, a country frequently used for trafficking and money laundering due to its geographic location, currently maintains a zero-tolerance drug policy, and also strictly regulates any transactions suspected to be related to terrorist activities. This conference will be an occasion to discuss unfamiliar phases in international security: a new domain of terrorism and a new stage of the War in Afghanistan. The Republic of Cyprus, as the prospective president of the European Union, is ready to address the two topics with utmost sincerity, and hopes other delegations will approach the issues at hand with the same determination.

Position Paper

Delegation: Republic of Cyprus Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Delegates: Haotian He, Tingting Wu School: Beijing Language and Culture University Country: The Czech Republic Committee: UN General Assembly Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

For almost a decade, Afghanistan is confronted with the constant domestic chaos, especially security threats brought about from the Taliban. Though the international community has taken efforts to aid Afghanistan in peacekeeping, construction of democracy and economic development, the fundamental problem, disarmament of the Taliban, in Afghanistan is still awaiting for solution with moderately but little substantial progress. In the meantime, the coalition forces, along with reconstruction teams, being constantly attacked by the Taliban have suffered a great deal of sacrifice. Considering the stagnant efforts in Afghanistan at present, Czech government highly advocates further effective and comprehensive ways to disarm the Taliban and strengthen peacekeeping forces in Afghanistan. Czech is doing and will carry projects helping to reconstruct infrastructure and promote good governance in Afghanistan, and also seek for new ways to help Afghanistan interim government with security situations, especially working for all-sided measures of disarmament of the Taliban.

By global concern about situations in Afghanistan and the increased violent criminal and terrorist activities by the Taliban, the international community has been urged to devote in different solutions to the Taliban. Early in 2001, a new constitution, with many commissions as the Constitutional Commission, the Human Rights Commission and the Judicial Commission, was urged in the Bonn Agreement. The Berlin Conference, succeeded by Second Tokyo Conference, advocated and promoted Provincial Reconstruction Teams along with DDR programs, which, aimed at reconstruction and development, provided a brand new indirect way to combat the Taliban. The United Nations General Assembly has also made a series of resolutions concerning the Afghanistan situation issue. Though those all did not focus on the Taliban, resolutions, namely A59/161, A60/32, A61/18, A63/18, A64/11, A65/8, did involve specific topics, such as the drug trade, which are relevant to the Taliban.

Czech government has obligations and the commitment to be involved in reconstruction of Afghanistan, both on bilateral level and as a part of NATO and EU missions. The Czech Republic supports Afghanistan Handover Plan agreed between Afghanistan government and NATO, in a cooperation with international community. The responsibility handover does not mean a premature retreat of Czech units from Afghanistan but a gradual change of Czech presence in Afghanistan. Besides above, Czech also has taken notice of the Taliban. Czech has participated in actions of the coalition forces to combat the Taliban terrorists. Moreover, the Czech Republic suggest a package of measures focusing on disarmament of the Taliban, which could be taken as projects in our missions in Afghanistan. Firstly, Czech would like continue work of the PRT not only in Logar province but also in other parts of Afghanistan. Further work in the PRT should be carried out. Czech emphasizes the significance of education in vocational and planting skills that could assist local people to change their jobs, which finally accelerate the process of eradicating poppy fields. Secondly, the Czech Republic advocates an introduction a direct deal to local people, which guides local people to grow certain crops that other nations are in need, such as oil bearing crops, beets and cottons. Local farmers take deals from other nations and directly sell to them with an appropriate price. Thirdly, Czech believes the coalition forces could not simply disarm the Taliban without local people's support and guidance. Thus, the Czech Republic appeals the coalition forces to develop a close relation with local people, especially tribal elders. Along with the aids and a series of assistances in local provinces, actions for disarmament of the Taliban, carried out together with community defence initiatives and the Afghan National Security Forces, would be effective or even deadly.

Czech government emphasizes the ponderance of the increased violent criminal and terrorist activities by the Taliban. Czech appeals international community actively to seek for versatile and comprehensive ways to disarm the Taliban terrorists, not only by military. Also, the Czech Republic highly concerns about reconstruction in Afghanistan. Czech government would continue to carry out different kinds of humanitarian aids concerning human rights, education, agriculture, security, maintenance of water resources, health, infrastructure and independent media, together with other parts of the world. Delegates: Haotian He, Tingting Wu School: Beijing Language and Culture University Country: The Czech Republic Committee: UN General Assembly Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Cyberterrorism

In the course of the development of human history, the advancement of science and technology and the spread of knowledge have led us out of ignorance and backwardness and have brought about civilization and progress. However, on its road towards the prosperity and happiness, mankind has suffered repeated scourges . There has been an increase of unstable and uncertain elements in the international security. The world is undergoing the most profound and complicated changes .Over the course of the several past decades terrorism has been transforming into a clear and omnipresent threat to the entire global community. With such bitter experience, people all the more long for peace and stability. The achievements of lasting peace and sustainable development have become the common desire of the people of the world. As the practical experience of combating terrorism shows, the primary sources of its operational viability and manpower losses replenishment potential are the international links, essential for the ideological, financial, combat training and post-combat rehabilitation of terrorist elements. The currently established universal information environment based on the broad use of mass-media facilities including the global information and telecommunication networks, above all, the Internet, has become one of the critical components of an international terrorist infrastructure. The Internet is also being considered very practical in terms of providing instructions on bomb making and subversive techniques. In fact, what we are witnessing, is the process of forming a terrorist sub-culture. This sub-culture existing within a global informational setting does have a potential of autonomously reproducing terrorist subversive infrastructure and initiating new terrorist attacks. In which case the function of terrorist ideologists is reduced to operating on the information warfare theater. It is our strong belief, that the issue of international terrorism could not be addressed successfully without the creating of a universal anti-terrorist information environment. Such problems and actions not only seriously undermined the world peace and stability and grossly trampled upon the international law and the norms governing international relations, but also caused unprecedented challenge to the collective security system with UN at its core. we must prevent the cyberterrorism without delay.

In light of the current international situation, as a state party to the NATO, Czech Republic has all along taken a serious and responsible attitude towards fighting cyberterrorism. Czech Republic is firmly opposed to any form of proliferation of cyberterrorism to any other country. Czech Republic adheres to the policy of not advocating, encouraging or engaging in cyberterrorism proliferation. We do not help any other country develop cyberterrorism, nor provide assistance to any terroristic facilities.

Czech Republic is of the view that further efforts should be made in the following three areas in order to address the cyberterrorism issue. Firstly, establishing a global security environment of stability, cooperation and mutual trust, which will be the basic guarantee for the prevention of cyberterrorism. The establishment of a favorable international environment, the insistence on the peaceful solution of international disputes and security for all the members of the international community will help remove the motives of some countries to launch a terrorist attack. Secondly, to abolish double or multi-standards in the field of terrorism is the prerequisite for the success of combating cyberterrorism. Thirdly, in the framework of collective security, the enhancement of international unity, cooperation and common efforts is the only correct and effective way to solve the problem of cyberterrorism. All nations should further develop the CTITF to work out the Counter-Terrorism Strategy. Without the cooperation with other countries, no country, no matter how strong it is, can’t reach the goal of fighting cyberterrorism by only relying on its own power and the power of its allies. Any trend or action of unilateralism runs counter to the main tide of the non-proliferation efforts.

Czech Republic always believed that all the human beings will have a peace and stability. "Since mankind has been able to make technology for peaceful purpose in the 20th century, we are confident that in the 21st century they will certainly be able to completely ban and destroy cyberterrorism and fully harness cyberterrorism to enhance their own welfare". It is not an inaccessible goal. The key lies in whether there is enough political will for each and every country to realize this goal. We have entered the twenty-first century and it is up to us to choose whether to live under the shadow of cyberterrorism threat or in the sunlight of peace and happiness. May all the peace and freedom-loving people in the world join hands to strive for a cyberterrorism-weapon-free world! Delegation from Denmark, Represented by California State University, Fullerton

Position paper for the Disarmament and International Security for Denmark

I. Taliban

Denmark has further been troubled by the progression of Taliban forces in the region of Afghanistan. The coalition forces have had profound involvement in Afghanistan since 2001. Although the Taliban government has been replaced with a new Afghan government lead by Hamid Karzai, the Taliban have been able to regroup and prosper. However, recently the Taliban supplied many political heads and administration to add render and influence of the lives of the current residents of Afghanistan. Denmark understands the underlying capabilities the Taliban acquires. The Taliban are using techniques to undermine the Coalition Forces. Denmark will not allow peace to be disturbed. Denmark desires to continue with the Coalition forces as well as to maintain a Taliban free administration that is free of influence. With translucent dialogue from the current presidential administration, Denmark feels confident to further pursue positive progress with Afghanistan. Denmark will help maintain peace for the people of Afghanistan through their efforts with Coalition forces and will help negotiate with other peace pursing nations to help. Afghanistan acquires untapped mineral deposits that could accumulate $ 1 trillion in their local economy. Denmark, along with its participating allies will work to establish a trusting system along with the Afghan minister of mines to retract the resources and put Afghanistan in the world market. With less corruption in the system, Afghanistan needs to progress slowly, but efficiently. The security of the borders is of great importance to the region and to the world. Primarily the border that is of great importance is the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Denmark, is open to not allow any harboring of Taliban members and activities to hurt the positive progression of Afghan and coalition forces. Many civilian aid workers have been hurt by the Taliban acting as mob bosses terrorizing the aid workers cause. Denmark, condemns people disrupting the peace. Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

Denmark firmly believes that cyber terrorism is a serious issue that needs to be resolved. In Denmark the monitoring of the internet falls to the Danish Security and Intelligence Service who also carry out any prosecution that may be required. Cyber terrorism has been deemed a crime in Denmark since 2005 and is subject to criminal sanctions. Cyber terrorism falls under the Danish jurisdiction if it occurs inside the territory of the Danish state or by a Danish national or a person resident in the Danish state. Acts committed outside the territory of the Danish state also fall under Danish jurisdiction, regardless of the nationality of the perpetrator if the act violates the independence, security, constitution, or public authorities of the Danish state. We believe that countries should take similar approaches in defending themselves against cyber terrorist attacks. For those countries that cannot defend themselves, a task force from the pooled resources of more able countries should be enacted and used to defend these countries. By pooling our resources and sharing servers we can ease the burden and expenses that arise from these measures and help to protect others against these criminals. Delegation: Commonwealth of Dominica

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic A: The Taliban

Today's world is entangled in a web of complex problems that threaten global security. These problems, which require urgent attention from the United Nations, include HIV/AIDS and other diseases, poverty, marginalization of indigenous people, terrorism and global crime, the growing scarcity of freshwater, global warming, the spread of light arms which threaten peaceful countries like Dominica, nuclear proliferation, armed civil conflicts and the refugees they give rise to, trafficking in humans, and unfair trade rules that contribute to growing poverty in the developing countries and ergo the development of terrorism and the power base of the Taliban.

The Commonwealth of Dominica condemns, without reservation, the actions of the Taliban. We are in strong accord with the sentiments and mandates contained in Security Council Resolutions 1368 and 1373, and General Assembly Resolution 56/1, all of which call upon the international community to take unified and cooperative action "to prevent and eradicate acts of terrorism". The fight against international terrorism remains a priority for Dominica given the horror and injustice of September 11 which will be remembered by its 10th anniversary this very year. In that regard we have taken many steps to comply with the obligations of Security Council Resolution 1373. Our Parliament enacted The Suppression of Financing of Terrorism Act, which complements two earlier pieces of legislation related to the prevention of terrorism, the Money Laundering Act, and the Exchange of Information Act. The passage of these pieces of legislation has contributed to significant strengthening of the regulatory regime for banks operating in our offshore financial sector and to efforts to combat money laundering. By dint of Part VI of the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism Act the Dominican Financial Intelligence Unit and the Commissioner of Police are authorized to investigate terrorist activities. The Financial Intelligence Unit is a member of the Egmont Group and as such has access to a secured regional and international network. The Dominica Police Service is also part of the Caribbean regional network, and a member of Interpol.

The Dominican Delegation believes that we have an obligation to be responsible to future generations by ensuring that they will have an earth that is safe, secure and can sustain life. But to be effective beyond the immediate situation in Afghanistan, counter-terrorism measures, mechanisms, and strategies must be sustained through a comprehensive approach that seeks to create and strengthen, through the United Nations, a legal framework against international terrorism, complemented by strenuous efforts aimed at improving the social and economic conditions which adversely affect the poor and dispossessed. The numerous terrorist actions in the last few years in Indonesia, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Iraq and most recently in Russia underscore the central importance of being vigilant and prepared to manage any crisis from a terrorist attack. We appeal to member states to continue collaborative efforts in this global fight to combat terrorism, and to ensure that the capacities of small states are enhanced through transfer of intelligence information, surveillance technology, and training in prevention strategies. Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic: Cyber-Terrorism

Country: The Dominican Republican

As globalization rapidly compresses the world by facilitating international trade, travel and advancing technology, those interactions also increase the threat of international terrorism. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, were a wake-up call for the international community to recognize the potential danger of terrorist groups. The

Dominican Republic is committed to deterring terrorists worldwide. After September 11, the Dominican Republic became one of seventy member nations in the Coalition of

Global War on Terror. The Dominican Republic supported the United States Operation

Iraqi Freedom in August 2003 by sending a battalion of 602 soldiers to Diwaniyah for six-month rotations, where they surveyed and patrolled banks, government offices, electrical installations, hospitals, and water plants to protect civilians and ensure their basic needs. The United States Central Command affirms, “the Dominican people and armed forces are committed to the Global War on Terrorism.”

The Dominican Republic is a member of the Organization of American States and ratified its Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism. The Convention encouraged to sign United Nations anti-terrorism instruments, utilize the recommendations of the

Financial Action Task Force, deny safe havens for terrorists and improve regional cooperation. An example of the Dominican Republic’s adoption of these principles is its membership in the Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism (CICTE). The

Dominican Republic has hosted two regional conferences related to this issue. One resulted in the Declaration of Santo Domingo in March 2007, and the Political Declaration on Combating Illicit Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, Terrorism and

Other Serious Crimes in the Caribbean in March 2009. The United Nations Office on

Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has provided the Dominican Republic with legal counterterrorism counseling and praises the Dominican Republic’s Anti-terrorism Act as “one of the most comprehensive texts of its nature in the region.”

The Dominican Republic has also made efforts to support legal codes to combat terrorism. According to the UNODC, the Dominican Republic has ratified 12 out fo 16 international instruments against terrorism. In the past ten years, the Dominican Republic has voted in favor of all UN anti-terrorist resolutions. Many that passed without vote, including the many UN Global Counter-terrorism Strategies and Institutionalization of the Counter-terrorism Anti-terrorism Implementation Task Force were strongly supported by the Dominican Republic.

While the threats of cyberterrorism and the Taliban do not directly affect the

Dominican Republic, the Dominican Republic recognizes that international terrorism threatens all nations because it violates international law and threatens civilians. For this reason, the Dominican Republic is dedicated to fighting international terrorism at every turn.

Delegation: The Republic of Ecuador Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Ecuador notes the devastating impact on universal societies as a result of thriving terrorist organizations such as the Taliban. Recently, South American countries like the Republic of Ecuador have seen an influx of financers of terrorist activity. The Taliban has set up a host of illegal businesses in Ecuador that are involved in the distribution and sale of narcotics, prostitution, arms trade, and many violations of trade law. The Taliban uses the profits from illegal activity in Ecuador to fund the more heinous activity of the organization. Nonetheless, the Taliban’s presence has developed into a reinforce foothold in Ecuador and has increased criminal activity within the country and subsequent violence. The Republic of Ecuador believes that the United Nations should attack the source of the Taliban by diminishing revenue coming into the Organization. This can be done by curtailing the Taliban’s illegal business ventures. Without a source of funding the Taliban will not have the resources to obtain weapons or arms to conduct a serious war which will significantly contribute to the goal of International Security. In accordance with Ecuador’s individual aim of removing any remnants of the Taliban from the sovereign country, the Republic of Ecuador deems it necessary to further extrapolate on issues surrounding the Taliban in their primary location of Afghanistan and the greater Middle East region. First and foremost, the Republic of Ecuador believes that the United Nations can take a more active role in combating the Taliban’s atrocities by peaceful means. The Taliban does not have an explicit right of sovereignty that is afforded to established nation-states like the current Afghan government that was legitimized during popular vote. The single greatest contribution that the United Nations can do to improve the situation in Afghanistan is to insure free, fair, and independent elections. For the time being the leadership of the Taliban should be classified as terrorists but that does not rule out the possibility of the Taliban becoming a credible political entity that does not engage in acts of violence. In addition to providing aide towards the Afghan electoral process the United Nations should continue to provide assistance in the form of aide workers to stabilize the region. Aide workers should provide basic assistance to all parties and should not be restricted from helping the Taliban with basic necessities such as food and water. States that support the Taliban should not be punished because the countries often lack resources to combat the Taliban from operating within their country and do so based on preservation rather than choice. However, a discussion of specific procedure that could be applied against open supporters of the Taliban would be welcomed along with a reaffirmation and expansion of Resolution 64/11 of the General Assembly.

Delegation: Republic of Ecuador Committee: International Disarmament and Terrorism Topic B: Cyber-Terrorism

The Republic of Ecuador recognizes terrorism as a threat to the international community. With technology rapidly interconnecting the world as we know it the threat of terroristic threats through technology also increases exponentially. Cyber-terrorism is a new breed of terror defined as, "The premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents". We the Republic of Ecuador recognize this form of terrorism as becoming a staple in the way terrorist groups operate, and have a firm stance on this issue. The Republic of Ecuador has long stood for state sovereignty and on the issue of terrorism; we maintain the stance that it is first an individual territory’s prerogative to secure terrorism within its own borders.

The Republic of Ecuador first and foremost remains committed to state’s individual right to secure its own borders. Ecuador’s position stands that we have already committed ourselves to the prevention of cyber-terrorism within our own border along with every other category of terroristic threat. It is a nation’s responsibility to deal with every issues falling in their territory unilaterally. An infringement on a state’s individual right to handle problems arising within their own country would in turn create a problem of almost the same magnitude as terrorism itself. When a country is stripped of the ability to operate the workings of its own country through the efficiency of its government, that country is being stripped of liberty. Ecuador would feel that other measures could be taken to eliminate terrorism without infringing a country’s individual liberty.

The Republic of Ecuador also recognizes that a multi-lateral effort would help to facilitate the process of combatting cyber-terrorism and various other forms of terrorism. Ecuador will work to comply with treaties that combat terrorism, without hindering Ecuador’s right to privacy and sovereignty. Under Ecuador’s new government, and new constitution we have taken steps to dissociate our proud nation from terroristic activities. The Financial Action Task Force has decided to remove Ecuador from the list of countries with serious strategic deficiencies in measures against money laundering and financing terrorism and place the emerging country to a second list of countries with “overall improvements.” We have done our part to voluntarily dissolve Ecuador’s ties to terrorism and we now ask for the United Nations to let the Republic of Ecuador enjoy its sovereignty.

Our position stands that a nation first and foremost should be given the opportunity to combat any issue within its own borders. The Republic of Ecuador has done so and now asks that every nation be given the opportunity to enjoy its sovereignty.

Delegation : The Arab Republic of Egypt Committee : Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A : The Taliban

The government of Egypt considers that The Taliban and Afghanistan’s problem need helps from international community. They face the conflict every hour, every day, weeks, years, and so on. Egypt sympathetic with Afghanistan and The Taliban problem that become wider and wider, kills every aspect in Afghanistan; Human lives, Human rights, Education, Culture, Economy, and foods. As a Middle East country, Egypt has a same strong ideology and religious philosophy with The Taliban as well as Afghanistan. We feel unsafe and threatened by this situation. We afraid that these unsolved problems stand out from the territory could destroy and ruin other nation as the neighborhood of states. It has been affected our economy situation by dropping the stock index price and interfered the trade route pass through the Afghanistan to Egypt.

As a one of the Middle East country, Egypt never absent from any action to keep the Peace and Security in regional, Africa and Middle East, and in International level. Supports and aids always we send to countries that need helps. Egypt has been concerned about the Afghanistan. Egypt has come in to the Agreement and Conference to find out the way to keep Afghanistan peace and got their economic stabilized. Many action that Egypt took a part, such as International Conference on Afghanistan in Hague(31/3/2009) under the UN, concerned about the Afghanistan affair and the most appropriate ways to help Afghanistan to get out of their plight. The ministerial conference on Afghanistan in London, England, for participating in efforts to rebuilding Afghanistan and bring in security and stability to the Islamic state including infrastructure, education, and also made plan for cooperation between the Afghanistan government and the international community. And also as leading role in Propagating correct Islamic education, Egypt made cooperation with Afghanistan to boosted religious and cultural cooperation between.

The government of Egypt agreed for The United Nation’s helps and mediation between the Taliban and The government of Afghanistan. As Muslin country, Egypt wants to offer resolutions for both Taliban and Afghanistan that need actions and reactions. Afghanistan and The Taliban must have an internal diplomatic communication to negotiate the peace inside and also make an agreement and cooperation between government of Afghanistan and the Warlords in regional. Base in the basic main purpose of the Taliban, we suggest Afghanistan and also all states in UN to agree and support to let the Taliban join the representative of Afghanistan or Afghani called Loya jigra and the Afghanistan government’s bodies. Lets Taliban and Afghanistan become peace and stable, by make them together in same building. Improve the Afghanistan army power to handle the local conflicts, thus in the end Afghanistan could stand by their own. And last, Afghanistan should make cooperation, multilateral or bilateral cooperation, about mining in the Afghanistan as much as they can to explore, develop, and also could expand their economy opportunities. Furthermore, Egypt will gladly help and support Afghanistan to explore their potential mines under their ground as well as the military support.

Delegation : The Arab Republic of Egypt Committee : Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B : Cyberterrorism

The government of Egypt considers cyberterrorism to be one of the world’s problems that cannot be ignored. The terrorist of the cyberterrorism threaten peace and security around the world by doing the premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national group. Egypt understood that cyberterrorism could involve politically motivated actions that are meant to influence a certain audience, often through fear. The problem that the Egypt government face which has relation with cyberterrorism was involving online social network to make any comment or build the public opinion about counterfeited facts to devastate the government. Attackers use the cyberspace like Facebook and Twitter as a tool to provoke people to believe in them. We feel threatened by this situation and also consider our sovereignty. People of Egypt could not believe in government while reliance of people is important for Egypt government.

As a country particularly victimized by the local cyber terrorism, Egypt has been took some action to control local cyber terrorism by finding the attackers and also arresting them with disturbing allegations of government sovereignty. Egypt do not really concern about cyber terrorism in international level, we emphasize on the problem that comes from the cyber space which has disturbing our sovereignty from the local. For example, recently Twitter, Facebook, and Gmail have been blocked by our government associated with disturbing Egypt’s sovereignty.

The government of Egypt considers that these problems need real attention from all nations to take a part for finding the best way to solve. We believe when all state nation join together to make a commitment to stop become a state sponsored cyber terrorism, there will be no more problem that comes from cyber space. We offering resolutions that need support from all states to agree with our idea. We should make international institutions to control every crime that comes from cyber space. This institution works to filter and prevent any viruses that work in cyber space. And it should engage all “good” hacker from all country to work and find all the attacker and suspect in cyber space. Egypt also remind to all state not to store all sensitive and private documents in cyber space. Let all countries have special storage system that will keep all data from the data theft. Also every state needs more power to increase the security level in cyber security. Furthermore, Egypt believes that while it is possible for the UN to establish a framework for dealing with this problem, in matter to make agreement within countries.

POSITION PAPER Delegation: The Republic of Equatorial Guinea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Council Topic: The Taliban and Cyber Terrorism

The Republic of Equatorial Guinea considers the issues of the Taliban and Cyber Terrorism to be of utmost importance with regard to peace in Afghanistan and the Middle East. Devastated by decades of unending war, foreign occupation and political instability, Afghanistan is a nation in desperate need of solutions to its widespread internal and external issues, many of which involve Taliban resurgence in the region. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea would like to join other nations worldwide in promoting economic, social and political progress for the benefit of the citizens of Afghanistan in their battle against terror and corruption on the road to development. On the other hand, the issue of cyber terrorism, though significant globally has limited impact on The Republic of Equatorial Guinea and Africa relative to the rest of the world. Any attempts at implementing legislation in countries that are highly vulnerable to cyber attacks will be strongly encouraged.

Focusing primarily on Afghanistan with regard to issues such as drug trade, The Republic of Equatorial Guinea typically discourages the production and use of opium. However, opium production and export currently makes up 33% of Afghanistan’s GDP. This indicates that any political interference in the form of bans and restrictions could deal a crippling blow to the already weak Afghan economy. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea believes that rather than immediate abolition of opium, poppy production should be gradually phased out while simultaneously being replaced with investments that take advantage of Afghanistan’s potentially one trillion dollar mineral industry which includes coal, iron and lithium. Due to its limited military strength The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is in no position to directly strengthen coalition forces and the Afghanistan military in their battle against the Taliban. It does however encourage training programs, investment in military technology and introduction of incentives to reduce the high desertion rate of 20% in the Afghan Army.

With regard to cyber terrorism, the world faces an issue of growing significance. The solution is complicated due to the fact that the source is tough to identify. Furthermore, there are no uniformed international laws on how to punish such criminals. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea strongly encourages the formation of a committee to monitor international cyber security. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea promotes the growth of the information technology industry while ensuring strong roots to prevent the nation from being a threat or being threatened by cyber attacks in the future. In addition to such actions the Republic of Equatorial Guinea supports an effort to put pressure on countries with major issues regarding cyber terrorism to enforce laws and increase punishment for violating such laws.

Historically plagued by internal corruption, Equatorial Guinea calls upon other nations facing similar problems to unite and move towards transparency, accountability and efficiency in administration that could have a huge impact on economic growth and curtail violence.

POSITION PAPER Delegation: The Republic of Equatorial Guinea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Council Topic: The Taliban and Cyber Terrorism

Delegation: Eritrea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The topic at hand regards the Taliban, as Islamic extremist group born in 1994 out of the mess of the Mujahideen Era in Afghanistan. Due to the nation’s lawlessness and division into fiefdoms, the group was created either out of a religious and moral force that caused action towards reuniting Afghanistan, or out of Pakistan’s, Saudi Arabia’s, and the UNOCAL’s desire to secure trade routes in the area. This topic is of utmost importance considering Afghanistan’s unstable governmental power, the Taliban’s strength, and the nation’s central position. This delegation proposes that the U.N. abandon the U.S.’ surge strategy and instead work with Afghanistan to fully make use of their mining resources.

Eritrea is against U.S. President Obama’s surge strategy. Though it is true that to achieve peace in this area of the world, al Qaeda must be dismantled and defeated and the Taliban’s resurgence must not happen, the Afghan government should do so on its own. Eritrea firmly believes in allowing nations to be involved in altering their own institutions. Otherwise conflicting ideals and end goals get in the way, as was the case with the Task Force 273. This Coalition Force’s direct contradiction to Afghan President Karzai’s peace efforts by targeting top Taliban insurgents to kill or capture without a trial demonstrates the outside corruption that could impede the development of institutions that successfully meet the needs of the nation. Since 90,000 classified military documents about the Afghan war have been released through Wikileaks, a bad portrait of the U.S. has been painted in Afghanistan. The hundreds of unreported civilian deaths by the coalition forces triggered a public outrage that could further the Taliban’s efforts. Eritrea, a nation who in January 2010 refused even emergency food aid so as to avoid this type of situation, strongly advises the U.S. to step out of the situation and cease the surge strategy. Some may question Eritrea’s loyalty due to accusations that our nation secretly armed al-Shabaab Islamist terrorists in Somalia, a group that many would say is comparable to the extremist Taliban group. However, Eritrea has a firm commitment to the peace effort in Somalia and would never underhandedly support a dangerous group such as that in Somalia.

Eritrea is for the mining of Afghanistan’s mineral resources. Currently, Eritrea is working with Canada on several international mining projects. Mineral extraction began in 2010 with the hopes of and improved economic future due to the creation of more jobs, meeting the food needs of Eritrea through trade revenue, and increased opportunity for skill development of citizens. If U.S. reports are correct, seizing the potential of Afghan mines would make the nation one of the top suppliers of many minerals, expand economic opportunities, and create more jobs. This must be handled carefully to be certain the mines’ full potential is reached and to avoid this power falling into the hands of the Taliban, meaning that outside help is required. Just as Canada has very much aided Eritrea, the U.N. should be active in aiding Afghanistan in this undertaking. In Eritrea’s history, however, it is known that the nation has rejected the aid of the U.N. in situations where the group failed to follow through on their promises. This mostly refers to the U.N. Security Council who attempted to solve the Ethiopian-Eritrean border dispute, but who only wasted both nations’ time. Eventually fuel was denied to the mission by Eritrea because it was futile. It is thus suggested that the U.N. be very careful when interacting with Afghanistan, especially after the U.S. has created a mockery of aiding them.

This delegation shall remain committed to peace and security, both regionally and internationally. For this reason, Eritrea should be given the opportunities to participate in discussions so as to demonstrate its devotion to security, resulting in productive discussions leading to sustainable peace. Eritrea is a nation devoted to peace, ready and willing to find a feasible solution to the issue of the Taliban. It is our belief that the U.N. should abandon the U.S.’s surge strategy and instead focus its efforts on developing the Afghan mine system. In this way, the Afghan government will be able to target the issue within their own nation and successfully terminate it.

Delegation: Eritrea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The nation of Eritrea believes cyberterrorism to be an extreme danger for the world. This rising tactic for terrorists threatens any and all computer users. It is not unknown to the citizens of the world that large terrorist regimes exist. These terrorist groups have been responsible for multiple domestic and international attacks. The damage from these acts of terrorism have been spread widely throughout all media outlets, regenerating memories of September 11 on the minds of many at the slight mention of the word. However, with the rapid evolution of technology, one’s ability to produce and organize cyberterrorist attacks is becoming almost effortless. Even worse, as people begin to become more reliant on networks to share as well as store information, the damages from attacks become more extensive. It is for these reasons that Eritrea feels that the Disarmament and International Security Committee put methods of prevention in place. One such method is a standard level of content control.

As a nation with a very small percentile of Internet users, Eritrea, along with the rest of Africa, is in an exceptionally advantageous position. The policies decided upon will shape the growth of the Internet and technology for the whole of Africa. However, the people of Eritrea do not wish to see one powerful nation use these policies to shape personal interests, but rather for the interests of the global community. In order to combat cyberterrorism, the committee must make a landmark decision on content control. We have seen recently the power of leaked information in the revolution in Tunisia fuelled by Wikileaks. Sensitive information, like that acquired by American Pfc. Bradley Manning, should not be hosted online. It has been shown that such information is easily accessible to those without the ranking to do so, and this can only escalate with a rise in cyberterrorism. With restrictions on content, it would become more difficult for a non-state entity to fabricate material in order to slander the name of a country, as Eritreans have seen in the past. Without a unilateral stance on content control, no change in one’s ability to participate in, organize, or perform cyberterrorist attacks will occur. Nations must unite as a community in order to combat this heinous crime.

Eritrea believes that with the help of the other nations active in the Disarmament and International Security Committee methods of prevention can be achieved. However, in order to achieve such standards, each country must not act in such a way that is perceived as selfish, but must earnestly seek after that which is good for the international community. For, as stated previously, without a unilateral consensus on content control, cyberterrorists will continue to thrive across the globe. In order to prevent larger nation-states from coercing smaller ones through means of cyberattacks and hacking, the committee must make a stance. The UN can no longer allow the stealing of sensitive information. A unilateral level of content control must be issued. The eradication of these terrorists is a high priority for the people of Eritrea, and prevention must be achieved. Eritrea will not rest until cyberterrorism is prevented.

TOPIC AREA A: TALIBAN The Taliban originated from Kandahar, a south western city in Afghanistan, roughly in 1994 with Mullah Mohammed Omar as the leader. The Taliban’s main impetuous behind taking over Afghanistan was purifying the region by means of Islam by starting up a new Islamic Caliphate, a system of government that represents the political unity of Muslims. They imposed Sharia law upon the people which led to the severe degradation of women’s rights, causing outcries from many International Organizations. The Taliban allowed many radical Islamic groups, including Al-Qaeda, to stay in Afghanistan. The Pakistan Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) funnelled a great deal of aid in form of weapons, logistical support, and money to the Afghani mujahedeen. The 9/11 Attack on America caused great unrest. Ever since, Afghanistan has become the largest, most important, and undoubtedly most difficult foreign mission for Estonia.

The unexplained disastrous sinking of the Baltic ferry Estonia from Tallinn in late September 1994 and 2007 Cyber attacks were some of the major terrorist activities in Estonia, though none is linked to Taliban. But Estonia condemns all types of terrorism that present a serious threat to international peace and stability. Estonia has been an enthusiastic U.S. ally and NATO member, sending troops to Iraq and Afghanistan. Estonia joined the fight against terrorism in Afghanistan in 2002, as part of the U.S.-led Operation Enduring Freedom. Since 2003, Estonian Defence Forces have participated in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). Estonia contributed an additional motorized infantry company in 2009, for a total of two companies plus staff officers and support elements, which equalled more than 280 soldiers. One unit formed part of a U.K.-led provincial reconstruction team in opium-rich Helmand Province, and the additional company, also in Helmand, operated side- by-side with U.S. Marines providing logistic support and Estonian sauna. In December 2006, Estonian manoeuvre unit participated in the operation to free the infamous Musa Qala district centre from the Taliban, by fighting in the Now Zad region. Estonia participated in the European Police Mission to Afghanistan with two police officers and a political advisor. It was projected to give a total of 1.3 million Euros in assistance for the period 2009-2011, which includes funding for the fight against narcotics; the Afghanistan Population and Housing Census project; and for human capital and infrastructure development of Helmand province's health care network, such as training of nurses, mid-wives, and other health professionals. While no longer participating in combat operations in Iraq, Estonia continued to support the NATO Training Mission in Iraq with a staff officer. In March 2009, Estonia amended the Penal Code to criminalize the financing and support of acts of terrorism or actions leading to the perpetration of an act of terrorism, punishable by up to 10 years imprisonment or the liquidation of any entity used in such efforts. In October 2009, the Estonian Government began operating U.S. Department of Energy-funded radiation monitors at Luhamaa, on its south eastern border with Russia. The Estonian Border Guard was in the process of constructing helicopter landing pads at entry control points at Narva, in the east, and Varska, in the southeast, with U.S. Department of Defence Counter Narcotics and Terrorism funds. Estonian airport service team operated at the Kabul Airport, staff officers worked at ISAF headquarters, and at Kandahar Airport, which is also the largest coalition base, the Information Officer for communicating with the public and the Logistics Officer also from Estonia. Estonia has also supported the establishment of the EU police mission aiming to develop the local police system and improve the training of police officers. In 2007 Estonia financially supported the ACKU (Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University). Estonia is supporting the expansion of UN activities to the country’s southern region, which would allow them to tackle that region’s problems, with the help of the non-profit organisations that are active in various crisis areas.

Terrorism can probably never be completely eradicated, though it can be kept at bay. Estonia, with its improvised foreign policy of non-polarity towards Taliban, will continue to participate in the international efforts guaranteeing security and assisting the state-building. TOPIC AREA B: CYBER TERRORISM "In the 21st century it's not just about Tanks and Artillery, a Massive Cyber Attack is Warfare" The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defined Cyber Terrorism as "The premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems & programs, and data which result in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents". Cyber terrorism is becoming more attractive as the real and virtual worlds become more closely coupled with automobiles, appliances, and other devices attached to the Internet. Estonia, a country of 1.4 million people is one of the most wired societies in Europe and a pioneer in the development of ‘e-government’. Being highly dependent on computers, it is also highly vulnerable to cyber-attack. A series of cyber attacks on Estonia began in April, 2007 lasting three weeks and swamped websites of Estonian organizations, including Estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers and broadcasters, amid the country's row with Russia about the relocation of the ‘Bronze Soldier of Tallinn’, a soviet war memorial. The onslaught on Estonia was of sophistication never seen before and was considered a large instance of state-sponsored cyber warfare. According to the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (CERT), the attacks were DDoS (Distributed Denial- of-services) where websites were drowned by thousands of visits, jamming and disabling them by overcrowding the bandwidths for the servers running the sites. The attacks triggered a number of military organisations around the world to reconsider the importance of network security to modern military doctrine. Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet accused the Kremlin of direct involvement in the attack, which was subsequently denied by Russia. Neither NATO nor European Commission experts were able to find any proof of official Russian government participation. The cyber attacks against Estonia were particularly damaging, as the country had to shut down key computer systems for their own protection. With their reputation for electronic prowess, the Estonians were quick to marshal their defences, mainly by closing down the sites under attack to foreign internet addresses. In May, 2007, a criminal investigation was opened into the attacks under a section of the Estonian Penal Code criminalising computer sabotage and interference with the working of a computer network. NATO created a Cyber Defence Management Authority and established a Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence in Estonia. The FBI permanently stationed a computer crime expert in Estonia in 2009, which is significant because it is the first time the FBI has stationed an agent focused purely on cybercrime outside the United States. As Estonia was the first EU member state to suffer massive, coordinated cyber attacks, it has a special interest in developing a more rigid strategy against cybercrime. This strategy will define the critical infrastructure to be protected, systematize Estonia’s security measures to counter cyber attacks, produce a clear division of tasks among governmental institutions including further guidelines for cooperation with the private sector companies which operate most of the critical infrastructure. The Estonian Parliament is currently revising the Penal Code to develop a new legislative initiative where computer sabotage and damaging connections to computer networks will be explicitly included in the definition of an ‘Act of Terrorism’. The Security Police Board is to collect and analyse information for the prevention and countering of terrorist misuse of cyberspace. It is also responsible for detecting and monitoring websites used for terrorist purposes. At the International level, Estonia received cooperation from various countries. Estonia is presently a part of the European Union project, "Check the Web"-Council Conclusions on cooperation to combat terrorist use of the Internet. To quote Peter Grabosky, an Australian professor, ‘Those who fail to anticipate the future are in for a rude shock when it arrives’. In the wake of 2007 cyber attacks, with more International Projects, efficient technology measures and improvised monitoring, Estonia is now well-guarded against any such future attack. Delegation: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: Cyber Terrorism Ethiopia, being one of the oldest and never colonized states of Africa, is a proud country that greatly cares about both national as well as international peace and security. Currently, Ethiopia has an economic growth rate of about nine percent and is developing quickly on many levels, including communications technology. Maintaining peace and security is paramount to our future development and that of the entire world. We unmistakably recognize the threat that is looming; for this reason we have as of yet co-signed many draft resolutions on the topic, such as A/C.1/65/L.37. Being one of the countries most concerned about the topic at hand, we are pleased to join this committee’s debate on cyber terrorism.

Currently, Ethiopia is working hard to upgrade its communication technology. At this moment, we are still a country with low levels of internet usage. However, other types of telecommunications systems do exist within our country. Therefore, we want to stress that cyber terrorism does not solely pertain to internet security. Other mediums, like cellular phones, are as prone to cyber terrorism. We want to remind the international community not to abandon this fact for the sake of countries like Ethiopia, who may be less developed, but therefore not less threatened by the issue. Ethiopia is nonetheless very interested in setting up an international security system concerning the World Wide Web. At the moment, we are swiftly expanding our amount of internet connections, and we would therefore like to make sure that our beloved country can also join the web without hampering our national security. Therefore, we encourage international cooperation on the matter of internet security, and we hope that participating countries will work together to establish this cooperation. Keeping this in mind, Ethiopia wants to stress that concerning this matter of international cooperation, sovereignty has to be respected. International security is an important goal to strive for; however, countries’ sovereignty cannot be impeded. In addition to that, within its borders, Ethiopia maintains the right to censor any internet content it finds unacceptable. This evidently includes cases like child pornography, ethnic, national and religious hatred, and racism. It also encompasses cases connected to terrorist groups, enemies of the Ethiopian government, and separatist groups (supported by Eritrea), among other things. Ethiopia finally wants to stress that it strongly condemns state sponsored cyber attacks, and we urge all states to refrain from such actions. In the unfortunate case this kind of terrorism is used, however, we feel that the international community should be ready to deal with the perpetrators. Ethiopia strongly supports an international system of punishment to be set up to discipline the countries involved in state sponsored cyber attacks. We are less likely to support pro-active actions geared towards the prevention of state sponsored cyber attacks. Although security is paramount, it should not overrule the basics of international politics: sovereignty.

A secure telecommunications system is paramount for the multi-level growth of our country. Therefore Ethiopia is very willing to work together today to make sure the dangers of cyber terrorism, both on small and large scale, are averted. We will do everything in our power to make sure the debate is as rewarding and productive as possible, and encourage other countries to do the same. Delegation: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: the Taliban The Horn of Africa is notoriously known as an area that regularly experiences political unrest and oftentimes even war situations. This reputation is unfortunate, especially since the Horn has a rich history as the cradle of mankind and the home of ancient civilizations. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, being the only nation in Eastern Africa never to have been colonized, has always been a stable country that has done everything in its power to foster peace and stability in the area. It is these two aspects that are crucial in order to achieve economic development and improved living situations for all people, and it is from this belief that Ethiopia derives its dedication to join in this committee and aid to a strong resolution that will lastingly improve the situation in Afghanistan. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia sympathizes with the situation the government of Afghanistan faces regarding the Taliban terrorists. Religious radicalism is a threat to stability and development in many regions throughout the world. We ourselves have experienced the consequences of radicalism due to the situation in our neighboring country Somalia. The civil war that raged there caused severe chaos and political disruption in the border regions of our country, leading to serious economic setbacks and an increasing amount of extremism within our country. The Taliban terrorists have been able to destabilize Afghanistan for too long, thus disrupting the development of the country on an economic, political and cultural level, among other things. Ethiopia strongly supports a strict approach towards these terrorists in order to finally let Afghanistan develop to its fullest capacity. In addition, this kind of approach will put an end to massive opiate cultivation and narcotics production, the trafficking of which severely affects Ethiopia. This committee has to take a strong stance in order to finally solve the issue of the Taliban. As stated before, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia considers the Taliban as terrorists that unlawfully rise up against the Afghan government. Negotiations with these types of groups is illegal, and therefore in this context unthinkable. Instead, Ethiopia favors to establish a new special security force under the auspices of the United Nations. Aware that UN, NATO and US troops such as UNAMA and ISAF are already present in Afghanistan, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia suggests that this novel body can serve as an all encompassing organization that unites these independent groups to create one integrated, functional whole. All of the forces thusly combined will then definitely be able to affirm the position of the current government, and in addition limit the opiate industry that is currently thriving. In connection to this, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia wants to stress that our country is very willing to dedicate troops to such an organization. We sincerely hope that other countries will support the abovementioned initiative, thus providing an effective solution to the issue at hand. Today, this committee has the chance to significantly add to a lasting solution for the horrid situation that is now capturing Afghanistan. Let us not give in to the cruel and unlawful actions of certain extremist, separatist groups. Instead, let us cooperate and show that the international community is fully dedicated to help the people of Afghanistan. Delegation: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: Cyber Terrorism Ethiopia, being one of the oldest and never colonized states of Africa, is a proud country that greatly cares about both national as well as international peace and security. Currently, Ethiopia has an economic growth rate of about nine percent and is developing quickly on many levels, including communications technology. Maintaining peace and security is paramount to our future development and that of the entire world. We unmistakably recognize the threat that is looming; for this reason we have as of yet co-signed many draft resolutions on the topic, such as A/C.1/65/L.37. Being one of the countries most concerned about the topic at hand, we are pleased to join this committee’s debate on cyber terrorism.

Disarmament & International Security committee.

Topic Area A: The Taliban

EU believes that to ensure regional security, negotiations and cooperation with Taliban should be enhanced, however the military forces should be exerted in acautious manner.

For several years, although western forces and Afghan government have fought against Taliban terrorism and eliminated many roadblocks, the complexity of resolving the conflict was still there. The western aid and economic reconstruction did not bring Afghanistan considerable employment and development, and the U.S military often killed innocent civilians accidentally which generated great anger and hostility from the people. EU is aware of the fact that Taliban is in full use of these factors to confront NATO and U.S by gaining public sympathy and support. Therefore, the focus of EU’s strategy is to providing Afghanistan with fundamental infrastructure, basic supply for daily living and employment opportunities. By doing so, social complaints will be lessened, which provided less advantages of which Taliban can take, and help resolve the problem in a long run.

To what extend that security force should be applied has been a hot topic and triggered many debate among EU. In the past, western countries have adopted similar forces strategy as the U.S government, the amount of armies was increased, especially at Pakistan area. After Obama’s presidency and new diplomacy, EU will take a more active role in creating multilateralism instead of unilateralism, being more responsible for international security in a bigger picture. EU countries will take a conservative move when it comes to send more military forces.

Fiji

DISIC Committee: The Taliban and Cyberterrorism

Recognition and Realization

The Republic of the Fiji Islands has always appealed to foreigners with an extensive and complex culture and islands; moreover, with a durable industry of tourism, paradise is easy to explore. On this note, the Republic of the Fiji Islands specifically is excited for friendly countries wishing to invest in our industries and aid in our development. As an undeveloped nation with a interim military based government, The Republic of the Fiji Islands is currently facing low levels of GDP, being a lasting issue from our many coups d'état in the recent decades causing citizen unrest, means of interim chaos, and the absence of democracy.

As a country with a large Indian and Muslim population we honor our family links with

Pakistan, but are deeply scarred by the Taliban’s expanding presence. The United Nations needs to recognize the dangers facing the issue of the Taliban. This recognition will happen by compromise within the General Assembly. The Republic of the Fiji Islands finds the Taliban to be a rising global issue that will cause future coups d'états in any country with its growing presence. The UN and this DISIC committee need to come to an agreement to protect the international community by stopping the Taliban and preventing its further spread while also remaining understanding and supportive of the people effected by the groups actions regardless of race or religion. If members of the Taliban, or any other local militia decide to communicate and come to an agreement with the UN, this can be arranged, but Fiji believes that such agreements should not be expected or sought out. Corruption of the Afghani government, Fiji believes, is mostly due to an increase of the international illicit drug trade, which should be slowed by increasing border controls and harsher punishments for buyers and sellers. The topic of cyber terrorism is just as prevalent, and as a small nation, the Republic of the

Fiji Islands realizes the fears that could come of their growing 103,000 internet users as well as other nations with small internet usage. The Republic of the Fiji Islands wants a solution to cyberterrorism by regulating internet usage. We feel such regulations should be decided and regulated by the General Assembly nations. Because Fiji has relatively small internet usage, it is believed that more emphasis should be placed on non-internet cyber attacks as well, which can also easily damage infrastructure. Emphasis should also be placed on condemning state employed cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism is a very real threat in the increasingly globalize world, which is an unfortunate result of increased connectivity.

Fiji

DISIC Committee: The Taliban and Cyberterrorism

Recognition and Realization

As a country with a large Indian and Muslim population we honor our family links with

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic: The Taliban

Country: The Republic of Finland

As part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Republic of Finland understands its obligation to the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, however, such obligations can never remain open ended. In the past several months, the Republic has made it clear that a timeline has been created for the gradual withdrawal of Finnish troops as the Afghan forces begin to take responsibility for their country. The Afghan Taliban remains a major source of trouble for the Afghan people and Coalition Forces. The justifications for the invasion as well as Finland’s obligation to NATO is well understood, however, the Republic strongly believes that gradual withdrawal and responsible reallocation of responsibilities will be the greatest force against terrorist organizations like the Taliban.

To address the problem of the resurgent Taliban, the Republic of Finland strongly believes that the only solution is to address the economic depravity of the nation of Afghanistan. Terrorist organizations gain support from those that don’t have anything to lose: the poor and hungry. By building up Afghanistan’s economy, more of the Afghans will realize that the Taliban is no longer a viable alternative to the Western backed government. To do this, the Republic recommends researching and taking advantage of the vast mineral resources in Afghanistan. The US Defense Department estimate that there are 1 trillion dollars worth of gold, copper, iron ore, and others. These quantities would make Afghanistan one of the largest producers of these raw materials. In fact, a study by Pentagon officials showed that in one province, there was more lithium than the largest known lithium reserves in Bolivia. The economic opportunities created for the Afghan people by these mines will detach them from their reliance on the Taliban as well as become the “backbone” of the Afghan economy.

Pakistan’s involvement in the nation is also troubling to the Republic. A Pakistan that instigates the deaths of Coalition forces cannot be tolerated and the issue must be addressed properly. Stronger Pakistani compliance and better border controls are necessary to stop the flow of money and weapons to the Taliban, that helps strengthen their forces.

Finally, on the issue of Afghanistan’s drug trade: it is a well known fact that the Taliban gain a large portion of their money from poor farmers who grow poppies for them around the country. Coalition forces have recently been destroyed these fields, however, the Republic doesn’t see this as the correct choice of action. Rather, Finland supports the promotion and creation of incentives for farmers to make growing necessary crops like wheat, corn, vegetables profitable enough to overcome their need to sell plants that are used to fund an insurgency and a drug trade. By burning and destroying the fields, the Coalition is only depriving the poor farmers of their basic livelihood. The best way to address Afghanistan’s drug woes, and Taliban empowerment is through incentives to allow people to actively leave their reliance on the insurgency. Through these steps, the Coalition Forces can greatly weaken the Taliban forces, help establish Afghanistan’s economy, and create a more self sustaining nation while changing the course of such a deprived nation. These will all allow for the withdrawal of forces and protection of their lives.

Sources: http://www.presstv.ir/detail/142517.html http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/domestic-news/politics/7310-afghanistan-clashes-provoke-debate- on-finnish-role.html http://hnmun.org/wp-content/uploads/HNMUN-2011-DISEC-Update.pdf http://hnmun.org/wp-content/uploads/HNMUN-2011-DISEC-Study-Guide.pdf

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic: Cyber Terrorism Country: The Republic of Finland Delegate: Areeb Habib, Moussa Hassoun

The Republic of Finland is convinced that the international community needs to immediately take a stance towards fighting Cyber Terrorism. Although a major outbreak has not occurred recently, the Republic of Finland has still been attacked in the past, by the “Slammer” worm, and thus believes that another attack may arise soon. In order to ensure that there will not be any catastrophic damage, the Republic of Finland believes that certain preventative steps in the form of regulations should take immediately. With terrorist attacks occurring regularly since 9/11, an increasing rate of cyber crimes, and an even higher rate of internet dependency, it can only be so long before a terrorist decides that it will be more effective to control our airwaves than to blow up a building.

Whilst, the Republic of Finland realizes that censorship and freedoms of speech are imperative values to certain nations, it also realizes that allowing these freedoms to be entirely unregulated will have catastrophic consequences. Finland does not entirely agree with the certain countries lax attitude and highly liberal stances towards the internet. However, it does not agree with other countries rather harsh positions on it as well. The Republic of Finland believes that there should be a balance between maintaining individual liberties, and the protection of valuable information, which in the wrong hands could entirely cripple a nation.

The “internet counterinsurgency” Haganah has had a unique take towards reducing Cyber Terrorism, and has performed its objectives well by forcing the terrorist websites to constantly stay on the move. However, the Republic of Finland feels that this is not enough. Still, Finland understands it is very difficult for an independent organization to fight terrorism on its own, and that is why more governments need to get involved in this matter. The only solution to combat this treat permanently is to work together in building a united international front against Cyber Terrorism in order to come up with guidelines that are more effective than those in The European Convention on Cybercrime.

The Republic of Finland further understands why many nations may not see eye-to-eye on the European Convention on Cybercrime. It understands that the sharing of information poses a major problem to all countries, as many want to safe-guard their intelligence. However, the Republic of Finland believes that in order to fight cyber terrorism, nations do not need to share all of their intelligence, but rather a select amount, like they do with Interpol. This will further enable us to ensure that terrorists will have a much harder time taking control of our information and communication services.

It is important for the right steps to be taken to ensure that there is no negligence. This is one of the most important issues that face us as it has the potential to either save or destroy our societies in the future. Before any major work can be carried out, the republic of Finland wants all countries to sign a pact stating that they will all do their best to cooperate to their fullest extent in this matter. Like the National Board of Economic Defence (NBED), Finland wants a network of committees consisting of the leading experts from both the public administration and the business world, as a terrorist attack on the internet can have catastrophic consequences for both sectors. This will ensure that everyone’s interests are protected.

Sources: http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_cooperation/fight_against_terrorism/4_theme_files/Finl and. pdf http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/CIBIMA/volume6/v6n25.pdf https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fi.html *Other various sources were used including the committee background guide.

Topic A: The Taliban The French Republic would like to assert the importance of Topic Area One. The Taliban still has control of territory and impedes the peace and livelihoods of Afghans and prevents development, freedom and stability.France has always considered the protection of human rights, liberty and democracy to be of utmost importance. France has displayed tremendous economic, political and military support to the nation of Afghanistan to aid in combating the Taliban. We have organized over 20 billion USD in developmental aid in order to reduce Taliban support. We have also sponsored conferences to strengthen law and security, prevent terrorism, reform the police and the legal system, and combat the drug and trafficking system that plagues the Afghan economy. At the United Nations, France initiated UNSC Resolution 1817 aimed at combating the illegal production and trafficking of precursor chemicals in Afghanistan. In numerous conferences, France focused on three key areas: security; development and governance; the regional framework and international architecture. France works alongside forty-two nations, at the request of the Afghan authorities and under the UN mandate, within the framework of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). We are the fourth leading supplier of troops to ISAF, with a commitment of 3700 men. France seeks to find different ways that the Afghan security forces as well as the political system can be stable enough to defend the Taliban independently and advocates that this be the center point of our strategy. We seek input on creative and sustainable solutions that ensure peace both in the short term for the Afghan people as well as combat international terrorism by militarily targeting the Taliban strongholds. As a veteran in the fight for a stable Afghanistan and a NATO member, France realizes that the problem of the Taliban must be dealt with comprehensively from a military, economic and political standpoint and ensures its commitment to this. Topic B : Cyberterrorism As a party to the European Convention on Cybercrime, France believes that we can combat cyberterrorism effectively by working with regional and global bodies. Cyberterrorism is on the rise and must be preemptively addressed. Cyberspace is not limited to state boundaries; therefore, our approach to it must be multi-facted and require global effort. First we propose a working definition of cyberterrorism. This is to distinguish between cyberterror, cybercrime, information war, etc. Cyber terrorism has an element of political and social change and method that other cyber threats lack. It is also important to distinguish the levels of severity in cyberterror attacks: simple, advances, and complex. This will decide the proper response. Second, France proposes that the CTC be the forefront of information sharing of best practices, and it be expanded to handle cyberterrorism by working with technicians from pertinent institutions such as ICANN and the WWW Consortium. Members will submit information for the CTC. In addition, countries with concern of sensitive or terrorist recruitment materials ought to be able to submit to the CTC for advisory, as well. Third, France purposes the creation of an international technical body to assess risk, threats, and vulnerabilities of nations’ cyber infrastructure. They will work in conjunction with the CTC and operate under its autonomy. This risk center will have a priority in protecting Tier 1 ISPs, developing a database of known malicious binary codes, and encouraging the developing of deep packet scanning. By taking these actions, we bypass the need to secure every computer individually; this will negate the concern for civil liberties deprivations. Finally, France purposes a cyber “Geneva Conventions,” in which nations will refrain from targeting infrastructure such as power grids. This will prevent harm to civilians and other protected parties under the original Geneva Conventions. Second, France believes in establishing a duty to assist countries that suffered cyber attacks. Disarmament and International Security Committee Gabonese Republic Delegates: Deborah Devenney and Phillip Valdes

Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Deputy Secretary General of Gabon agrees that Rule of Law must be strengthened and promoted around the world. Mr. Alfred Moungara Moussotsi says that rule of law is “essential for good governance.” He says that without rule of law institutions could not properly function, protect human rights and create greater equality. Gabon agrees with the United Nations on fighting the Taliban and reducing their influence on global terrorism around the world. Gabon is a nation that seeks to fight the international terrorists but also seeks a peaceful solution that will benefit and restrain both parties.

As a member of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) Gabon has pledged to help the African Union fight internal terrorism. Gabon has worked closely with the Democratic Republic of Congo and the United States (AFRICOM) to help bring peace and economic development to the region. We believe that there should be negotiations between both parties and agreement that extremism should not be tolerated. Gabon stands by the belief that the Taliban should not be using terrorism to force their beliefs on others. We agree with the Counter- Terrorism Strategy established in 2006, that every country should do all they can to “prevent terrorism, pursue terrorists, and protect its civilians.”

We stand by the principle of negotiation between both parties. Gabon’s intention with the creation of the Peacebuilding Commission was to bring transitional justice for the issue of African terrorism. Gabon is confident that the Taliban can be approached and brought to the negotiation table. Therefore, we believe what is stated in Security Council Resolution 1368, “There is no doubt that the coalition will be victorious in the war against terrorism.” Therefore, Gabon urges that the only way Afghanistan can successfully fight the Taliban is to have a secure nation, and the only way the Afghan people would be able to do that is to have an able army.

The security of the Afghan-Pakistani border is of the utmost importance. These areas are controlled by Islamic militant tribes, and Gabon feels that negotiations with the tribes are the first step. In conjunction with the Afghan National Army, the role of the International Security Assistance Force and the national police forces would be welcomed. We believe that Afghanistan should by all means seek to unite their country with the warlords and local militias. A strong Afghan military and security force would be in the best interest of all parties involved with the Taliban and terrorist acts.

Nevertheless, this draws to light the corruption within the Afghan government. How can Afghanistan effectively fight the Taliban’s terrorist’s acts when their government is engaging in dubious acts? With the government supporting human rights violations in southern Afghanistan, the Taliban controlled region of the country, and a huge crackdown of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) they faces severe unpopularity amongst the people. This causes disunity within the nation and increasing support for the Taliban. Gabon believes that one of the major concerns for the Afghan government is their constant support for the cultivation of opium. Gabon believes that this cultivation leads to a worldwide drug war that must be halted.

Therefore, Gabon asserts that open process for cleaning the government be Afghanistan’s first priority. We believe that the people of Afghanistan have the right to a fair election that allows for the free exchange of ideas and the right of the vote.

Gabon is a nation that seeks to fight the international terrorist acts committed by the Taliban and supports a peaceful solution that will benefit and restrain both parties. Gabon urges all nations to support a United Nations resolution that would bring an end to the Taliban’s terrorist acts against the world and bring peace to the region of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Disarmament and International Security Committee Gabonese Republic Delegates: Deborah Devenney and Phillip Valdes

Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism Gabon recognizes cybercrime as a real and growing threat to our world, and desires to see the construction of a new international security network, for the purpose of protecting information and halting use of hacking and cracking. Although a relatively small African nation, Gabon is on the rise both economically and technologically. With a per capita income nearly four times that of most sub-Saharan African nations ($14,317 in 2009) economically speaking, Gabon is in the region of such developed nations as Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, and Russia. Though just 6.1% of Gabon’s population uses the internet now, we are confident that this will only increase in coming years as Gabon’s economy grows. In foresight of this growth, we strongly support constructing a plan now to prevent cybercrimes and promote international cooperation with regards to security and justice.

According to McAfee, cybercrimes are responsible for around US$1 trillion in global corporate losses each year. In addition to the financial costs, there are millions of lives at stake when cyber security is not taken seriously. Information and networking opportunities online could be used by terrorists to carry out physical attacks on our own soil. Each day the world becomes more connected, more interdependent, and thus more vulnerable. However, we should not shy away from technology, but harness it to combat the evildoers that wish to harm us.

Gabon has already shown its commitment to cyber security by joining the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats (IMPACT). IMPACT is the first not-for-profit global partnership against cyber threats, and is well positioned to assist its partners in the fight against cybercrime. According to their mission statement, “Governments cannot contain these cyber threats singlehandedly through domestic measures alone. Neither should governments be left to grapple with this danger on their own any longer.” By nature, cyber crime is borderless and “there is an absolute need to converge and share the information as well as resources that will escalate the safety of our cyber security.” IMPACT serves to build a bridge from international bodies, industry, and academia with partnering countries.

As in fighting a disease, governments must be open with each other to prevent an epidemic and protect the people of the world; we must cooperate to keep an international cyber crisis from developing. Information is valuable, and should be protected. Gabon proposes strict guidelines to censor what information should be available on the internet. The people need to be protected, and one way to do that is to protect the information available. Personal information, such as medical records, should be kept off the internet. In addition, administrators should forbid content related to racism, hatred, and violence. It is harmful to the human race to provide more ways to hate your brother. Strict content control that is standardized across international borders is an important step towards protecting cyberspace.

The best way to implement content control on the internet is by creating a new independent organization to oversee internet protocols. This organization would operate in a similar style to IMPACT, only on a larger scale. It would pull together the expertise and technology of industrial experts and the political power of an international partnership. The World Bank, Human Rights Internet, and other NGOs should be included in the production and maintenance of this new partnership, along with security firms like McAfee and Symantec. The new collaboration could also utilize the independence and abilities of private hackers and crackers, but keep them accountable to the international community.

We need to agree as a world not to use hacking and cracking to fight enemies. Unfortunately this has already happened, but we must prevent it from escalating so that we do not produce a cyber world war. When one network gets sick, it can spread almost without end. We must commit to withhold from using cyber weapons before we become reliant on them in warfare and destroy ourselves.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic: The Taliban

Country: The Gambia

School: Bay Path College-- Kayla Yorko

I. General Statement

It is in the Gambia and the international community’s vital interest to both develop sanctions against countries that are supportive of the Taliban as well have members of the UN do their best to cut ties with these countries. This must be done before the organization can become any more entrenched into the regions and governments of the areas that it operates from. The Gambia has already begun taking steps to sever ties with countries that we have felt have been worked in conjunction with the Taliban. In the effort to promote security and a peaceful global climate this must be done as quickly as possible to show a standing against this organization that threatens the peace as well as the safety and security of the world.

II. Particulars

Being a peace oriented country, The Gambia does not typically have any internal issues with infiltration from the Taliban. However, steps have already been taken to avoid any future problems with the organization within the country. Recently all ties with particular countries in the Middle East were severed and all officials were forced to return back to their homeland due to suspicion and outright actions that Gambian officials felt were too hostile and closely related to actions of the Taliban.

While The Gambia does not have specific internal organizations to combat the terrorism, it encourages those countries that are most closely related to and targeted by the Taliban to sever any relationship with countries and organizations that support and run in conjunction with the Taliban. As always, The Gambia does not condone any military action taken against these bodies, but instead push for others to take action by isolating those involved with the Taliban and work to discourage countries and organizations to fall into support for the Taliban for any reason. The Gambia feels that both parties lose more by taking aggressive action than by working hard to come to some form of a peaceful solution to the issues at hand. The Gambia recognizes the obvious reluctance of the Taliban to even consider peaceful negotiations, but we do not feel that that justifies any military action to be taken against them.

The Gambia stands that sanctions should be put into place against states that support the organization, but that they should include some form of economic and trade sanctions, travel bans, diplomatic restrictions or anything that does not include outright aggressive actions. The Gambia feels that these sanctions should be put forth as soon as possible to avoid any possible disruption of peace that appears to be a constant threat with an organization such as the Taliban. Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic: The Taliban

Country: The Gambia

School: Bay Path College-- Kayla Yorko

I. General Statement

II. Particulars

Georgia regards terrorism as one of the potential threat to undermine the stability of the world. In the past ten years, repeated terrorist attacks by Taliban, especially since the 9-11 attack, has put the world in fear and insecurity. International Co-operation is needed to fight against power that would endanger our world, and it is crucial that the Disarmament and International Security put countries’ head together and take action to avoid expansion of terrorist activity.

Georgia has strategic importance in fighting against terrorism in terms of location, situated next the Black Sea, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Iraq. Hence, Georgia has continued to support the coalition in Iraq. Starting since 2004, 300 extra Georgian troops were sent to Iraq. The Georgian government committed to send a total of 850 troops to Iraq to serve in the protection forces of the U.N. Mission. Having seen the success in the initial military campaigns, Georgia strongly believes global collaboration against terrorism is feasible. Georgia is willing to open up our ports and airdromes to the United States and NATO who has been supportive in eliminating terrorism. Georgia is of the same mind with the United States’ theories in that one must negotiate peace from a position of strength. Georgia is a part of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism and is supportive to the fundamental principle of preventing terrorists’ activities. As a small nation, we strive to be independent and a promoter of peace.

Georgia strongly supports United Nation’s position on terrorism that deliberate targeting of population is a crime; terrorist acts are criminal, no cause can justify terrorism. Countering terrorism requires addressing conditions conductive to the spread of terrorism. Georgia agrees to the common strategic and operational framework to fight terrorism that has been embarked in September 2006. The strategy which forms the basis for a concrete plan of action: to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism; to prevent and combat terrorism; to take measures to build state capacity to fight terrorism; to strengthen the role of the United Nations in combating terrorism The Strategy builds on the unique consensus achieved by world leaders at their 2005 September Summit to condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations

Georgia believes in the Rights of religious freedom and tolerates various beliefs. Georgia is not against Taliban as an internal organization in Afghanistan. Georgia stands with the United Nations to fight against any link or support for terrorism.

Delegation: Georgia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Introduction of Internet and full scale use of the newest technologies has created the danger of real war in the virtual world. It is the result of the ease, low cost, speed and anonymity of the Internet, in addition to the current lack of an international convention on cyber-crime. The number of cyber-attacks as well as the degree of destruction increases rapidly. This brings us to also look at areas beyond the traditional military arena. The critical areas of power, water, health and financial institutions are all vulnerable to Cyberterrorism. Unfortunately, there is a lack of understanding of threat perception as well as basic attention and safeguard measures to secure these vital areas from Cyberterrorism. Thus, it is essential that the Disarmament and International Security Committee formulate solutions to this top concerning problem at the international level.

Hundreds of thousands of attacks are launched round the world daily, with attackers including student hackers and terrorist organizations, threatening the international security and stability. But attacks launched by countries against other countries are causing the greatest concern. One of the biggest state sponsored cyberattacks so far appears to be in Georgia. In August 2008, the website for the president of Georgia and other numerous Georgian government sites were knocked offline by a distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) attack. As one particular victim of cyberterrorism and also a member of the anti-terrorist coalition, Georgia is taking the fight against cyberterrorism in priority, and has begun to take this issue into consideration for its own legal framework. Meanwhile, Georgia is one of the 43 signatories of Council of Europe's Cybercrime Convention, which currently is the only international treaty against cybercrime. Besides, to ensure an effective fight against international cyberterrorism, Georgia also cooperates with states of the region, in particular with immediate neighbors: the Russian Federation, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

The geopolitical realities of the world today bring to the agenda the issue of reforming the UN into a more flexible organization, capable of prompt reaction to contemporary threats. Therefore, Georgia urges that more efforts should be taken by UN in fighting against cyberterrorism. Firstly, raise awareness of the cyber threats. Through public education and other efforts, impress upon people the need for cyber security and personal cyber-responsibility. Secondly, cyberspace should be managed on the basis of such values as democracy, liberty, and human rights, though the culture of political scandals is a culture virus which spreads like an epidemic in the society. Thirdly, UN should strive to enhance international cooperation. Many governments are not willing to share their knowledge, as they possess advanced cyber-fighting applications and want to preserve their advantage in this domain. However, cyberspace is too large, too sophisticated and too interconnected to be dealt with alone without cooperation. Therefore, UN should issue an effective international treaty to combat cybercrime and encourage its member states to share the best practices and measures. COMMITTEE: DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE TOPIC A: THE TALIBAN COUNTRY: GERMANY SCHOOL: UNIVERSIDAD METROPOLITANA

“Fighting terrorism is like being a goalkeeper. You can make a hundred brilliant saves but the only shot that people remember is the one that gets past you.” – Peter Struck (Former German Defense Minister)

The Federal Republic of Germany recognizes that the situation of international security has changed, as the number of conflicts between nations has fallen, but diverse conflicts with repercussions far beyond the borders of the region concerned, and their potential to jeopardize global stability, have increased. The battle against terrorism is clearly the most pressing issue for international security for it affects all nations on a social, economic and political scale. This illustrates that no country, no matter how powerful, can successfully counter today´s threats alone, hence Germany supports a strategy of international cooperation at all levels as to further our chances of success. Matters concerning the Taliban issue are difficult to tackle because of Afghanistan´s recent history, the overall instability of the region, and the complexity of the conflict. Decades of war, internal conflict, the Taliban´s reign of terror and its fall, followed by the 9/11 attacks upon the United States, left Afghanistan´s overall infrastructure devastated and it is the engagement of the international community, along with the elected Afghan government, to rebuild it. Germany has long promoted the “Comprehensive Approach”, which covers every aspect of the Afghan life: military, justice, economic development and governance, all while mindful of this nation´s historic and cultural setting. Furthermore, the Federal Republic does not regard military operations in the Central Asian nation to be the only solution to the conflict, ergo encourages governments, NGOs, human rights organizations, the World Bank and other international institutions to tackle the root causes of terrorism before further engaging human and economic resources in this conflict. Creating stability and a secure environment are top priorities for the German Government, reason why it currently leads the Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT) in Northern Afghanistan. In this context, it plans to increase the Bundeswehr´s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mandate by 500 soldiers who will train and mentor Afghan security forces through a “partnering approach”, while also training the Afghan National Security (ANA) forces and thousands of Afghan Police officers, hence asserting its position as the third largest troop-contributing nation of ISAF. These measures create a secure environment indispensable for civilians to promote political, economic and social reconstruction within provinces. The establishment of efficient, citizen-oriented state structures, jointly with the Afghan Government, while meeting the basic needs of the Afghan people in terms of security, education, health and development might help increase the their credibility and trust in the Western nations currently operating in Afghanistan. This counter-terrorism strategy, long advocated by Germany, aims at undermining the legitimacy, credibility and relevance of terrorist groups in the country. Over 9 years of conflict in Afghanistan have proven that the elimination of terrorists groups is unfeasible and unreliable. Therefore, the strategic aim should be to make it as hard as possible for terrorists to mount attacks, not just by denying them the means, but also by denying them sympathizers and recruits. In this context, the Federal Government contributes with over USD 70 million to the Reintegration Program fund, whose aim is to help non-extremist insurgents to rejoin society through the creation of jobs for construction and training of farm workers on infrastructure projects. Moreover, Germany’s foreign ministry Guido Westerwelle signed an agreement that gives USD 14 million a year, for a period of five years, to Taliban militants who choose to put down their weapons and negotiate. Most drug trafficking operations in the Middle East are led by the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, who earn millions of dollars in revenues every year, hence promoting information exchange with those willing to change is crucial for Afghanistan´s development. The total financial contribution Germany has made to Afghanistan, up to 2010, has been or more than 1.1 billion Euros and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC’s 2009 survey reported that opium cultivation decreased by 22% and the number of poppy-free provinces increased from 18 to 20. However, the worsening of the security situation has shown that, in spite of all the successes in training the ASF, the pace is not quick enough, and further measures should be taken to halt poppy production, limit the international drug trade and restrain the funding for the Taliban. Hence, Germany’s GTZ has developed projects in local drug prevention and treatment, the Project for Alternative Livelihoods (PAL), and the promotion of food security, all of which are aimed at reconstructing this country from within in order to reduce the global consequences. Alternative crop developments, such as pomegranates, apricots, and wheat, have proven fertile in the region, and will endorse a licit and profitable environment, creating legal means of work and boosting the Afghan economy. COMMITTEE: DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE TOPIC B: CYBERTERRORISM COUNTRY: GERMANY SCHOOL: UNIVERSIDAD METROPOLITANA

When it comes to the fight on Cyberterrorism the Federal Republic of Germany sees it as a very difficult to issue tackles, due to the fact that there is no international accepted framework. We believe that the best way to tackle the issue of cyberterrorism is through a comprehensive international legal framework and cooperation. In order to tackle the issue of terrorism, Germany developed an anti-terror policy that is comprised by five important goals: Breaking up terrorist networks by intensifying investigative efforts in order to increase the pressure on offenders; preventing terrorist threats; expanding international co-operation; protecting the population, taking preventive measures and reducing overall vulnerability; abolishing the causes of terrorism. This policy aims to comprehensively prevent and combat terrorist activities, including the misuse of cyberspace for terrorist purposes. In particular, in January 2007, a Joint Internet Monitoring Center was established in Berlin, which focuses on Islamist terrorism. The BFV (Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, lead service), the BKA (Federal Office for Criminal Investigation) and the BND (Federal Intelligence Service), as well as other national security authorities, co-operate within the framework of the center. This takes into account the fact that Internet has a dual significance in terms of combating terrorism: on one hand, monitoring Internet use by terrorists may lead to the gathering and assessment of information. But on the other hand, the use of the Internet by terrorists may cause direct threats as well. At the level of the European Union, Germany has successfully initiated the "Check the web" project to intensify co-operation, including the division of tasks among member states, in monitoring and assessing the use of the Internet by international terrorists. For that purpose, Europol has opened an information portal, which may be used by all member states for exchanges of information. Despite all these efforts, little is currently being done to tackle cyberterrorism issue; however, the international community is becoming more and more aware of the importance of overseeing the cyberspace and its uses. The Federal Republic encourages the drafting of an International Convention on Cyberterrorism, taking into consideration the different positions of all Member Countries and the legal repercussions these may have. Furthermore, we truly believe that in order to solve this issue, a definition of the term “cyberterrorism” must be internationally approved, and it should be followed by the creation of an International Cooperation Center or Organism that channels all the information provided, not only by signatory States but by private organizations as well. The supervision of the internet must not be regarded as a violation of the right of information or as a violation of freedom of speech, but as a measure that should be taken in order to protect the international community from cyberterrorist attacks and, in the worst case scenario, a war.

General Assembly Disarmament and International Security Committee Position Paper of Republic of Ghana Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Ghana acknowledges the threat that terrorism poses to international security, thus the situation in Afghanistan regarding the Taliban is an issue that must continually be addressed by the United Nations. Peace is what we pursue and bringing peace in Afghanistan would be within the interest of The Republic of Ghana as a member of the international community. After almost nine years Afghans live with foreign troops pointing guns on their land, the Taliban could still retain power in several parts of Afghanistan which implies that some Afghans still support their existence. Therefore, the Republic of Ghana believes that society empowerment and good governance building efforts are still lacking as the government is not fully supported by Afghans due to government accountability, corruption, and poverty.

As a country with the culture of compassion, the Republic of Ghana believes that security is within the rights that all human possesses, thus the Republic of Ghana condemns all form of terrorism in any part of the globe. However, the problem of terrorism could not just appear without any triggering factors. Poverty is believed as one of the main determining factors that breed terrorism, as said by a once president of The Republic of Ghana, President John Agyekum Kufuor. Therefore, in order to achieve sense of unity through society empowerment, improvement of life is a key factor that The Republic of Ghana has learned in maintaining peace within its region. The improvement of life covers economic prosperity and the rights freedom in all aspects of life.

In particular to the problem of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the Republic of Ghana fully supports the Government of The Republic of Afghanistan which is a functioning and legitimate ruling government in the region. The Republic of Ghana applauds the success of election in The Republic of Afghanistan which shows commitment in breeding democracy as well as catering the needs of the society to be heard in forming a government. The Republic of Ghana believes that the implementation of good governance including eradication of corruption would be the next and the most urgent agenda in Afghanistan as well as poverty eradication to be fully supported by Afghans everywhere. The Republic of Ghana believes that efforts to achieve good governance and to eradicate poverty must come hand in hand to fully serve the society and deter them from joining terrorist groups. Pursuing this goal, the Republic of Ghana recommends:

• Promotion of freedom that is the basic value in democracy as well as good governance principle, and to provide equal information to all Afghan everywhere by empowering and assuring the independence of media • Improve efforts in combating corruption with the creation of single and independent corruption watch body in Afghanistan that has the authority to investigate and report corruption cases thus can be further enacted • Support the promotion of micro funding program in the region to support people’s economy as a successor to alternative livelihood program in the region which has proven effective in supporting 140,000 loans from 2003 but now face a challenge to scaling up

In conclusion, as well as the Republic of Ghana believes that security measure is important, but government empowerment to be able to serve the society and be fully supported by the society is paramount in Afghanistan case. The existence of foreign troops must be decreased over time as the empowerment of Afghan National Army must be promoted over time. Escalation of war is not the solution to bring peace in Afghanistan and pointing guns will not stop anything but peace. We need to be wiser as our way in handling Afghanistan will determine our future plan in handling terrorism.

General Assembly Disarmament and International Security Committee Position Paper of Republic of Ghana Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Ghana is a country in which the number of Internet users is still on a low level, compare to other world’s nations number of users. Only 1.297.000 people out of 24.339.838 people in the Republic of Ghana use Internet1. Therefore, the Republic of Ghana is just like other African countries that could still regulate the usage of Internet. However, even when the number of users is still low, the Republic of Ghana itself faces lots of cyber crimes. The most popular one is named Sakawa, a type of crime in which criminals hack into people’s credit cards numbers and buy stuffs illegally. Even though Sakawa is not exactly classified as cyberterrorism, the Republic of Ghana shows its concern upon cyberterrorism cases. Cyberterrorism is actually a term used to describe any kind of cyber attacks that includes political motivation. Many countries, such as South Korea, Estonia, etc, have experienced cyberterrorism and are still finding way to prevent it from happening again.

The Republic of Ghana is one of the countries that joined the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threat (IMPACT) and received cyber services from IMPACT2. The services include the Global Response Centre (GRC), the training and skills development, and security assurance. However, this coalition between government, public, and private company has not been really effective and successful in combating the issue of cyberterrorism.

In order to improve the security in facing the cyber threats, the Republic of Ghana recommends: • The creation of special, state sponsored school that would educate and create security experts. These experts will then be obliged to work for state for certain minimum number of years to improve the level of cyber security • The establishment of domestic forces in which the attacker from any country should be arrested • The creation of a special coordinated office that would establish the work of domestic anti- cyberterrorism and exchange information about methods of attacking and attack-detection • The disallowance of remote control or computer usage towards crucial systems A special unit under United Nation or IMPACT itself shall regulate the recommendations stated above. All countries should join this type of cooperation in order to create a safer cyber world.

In conclusion, the Republic of Ghana believes that cyberterrorism is an issue that will need the cooperation of every country. An attacker in cyberterrorism cases might come from another country, making cyberterrorism a serious threat towards the safeness of countries. The government of the Republic of Ghana suggests several steps that need to be fulfilled in order to combat cyber threats.

1 Internet World Stats, http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm (January 23rd, 2011) 2 International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threat, http://www.impact-alliance.org (January 23rd, 2011) !! Delegation From Greece Represented By SVKM’s Pravin Gandhi College of Law

Position Paper for Disarmament and International Security

Topic A : The Taliban

The Hellenic Republic is at the crossroads of three continents. It is the centre point of convergence of various civilizations and cultures.

Greece is of the opinion that terrorism is a serious threat to the National Security and freedom. It is the biggest challenge to our very democratic way of life, perhaps the greatest danger that the world has to face since the Rise of Fascist Ideology during World War II. It is a serious breach of moral beliefs and most importantly horrifically infringes upon the human rights of every citizen of any nation. The Taliban, which represents the very face of terror, has spread its tentacles from Afghanistan to Europe, Africa and even America. It has become a self-declared protector of Islam and the Islamic way of life. Often comparing the ‘War on terror’ with ‘The Crusades’ thereby giving this entire issue a religious turn. It is however important to know that such self-proclaimed religious groups only represent the ideology of the fraction of the people and not the entire religion. Terrorists has no religion for no religion in the world, advocates the killing of innocent men, women and children. For the bombs that explodes knows no religion and kills all Christians, Jews, Muslims without any discrimination. Let us not equate these religious zealots with the great religion that Islam is for it would be an insult to its greatness.

Greece believes that Taliban is proving to be a threat to the entire European Union. The EU is being targeted by the Taliban and have cause a lot of damage in terms of economy too. Tourism being one of the main occupations of Greece, the economy is affected due to the decrease in the number of tourists in Europe because of blasts that hit Egypt, Madrid and London. and with the Taliban threat things will only get worse if nothing is done. Taliban is also becoming the breeding ground and outlet for other illegal activities. The Hellenic Republic urges other nations to realize that no nation can really be independent with complete indifference to such hostile acts as in this global village that we live in we are completely inter-dependent on each other for everything.

Greece has supported NATO’s presence in Afghanistan since NATO took command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in 2003. Greece has contributed approximately 75 trainers to the NATO Training Mission - Afghanistan, maintains a small headquarters element with ISAF in Afghanistan, and completed a 6-month command rotation of Kabul airport in October 2010.

Greece urges to all the delegates present in the committee to come together to fight and eradicate terrorism. It’s not the time to play blame game but its time for some serious action. We also believe that the mediation of the UN as an organization can substantially direct the governments of member nations to provide their support and resources to effectively combat global terrorism by outfits such as the Taliban. Thus it becomes the responsibilities of all the nations present to ensure collective security to wipe out the mess of Global Terrorism. !! Delegation From Greece Represented By SVKM’s Pravin Gandhi College of Law

Position Paper for Disarmament and International Security

Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

The Hellenic Republic considers cyber terrorism is emerging to be substantial problem facing nations today. Cyber terrorists threaten peace and security around the world. The world is modernizing rapidly and so is cyber penetration and with that the utilization of technological means to further terrorist activities. Cyber terrorism does not cause any physical harm but results in disruption of stock market activities, manipulation of bank sites, spreading false rumors to cause panic in a country among other things. The term ‘cyber terrorism’ is becoming increasingly common in the popular culture but yet the term is not perfectly defined. Cyber terrorists have various tools and methods to unleash their terrorism. One of the methodologies of cyber terrorism includes Trojan, a name taken from the Trojan Horse tale from ancient Greece. The threat to general public and government in a nation lies in the fact that cyber terrorists poses the ability to shut down all of the major systems that any nation depends on.

The Hellenic Republic believes that cyber terrorism poses as a threat to the security of the country as private information can land in the wrong hands leading to misuse. In 2009, internet penetration in Greece was 46% and as of 2010 the broadband connections were 2,154,282. Greece has 65% to 70% of cyber penetration and is likely or prone to face the wrath of cyber terrorism. Since the number of internet users in Greece is increasing day by day, it would result in the increase in the threats by cyber terrorist organizations. The government of Greece and media sources are concerned about potential damages that could be caused by cyber terrorism. As the internet continues to expand in Greece and computer systems continue to be assigned more responsibility, the threat of cyber terrorism penetration expands at the same pace. Business in Greece is vulnerable to being attacked by cyber terrorism. It is a major issue that should be looked upon closely for the safety of information.

Since many important parts of Greece infrastructure are owned by private companies, special attention should be paid over the security of private companies. The effects of intrusion upon the systems in Greece are a threat to the internet users. Hence now many agencies are working to make their system terrorist proof. Even a minor cyber terrorism penetration in any nation would prove to be devastating in terms of information as all commerce depends on internet-based transactions. The Olympics which are set to stage in London in 2012 could be vulnerable to cyber-attach and cyber attacks claims the government an estimated $1 trillion a year globally.

The Hellenic Republic has enacted legislations pertaining to cyber-terrorist activities. Greece suggests that pressure must be put upon the nations to taken upon stringent measures and uptight existing defense mechanisms against cyber-terrorism. Greece is making efforts to combat cyber terrorism not only locally but also globally. Greece suggests that all nations come together and join hands to fight or eradicate cyber terrorism or terrorism as a whole. It is time to take some serious actions as the consequences of such attacks would not hit one aspect of our nation but will disable out nations entirely not being able to defend themselves. Delegation: Grenada

Represented by: University of Florida

Position Paper for the Disarmament and International Security Committee

Even though Grenada is a small island-nation, we are no stranger to the danger of ideological, political, and military confrontations, especially in light of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the 1983 U.S. invasion of Grenada. Though Grenada has a relatively low international profile, we are eager to assist in whatever way possible to avert threats to all countries, both great and small.

I. The Taliban

Although the main impact of the Taliban is arguably within Afghanistan, their destructive potential extends to the Middle East, Central Asia, and the rest of the world. Despite the fact that Grenada is a proponent of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, we believe that waging war in self-defense is justified, and we therefore support military efforts to subdue the Taliban. As several agreements in the past have been violated by tribal warlords, Grenada is against cooperation with the Taliban. Also, Grenada does support the replacement of opium production with other legal crops, even if such solutions can be costly. Moreover, one effective strategy for the Afghan National Army is to implement an enforced policy of mandatory presentation of travel visas for those crossing the Afghan-Pakistani border, which may be facilitated by the creation of a database that records relevant travel information and requires members of NATO or other similar organizations to authorize access for “dubious” individuals. Lastly, the pervasive issue of Afghan corruption should be dealt with in such a way so as to not undermine the legitimacy of the Karzai administration and not allow the reckless graft to destabilize the already war-stricken region.

Delegation from Represented by

Grenada University of Florida

Position Paper for the Disarmament and International Security Committee

II. Cyberterrorism

While Grenada has little history of cyberterrorism, we still recognize it as a global concern and support strong international cooperation in forming policies to combat its potential threat. The Organization of American States (OAS) has defined a strategy for effective practices of cyberdeterrence, which we fully support. We would like to see a policy with such guidelines adapted by member states for the purpose of responding to cyberterrorism. The Caribbean Center for Development Administration (CARICAD) has also outlined a framework for a cybercrime prevention system which provides insight for member nations in the formation of cybersecurity. We suggest the promotion of public awareness in the global society through state-sponsored programs and workshops which would serve to inform communities of vulnerabilities in digital infrastructure. Grenada supports the ideals of free speech in all forms of media; however, internet sites that support terrorism of any form are not to be tolerated. Grenada would also like to encourage an honest debate on the proposal that a state-sponsored cyberattack against another country should be considered an act of war in the eyes of the international community. !"#$"% &'$ Harvard National Model United Nations Association of Laval University 2011 ! ! ! ! !"! ! ! ! ! ! Position Paper for the Disarmament and International Security Committee Delegation from: Represented by: Republic of Guatemala Université Laval

I. The Taliban In recent history, the Taliban’s activities represent a pressing and disconcerting issue for the Member States of the United Nations (UN) and the international community, as this political and military group harbors radical organizations such as Al-Qaeda, and has control over many regions of Afghanistan. The Taliban also represent a threat to international peace and security because of the human rights violations they exert against the Afghani population and the cross border impacts of refugees escaping there persecution. For this reason, the question of the Taliban shall be discussed in the First Committee of the UN General Assembly on Disarmament and International Security. The Republic of Guatemala is concerned about the Taliban and the implications of this group’s actions for international peace and security. With reference to its own history, the Republic condemns all acts of violence leading to a military takeover or a civil war. As a matter of fact, we recognize the need to fight and eliminate this threat by means of multinational cooperation within the UN and fully commits to contributing its best efforts to this issue by voting on resolutions and supporting multilateral activities.

Although Guatemala is very concerned about national and international terrorism, the Taliban’s actions have not directly affected its national territory. Thus, we have not undertaken any national initiative related to the Taliban. However, the national Interagency Counter-Terrorism Committee (Comité Interinstitucional contra el Terrorismo) was created in order to help the government in its effort to combat global terrorism. At the international level, Guatemala supports the UN’s actions that originate from both the General Assembly and the Security Council. We consider the sanctions regime, established by the Security Council Committee in 1999 and known as "the Al-Qaeda and Taliban Sanctions Committee", to be appropriate in order to prevent the Taliban and other illegal armed groups from disturbing international peace and security. Guatemala has undertaken action pursuant to the resolution 1267 (1999) as well as the subsequent resolutions. While the General Assembly has not enforced any resolutions directly the Taliban, it has formulated many resolutions about the social and political context in Afghanistan. In this respect, Guatemala is fully committed to these resolutions as well.

To address the Taliban issue as a whole and its connection to terrorism, we call upon the international community to unconditionally maintain international cooperation and support the sanctions regime in order to suppress the funding of terrorism. Moreover, Guatemala encourages the military operations deployed in Afghanistan through the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) as well as the political mission of the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). As stated in Ban Ki- moon’s latest report about the situation in Afghanistan, the intensifying activities of the international forces, combined with the effort of Afghani forces, are showing positive results. Therefore, Guatemala supports the decision of the Security Council to extend the ISAF mandate and to increase the number of military troops in Afghanistan. Even though Guatemala has no troops in Afghanistan, we feel committed to this international effort and also call for talks with the Taliban leaders. In this respect, we believe that key actions, such as negotiation, should be promoted between the UN members and the Afghani parties, including the Taliban. Further steps should specifically focus on the drug trade, since this issue represents an important concern within Guatemala’s national territory and the international community. Finally, Guatemala reiterates its full and complete opposition to terrorism and supports any collective action by the international community to combat this scourge.

II. Cyberterrorism Nowadays it is well known that national economies, governmental and military institutions, and national infrastructures depend on many information and communication technologies (ICT) such as Internet. In recent years, these technologies have come to play a major role in the national and international environments since they create opportunities to coordinate actions without having to be concerned by geographical constraints. It is also commonly accepted that terrorist groups use Internet to communicate, plan, claim responsibility for terrorist attacks, raise funds and distribute their propaganda. Consequently, the threat of cyber attacks such as damaging or destroying computer systems or software - for ideological, political or religious reasons is growing and becoming an important issue for global security and national economies. In this regard, Guatemala is fully aware of the global threat originating from cyberterrorism. We are especially concerned about it as the number of Internet users is increasing rapidly in the country and our economy is fast becoming dependent on ICTs. In fact, Guatemala’s Internet user rate in 2010 was approximately 17%, whereas in 2000, it was less than 1%.

Until now, Guatemala has undertaken few concrete national actions to prevent cyberterrorism and to limit its effects. However, as a member of the Latin American Bloc, Guatemala supports a multilateral agreement that addresses this issue and encourages members not to become states that sponsor cyberattacks. Furthermore, there has been very little international response to cyberterrorism. The General Assembly passed some resolutions in order to create a global culture of cybersecurity among the Member States, but many problems specifically related to cyberterrorism remain unaddressed. On one hand, Guatemala fully associates itself with the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and the Security Council and will carry on in its commitment to eliminate all forms of terrorism. On the other hand, we call upon a higher level of international cooperation, since the solution regarding cyberterrorism requires energy and resources. Therefore, it is important to consider carefully which actions shall be taken. In this respect, Guatemala bears in mind that other issues such as the drug trade should not be neglected by the international agenda. At last, we wish to compliment the UN on the quality of the workshops developed to train diplomats on the dangers related to cyberterrorism, and acknowledges the action of Interpol regarding cyberterrorism. Interpol has collected information concerning cybercrime, created a database, and developed a secure network known as I-24/7 in order to exchange information and facilitate communication. We strongly encourage cooperation between the international community and Interpol to prevent potential cyberattacks.

To prevent cyberterrorism, Guatemala encourages the United Nations to take major actions. We call for the creation of a UN convention against cyberterrorism and an international code of conduct in the global cyberspace. Guatemala hopes that such a convention will establish a legal framework between the Member States, enabling them to work together and to take action in case of cyberattacks. In addition to this convention, we propose the following actions: facilitate communications between Member States on the subject; build an international database on the use of Internet for terrorist purposes; counter extremist ideologies that are spread through Internet; explore the viability and the desirability of creating international legal measures on Internet content control; and foster partnerships with the private sector. !"#$"% &'$ Harvard National Model United Nations Association of Laval University 2011 ! ! ! ! !"! ! ! ! ! ! Position Paper for the Disarmament and International Security Committee Delegation from: Represented by: Republic of Guatemala Université Laval

To prevent cyberterrorism, Guatemala encourages the United Nations to take major actions. We call for the creation of a UN convention against cyberterrorism and an international code of conduct in the global cyberspace. Guatemala hopes that such a convention will establish a legal framework between the Member States, enabling them to work together and to take action in case of cyberattacks. In addition to this convention, we propose the following actions: facilitate communications between Member States on the subject; build an international database on the use of Internet for terrorist purposes; counter extremist ideologies that are spread through Internet; explore the viability and the desirability of creating international legal measures on Internet content control; and foster partnerships with the private sector. Delegation: Guinea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban

In relation to the Taliban, Guinea elects to not release any formal statement regarding relations with Afghanistan, not only their opinion regarding what is currently occurring in that region; however, these tension-ridden relations to not prevent Guinea from seeing that there is a need for some sort of action to combat the recent Taliban resurgence within Afghanistan. Guinea’s stance on how to fight this issue is through increased intelligence efforts throughout the region and empowering the indigenous citizenry to better resist the Taliban.

Delegation: Guinea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

As the number of people using the internet continues to grow, the amount of data also grows along with the new and existing users. With the spread of computers happening universally, the rise of cyberterrorism is becoming a larger threat, and its attacks are more severe. Cyber-attacks are no longer affecting just individuals; there is an overwhelming growth of attacks on businesses and governments. There is a need for a united effort among all countries in order to combat the rising trend in cyberterrorism.

There is a large amount of data that suggest that there is a dramatic increase in cyberterrorism across the world. As computers grow more sophsicated and users invent new ways of exploiting computers’ capabilities, cyber-attacks will also become more and more severe. It is the responsibility of public and private sectors to continue to innovate ways to fight against cyber terrorism and crime. Vice President Namadi Sambo of Nigeria stated, “Cybercrime is a cross-industry and international phenomenon which takes full advantage of the opportunities provided by the internet.”

Guinea, and the West African region, does not have the most sophisticated internet framework. However, the number of cyber-attacks is becoming more frequent, and trends suggest that it will only continue to do so. It is important to recognize why many citizens are committing these crimes in order to stop them. Guinea believes that due to its widespread poverty, Guineans are turning to cybercrimes and cyberterrorism to compensate for their lack of resources needed to sustain a healthy and productive lifestyle.

Guinea asks other nations for assistance to aid the country’s struggle against Cyberterrorism. Guinea requests that more developed nations that are well informed of cyberattacks to educate law enforcements in Guinea on how to prevent and stop computer and internet crime. Guinea also would like tohire foreign computer security experts to assist in this effort. On our part, Guinea plans combat corruption in our own government. Guinea wants to be an example to other countries in West and all of Africa, and hopes that change in our own country can act as a catalyst for positive change in surrounding countries with similar issues as our own.

The Internet provides many means for Guinea to grow its knowledge and develop new innovations. Cyberterrorists in Guinea and around the world take advantage of these opportunities and expoilts them for their personal gain. Guinea believes that it should take advantage of the Internet for the gain of the country in order to initialize growth in Guinea’s economy. The fight against cyberterrorism should be a national priority to help the economic devolpment of the region.

Country: Guinea-Bissau Committee: Disarmament and International Security Name: Alice Di Giulio, Caterina Lamacchia University: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Milano Topic Area A: The Taliban Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Guinea Bissau recognizes the great importance of topics related to terrorism, especially after the terroristic attack to the World Trade Center on 9/11/2001. Other attacks linked to the Talibans have followed in different key places, such as European capitals and institutional centers. Furthermore, the use of technology as the main tool of communication and work’s organization has made our society vulnerable to attacks that involve an illegal use of the net.

Topic A: The Taliban The Republic of Guinea-Bissau condemns the terroristic attacks which took place worldwide in the 21st century linked to the Taliban and every other criminal act in which they have been involved, such as drug dealing. Drug dealing is a matter Guinea-Bissau is particularly involved in and worried about, because of the smuggling of drugs (especially cocaine) in our country. This business is funding terroristic organizations, such as Hezbollah and Al Qaeda, with the traffic of drugs traveling from Columbia and Brazil to the islands in Guinea-Bissau. Guinea Bissau's government is working to call a halt to this business, as shown by the arrest of four drug dealers linked to the Taliban in January 2010. For this aim, progresses are being made in order to improve the police force, also thanks to the UN aids. Furthermore, there is an ongoing collaboration with the USA. The USA ambassador Marcia Bernicap has signed a deal with our leader Carlos Gomes Junior. It has been recognized that terrorism and drug dealing are the main concern of the USA towards Western Africa, including Guinea-Bissau. The Republic of Guinea-Bissau agrees with the UN position as stated by the Security Council in the Resolution 1333, adopted on 19 December 2000, which strongly condemns “the continuing use of the areas of Afghanistan under the control of the Afghan faction known as Taliban, [...] for the sheltering and training of terrorists and planning of terrorist acts” and affirms “its conviction that the suppression of international terrorism is essential for the maintenance of international peace and security”. The Republic of Guinea-Bissau also agrees with the Security Council statement of 7 April 2000, in which the Council condemns violations of the human rights of women and girls in all areas of Afghanistan, particularly in areas under the control of the Taliban and demands that the Taliban stop these practices. The Republic of Guinea-Bissau demands that the Taliban stop all illegal drug dealing and work to stop any terroristic activity. The Republic of Guinea-Bissau offers its resources for the international efforts against terrorism and wants to collaborate with the other states and the international organizations for this purpose. Country: Guinea-Bissau Committee: Disarmament and International Security Name: Alice Di Giulio, Caterina Lamacchia University: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Milano Topic Area A: The Taliban Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

Topic B: Cyberterrorism The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is aware of the seriousness of the problem of cyberterrorism and of the danger it may cause to the population. Therefore, Guinea Bissau recognize the great importance of fighting the use of internet for terroristic purposes. As UNO member since 17 September 1974, Guinea-Bissau agrees with the Resolution 50 on Cybersecurity. The resolution was taken by the ITU, the UN agency for information and communication technologies, during the World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly, which took place in Johannesburg from 21 to 30 October 2008. It deals with the matter of cybercrime, and, particularly, point 2 resolves “that ITU-T continue to raise awareness, within its area of operation and influence, of the need to defend information and telecommunication systems against the threat of cyberattack, and continue to promote cooperation among appropriate international and regional organizations in order to enhance exchange of technical information in the field of information and telecommunication network security”. Guinea-Bissau, as a member of the regional organization African Union, signed the protocol adopted by the 1st Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union on 9th July 2002, in Durban. The third article, point D, of this protocol states that “the objectives for which the Peace and Security Council is established shall be to co-ordinate and harmonize continental efforts in the prevention and combating of international terrorism in all its aspects”. For the same aim, Guinea-Bissau has signed the OAU Convention on the prevention and combating of terrorism, on 14 July 1999. The African Union has a counter-terrorism centre: the ACSRT (African Centre for the Study and the Research on Terrorism). In February it held a draft training program in Algeria on the theme “Combating cyber crime in the field of terrorism and religious extremism”. The Republic Of Guinea-Bissau attended the International Workshop of National Counter-Terrorism, held in Vienna, Austria, on 12-13 October 2009, during which there was a call to increase efforts to address terrorist use of the internet. It was underlined the problem of identifying individuals who “self-radicalized” through the use of the internet. In December 2010, the Republic of Guinea-Bissau has attended the 1st West Africa Cybercrime Summit in Abuja. The summit was held in order to set the fight against cybercrime as a national priority to help the economic development of the region, provide a platform to develop capacity building with scalable and sustainable solutions, strengthen trust by developing partnerships among various stakeholders at the national and international level, government, civil society, academics, industry and international organizations, showcase and share best practices and case studies of partner organizations in combating cybercrime. The Republic of the Guinea-Bissau believes in the importance of strengthen international efforts to fight the cybercrime, and therefore is available to contribute with other national governments and international organizations to stop cyberterrorism. The Republic Of Guinea-Bissau is willing to have a role in studying the different applications of this criminal act and in regulating the consequences for the criminals. The Republic of Guinea Bissau suggests the creation of a speciﬁc UN organization to analyze and ﬁght cyberterrorism, because of the increasing of a wrongful use of internet and technologies for criminal purposes. Delegation: Republic of Haiti

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban and other organizations like it pose interesting issues that often need to be addressed on the international level. With the nation of Haiti being 80% Catholic and 16% protestant we can empathize with having some tensions with minority religious sects. However, since the Taliban’s agenda stems from Islam, the Haitian majority does not share the same religious motivation as the Taliban’s campaign. In fact, the Taliban threat is not only a serious matter in the Middle East, but their struggle for power indirectly affects Haiti’s own failing economy.

Haiti’s GDP dropped 8% in 2010 due to the earthquake that struck Port-au-Prince, and as of now financial sustainability relies on formal international economic assistance. World powers, such as the US, have offered millions of dollars in relief to stabilize the declining economy. However, war with the Taliban puts several world powers in a terrible position to send further aid when political focus is in the Middle East.

It is estimated that the cost of each Taliban’s life is roughly 50 million US dollars and over 1.2 trillion on war since 2001. The GDP o Haiti was 11 billion US dollars in 2010. The money spent on the war by the US thus far could have rebuilt Haiti entirely. The Taliban also works to destabilize Afghanistan, limit freedom, and slaughter its own people under the guise of religious intentions. Religious motives do not justify violence and so the Taliban are committing crimes against humanity and their own nation. Afghanistan is a country that would be on the right track of it was not so war torn. The Taliban is preventing the nation from becoming what Haiti would like to become; a secure and industrialized country. Delegation: Republic of Haiti

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Cyber terrorism is the use of the internet for terrorist activities. Infiltrations are usually made through worms or viruses and help cyber terrorists obtain information to aid in physical attacks. Cyber criminals are posing are using fake identities and posing as authorities to ask for confidential information. This is becoming a huge issue due to the fact that cyber terrorists are able to gather information such as health records personal information, blue prints, and government records.

It is difficult to control content on the internet; because of this another problem that is arising is that terrorist groups are using the internet to magnify their actions. The issue is one that spans not just individual nations, but many nations at the same time. Cyber terrorism is an issue that truly needs to be addressed on the international stage.

As the delegation of Haiti we feel that a solution needs to be found without infringing on the rights of the international community. This could be done by establishing international standards that can be agreed up by all nations so that cyber terrorism, which often occurs across borders can be prosecuted. Any solutions that are proposed should be funded and monitored on the international level, and should monitor actions on the internet, but not be so invasive that it infringes on a nations sovereignty.

Name: Julia Uyttewaal and Sebastien Welch Committee: Disarmament and International Security Delegation: The Holy See

Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Taliban in Afghanistan have been a threat not only to international security but to the rights and freedoms of all persons affected by the conflict. The Holy See places the utmost importance on the preservation of natural human rights and human dignity, and believes the international community has a duty to uphold those standards, and that those standards rise above any national claims to sovereignty or international laws and jurisdictions which may stand in the way of implementing solutions to the horrific moral crimes being committed in Afghanistan today by the Taliban. The Taliban’s crimes against humanity are countless. They have stripped women of their rights, reducing them to slaves imprisoned in their own homes and subject to the whims and cruelties of the men who control them. They do not have access to basic health care and education, and are killed or ferociously beaten at the slightest sign of disobedience. The Taliban has forbidden the people of Afghanistan to freely express their religion or other beliefs if they differ from sharia law: there is no tolerance for any path except the path of extremist Islam. The Taliban has promoted warring among the peoples of different regions, and depends on the production of illegal substances — opium — for their finances and operations. The Holy See, despite its strict position on disarmament and desire for universal peace and freedom, recognizes that war and violence are currently unavoidable in Afghanistan. But, while violence is unavoidable, The Holy See believes that other, non-violent approaches to Afghanistan will have a greater effect for strengthening the country, reducing the influence of the Taliban, and halting the rampant corruption of the current Afghan government. The first step is understanding why the Taliban have been successful. While they have grossly violated human rights, they have also provided some services to people living in remote areas of the country which in turn have gained them the support of some of the populace. What are these services? Mainly: education, health care, and some form of financial stability. The Holy See proposes that the United Nations use aid money destined for Afghanistan to finance many small operations where highly trained peace workers go to remote areas of the country and build rapport with the citizens by building schools and providing doctors. Military forces should be used for the sole purpose of protecting those peace workers. If the citizens of Afghanistan see tangible benefits of international intervention, they will be much more likely to back the Afghan government than the Taliban. And, the Holy See believes that the support of the populace is crucial for any change to come about. Opium production provides farmers with financial stability, but it is also an illegal substance and helping fund the operations of the Taliban. The Holy See proposes that poppy cultivation be eradicated by introducing new cash crops. While much of the farmland is conducive to different types of crops, the issue in Afghanistan is that very little infrastructure exists to transport these crops to distant markets before they go bad. Therefore, the Holy See proposes different and specific agricultural products: dried fruit, for one, could be very profitable, seeing as it is preservable and fruit is easily cultivated. Certain types of flowers also grow very well in Afghan soil, and the Holy See believes that using these flowers to produce flower extract and different essences (such as rosewater and perfumes) would be profitable not only to farmers but to the region as a whole, seeing as processing plants would need to be built to make the flower extract, therefore employing factory workers as well as farmers. A similar undertaking has had huge success in small Iranian villages, and the Holy See believes that, with the aid of the international community, similar success could be achieved in Afghanistan.

Name: Julia Uyttewaal and Sebastien Welch University: UC Berkeley Committee: Disarmament and International Security Delegation: The Holy See

Topic Two: Cyberterrorism

While cyberterrorism/crime has not occurred too often on a large, debilitating scale, the threat will continuously loom over the nations of the world. The 21st century is too invested into the internet to simply let this threat be and not do anything about it. We have seen cyber attacks occur against countries such as in Estonia in ’07 and against major corporations such as Google in ’09. Our financial institutions, national security, and social information are all vulnerable online, it is a realm that must be vigilantly protected all the time. There can’t be a “Cyber 9/11” from which we can learn from our mistakes, it would be too devastating to recover from.

The Holy See condemns terrorism in all its forms. While Cyberterrorism doesn’t necessarily directly cause deaths and physical destruction it can be just as lethal, if not more so. So far the international community has been unable to come to an united understanding of how to deal with this threat. International cooperation will be vital in fending of cyberterrorist attacks. These attacks, even more so than terrorists themselves, have no concept of borders and territory. The internet is an untamed place that spans across the globe, different rules should be used to deal with this intangible menace. While The Holy See agrees that the pursuit of knowledge and enlightenment is a worthy goal, their should be some degree of content control that is universally accepted. Sites that promote racism and religious intolerance only fuel the teaching of radical terrorist sects and can corrupt people with little educational and moral knowledge. The Holy See sees state sponsored cyberattacks as setting a poor precedent and as being on par with normal state sponsored terrorist attacks. States should not employ third-parties or other organizations to attack other states institutions, whether that be on the web or on the street.

Solutions to this threat will have to be multi-fold, no single idea will guard against cyberterrorism, and it will never be eliminated as long as we have the cyber world, it can only be protected against. All these different plans will work at reducing the chance of cyberterrorist attacks working and being able to prevent them. The Holy See does not see this as only a defensive fight. Rather the international community should meet them in the cyber world, were a cyber “Great Game” can be played out in a fashion. By attacking the cyberterrorist’s they will have less time to coordinate and be constantly “looking over their shoulders” per say. These counter-cyberattacks should be followed up with action on the ground by individual nations who should formulate their laws to be able to adequately punish them. This is why international cooperation will be vital in combating cyberterrorism. If a counter-cyberterrorist network in the US locates cyberterrorist’s in Germany, Germany should have that information available to them at the soonest possible notice so their police force can then bring them to trial. Another method is that of better and more recruiting of individuals who can help create defensive barriers to cyberattackers and/or help attack them. Investing into education and training of this type should become more pronounced.

POSITION PAPER Delegation: Republic of Hungary Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Hungary considers the Taliban to be one of the gravest dangers facing the world today. The Taliban threaten peace and security in the world through their unwavering support for Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups in the world. The Taliban has transformed Afghanistan's porous southern border with Pakistan into a terrorist safe haven, from which both both the Pakistani Taliban and Al Qaeda launch frequent attacks against the secular civilian governments of Pakistan and India. Contrary to their claims to represent the interests of Muslims worldwide, they have killed more Muslims in Pakistan through their endless spate of suicide bombings against the nation of Pakistan.

As a result of the Taliban’s support for terrorism, the Republic of Hungary stands resolutely with the people of Afghanistan and the international community in ridding Afghanistan of this terrorist menace. Since the United States initiated Operation Enduring Freedom in the wake of the Sept. 11 th attacks on World Trade Center in 2001, Hungary has been a staunch supporter of ISAF's operations in Afghanistan and has stationed more than 500 troops in Baghlan city of Northern Afghanistan. As a responsible member of NATO, Hungary treats a terrorist attack on any member country as an attack on itself. Hence, Hungary will fully support any attempt to hunt down and capture those terrorists and actively work with member states to destroy terrorist safe havens around the world.

Hungary considers the Taliban to be a terrorist group because they have taken the lives of three Hungarian soldiers in Afghanistan. The Taliban will only become more emboldened if any member of the international community chooses to negotiate with them and it will also expose weaknesses in our collective resolve to rid the world of this terrorist menace. The Hungarian government is fully aware of this weakness and has consistently pursued a policy of never negotiating with terrorists. As a result, Hungary is strongly opposed to any negotiations with the Taliban because it only strengthens their legitimacy in the eyes of the ordinary Afghans

Instead. Hungary, like the rest of NATO member states, advocates a rapid buildup of the Afghan National Army and the Afghan Police so that the Afghans can begin the process of self-governance. The Afghan National Army and Afghan Police will be better coalition partners than the Taliban because they support the equality of women and believe in the need to keep Afghanistan free of drugs. As a victim of the international narcotics trade, Hungary fully supports attempts to rein in the drug trade; a cash-cow for the Taliban Hence, the eradication of the Taliban will help to rein in the drug trade. A stronger Afghan Army and police force will ensure that girls will continue their education uninterrupted and that the opium trade will decline. On the other hand, Hungary understands that corruption exists within elements of the Afghan army and police and that the desertion rates among soldiers and policemen of certain regions are exceedingly high. As a result, Hungary supports a series of measures including raising wages of soldiers and civil servants to rein in corruption. In addition, Hungary will be willing to send in additional military advisers to train additional Afghan security forces so that the Afghans can begin to lead offensives against the Taliban.

Lastly, Hungary believes in the importance of establishing long-lasting partnerships with the local population because the locals will be tasked with taking charge of their own security in future. In view of the United State's planned reduction in troop levels beginning in 2012, Hungary is also planning to withdraw its forces from Afghanistan by the end of 2012 alongside American forces. Hence, it is imperative that our local partners be equipped with the necessary skills and weapons to protect themselves from future Taliban attacks. Our local partners should be accorded the necessary respect and be treated as equals in light of their valiant efforts in uprooting the Taliban. Hungary believes that a truly representative government should include members from all responsible factions of Afghanistan who are genuinely keen on the peace process. Thus, Hungary supports continued engagement with our local partners to fight the scourge of terrorism and eradicate the devastating opium trade. Hungary's Position Paper Delegation: Republic of Hungary Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

As one of the signatories of the Convention on Cyberterrorism which came into force on July 1 st 2004, Hungary strongly believes in the need to protect the freedom and privacy of individuals and institutions on the internet The unprecedented attack on Estonian banks, ministries, newspapers, broadcasters and parliament disabled many of these entities' systems, leading to widespread instability. These attacks have exposed numerous loopholes in the state security apparatus and led nations to reflect on the vulnerability of their systems to terrorism At present, there are only a few organizations such as NATO and the United States which are capable of handling such security threats. As a responsible member of NATO, Hungary has contributed towards NATO's cybersecurity apparatus and invited NATO to examine the viability of its cyberdefenses. Viruses and worms constantly evolve with the passage of time and we need to keep up with the pace of change or we will be beholden to vigilante groups and cyberthugs.

Hungary believes that the first step in pursuing and prosecuting cyberterrorists who conduct illicit activities trans-nationally, lies with the universal adoption of the Convention on Cybercrime. Unlike the world's oceans and airspace, the world has yet to formulate a set of rules to regulate the internet, and more importantly, to pursue cybercriminals who often operate across borders. Any convention or agreement would be toothless if nations refuse to enforce them. The threat to our collective well-being will only worsen if nations refuse to act collectively to regulate the internet.

In addition, Hungary is obliged to respect, protect and fulfill the right to freedom of expression which, under international human rights standards, notably Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 11 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, includes the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds. A free, uncensored and unhindered press and other media are essential for effective exercise of this right by everyone. Hungary believes that every man, woman and child deserves unrestricted access to uncensored access to content because the internet often functions as a beacon of freedom for the oppressed peoples of the world. The recent uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia have attested to the powers of the internet as an agent for democracy and freedom. Hence, Hungary believes in keeping the internet free from government censorship and control.

However, Hungary strongly believes in the need to remove materials which violate existing international laws such as child pornography. Governments are responsible for removing such disturbing materials from the internet and prosecuting those responsible for the creation and distribution of such materials. Hungary fully supports any attempt to arrest and extradite suspects which may be involved in child pornography or the use of internet for illicit commercial purposes such as fraud and embezzlement Furthermore, Hungary also unequivocally supports the tracking and arrests of suspected hackers and trackers because these groups of people often take things into their own hands and often work as mercenaries for foreign terrorist groups. For example, Hezbollah employed Russian mercenary hackers to attack Israel's defense systems during its war with Israel in 2006. Hence, these groups of hackers and crackers alike do pose a national security threat. As a result, Hungary urges the international community to work closely to apprehend and remove these dangerous individuals from the internet.

The Position of the Republic of Iceland on The Issue of Taliban

Fellow delegates of the General Assembly and Honorable Chair, Although the Republic of Iceland has not encountered any terrorist attacks, terrorists from the Al Qaida have targeted many subway and rail systems, as well as aviation and maritime services in continental Europe. For this reason, we find the de facto control of the Taliban in regions such as Pakistan disconcerting, because the spread of the Taliban network poses a threat to international security and peace. To quote Ambassador Hjalmar W. Hannesson, the Permanent Representative of Iceland to the United Nations, "all states as well as regional and international organizations must cooperate to eliminate this scourge." We further stress that acts of terrorism are under no circumstances justifiable on political, ideological, racial, ethnic or religious grounds because this must be the case to ensure the well being of all. Iceland has taken several steps to address the issue of the Taliban and global terrorism. Our nation has, and will continue to work with the Counter Terrorism Committee, its Executive Directorate and the Al- Qaida/Taliban Sanctions Committee. Specifically, we have supported measures that aim to prevent terrorist groups from obtaining weapons of mass destruction and we believe it is imperative that in the fight against terrorism, international agreements on human rights and humanitarian law must be upheld. Iceland has also ratified and implemented the twelve UN Conventions and Protocols on Terrorism as well as the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, and we urge all other nation States to follow suit. More recently, we have supported General Assembly Resolutions 63/18 and 64/11. The former addresses issues from the drug trade and terrorist activities of Al Qaida to anti-personnel landmines and ongoing recruitment of children from terrorist groups. The latter deals exclusively with Afghanistan and seeks to reinstate stability in the area by means such as, but not limited to, collaboration between the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to counter the challenges of terrorist attacks by the Taliban. However, more steps can and should be implemented to contain the spread of the Taliban network. As we consider and debate the merits and drawbacks of the solutions in this committee, the Taliban are encroaching upon the nation of Pakistan. After the creation of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan in 2007, the members of Taliban have established their rule over Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The Taliban engages the Pakistani army in combat operations. Therefore, it is important that future resolutions account for and address the situation in Pakistan. The Republic of Iceland is willing to work with nations who believe in employing peaceful solutions, which involve the United Nations, to address the question of the Taliban. We reiterate that in drafting resolutions, delegates should respect and act in accordance to international agreements on human rights and humanitarian law and we look forward to a constructive and incisive debate.

Name of Delegate: Mengyi Jennifer Jiang Country: Republic of Iceland Committee: General Assembly1: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

The distance from people to people, from state to state and from coast to coast has been reduced to an unprecedented level through globalization, and the emergence of the internet further revolutionized our perception of the world and the means of communication. The benefit from the freedom and flexibility granted by globalization via internet is truly tremendous for the entire world, including Iceland. Over the past decade before the financial crisis in 2008, Iceland experienced the best years since its independence, achieving high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income, thanks to strong external demand and convenience of the internet.

However, as globalization, freedom of travel and long-distance communication provided a hotbed for terrorism, Iceland worry that current extremely accessible internet system throughout the world could breed a new type of terrorism, “cyberterrorism,” at a devastating scale. Cyberterrorism is much harder to detect and defend against than the traditional terrorism, and yet could have an equal amount of damage, if not larger. Although Iceland has not yet been seriously attacked by cyberterrorism, the government foresees plenty of potential danger to the national and international information security. As a free-market economy, Iceland used to stand firmly behind globalization and embraced the freedom of the internet. But after the 2008 financial crisis that swept through the country leaving devastating aftermath, Iceland realizes that tighter regulation is imperative for the “free” financial system. And this concern carries over to our worries about the global internet network which currently enjoys too much freedom, and the cyber security that currently lacks sufficient protection.

Cyberterrorism is a rather new issue, and yet has been practiced on rather large scales in various regions and countries. Although physical damage is limited, the intangible cost is huge. International collaboration on multiple levels is important to fully settle the issue. However, much is held back by the sensitivity of the information that directly relates to national security. Indeed, cyberterrorism has posed plenty of challenges to the global community, but regardless of the challenges, Repbulic of Iceland is willing to abide by the UN resolution 64/211, and cooperate with the international organizations to create a liberal cyber world with moderate and yet sufficient censorship that would eventually eliminate cyber threats.

Delegation from: Represented by: The Republic of India Florida International University Position Paper for the Disarmament and International Security Committee The Republic of India does not promote any form of cooperation with the Taliban and views its open hostility to Indian operations in the region as a destabilizing element within Afghanistan. The Taliban represents a radically conservative element that is counter-productive to democratic progress; as a result the Republic of India encourages a more transparent political process in Afghanistan by promoting the establishment of a parliamentary system and increasing the inclusion of diverse Afghan political parties. Through the strengthening of political institutions, Afghanistan will also be in a better position to address issues of corruption within the current government. Echoing the sentiments of the Bon Agreement established in December of 2001, the Republic of India finds it necessary to commit a regiment of its armed forces to assist with security operations within Afghanistan, this regiment would become part of the International Security Assistance Force. The Republic of India promotes the ideals set forth by Agenda Item 38 of the Sixty-Fifth Session of the General Assembly recognizing the need for cooperation against the terrorist threat posed by the Taliban, as well as the need to ensure security, and as a result will continue to coordinate with Afghan National Army, offering training and aid. Presently, Afghanistan is the leading producer of opium in the world and its production is indisputably a large cash crop for Taliban operations. Alternative sources of income must be established to make opium production less attractive to local farmers. The Republic of India will commit aid to assist with infrastructure projects that will facilitate a viable economy for the Afghan people thereby diverting participation in the opium trade. Infrastructure development will have an extensive focus on education, roads, telecommunications, power, and food security. The Republic of India believes that strategic military cooperation, with a concerted emphasis on state building, is necessary to both weaken the Taliban’s presence in the region and to facilitate a stable Afghan government. The Republic of India views Cyberterrorism as a pressing international concern undermining distribution of free information, as well as the stability of economic exchange throughout the international community. Information that is essential and must be protected includes, but is not limited to, the following: international banking, personal information that is not explicitly permitted for public distribution, and sensitive state information. The Republic of India believes that potential acts of Cyberterrorism can best be thwarted through multilateral cooperation. The establishment of an International Cyberterrorism Task Force is necessary to foster protection of information over the Web. Such a Task Force would consist of voluntary UN members and should work to establish a committee in which Member States collaboratively and effectively defend against potential acts of cyber-terrorism. Moreover, the Task Force will have the purpose of establishing a proactive defense system against future cyberterror attacks by actively engaging suspected perpetrators. Additionally, groups or individuals who are found to be engaging in acts of Cyberterrorism should be tried within the legal framework of the International Court of Justice, which should prosecute groups or individuals using a unified international framework that all Member States could agree upon. Acts of state sponsored Cyberterrorism serving to compromise the national or economic security of the receiving state should be considered an act of aggression and dealt with accordingly. If responsibility by a State actor can be proven, then the issue should be directed to the United Nations Security Council where appropriate action should therefore be implemented. The Republic of India firmly believes that Cyber-terrorism undermines the dissemination of information worldwide and can be best controlled via coordinated efforts by the international community. Delegation: Republic of Indonesia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

Marred by the absence of an authoritative centralized political command, Afghanistan witnessed the emergence of the Taliban in the early 1990s. Out of concern for the anarchy and chaos in the state, the Taliban came into existence as a regime looking to salvage the condition of the conflict and crisis stricken predicament of Afghanistan. In the 16 years of its existence, the syndicate has evolved from being a group of rebels aspiring for political stability of their nation to an unorganized cult of insurgents, looking to regain control of Afghan territory. The Republic of Indonesia, the world’s third largest democracy has always preached the sovereignty of all members of the world community, illustrated best by its participation as a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Indonesia understands the aspirations of the common man in Afghanistan of living in a state that is free from all forms of external control and has a government, under which the nation can strive towards prosperity. In order to establish a system that can best fulfill these goals, Afghanistan must be free from all kinds of radical movements, notably the Taliban, which although seeks liberation of the nation, its violent methods causes extreme levels of unrest in the country. Indonesia strongly condemns the radical and violent methods that the Taliban has adopted in the past and still continues to implicate. These have continuously led to unrests and loss of lives, not only in the territory of Afghanistan, but in the neighboring region as well. While disapproving Taliban’s methods, Indonesia, which has always preached the ideals of democracy, does understand that all voices must be heard to restore stability in the region. Hence, it encourages the President Karzai led government of Afghanistan to engage in talks with leaders of the Taliban, as it still has influence over a significant population of the country. NATO forces must work towards strengthening of the Afghan Government to ensure its competency in administering the entire nation once they begin to withdraw from Afghanistan. It is for the lack of effective and unbiased governance in the country that causes regimes like the Talban to come into existence. It is essential that the Afghan Security Forces be imparted proper training in order to make them a strong institution that can maintain peace and order in the country at an internal as well as international level. It is also of utmost priority for neighboring states of Afghanistan, to ensure that no anti-Afghan activities originate out of their soil. It is imperative to curb all sources of funding to the Taliban that enable it to engage in aggressive warfare. It is illicit opium trade that fuels the Taliban’s operations and it must be annihilated. Indonesia believes that Afghanistan and its neighboring states must exercise stricter border control to check the illegitimate drug trafficking and help curtail the Taliban’s activities. The Republic of Indonesia has shown resolute participation in various conventions and conferences that have been organized to direct the Afghan state towards normalcy. Its notable participation in the Tokyo Conference of 2002 and the London Conference in 2010 reflect Indonesia’s concern for the region and it would once again like to extend its support to Afghanistan by contributing to the rehabilitation efforts in the nation to help in the growth and development of society by providing assistance in whatever manner the two nations deem fit. Also, it would urge other nations of the world community to similarly come forward and invest in Afghanistan to help the state establish its position as a peaceful nation. It is only through offering the masses of the country access to basic standards of living that would encourage them to actively participate in development of the country and not take up arms against the state. Hence, Indonesia is committed towards helping Afghanistan establish itself as a prosperous nation and thereby offers its full fledged support to the state in its endeavors to become a calm and orderly state. Delegation: Republic of Indonesia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The issue of cyberterrorism poses a grave threat to the security of member nations by abusing the IT frameworks that nations and their internal organizations operate upon. The issue is a matter of deeper concern than ever before, as the use of cyber space for crime and terrorism continues to rise and it is seldom that the perpetrators of these activities are identified, leave alone being prosecuted. The scope of the definition of cyberterrorism has not been addressed comprehensively by international forums as yet. The Republic of Indonesia calls upon fellow members of the world community to construe the span of the activities that fall under the purview of cyberterrorism. In its opinion, Indonesia believes that cyberterrorism is best defined as a phenomenon of acts of cyber crime that are planned politically-motivated infringements of a nation’s data and systems that create a threat to its security. It has been a stiff task to identify the miscreants of these activities and demarcate between cyber criminals and cyber terrorists. Nations must have mechanisms in place to counter the operations of such actors depending upon the nature of their crime and pursue course of law accordingly. Such an approach would facilitate in tackling all forms internal as well as crossborder activities that attack another nation’s computer systems and IT framework. Forces behind acts of Cyber crime could originate from any part of the world, irrespective of nationality and location. Hence, development of significant international collaboration would aid in identifying the actors committing cyber crime. The Republic of Indonesia urges member states to establish a high level of international cooperation in curbing all the reasons mentioned, reassert the need for a great deal of coordination among nations to develop a network and database to stem any acts of Cyber crime rising out of their respective territories. Indonesia believes that it is better left to the discretion of individual nations, to decide the levels of control they wish to exercise while determining the content that is permitted online. The Indonesian Parliament understands the grave consequences that acts of cyber terrorism could lead to, and hence, is already in the process of enforcing the Cyber Crime Bill to curb all acts of internal cyber crime and ensure that no Indonesian actors are involved in any such activity in fellow nations. Indonesia welcomes the discussion of this critical issue that the world community faces today and ensures the world of its commitment towards cooperation and active participation in eliminating the challenges posed by these immoral activities. Indonesia firmly believes that member states must duly exercise proper control and administration of their cyberspace to arrest the possibility of its usage for any act of cybercrime. It advocates the need for strengthening the Internet Governance Forum and establishing it as a forum for knowledge sharing between nations, providing information about cyber criminals and about technology advancements and regulations that can be used by nations to tackle incidents of cyber crime. It suggests that the forum have significant participation of corporations specializing in data protection techniques and technologies. It is their innovation that would provide mechanisms to counter these acts of impeachment of a country’s data systems that could have consequences of devastating magnitude in almost all aspects of the state’s governance, administration and security. It also proposes active involvement of trusted hackers, who have the knowhow of such threats and can further empower the forum to take on this serious threat. Indonesia expresses its firm resolve to play its part in enhancing the forum or any other institution for international collaboration and offers its full fledged support to member nations in effectively addressing the concerns posed by acts of cyber crime and cyber terrorism. DISEC: The Islamic Republic of Iran

Topic A: The Taliban Iran is deeply concerned by the ongoing presence of the Taliban in Afghanistan and surrounding regions. The Taliban constitutes a serious threat to Afghanistan, and to regional and worldwide stability through their continual acts of terrorism aimed at destabilising the region. Iran appreciates the central role played by the UN in coordinating efforts to stabilise Afghanistan and rid the region of the Taliban. Control by the Taliban of large sections of Afghanistan is of continuing concern to Iran and the international community, as are the dangerous conditions faced by officers of international institutions due to Taliban acts of violence directed at them. Iran also recognises the threat of the Taliban attaining certain weapons, including more advanced traditional weapons and weapons of mass destruction.

Iran has a vital interest in Afghanistan’s security and prosperity based on shared regional and spiritual interests, and is eager to continue playing a key role in promoting regional stability. Adherence to principles of justice, mutual respect and freedom by all member states will promote greater stability in the region, a key factor in eliminating the threat currently posed by the Taliban presence. Iran believes that a foreign military presence in Afghanistan, including the appeasement and even support of extremist terrorist groups, is not a long-term solution to the problem of the Taliban, and that peace and stability will only be achieved by the transfer of sovereignty and self-determination to the Afghan people and renewed commitments from Afghanistan, its neighbours and international institutions to a zero-tolerance approach to the Taliban. Strengthening the Afghan National Army and National police will be key in any policy seeking to combat the influence of the Taliban, as will a strengthening of regional cooperation against extremism through intelligence-gathering and institution building. The continuation of efforts by courageous aid workers will also be vital in working towards a stable and prosperous Afghanistan, and to this end Iran is committed to a strengthening of protections around these workers.

Topic B: Cyberterrorism The Islamic Republic of Iran believes cyberterrorism poses a significant threat to global security and peace. Acts of cyberterrorism can seriously impact upon the security of a nation in a number of crucial ways. Severe economic loss, water contamination, plane crashes, explosions, injury and even death are all examples of reported results of cyberterrorism attacks. With the Internet being used by nearly 2 billion people worldwide, it is clear that cyberterrorism is an issue that needs to be addressed. The Islamic Republic of Iran is committed to working with other member states to find a sustainable and effective solution to maintaining cybersecurity. The issue of cyberterrorism is particularly relevant to The Islamic Republic of Iran as it has recently been the direct target of cyber attacks over the last few years. Since June 2009, Iran has been the victim of the Stuxnet malware worm which has targeted Iran's industrial control systems. Most notably in January 2011, Iran's Busherh nuclear plant was attacked by this worm, impacting not only control of the nuclear plant but also systems that manage water supplies, oil rigs and other industrial facilities.

In an attempt to combat cyberterrorism, Iran has developed cyber police forces dedicated to acting as a defensive shield toward cyber attacks. However Iran, like many other member states, does not possess the extensive resources and computer innovation capabilities that are necessary to effectively combat cyberterrorism. Iran supports the efforts of the United Nations General Assembly to "make a global culture of cyber security" and believes that states affected by cyberterrorism should have adequate access to defence solutions. Iran is committed to finding an affordable and practical infrastructure to prevent cyberterrorism attacks from occurring and believes such a solution should be made available to all states who are unable to establish their own defence mechanisms. Iran believes that state sponsored cyberterrorism activities require specific attention from the member states present at this committee. Iran also believes that state sponsored cyberterrorism classifies as an act of war and urges the committee to direct part of its attention towards developing international legislation that will effectively prosecute cyber criminals.

Policy Paper DISEC: The Islamic Republic of Iran Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Islamic Republic of Iran believes cyberterrorism poses a significant threat to global security and peace. Acts of cyberterrorism can seriously impact upon the security of a nation in a number of crucial ways. Severe economic loss, water contamination, plane crashes and explosions are all examples of reported results of cyberterrorism attacks. Cyberterrorism has also led to injury and death in many scenarios. With the Internet being used by nearly 2 billion people worldwide, it is clear that cyberterrorism is an issue that needs to be addressed. The Islamic Republic of Iran is committed to working with other member states to find a sustainable and effective solution to the problems cyberterrorism pose.

The issue of cyberterrorism is particularly relevant to The Islamic Republic of Iran as it has been the direct target of cyber attacks over the last few years. Since June 2009, Iran has been the victim of the Stuxnet malware worm which has targeted Iran's industrial control systems. Most notably in January 2011, Iran's Busherh nuclear plant was attacked by this worm which was allegedly created by state sponsored terrorists in the Unites States of America and Israel. The systems impacted not only control the nuclear plant but also systems that manage water supplies, oil rigs and other industrial facilities. Senior Iranian officials have declared that "an electronic war has been launched against Iran" and urges all member states to consider the seriousness of cyber warfare.

Iran believes that state sponsored cyberterrorism activities require specific attention from the member states present at this committee. Iran also believes that state sponsored cyberterrorism classifies as an act of war and urges the committee to direct part of its attention towards developing international legislation that will effectively prosecute cyber criminals.

Susanna De Sousa Delegation: The Republic of Iraq; The American University of Rome Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban

The problem of the Taliban is a major issue that hampers the effort made by the UN to reaffirm the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan. This organization originated in 1994, has grown in power in the last fifteen years, alarming the international security and more precisely the afghan unity. The Taliban fought many wars and they progressively took control of the Afghanistan, under their rule, many human rights were abused, especially the one of the women. Furthermore, this organization is known for protecting criminal and terrorist activities and extremist organizations such as the Al- Qaida . Another major problem related to the Taliban is their involvement in the narcotics trade and the production of drugs from which they raise funds for their operations. The Taliban also represent an enormous threat for the Afghan unity and for the Afghan National Government, increasing the level of corruption. The UN aimed to resolve the issue of the Taliban with some resolutions made by the General Assembly regarding the situation in Afghanistan. Two of these are the resolutions 63/18 and 64/11 which focus on the urgent need to tackle the emergence of criminal and terrorist activities lead by the Taliban and Al- Qaida and they also stress the need for the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to work together to face the challenges of terrorist attacks. Despite these resolution, the problem of the Taliban is still a great concern that afflicts the international community as a whole. The issue of the Taliban carries out various ways of how to resolve the problem, especially whether to negotiate with the Taliban or whether not to negotiate or cooperate with them at all. Resolutions 63/18 and 64/11 encourage the Government of Afghanistan and its neighbouring partners to cooperate with one another to fight against the Taliban in order to promote peace and prosperity. Furthermore these resolutions stress the need to prevent drugs trafficking and encourage the growth of poppy-free areas in order to fight drug production. The Republic of Iraq’s priority is to stabilise the country, maintaining peace and security. The Republic of Iraq seeks to engage its neighbours in preventing terrorism through close cooperation and working with coalition partners. The Republic of Iraq wants to rebuild a bilateral relation with the use of a clear foreign policy to engage again its neighbours and to encourage relation with Arab countries and to enhance relations with the Islamic community. The main priority of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iraq is to improve and continue diplomatic relations. The Republic of Iraq stresses more cooperation on fighting against terrorism as this cooperation could lead to a better stability and unity in Afghanistan. In order to face the issue of the narcotic trade and the production of illegal, especially the production of opium, it is now encouraged and welcomed the growth of areas without poppy. Furthermore the UN Office on Drugs and Crimes assists states in their fight against illegal narcotic trade, providing collaboration, creating policies etc. The Afghan National Army has not been able to face the issue of the Taliban, therefore the NATO and the ISAF are helping the Afghan National Army to spread security throughout the country. In order to reduce corruption, the Government of Afghanistan is encouraged to create a more adequate and clear administration at both national and local levels of Government, furthermore the international community is encouraged to give assistance to the Government of Afghanistan in focusing on human resources development and capacity-building. The Republic of Iraq is willing to cooperate with the UN representatives in order to tackle the great issue of the Taliban.

Zoe Pedulla Delegation: The Republic of Iraq; The American University of Rome Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism may be best defined as: "A criminal act perpetrated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities, resulting in violence, destruction and/or disruption of services to create fear by causing confusion and uncertainty within a given population, with the goal of influencing a government or population to conform to particular political, social or ideological agenda." This type of unlawful attack has been an issue of growing urgency in recent years, and has become even more a challenge to modern society due to the exponential growth of internet use around the world. Terrorists are resorting to cyber attacks for many reasons - it is easy to hide their identities, they can do it from any location remotely, there are no physical barriers or check-points to cross, they can attack many targets, and especially affect a great number of people. An international cyber establishment even warned Europe of a possible attack of cyber terrorism in case war against Iraq breaks out. Such cyber terrorism and possible hacking of networks may put in jeopardy key European infrastructures such as water, electricity and transport, according to sources. Despite common misconceptions, not only terrorists use cyber attacks, sometimes governments do it as a method of war. For example, The Bush administration authorized the National Security Agency to launch sophisticated cyber-attacks on enemies. Reports showed that at the request of his national intelligence director, President Bush ordered a NSA cyberattack on cellular phones and computers that insurgents in Iraq were using to plan roadside bombings. And former officials with knowledge of the computer network attack tell National Journal that the cyber-attack helped turn the tide of the war. Even more than the thousands of additional ground troops that Bush ordered to Iraq as part of the 2007 surge, they credit the cyber attacks with allowing military planners to track and kill some of the most influential insurgents.” Many questions arise from situations such as these, such as: should government situations be considered differently, or even treated differently? When does cyberterrorism cross the line, when can it be considered ‘legal’? Iraq’s perspective believes that Iraq has been subject of cyberterrorism during the Gulf War, and more recent war with the US. Iraq also fears that terrorist groups like Al Qaida are considering cyberterrorism. The Republic of Iraq believes that there should be international conventions addressing cyberwarfare or cyber attacks, just like how the Geneva Convention addresses treatment of prisoners of war. These international conventions would set worldwide standards about what is legal. Thought it wouldn’t necessarily change terrorist attacks, it would address governments like China, Russia or Iran who would have to abide by international/United Nations set of rules and limitations. “Fighting terrorist ideology and propaganda is an essential element of anti-terror struggle”, Russia’s Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations Igor Shcherbak told the UN Security Council on Wednesday. Speaking about information security, the diplomat called for a UN convention against cyber terrorism and an international code of conduct in the global cyberspace.

POSITION PAPER

DELEGATION : Italy DELEGATE NAMES : Muhammad Ali Yawer & Ahsan Abbasi COMMITTEE : Disarmament and International Security (DISEC) TOPIC AREA : The Taliban (A)

The Tehrik-e-Taliban (Movement of Students), as a political entity made a very prominent impact on the international political scene during their emergence and rule of Afghanistan. Taliban being an off-shoot of the “Mujahideen,” who comprised groups of local Afghans, became a core component of the International Alliance formed to counter the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. After the departure of the Soviets in ‘89, the loosely organized Taliban had turned into a formidable fighting force, later abandoned by the International Alliance without being properly dismantled. Much to the discontent of many, this formidable force gained influence and control and went on to rule about 90% of Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. The infamous 9/11 triggered US invasion of Afghanistan and with Hamid Karzai at the helm, a new so called “puppet-regime” was set up with eradication of the Taliban phenomenon at the top of their agenda. In the following years the presence of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Aghanistan failed to prevent the Taliban from effectively maintaining a low but a very active profile and he Taliban managed to regain significant influence in several strategic parts of the country. Though the ISAF have made several attempts to regain control to these areas the Taliban have well secured and maintain their control. Several human rights violations have been reported as well as attacks on the ISAF, as the number of such incidents increased in the past years and whether the Taliban is involved or not remains to be verified as in some cases Taliban claim responsibility and in others, mystery prevails.

The Government of Italy has maintained its unequivocal support for the several efforts undertaken by the UN to take effective measures against the Taliban. The passing of the UN General Assembly Resolutions 64/11 and 63/18 exemplifies efforts of the international community to effectively combat the Taliban threat. In unison with the European Union the Government of Italy has always condemned the terrorist acts by Taliban. Government of Italy, being one of the founders of the European Union, strongly believes that it is not just its moral right, but also its responsibility towards the international community to encourage a forceful action against the Taliban for the safety and security of not only Europe but of the world at large.

The Government of Italy firmly stands by the International Alliance to combat the Taliban factor militarily or, if possible, through dialogue. The first step in this direction is the realization of the fact that the Taliban pose a serious global threat and must not be harbored or provided with safe havens. Diplomatic pressure needs to be exerted on countries that seem to be oblivious of this fact or maybe deny it altogether. Economic sanctions, if required, may follow in order to gain compliance from such countries. The Government of Italy also acknowledges the supposed division of the Taliban between the “Extremist” and the so called “Moderate” Taliban and on this basis the Government of Italy believes that negotiations, as attempted by the USA earlier in 2010, need to be resumed in order to give diplomacy a chance. Whereas there is an understanding that the Moderate Taliban do favor diplomacy and dialogue, the Extremist Taliban continue to target the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) thus inviting continued military action.

The Government of Italy believes that the Tehrik-e-Taliban does not have any right to sovereignty; however, violating sovereignty of any other country for the sake of combating Taliban is against the UN charters and thus is strongly condemned by the Government of Italy. The Government of Italy is thus working continuously with the International Community to reach a consensus towards a permanent and fulfilling solution to the Taliban issue. POSITION PAPER

DELEGATION : Italy DELEGATE NAMES : Muhammad Ali Yawer & Ahsan Abbasi COMMITTEE : Disarmament and International Security (DISEC) TOPIC AREA : Cyber Terrorism (B)

As the spread of internet and access to computer technology becomes easier and cheaper, in recent years world have witnessed what has been termed as “Cyber Terrorism,” which has gradually gained the status of a widespread global security threat intimidating and coercing the political, financial and even the social infrastructure of our society. As Government organizations, defense sectors and other key social and financial institutions around the world are increasing their dependence on computer technology all these institutions are rendering themselves vulnerable to Cyber Terrorism. This situation is further aggravated by the relative ignorance of public and private sector of how much their lives depend on computers. Cyber terrorism has been used as a tool for the premeditated use of disruptive activities, or threat thereof, in cyber space, with the intention to further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives, or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives.

The Government of Italy has categorically condemned past incidents of terrorism like swamping of Sri Lankan embassies with 800 emails a day over a two-week period in 1998 by ethnic Tamil guerrillas; the chaos NATO computers faced during the Kosovo conflict in 1999 caused by hacktivists protesting the NATO bombings; the web-war since December 1997, waged by the Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT) against various sites in support of the Mexican Zapatistas; web sit-ins conducted by another group of hacktivists, Electrohippies, against the WTO when they met in Seattle in late 1999. The Government of Italy showed its strong opposition to one of the worst incidents of cyber terrorism when hackers in Romania illegally gained access to the computers controlling the life support systems at an Antarctic research station, endangering lives of the 58 scientists involved. In May 2007 Estonia was subjected to a mass cyber-attack by hackers allegedly from inside the Russian Federation and more recently engagement of India and Pakistan in a cyber war with both sides attempting to bring down the other’s strategic computer systems. In the presence of such evident facts the Government of Italy has always expressed its opposition and condemnation of such acts and voted in favor of the General Assembly resolution 64/211 in which all members of the international community were urged to realize responsibility and promote an international culture of cyber security.

The Government of Italy urges upon all members of the International Community to work closely and cooperate in the development and sharing of information and technology in order to effectively combat cyber terrorism. The Government of Italy maintains that as most world nations and their governments face a technology paradox, the International Community, especially the technologically advanced nations like the US, Japan, China and others need to share information technology to establish a code to monitor and control transcontinental internet traffic and to trace, apprehend and duly prosecute potential terrorists before they could strike. Moreover, the Government of Italy vehemently emphasizes on the need for a concerted international effort to police this information highway which has lacked due attention in the past and is evolving into a new international war front which has demonstrated all the potential to jeopardize global safety and security interests. Katherine Anderson

Model UN Conference Position Paper

27 January 2011

Jamaica became a state in 1962 when it gained independence from England. It remains a Commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II as the head of state. That same year, it became a member of the United Nations.

Afghanistan and Pakistan are two regions that have the inability to control their own state. Women are mistreated, civilians are in danger and aid workers do not have the power or resources to help the situation. The de facto control of the Taliban over Afghanistan and

Pakistan is a grave problem in the areas affected. The Taliban is a terrorist organization that wages wars and nurses dangerous groups such as Al-Qaeda. Aid work is at a near stand-still from the interference of the Taliban and in some regions, aid workers must have approval from the Taliban to operate. Civilian aid workers have been attacked, which is a violation of human rights. Jamaica is deeply concerned about this problem and realizes the importance of it on the international level.

Though it is a radical terrorist organization, Jamaica has expressed the desire for the

Taliban to send a representative to negotiate for a peace agreement. The humanitarian issue concerning the treatment of women and girls and the abuse of United Nations aid workers is a grave issue and must be dealt with in the most peaceful way possible. Jamaica commends the effort to better the conditions of Afghanistan and Pakistan and their people and offers support to the United Nations in helping the region. If necessary, Jamaica will respond to a call for arms and military support to Afghan factions.

If necessary, the UN aid workers should be able to work with the Taliban in order to improve the humanitarian crisis. Jamaica fully supports the UN in its endeavors to address the issue of the Taliban. Pakistan and Afghanistan should have full control over their states and the

Taliban should not have de facto control over any of the regions. Jamaica expresses a hope for a solution that best represents the Afghani people, and a government that shares their concerns.

States that support the Taliban should have sanctions placed upon them.

As a permanent member of the United Nations, Jamaica realizes that there needs to be a dialogue between the United Nations, the regions affected and the Taliban in order to come up with a just and lasting peace. Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic: Cyberterrorism

Country: Jamaica

Cyberterrorism is a problem is slowly but surely growing in today’s modern world. As advances in technology have created this new medium, so have individuals and groups exploited it for their own reasons. We must take quick action to ensure that these politically motivated attacks do not go unchecked, and that we take a strong, effective stance against the growing threat of cyberterrorism.

My country, like many in this modern era, has vastly increased number of internet users than in any time period prior. While this brings many benefits, such as greater efficiency, economic savings and better communication overall, it also opens the risk for individuals to take advantage of this new medium to strike fear into the hearts of governments and their people. The major reason that this risk is encountered is due to the anonymous nature of the internet.

With approximately 1.5 million internet users, our country is by no means the largest internet using population, yet proportionately, this is a very high percent of Jamaicans with access to the internet. Jamaica is fully committed to working with the international body of the United Nations to curb the tide of cyberterrorism before it does any more damage to the sovereignty of the victim states or towards that state’s population. Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: The Taliban / Cyberterrorism Country: State of Japan School: Universidad Simón Bolivar (Caracas, Venezuela)

When addressing the global battle against terrorism, the State of Japan has done a remarkable job developing innovative strategies regarding counterterrorism. As a member of the international community, Japan is enhancing through multilateral agreements and treaties its domestic counterterrorism measures for the prevention of terrorist attacks in areas such as immigration control, financing of criminal activities, cybernetic data analysis and protection, hijack prevention, and reinforcement of critical facilities and infrastructures.

Previous attempts to tackle this issue include the 2004 “Action Plan for the Prevention of Terrorism”, sponsored by the Japanese government, to work towards more efficient measures in order to maintain and promote sound political, economic and social systems and secure the public safety. The previously mentioned plan needed to be adapted to a modern type of warfare: cyberterrorism. With the IT (Information Technology) Society and the e-government program developed in the “e-Japan Strategy”, the Japanese government demonstrated its commitment to find a definite solution to this problem, and go one step ahead into achieving the MDGs.

In order to accomplish this successfully, the State of Japan, wishing to contribute in the Middle East peace process, proposes a way to contain insurgencies in Afghanistan: first, enhancing the Afghan Security Forces, thus improving the country’s capability to maintain security within its borders, and second, reducing the factions outside of Karzai’s government, consequently helping in the reconstruction of the nation by boosting political unity country wide, hence, reducing the Taliban’s reach throughout the nation. And once the nation achieves political stability, further reintegration and long term reconciliation, that, with the financial assistance of our State, by the means of small scale programs, provide vocational training and incentivize job creation, we will make possible that Afghanistan can sustain itself in the future.

The previous paragraph also braches to address a different, yet new kind of struggle against cyberterrorism, Japan strives to reorder the way the World Wide Web is constructed, by decentralizing the concentrated nature of the web, changing the way information is sent and saved by the servers, how it’s transmitted and how it is received by the users. To accomplish this, the State of Japan plans to increase the number of DNS servers and network lanes, which will be sub-controlled by the host country of such lane.

If we verify sheer numbers, Japan’s budget for Afghan aid reaches the 5 billion dollars mark this year and over 507 million dollars annually for science and technology in order to stimulate data protection and advances in the field. Is clear that the position of our State towards any form of terrorism is to not allow any concessions to these criminal activities, and comply with, as this committee name implies, the disarmament and security of Afghanis extremist groups and the cybercriminals on the web. Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: The Taliban / Cyberterrorism Country: State of Japan School: Universidad Simón Bolivar (Caracas, Venezuela)

If we verify sheer numbers, Japan’s budget for Afghan aid reaches the 5 billion dollars mark this year and over 507 million dollars annually for science and technology in order to stimulate data protection and advances in the field. Is clear that the position of our State towards any form of terrorism is to not allow any concessions to these criminal activities, and comply with, as this committee name implies, the disarmament and security of Afghanis extremist groups and the cybercriminals on the web. Delegation: Jordan Committee: Disarment and Interenational Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

It has been a big problem challanging the Middle East as well as the whole world that the Taliban is taking a series of actions which are threatening the peace and security of the world. By launching terrorist attacks and kidnapping, the Taliban has shocked the whole globe and successfully drawn the world’s attention, which is one of the very goals they hope to achieve. Measures including peaceful dialogs and necessary millitary methods have been adopted to solve the Taliban problem, but it appears that they don’t work well. Terrorist attacks are going on and the Taliban strength is not effectively weakened. There are several reasons for what we’re facing today, which include the disorder of social economy; power difficiency of local governments and some inappropriate actions of the American forces, etc. As a developing country with its complex domestic affairs, Jordan is always focusing on pushing the Middle East peace process forward and accordingly, Jordan proposes as follows: First, the developed countries should offer a strong hand to help rebuild the social economy of Afghanistan and Pakistan, and strengthen the government power. Second, develope peaceful dialogs based on cultural respect. Third, the power and function of the UN should be strengthened in organizing national anti-terrorist forces. Fourth, American armies should avoid harming innocents while fighting against the Taliban.

Delegation: Jordan Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism is becoming one of the most serious potential threats to the world since the rapid development of computer and Internet. There have been a number of cyber-attacks in global range in recent years. Though most of them have been insignificant, there are a small few that have seriously disordered the operation of the governments under attack. From present's view, defensive quality against cyberterrorism is far too poorer than we need: First, countries hold different views of how content should be controlled on the Internet. These differences in policies make it more difficult for nations to have uniform standards set in place in order to govern the Internet and easier for terrorists to host a harmful website. Since there are leaks in international control of the Internet, many terroristic organizations are able to compliment cyber-attacks in another country. In addition, there are numerous parts of the worldwide communication infrastructure which are vulnerable to cyber-attack. Most nations’ ability to withstand these attacks, currently, is weak at the best. Furthermore, little International Cooperation has been done against the problem of cyberterrorism till now. So some effective measures should be taken by UN as defense against cyberterrorism as soon as possible. It is a comfort to see that a number of resolutions are on the topic, the latest of which was resolution 64/211 in 2010. This resolution attempted to create a global culture of cyber security and find ways to protect global infrastructure from harm. In addition, the United States, as the most developed country, as well as the biggest target of cyber-attacks, has taken a serious of method to fight against cyberterrorism. In February 14th 2003, the United States published the first national strategy-- against cyberterrorism. Besides administrative order, the United States draw up a serious of relevant law to guarantee the strategy, which set up a good example for us to build up our own system to fight against cyberterrorism. As a developing country of Middle East with its complex domestic affairs, Jordan is strongly in favor of fighting against cyberterrorism and is always focusing on pushing the Middle East peace process forward, besides the proposed solution of cyber deterrence and censorship,Jordan proposes something else : First, fighting against cyberterrorism should be mainly aimed at a few terrorists and harm organizations, instead of Muslim and Arab, though many terrorists hosted themselves in Middle East. Second, care should be taken to eliminate the aid from foreign nationals employed by terrorists. Third, strengthen the global cooperation based on a uniform information security standard, for cyberterrorism will never be defeated by a single country. Also, the power and function of the UN should be strengthened in promoting global cooperation. Fourth, governments should promote the rule of law, good governance and equitable social conditions to offer a viable alternative to those who, without the hope of a better life, are susceptible to terrorist recruitment and radicalization. To some extent, the developed countries should help our developing countries on those. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of Kazakh citizens who use the internet jumped from 70,000 to nearly 2 million, according to the World Bank. Such constitutes an increase of roughly 2500%. In the past decade, the Kazakh information technology sector has become the premier internet service provider in Central Asia. In spite of Kazakhstan’s awe-inspiring economic and infrastructural growth during the 2000s, the Republic continues to be at risk to terrorism. While Kazakhstan boasts a flawless record in preventing successful terrorist attacks, the threat of terrorism is high, particularly due to the volatility and proximity of the Greater Muslim world and the threat of radical Islamists from Kazakhstan and abroad. While mainly at risk are physical targets, physical targets are not the only entities vulnerable to terrorism. The Republic of Kazakhstan cannot afford to leave its computers and internet communication systems at risk. At the 2007 Euro-Asian forum on information security, representatives of Kazakhstan pointed out that about the Republic endures 500,000 hacker attacks per month. The primary targets are the information systems necessary for maintaining the security of the Kazakh state. However, Kazakh financial databases have also been affected by cyberterror: terrorists have attempted to raid banks and companies of information and assets. Kazakhstan strongly believes that the perpetrators of such attacks are Islamist radicals from the Middle East and the Caucasus. Amongst suspects are Hizb-ut-Tahrir, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, the Taliban, and especially Al-Qaeda. Rumored Iranian assistance to such groups concerns the Republic. Kazakhstan’s Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) partners such as the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, and the Republic of Uzbekistan work to protect their citizens from similar threats. For such reason, June 2009 saw SCO adopt the Agreement on International Information Security. The Agreement promotes a comprehensive manner by which SCO will work to protect the information systems of the region. Kazakhstan seeks an expansion of such an approach. Kazakhstan has also worked with the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to promote cooperation between the members, largely former Soviet republics, in combating cyberterrorism. Under a Protocol on Cooperation, Kazakhstan has created a computer crimes unit under the Committee of National Security. The unit’s primary task is to prevent crimes pertaining to the state’s information resources. This unit will help to protect not only Kazakhstan’s computers, but those of its neighbors as well. Kazakhstan supports the recent efforts of Russia’s National Anti-Terror Committee (NAK) to defeat cyberterrorism in Eurasia, particularly against Caucasian terrorists, which often are funded and aided by non-Russian nationals. Kazakhstan maintains a strict policy restricting the dissemination of dangerous material on the internet. Kazakhstan supports Russia and Chinas’ similar policies. Recently, Kazakhstan’s partners such as Russia and China have come under attack from Western accusations of cyberterrorism. During the 2007 during the row over the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries accused Russia of perpetrating denial-of-service attacks on the websites of Estonian governmental, political, media, and financial institutions. Kazakhstan flatly rejects the myth of Russian culpability. In 2010, the United States implicitly accused the Chinese state of complicity in attacks on American computers and companies solely based off the geographical origin of the attacks. Kazakhstan flatly rejects this charge as well. Kazakhstan seeks regional and global cooperation in defeating cyberterrorism. Kazakhstan supports further cooperation between SCO and NATO in combating the common enemy which is cyberterrorism, rather than continued Cold War political chicanery. Kazakhstan believes further cooperation is possible because she maintains excellent relations with both Russia and the United States of America. The United Nations (UN) should work to foster such cooperation between nations because the internet’s interdependence with global networks renders cyberterrorism upon one country into disruption into others. Kazakhstan hopes that states from all regions of the world realize the danger of cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism has the potential to wreak more havoc than WMDs. Kazakhstan seeks a resolution which would bind states to work together in preventing cyberterrorism through effective monitoring and disruption of terrorist organizations and enhanced security of information networks, particularly because cyberterrorism is largely perpetrated by foreign actors.

Kenya – Position Paper- The Taliban

The Republic of Kenya has a longstanding commitment to international cooperation, security and the promotion of democratic norms. We recognize that all people have the right to security, and as such cannot support the promotion of the Taliban regime in the landmass known as Afghanistan. Despite the Republic of Kenya’s respect for national autonomy, given the complicity of the Taliban in the harboring of the terrorist network under the supervision of al-Qaeda, the Republic of Kenya has no choice but to view them as a threat to international security. al-Qaeda has been the target of much scrutiny by internal Kenyan security forces, and have long been the major suspect of the terrorist bombing of the United States Embassy in Nairobi. Presumably, Osama bin Laden and his network of associates have been responsible for the deaths of hundreds of Kenyan citizens, and the Republic of Kenya view his harboring by the Taliban as a very serious act.

The Afghan people are at a critical point in their development, and their attempts at the formation of a democratic nation-state should be supported whenever possible. The Republic of Kenya has undergone considerable internal turmoil in our own attempts to firmly entrench democracy into our state, and as such suggest that it is important that the international community offer every possible source of aid to the Afghan people during their transition to democracy.

The Republic of Kenya believes that the greatest asset which the international community possesses in their attempts to promote international security and prevent the reclamation of de facto power by the Taliban regime is the Afghan people themselves. It is only in an era when the Afghan people wish to be free from the influence of the Taliban that the international community will be able to ensure that international security threats no longer have a refuge under the Taliban.

Nonetheless, the Republic of Kenya does not view itself as an international police force. We respect the sovereignty of individual nation-states, and do not believe that the interests of the Republic of Kenya are best served by promoting an interventionist foreign policy. However, the Republic of Kenya does admit that the ongoing strife in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan does require international attention; from the Republic of Kenya this will not be found in material such as weaponry, military assistance or personnel designed to support combat operations.

However, the Republic of Kenya does believe that the economy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is something which needs to be supported if democracy is to flourish, and as such are not opposed to the sending of expert personnel to accomplish such a task. Such a transaction however would only take place at the express, written request of the President of the the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Delegation: The Republic of Kenya Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Kenya truly believes in the noble course of the UN and in the merits of international cooperation, seen through our commitment to the UN Charter and the resolutions onto which we have signed. Additionally the republic of Kenya believes in the workings international bodies and agreements which allow for the ease of multilateral exchanges of ideas and strategies which benefit the global whole. Therefore Kenya sees great potential in the producing of a concrete resolution of the relatively new international issue of Cyberterrorism, which increasing plagues nations and citizens around the globe.

In Kenya’s specific case out of a population of approximately 39 million people only around 3 and a half million citizens (including governmental personnel) or 10 percent of the population use the internet or have access to it. For the general public cyberterrorism is not a pertinent issue but for the nation and globe as a whole it’s becoming increasingly important and influential. As an emerging economy who is attempting to foster economic cooperation regionally and internationally, Kenya values its national security and stability significantly. Therefore the potential risks and violations which cyberterrorists can perpetrate against our security systems, our governmental records, or our economic institutions is a viable and realistic threat. Although we may lag behind the majority of the globe in our technological capacity and use of the internet we are still susceptible to cyberattacks, specifically to our communications networks.

As stated before the republic of Kenya wishes to foster economic development for our own self interest, which entails attracting foreign capital and investment to our country and industries. This is achieved most readily through our open economic policy and communication with regional and first-world nations. If our country cannot provide a stable cyber environment for companies, industries, and development or if our communications networks are infiltrated business and investment will go elsewhere. Therefore despite our lack of technological proliferation and internet usage the republic of Kenya adamantly wishes to be part of the multilateral discussion towards a UN resolution to protect against cyberterrorism.

We support initiatives such as keeping sensitive national and corporate information off of the internet and strongly support cyber deterrence and the fostering of private security help. However we feel that censorship should be avoid in this day & age, especially in how it runs contrary to our constitutional norms and citizen rights. Furthermore we look to develop initiatives which will build safe and conscious internet infrastructures in our country and the surrounding East African region due to the lack of development coupled with its emerging need in our highly communicative world. A resolution on cyberterrorism should not only focus on internet based attacks but should also encompass non-internet protection which is of greater importance to developing nations such as Kenya and its citizenry. In conclusion as stated before we Kenyans believe in the noble course of the UN and honestly feel a worthwhile resolution can be brought forth through debate and deliberation for the benefit of all members and internet users both present and future. Delegation: Democratic People's Republic of Korea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban have been an integral part of Afghanistan’s social and political structure for almost twenty years. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea believes that, from their gradual conquest of political power to their isolation by the coalition forces, the Taliban have been one of the consequences of the instability within the Afghan Nation, not its cause.

Therefore, our country considers that in order to offer the courageous Afghan people the peace, prosperity and security it deserves, dealing with the instability at its root is of utmost importance. Our country believes in respecting the fundamental right of nations to self-determination and, in accordance with the Juche ideology, allowing the Afghan nation to reach complete political independence vis-à-vis foreign, imperialist powers, as well as economic self-sufficiency and military self-reliance. Our country believes in respecting Afghanistan’s multicultural, multi-ethnic and historical heritage, as stated in resolution 64/11 adopted by the General Assembly. Sustainable results can only be achieved within a unified political structure that comprises the Taliban, who represent a very large part of the Afghan society. The challenges Afghanistan faces mentioned in resolution 64/11, such as the fight against corruption, national reconciliation, and Afghan-led transitional justice process, must be taken up by all Afghan political entities, including the Taliban.

This new political structure, supported by a strong army, could benefit from the Taliban in dealing with the issue of political corruption and searching for moral and ideological guidance. Our government is fiercely opposed to excessive foreign interference in Afghan national affairs, which ignores the needs and aspirations of the Afghan people. DPR Korea once again condemns Western countries’ habit of banishing legitimate political entities such as the Taliban from international diplomacy. Furthermore, in accordance with Juche, our country believes economic development and prosperity is a result of the exploitation of a country’s national resources, including poppy fields, natural gas, petroleum, and coal. Therefore, Afghanistan’s economic structure must not be a reflection of foreign interests, but rather the prelude of a brighter tomorrow for the Afghan people.

Delegation: Democratic People's Republic of Korea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

With the growing importance of global networks, cyberterrorism has become one of the great challenges of the twenty-first century. The Democratic People’s of Korea believes that, while benefiting from the Internet, countries must take responsibility for using such a complex and vulnerable tool. In accordance with resolution 64/211 adopted by the General Assembly, our country considers that Governments, organizations and individual users of information technologies must assume responsibility for and take steps to enhance the security of these technologies.

Cyberterrorism must be viewed as a national issue of self-defense and, as such, each country will determine its own critical information infrastructures. In accordance with Juche, countries must implement stricter policies in order to insure national security and self-reliance in case of a major attack. Furthermore, our country believes information should emanate from public, state- controlled entities, such as the Korean Central News Agency, the objective of these entities being the people’s safety. This national protection system is also the prelude of creating a global culture of cybersecurity, as it would prevent criminals from all over the world from having access to classified information and attacking strategic information systems.

Finally, with recent the creation of the Pyongyang University of Science and Technology, our country has proven its commitment to the exchange of technologies and computer engineers, towards a globalized, full-proof cyber-defense system.

Delegation: Republic of Korea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: Taliban

The Republic of Korea is adamant that measures be taken in ending suffering perpetuated by the

Taliban. The Taliban has demented the possibility of stable infrastructure in Middle East peace negations and the establishment of a model state to nations such as Afghanistan. It is a travesty to humanity, and though the Afghan people now cry injustice as they unwilling succumb to the torment of terrorism; the Taliban is no longer a domestic threat. Metastasizing, the Taliban has vocalized their desire to extend violence outside of Afghanistan. The Disarmament and International Security

Committee must act in helping to rid the world of such a dangerous organization that is the Taliban.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1617 has stated only few of the actions that should be taken in the disarmament of the Taliban. While dealing with financial and bureaucratic keystones of the

Taliban's power is helpful, further action is needed in order to obtain significant advantages. A strategic approach in battling terrorism is exemplified by the Republic of Korea’s strict illegal drug control policy, which offers both a national defense while providing an offensive stranglehold on terrorist organization financing.

As a nation that has experienced the barbarism the Taliban is capable of, the Republic of Korea has actively participated in the coalition in Afghanistan to combat the Taliban Regime. The 2007 South

Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan ended with two unfortunate deaths. The safety of the remaining hostages was sanctified at the cost of 20 million USD and withdrawal of 200 South Korean troops. Our nation understands that in order to resolve the impending blight the Afghan people battle, as well as the international threat posed by the Taliban, global cooperation is necessary and should be examined thoroughly, at a national level, as well as at a macro perspective. Our activism, both at home and in

Afghanistan is representative of the Republic of Korea’s impassioned desire to bring peace to the

Afghan people and security to the rest of the world.

Delegation: Republic of Korea Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism poses an international threat and since it is a relatively new war front, it has irresponsibly been underestimated. The Republic of Korea has dealt with cyber attacks from our neighbor and potential domestic sources as well. From the nation's experiences, we have taken the necessary precautions to disable further breaches of Korean cyber security. With rapid improving digital technology around the globe, there are increasing measures that must be taken to insure our national security. The Republic of Korea supports UN resolution 64/211 and ISO/IEC 2700 , however feels it is these elementary foundations that will require adaptations in the evolving digital war front.

The Republic of Korea has begun to combat cyberterrorism directly in implementing 3000

“Cyber Sheriffs” since 2009. In the event of cyber attacks, the National Intelligence Service, the country’s main spy agency, has set up a task force including civilian and government experts to counter the online threats. Our nation has already established a Military Cyber Unit to combat such threats as well.

Cyber deterrence in contrast with the established paradigms of nuclear deterrence is not analogous. It should be understood that the components of cyberterrorism and nuclear violence differ by magnitudes too great for strategic comparison. The Republic of Korea recommends the United

Nations Institute for Research and Training (UNITAR) implement an International Code of Digital

Conduct that would influence responsible and secure digital sovereignty. The Republic of Korea adheres to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As cyberspace becomes an extension of our physical reality, there must be global cooperation in ensuring the sanctity of new territories by virtue and with respect to the Charter of the United Nations: Article I. Delegation: State of Kuwait Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

Since the Soviet Union left Afghanistan in 1989, the Taliban has run the nation. Then in 2001, with the invasion by the United States of America, they were taken out of power. The United States created a democratic government led by President Hamid Karzai. However, the Taliban still has a very strong grip on many of the people in the nation. They have set up shadow governments consisting of police chiefs, district administrators, governors, and even judges. This means, even with the vast involvement of United States military, the Taliban still controls much of the nation and the people. Also, the massive poppy fields that litter the nation are controlled by the Taliban and provide much of their income. Despite the US occupation of the country and the strong military presence, the Taliban are still a major influence on the people.

The State of Kuwait is concerned about the Taliban influence in Afghanistan and their influence in Middle Eastern states. In the State of Kuwait there have been terrorist attacks and terrorist groups planning attacks on western nations like the United Sates and this concerns us. The State of Kuwait is against the Taliban and their influences in the Middle East and would like to see them taken out of power altogether. Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyber terrorism Delegation: Kuwait

The State of Kuwait considers the rising issue of cyber terrorism as a major threat to mankind. It is widely known that technology is a major part of our lives now more than ever. Everyone from children to elders, businesses to governments, and so on are using technology; thus, it is extremely crucial that we address and try to work together to protect the world from cyber attacks. It has been stated that cyber terrorism is defined as"...the use of cyber tools to shut down critical national infrastructures (such as energy, transportation, or government operations) for the purpose of coercing or intimidating a government or civilian population," and the State of Kuwait agrees with this definition and this is why we must address this issue as soon as possible. The State of Kuwait believes that the international system is attacked when one country is attacked, thus we are all in this problem together. It must also be mentioned that Riptech from “400 companies in over 30 countries found that Internet attacks grew at an annualized rate of 64 percent worldwide during the first half of 2002, with Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Kuwait, and Indonesia accounting for the most cyber attack activity among U.S. designated terrorist states.” Thus, it is imperative for DISEC to find solutions to this problem as soon as possible before this problem becomes unstoppable. As a country being victimized of cyber terrorism we are trying our best to find solutions and minimize cyber attacks. As the assembly already knows, in the beginning of the 1990 Gulf War, a laptop was stolen which contained crucial information about the Allied Forces’ plans for the liberation of Kuwait. However, thankfully, the information did not reach the Iraqi government. The State of Kuwait believes that the main goal of a terrorist is to create a type of fear and bring harm to society so that they can feel as if they are controlling the world, like a game, which is absurd. It has been noted that the people that carryout these attacks are individuals who: are curious, strive for wealth, have a grudge against another company, individual, group, or organization, and/or strive for power.” We just hope that we can gather more information about the types of cyber warriors and terrorist and hope that it will be a good foundation to effectively take action in the prevention and detection of cyber terrorism and still minimize the possibility of harming others. Being an Islamic country we believe in the safety of others whether Muslim or not, however, some Islamic radical all over the world , not only in Islamic countries, have become experts’ at cyber terrorism or “electronic jihad” and what has also been found was that Al-Qaida publishes a monthly magazine that is only about cyber terrorism techniques. The State of Kuwait is open to any ideas put forth by the United Nations in order to bring an end to cyber terrorism. Not only are we willing to work with the international world but we urge that countries should have a better protection from the simplest and the most important cyber websites. The State of Kuwait also proposes that if we can all agree to manage our own cyber activities, which would include creating programs that would run 24/7 to detect any cyber attacks, it would minimize some cyber terrorist groups and attackers. Another proposal is to raise awareness worldwide with ads, television programs, school education, and so on about cyber terrorism and programs about what people can do to minimize the risk of cyber attacks. We also believe that if we can track and make a deal with some cyber terrorists to help us figure out how and what they exactly do in order to hack into systems, because these cyber terrorist attacks are becoming more and more sophisticated, thus we need to educated more individuals to block these attacks because some institutions are being attacked more than a thousand times a day, which is absurd. Needless to say, the State of Kuwait is here to aid in any way possible to make the world a better safer place, free of cyber terrorism. We understand it is easier said than done but with the right minds and good hearts we can all work together to end cyber terrorism, Inshallah.

Kyrgyzstan – Disarmament and Security Council

Topic A: The Taliban: The issue of the Taliban is very important to the Kyrgyz Republic. As a nation of the CIS that is located very close to Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan has been involved with the Taliban since its ties with the former Soviet Union. The Taliban bring a large amount of uncertainty and instability into the region. With their fighters migrating to Pakistan, the Kyrgyz Republic would like to keep their influence limited as the potential violence and economic damage caused by the Taliban could be very damaging for the Kyrgyz nation. Kyrgyzstan would like to see a peaceful and non-violent end to this issue. Kadyrbek Sarbaev, the Foreign Minister of Kyrgyzstan has been trying to facilitate negotiations with the Taliban and their opponents in efforts to increase cooperation and try to find a resolution to the conflict. The regional stability and security is very important, and the best way to ensure this is through negotiations. We at the Disarmament and Security Committee need to try to further these initiatives and try to bring stability, not just to Afghanistan, but Pakistan and the greater region. After the stability of the region is ensured, the focus can be set on the rebuilding of Afghanistan. Historically, no nation has been able to control Afghanistan and the Afghan people by force, which is why it is essential to work with them towards a common solution.

Topic B: Cyber terrorism: The Kyrgyz Republic considers cyber terrorism to be an issue that affects both large powers and small powers. Cyber terrorism has the potential to cause serious economic and social harm if the proper safeguards are not in place. The Kyrgyz Republic would like to see the Disarmament and Security Committee deal with this issue as the potential fallout of a successful cyber attack on an important target such as a stock exchange or a nuclear energy facility could create a global disaster. The Kyrgyz Republic is particularly concerned with the recent use of the Stuxnet malware on the Iranian nuclear facility of Bushehr Nuclear Plant in 2010. Kyrgyzstan was hit with a denial-of-service attack on the two largest internet service providers in the country which shut down nearly 80% of the internet bandwidth for over two weeks. In the subsequent investigation, the exact purpose, target and perpetrator of the attack could not be identified. These rogue hackers pose a problem to all nations. The potential for these rogue hackers for hire operating on behalf of a foreign government poses a problem to all. For smaller countries which do not have the infrastructure to protect themselves from a cyber attack, it is difficult to fund projects to improve cyber security. Kyrgyzstan is a prime example as our nation is regrettably among the poorest nation in Central Asia. However, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank are open to providing funding for countries that may not be financially strong enough to implement security measures themselves. It would be beneficial for large foreign investors, whether they be large corporations or nations, to protect their personal investments by funding necessary infrastructure and security measures in the host country to protect against an act of cyber terrorism.

Kyrgyzstan – Disarmament and Security Council

Delegation: Lao PDR Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area A: The Taliban

While Lao PDR is not directly affected by the actions of the Taliban, we are aware of the potential international ramifications of Taliban actions and pursuant conflict. Therefore, Laos strongly supports claims that the Taliban is of global importance and should be addressed through international organizations such as the United Nations. With the other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Lao PDR has previously expressed our dissatisfaction with actions of the Taliban that we see as going against international standards, such as the 2007 killings of South Korean hostages. ASEAN has also made several joint declarations and action plans to counter terrorism, setting precedence for Lao PDR’s continue support of joint action against potential terrorist threats. ASEAN has also previously expressed our willingness to look past differences in overall policy towards the Middle East in order to cooperate effectively with countries such as the United States as well as Japan, China, and the Republic of Korea against the greater concerns of international terrorism.

As for possible solutions to problems concerning the Taliban and their role in the Middle East, Laos is open to working with other countries in a cooperative fashion. We can, however, offer some personal expertise in regards to the opium-related issues concerning the Taliban. Drug control, particularly with opium, is a problem Lao PDR has been struggling with. In 1998, we were the third largest producer of opium and our population was highly addicted to the drug itself. Through government efforts, production had been reduced by 94% and addiction by 80% in 2005. Although Laos does still struggle with issues of drugs, when it comes to finding ways to effectively reduce the cultivation of opium, we have valuable experience that can hopefully be applied to the situation in Afghanistan. Ideally, techniques can be used to eradicate not only the poppy fields themselves, whose dangers and negative effects Laos is only too aware of, but also an important source of funding for the Taliban. Delegation: Lao PDR Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

As a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Laos PDR has taken several steps to address the threat that terrorism poses to their country. The first of these being the implementation of specialized workshops designed to train law enforcement officials on how to deal with new forms of terrorism such as cyberterrorism. In 2010, Laos cooperated with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to create a national workshop entitled "Promotion of Ratification and Implementation of the Universal Legal Instruments Against Terrorism” with the intention to discuss and design a concrete road map for future actions.

Aside from education, ASEAN recognizes that a more coordinated strategy needs to be devised in order to deal with this issue. Laos does not have a separate counterterrorism law, but their judicial system allows for prosecution of such crimes under their established criminal code The Government of Laos has traditionally regarded the threat associated with terroristic acts, cyber-terrorism included, as being of only marginal relevance to the country given its size and neutral position on political matters. However, Laos has expressed a willingness to cooperate with the international community on counterterrorism efforts. Laos recognizes that the fight against terrorism is essential for the peace and security of peoples all over the world. . Christian Wneta Western New England College Disarmament and International Security Committee Latvia

Topic A: The Taliban

In strengthening the capability of the state to fight terrorism, a Government Action Plan for fighting terrorism has been prepared, and was successfully introduced in April 2003. The

Plan improved co-operation of state institutions in measures for the prevention and fighting of terrorism. The main aim of the Plan was to prevent opportunities for terrorists to use the territory of Latvia, its banking system and other means, to achieve their goals. The necessary legislative changes were made, including increasing the authority of law enforcement agencies for monitoring financial transactions. Co-operation between state security services was strengthened, improving the monitoring of import, export and transit of strategically important goods. All the measures and stipulations set out in the Action Plan have been implemented and completed. In terms of the Taliban, the Latvian government upholds the policy of the European Union condemning all actions of the Taliban as a terrorist organization.

In efforts in fighting the Taliban within Afghanistan, Latvia had donated many resources and troops. Latvian tabloids have quoted government officials stating that it is in Latvia’s best interest to perpetuate involvement in Afghanistan in aims of collective security. Fortunately,

Latvia has no major possible terrorist targets within its borders. Also, it depends on Russia for most of its oil imports, which eases demand for Middle Eastern oil.

Latvia’s efforts fighting the Taliban within Afghanistan are heavily rooted in supporting

NATO. Since 2004, Latvia has been making an effort to be seen as a more active member of both the European Union and NATO. This provides it reasoning behind condemning the Taliban and its efforts in Afghanistan. Devin Graham Western New England College Disarmament and International Security Latvia

Topic B

Latvia is an eastern European nation. The country has some tendencies based on prior inclusion in the soviet bloc. This can lead to examples where the policy in Latvia can be more strict and resembles ideas that came from years under the soviet regime. This can account for technological differences in the country that come from a lack of advancement under the system and the difficulties stemming from that economic situation. This creates a different point of view than would be recognized in other nations, but the country finds it important to maintain a position consistent with nations in the European Union.

It is important for Latvia to take the issue of cyber terrorism seriously. Cyber terrorism is a growing issue in a world that has developed greater cyber infrastructure it is important to remember that this network is vulnerable. Attacks on the digital information throughout the world are easily coordinated and difficult to defend against. This makes it imperative nations to work against attacks on their information and protection the infrastructure should be paramount as more information becomes digitalized. Countries need to protect their information because so much information is available and if these systems become in operational the country could fall into a dark age until the system can be restored.

Latvia believes that a strong system should be in place to maintain a constant guard against cyber terrorist attacks. It is important because a country like Latvia could have difficulty defending against cyber attacks and they have begun a higher amount of important information in their digital stores. This makes it important for a stronger system to maintain a higher watch against cyber terrorism. This stance coincides with the stance of the European Union. It is believed that nations with more cyber information are a better target for groups looking to disable the population and there should be more security on the internet for these countries to defend their information.

Latvia is willing to sacrifice a level of freedom to protect their information. They will sacrifice some internet freedoms allowing for there to be more security. It is important not to discriminate in their level of constriction on the ability to freely access information for their population. This freedom cannot serve to eliminate the interests of a certain group from access, but it is important that security have a central focus in their attempt to stop cyber terrorism. The Republic of Lebanon Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Republic of Lebanon is aware of the need for immediate action to improve the grave situation in Afghanistan. The political instability of this nation threatens security not only in a national level, but also that of its surrounding countries and the international community. The main components that create this political crisis are the suspected links between the Taliban and terrorist groups as well as its links with drug trafficking. The delegation of Lebanon is deeply disturbed with the Taliban’s corrupt links to these two practices, and believes that in order for the region as well as Afghanistan to peacefully coexist, these must be dealt with.

Being a nation that has suffered from many internal crises because of its diverging religious and political groups, Lebanon encourages for cooperation and dialogue in order to achieve a peaceful political solution to the Afghan problem. In the past years, Lebanon has strived to build an inclusive government, and has been open to the cooperation of the international community and organizations, treaties, and resolutions in order to maintain peace in the region. As the President of the Republic of Lebanon, General Michel Sleiman, stated, “During the past years, Lebanon strived to maintain its internal stability through dialogue, by completing the implementation of the Taif Accord, by resorting to legal institutions to resolve any dispute, and by its commitment to the resolutions of the Security Council and the international legitimacy.”1 Bearing this in mind, the lack of national unity in Afghanistan is a problem with which Lebanon feels identified, which is why it encourages the establishment of a broad-based, multicultural, and diverse government in cooperation with the international community and with different religious and ethnic Afghan groups. Nonetheless, Lebanon would like to clarify that it rejects the Taliban so long as it continues to have links with and promote drug trafficking and terrorism.

The Republic of Lebanon recognizes that drug trafficking is one of the primary problems in this conflict, since it is the main financial support system for the Taliban. Thus, Lebanon encourages international cooperation to fight against this problem, and calls to effectively carry out the resolutions adopted by the United Nations General Assembly concerning this matter.2 In addition to this action, there must also be efforts to eradicate the poppy fields in this area. However, considering that this may cause anti Western sentiment and poverty, Lebanon proposes to enforce the existing programs that replace poppy with legal crops. Taking into account that this is an expensive procedure, Lebanon incites the international community and the United Nations to analyze the funding situation, considering that solving this issue can greatly improve world security and reduce terrorist threats.

Also bearing in mind that the instability in the region is greatly caused by corruption, Lebanon calls upon all states to comply with the UN Convention Against Corruption, but also suggests increasing the legitimacy of Afghan government organs such as the Ministry of Justice, thus, allowing these to fight against corruption, inducing pressure and further control. This would also create an image of effectiveness and trust in the institutions, furthering Afghan unity. Increasing the legitimacy of the Afghan government includes creating an autonomous and effective Afghan National Army, which could be done by incorporating the local defense groups with the national army.

In general, Lebanon believes that the solution to this issue must consist in dialogue and cooperation, so long as the illegality issues of the Taliban are dealt with effectively.

1 Speech of H.E. the President of the Republic of Lebanon, General Michel Sleiman, at the 65th session of the UN General Assembly. 24-09- 2010. http://www.presidency.gov.lb 2 See resolutions A/RES/62/176, A/RES/63/197, A/RES/64/182, A/RES/65/233.

Delegation: Republic of Lebanon Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area B: Cyber terrorism

The Republic of Lebanon recognizes the importance of technology in today’s developing world. The exchange of information and the development of new and more efficient systems of communication are necessary for the globalized world we live in today. However, all these advances also imply certain dangers and imposing challenges that must be solved. Science and technology should be used for common interests and to enforce international security. However, different interest groups have often misused technology in order to damage others; this practice can be classified as cyber terrorism. The Republic of Lebanon condemns these actions, and encourages the international community to find a solution before cyber terrorism reaches unmanageable dimensions.

The Republic of Lebanon is aware of the cyber attacks committed by Hezbollah against Israel during this country’s invasion of Lebanon in 2006. Although Lebanon fully rejects all kinds of terrorism, it calls upon international comprehension, since these actions were committed during a time of political instability and war against our state. Lebanon recognizes that this is a grave matter, and believes in the need to create a cyber security culture amongst our society. However, Lebanon does not support an international intervention in its area, as this may cause further instability and since it considers itself an independent, indivisible, and sovereign state. Furthermore, Lebanon has always sponsored freedom of speech, in accordance with article 13 of its National Constitution, which states, “The freedom to express one’s opinion orally or in writing, the freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly, and the freedom of association are guaranteed within the limit established by law.”1 Thus, it has never been involved in and will never support any censorship activity.

Regarding the already proposed solutions, as the delegation has previously clarified, Lebanon opposes censorship and the removal of sensitive information from the Internet, as this goes against freedom of expression. Furthermore it is against Private Security Help, as this can limit free speech as well, for closing off different sites can be a form of censorship. Nonetheless, Lebanon agrees with cyber deterrence so long as it is only used in exceptional circumstances such as when a country feels an imminent threat to its national security, or when there is a major threat to international security.

Although Lebanon will not urge individuals to remove information from the Internet, it does encourage for private as well as public sectors to develop extensive security control systems to prevent crackers from accessing sensitive information. Regarding the same topic, Lebanon encourages other states to show their citizens the risks of publishing overly confidential information on the Internet, so that citizens may take their own necessary security measures.

Finally, Lebanon would like to clarify that it believes in the importance of international cooperation in order to find a solution to this pressing issue. As a member of the United Nations, it calls upon all states to follow the principles and resolutions of the UN regarding this topic.

1 Article 13, Lebanese Constitution of 1926. Devan Elmore and Ben Karsai The Republic of Liberia HNMUN 2011 The Republic of Liberia Disarmament and International Security Committee

The Republic of Liberia remains deeply concerned about the actions of the Taliban, which affect not only the Middle Eastern Region but also echo throughout the world. Liberia knows first hand the impacts a terrorist group such as the Taliban can have on a nation. This first hand knowledge means Liberia is even more steadfast in its belief that something needs to be done to protect the rights of the people living under the Taliban. The Republic of Liberia believes that the solution to this problem is multi- pronged. One of the most important which need to happen in order to restore peace in the region is the cutting off of Taliban finances. The main source of income for the Taliban is their opium farms and the revenue, which they receive from selling the opium once harvested. In order to cut off this revenue Liberia proposes putting in place a 10-year plan. Within this plan the first phase would be connecting opium farmers with pharmaceutical companies and legalizing opium trade to these companies. By doing this revenue from the opium is diverted away from the Taliban without depriving the farmers of income. The next stage in the 10-year plan is the slow phasing out of opium farms. It is impractical to wipe out the opium without providing the farmers with a replacement for reliable income. During the phasing out process opium fields will be sprayed to kill the crop after providing farmers with other sources of income such as the use of a genetically modified crop or another trade, which will provide an equally competitive income. This way the opium trade will be slowly diverted away from the Taliban to help cut off their income. Additionally Liberia believes that efforts must be made to improve humanitarian aid and well-being. Liberia believes this should be done through education of children, town halls dispelling propaganda myths of the Taliban, and health care for all people. With these efforts to curtail the Taliban’s income and improve the standard of living for everyone The Republic of Liberia believes that great progress can be made on forcing the Taliban out of power. Although located regionally this problem is of worldwide concern and The Republic of Liberia believes that through the efforts of this committee great progress can be made to protect the rights inherent to all people and give them back their country and government. Cyber Terrorism:

In today’s electronically interconnected international system, contemporary leaders face unprecedented vulnerabilities in the realm of cyber space. Cyber terror and warfare are becoming increasingly frequent tools for espionage, intelligence gathering, and sabotage. One example is China’s “wholesale espionage, attacking the computers of major Western defense contractors” and targeting Google for political purposes. Because of the nuance nature of cyber warfare, many state security functions are vulnerable to attack. The interlinked nature of modern weaponry has created many opportunities for cyber terror. For instance, modern bombs are guided by GPS satellite systems, drones are piloted remotely and “fighter planes and warships are now huge data-processing centers.” State economic infrastructures are also vulnerable to cyber warfare. Computers systems vital to economic function such as power grids, financial transfers, and credit card and bank account details, are all linked up to the internet without the proper defensive security measures in place to avert cyber attacks. An effective cyber-assult on the financial sector, for example, could result in loss of confidence for financial data and investment upheaval. Another example is an attack on the power grid in which even a few days of power loss would result in severe economic degradation. Cyber warfare and terror is an issue of high salience and one that must be addressed by the international community in order to prevent economic and security crisis in contemporary global society. The United Nations must establish a clear definition of “Cyber Terror” in order for the international community to collectively address the vulnerabilities of cyberspace. The necessity of a definition stems from the massive scope of what can be considered cyber-terror. For instance, cyber crimes range from spam to interstate cyber espionage and sabotage. The intent of a cyber attack further complicates the scope of the word “cyber terror.” For example, is the Stuxnet trogon, which has hampered Iran’s nuclear weapons program an act of cyber-terrorism considering its intent to avert nuclear non-proliferation? A universally accepted definition of cyber terror is necessary for the establishment of multilateral agreements concerning this issue. After a clear and universally accepted definition of cyber terrorism is established, the United Nations must establish international laws and norms which abate the potential of disaster due to a cyber attack. One issue the international community must address immediately is the concentrated nature of interstate “fibre-optic chokepoints.” These are vulnerable crossroads in New York, the Red Sea and the Luzon Strait for copious amounts of information. Special protection programs must be established for these informational junctions in order to ensure the secure transfer of information oversees. Multilateral treaties between technologically advanced states concerning cyber warfare are also important steps toward cyber security. Such agreements must establish codes of cyber conduct with clear sanctions on states that do not honor such an agreement. Finally, cyber-actions which damage a state’s economic and security wellbeing should be considered direct violations of state sovereignty and cyber attacks should be handled by the UNSC as acts comparable to armed assault. The United Nations should established universally accepted sanctions on states which violate newly established rules of cyber conduct.

Delegation: The Principality of Liechtenstein Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Principality of Liechtenstein is a country in West Europe and it is devoted to maintaining stability and lasting peace. Taliban, an Islamic militia group that still rules large parts of Afghanistan, poses a huge threat to the stability and the order of the world. The UN peacekeeping troops have stepped in with a hope to resolve this issue. In certain aspects, a great deal of progress has been made; however, it is still quite chaotic in many areas in Afghanistan.

The repeated failure when deal with Taliban largely is because of its diplomatic affiliation with the government of Pakistan and its financial dependence on the drug trade. The lack of transparency in the government also aggravates the issue. As a country that is deeply concerned about the world peace, we would like to propose the following solutions to help resolve this issue at hand. First of all, the eradication of drug trade inside Afghanistan. Without the money support provided by the drug trade, it would be hard for the Taliban to sustain. Secondly, encourage UN sends more peacekeeping troops to control the situation inside Afghanistan. The bordering countries need to cut any kind of ties with the Taliban-those countries that give the Taliban either financial or military support will suffer from economic sanctions.

Besides the Taliban, the Principality of Liechtenstein is also highly concerned about the growing number of instances involving cyber attacks that have jeopardized particular nation’s security and dignity. We recognize the need, in certain instances, to increase the scope of regulations regarding content control, beyond those loosely employed by states such as the U.S. but not achieving the level of censorship and limits on freedom of speech employed by states such as China. The Principality of Liechtenstein believes cyber terrorism poses a severe threat to the safety and security of every nation, and that the regulations and legislation currently in place are not sufficient to thoroughly eliminate its causes and occurrences.

The Principality of Liechtenstein realizes that many of the terrorist organizations masterminding these cyber attacks operate outside the scope of European, or Western legislation. For this reason we urge preventative, rather than reactive measures to combat cyber terrorism. Individual states must be proactive in removing their sensitive government material from the internet, and in building up infrastructure to tighten security against unfriendly infiltration. This first step will reduce the occurrences and consequences of cyber attacks, and will serve as a foundational basis for the next step, which is the elimination of cyber terrorism from the root of its causes, based in international cooperation and national enforcement. The Principality of Liechtenstein urges that we increase the strength and scope of existing bodies to combat cyber terrorism, and urges more nations to become signatories of the Convention on Cybercrime, since this is an issue of growing concern to all international bodies as well as individual states. Recent developments, such as the emergence of Stuxnet, have shown that cyber warfare will only increase its scope and capabilities over time. Therefore, it is imperative that we act now, to eradicate new sources of sophisticated violence before they become the norm.

The Principality of Liechtenstein urges all members of the UN to consider carefully the

consequences of this serious issue and to give as much assistance as it is needed to repel the Taliban, in order to regain world peace.

Delegation: The Principality of Liechtenstein Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Principality of Liechtenstein urges all members of the UN to consider carefully the

consequences of this serious issue and to give as much assistance as it is needed to repel the Taliban, in order to regain world peace.

Republic of Lithuania

David Blumenthal Juan Fernando Gonza- Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia les Delegates at DISEC

Topic A: The Taliban.

Almost a decade after the falling of the Taliban government in Afghanistan, the situation seems less promising that when it actually started. The Taliban has regain control over certain areas, intense fighting and extreme casualties occur on a daily basis, and the stability of the Afghan government is in a negative balance. Strategies have been thought and the focal point of the Taliban´s ascension has been recognized, but the efforts to bring it down have resulted in a medium failure.

Lithuania believes no more utopic strategies must be thought, but that there is a necessity to enforce those already traced, starting from the eradication of all sources of financing of the Taliban. States must take all necessary measures to avoid financing of terrorists, and if there any supporting evidence of financing, the International Community must take appropriate measures to ensure peace and security.

Aware of the necessity to impede Taliban´s leaders to get into power, civilian capabilities must be built in order to develop administrative capacities preventing prevailing corruption. Under this order of ideas, Lithuania clearly believes of the necessity to follow ideas such as those established in conferences such as The London and Tokyo Conference, where the states made clear the necessity to support Human Rights, ensure the constitution of a strong government, and seek for a reconstruction and further economic development of the country.

Lithuania´s commitments in Afghanistan for NATO and ISAF show that it has been taking part in operations since 2002. At the moment Lithuania is leading Provincial Reconstruction Team in Ghor, Special Operations Squadron of Lithua- nian Armed Forces is deployed in southern Afghanistan, Lithuanian troops serve in various NATO headquarters, and National Support Element is stationed in Ka- bul to ensure logistic provision of Lithuanian civilian and military personnel performing duty in Afghanistan.

International cooperation is needed and is a duty of member of the United Na- tions to seek peace and security worldwide.

David Bluenthal

Republic of Lituania Juan Fernando Gonzáles Delegates at DISEC

TOPIC B: With the emergence of the Internet as a means for communication in any part of the world, threats have become less physical but still, have the same scope. Cyber- terrorism has gained relevance in the national security issue of most countries across the globe. Lithuania acknowledges this fact and in the past years it has had a greater importance in the national agenda as a National Security Issue.

It´s estimated that in 2010, around 30% of the world´s population has access to Internet, meaning that the proliferation of Internet is a fact. Unstable countries in South America, Africa and Asia are the ones with a significant growth of Internet users.

Lithuania´s position towards Cyber terrorism is of concern and it calls for a efficient response from the world community. Concern in the way that a new generation from sophisticated cyber-terrorist- including those developing artificial intelligence- is developing new technologies and strategies to carry on attacks. The fact that a neighboring country like Estonia suffered from a cyber-attack who knocked down almost all Estonian government ministry networks and two major Estonian bank networks is generating great concern.

Events like this convinced Lithuania that there is a need for guaranteeing the security of the governmental networks. In this sense, Lithuania supports resolution 64/211 of the general assembly, which aims to create a global culture of Cyber security, and proposes the creation of a League of Cyber security.

Lithuania´s position towards cyber-terrorism is of rejection and to combat this threat, Lithuania has developed a National-Anti-terrorism Program, which is going to be implemented in a 3 months to 2 years period. This program has more than 50 concrete measures or actions, covering the full range of legal, criminal, financial, intelligence and operational mechanisms. A Declaration on Joint Meas- ures by Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in response of terrorist attacks against United States has been issued.

It is clear that Lithuania is willing to cooperate to reduce this threat of cyber-terrorism. Lithuanian authorities are ready to share intelligence with allies and partner countries. Working contacts between the State Security Departments of Lithuania and Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus have been established to join forces and reduce the risk of a cyber attack.

International cooperation among states is the means to achieve this goal. However, it is through multilateral and bilateral forums that Lithuania seeks the exchange of information among states. As leader of this topic area, Lithuania would like to invite all of the delegations present to join this project so it can become a reality and above all, take concrete actions to prevent cyber attacks, instead of waiting for them to happen to take the necessary actions.

Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia

Delegation from Represented by Luxembourg Queens College Position Paper for General Assembly First Committee

Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Taliban originated as a governing force in Afghanistan, but in recent years the regime has spread out to countries all over the Middle East. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg believes that the growth of the Taliban has not only threatened the security of the nation of Afghanistan, but of the global community as well. Luxembourg is in full alignment with the positions taken by the European Union and NATO regarding the handling of the Taliban. Luxembourg supports UN Security Council Resolution 1386, which established the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF.) The ISAF has involved itself in increasingly intensive combat operations throughout Afghanistan against the Taliban since 2006. As a member of the European Union, Luxembourg fully supports Security Council Resolution 1267, which is also known as “the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee.” Reaffirming the cooperation between member states that participated in the deliberations of the Bonn Agreement in Germany, Luxembourg believes that input from all nations around the world is necessary to neutralize the Taliban, as it was exhibited in the Tokyo Conference of 2002, where nations exhibited their commitment to the rebuilding of Afghanistan. Luxembourg supports the Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT) initiative introduced at the Berlin Conference in March 2004. The PRT would strengthen infrastructure in Afghanistan (legitimizing the Afghan National Army and Police Force) as a means to effectively hamper Taliban efforts. Furthermore, Luxembourg believes that if the main source of funding for the Taliban is discontinued, it will be very difficult for the group to function at a high level. Cognizant that the Taliban relies heavily on the drug trade, more specifically, on illicit poppy cultivation, Luxembourg along with EU believe that eradicating poppy fields in Afghanistan could prove to be an effective means of combating the Taliban. Luxembourg supports UN General Assembly Resolution 64/11, which has been effective in reducing opium production (another source of funding for the Taliban) in Afghanistan. Luxembourg is in favor of all United Nations imposed sanctions on the Taliban such as ones mentioned in Resolutions: 1333, 1390, 1455, 1526, 1617, 1735, 1822 and 1904. Luxembourg is committed to continue working with member states to end the threat of the Taliban in Afghanistan.

Delegation from Represented by Luxembourg Queens College Position Paper for General Assembly First Committee

Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism has taken the Global community by storm in the late 20th and 21st century. According to the Computer Crime Research Center, cyberterrorism, defined as “premeditated, politically motivated attack[s] against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups,” affects both developed and developing nations around the world. Noting with deep concern that cyberterrorism mainly targets the political and financial sectors, and as a country renowned for its historical and solid economic growth, low inflation, and low unemployment; Luxembourg supports any protective measures against cyberterrorism. Fully aware of the growing threat posited by cyberterrorism, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is committed to focusing its resources, in alignment with the positions of the EU and NATO, for the further inspection and eventual eradication of terrorist’s misuse of cyberspace. After analyzing existing human and material resources that match to the scale of the issues dealing with cyberterrorism in Luxembourg, a unit of the Grand-Ducal Criminal Investigation Department has been especially assigned the task of cybercrime prevention, even though Luxembourg has never been subject to any threats of cyber attack. Viewing with appreciation the Council of Europe’s Cyberspace, there is an ever- increasing need for international cooperation in protecting human rights and individual freedoms; thus, encouraging the removal of personal and sensitive information from public networks, such as the internet, and limiting the public’s access to certain information. In support of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64/211, Luxembourg affirms its collaboration with other member states in the “creation of a global culture of cyber security and taking stock of national efforts to protect critical information infrastructure. Luxembourg has required providers of the communication sector to retain a certain number of information from the internet through the Law of May 30, 2005; and continues to urge such actions to be taken at multilateral level. Luxembourg further proclaims that acts of terrorism and membership to a terrorist group fall into the category of criminal offenses determined by the Article 135-1 and 135-8 of the Luxembourg Penal Code, which punishes terrorism and financing that increases the use of cyberspace for terrorist acts. As home to Europe’s largest privately-owned broadcast media group, Europe’s largest satellite operator and other fundamental communication systems, Luxembourg is in favor of international efforts to reduce and eventually eliminate cyberterrorism such as: Cyber deference, the removal of sensitive information from the internet, censorship and private security help. Clearly, cyberterrorism is a Global issue and Luxembourg urges the Global community to simultaneously work together to tackle this growing threat.

Delegation: The Republic of Madagascar Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban The Republic of Madagascar is not a primary target for terrorist attacks, but that does not mean that it is immune to terrorist action. The Taliban, al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations tend to utilize the nation as a type of safe-haven. In addition evidence has been brought to light that various terrorist groups have funded charities like the African Muslim Association. To date, there are no national laws or regulations on terrorism, and while border controls and methods of surveillance of aliens and their finances have been introduced, these are very underdeveloped and ineffective. As proof of this, the Malagasy government has received information that several terrorists have taken up residence in Southern Madagascar, including Osama Bin Laden’s brother-in-law, but have not been able to apprehend any of them. Madagascar is worried that these individuals will begin to influence and corrupt the nation’s people, and is willing to do anything to deter the terrorists from further use of the country. Therefore, we ask for financial and technological assistance to establish security detection systems. Following along these lines, the government requests aid in relation to better airport surveillance and security systems. In addition, Madagascar needs support in instituting a framework of laws to combat terrorism. The Malagasy government fears that one of the main attractions for terrorists on its island is the fairly recent discovery of desirable gems including sapphires, rubies, and diamonds. Many of the mines containing these gems have yet to be inventoried. This is particularly true of Ilakaka, which is rumored to be the world’s largest sapphire deposit of real economic value. As a result, it is possible that various terrorists have started using these mines to finance various operations. Therefore, Madagascar would like financial assistance to help secure all of the mines, and gain control over what markets the gems are sold into, thus preventing any profit from falling into the hands of terrorist groups. In order for the Republic of Madagascar to strive to become a more developed country, it needs the financial and technological assistance of other nations. With this assistance, Madagascar seeks to execute the aforementioned goals and do its part to stop the War on Terrorism. Delegation: The Republic of Madagascar Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Madagascar is considered a Least Developed Country, with 70% of its population under the poverty line. There are only two Internet service providers throughout the entire nation, and only six out of every 1000 people have access to the Internet. Therefore, Cyberterrorism is not an immediate threat. However, it is one of the concerns of the future, especially as the nation’s government enters the international arena. Madagascar recognizes the importance of an Internet linked world and is eager to join with other modern nations in this innovative future. Therefore, the Malagasy government requests both financial and technological assistance to improve Internet availability. In order to do so securely, we would like to impose safety guidelines for service providers to adhere to. By implementing these guidelines, Internet lines and information will be secure, and unavailable to Cyberterrorists. Thus, any financial and technological aid that Madagascar receives would go directly to funding a more available and secure Internet service network that would be protected from hackers and potential terrorists.

Harvard Model United Nations Conference 2011

Committee: DISEC

Country: Malawi

School: Case Western Reserve

The rise and development of terrorism in all capacities is of deep concern to the delegation of Malawi. It is the belief of our nation that the international community must act with diligence and efficiency in determining a proper solution to these issues which concern the security of all nations. The delegation of Malawi is adamant in its belief that peace will result only from collaborated efforts of all nations to act cooperatively in order to create sustainable, generational safety in our world.

The Threat of Terrorism and the Taliban:

The continued threat of the Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan to international security is of great concern to the Malawi delegation. In the wake of highly complex international political climate, the position of many nations regarding the eradication of Talibani terrorism has been tied to geography, religion and economic motivations. While aware that nations must protect their own interests, the delegation of Malawi urges the cooperation of all nations in the war on terrorism because grave importance in determining international stability to come. Malawi urges all able nations to help the nation of Afghanistan promote fair government with a developed infrastructure and military allowing for an expansive economic outlook beyond the lucrative trade of drugs. It is the duty of all able nations to provide assistance in defense initiatives against the Taliban. Finally, in the interests of international security, Malawi believes that all able nations are obliged to develop and disseminate all intelligence and resources necessary for defense to less fortunate nations.

The Nation of Malawi is honored to be in attendance at the Disarmament and International Security Committee and is devoted to offer any support within its abilities to solve the problem at hand. We urge all nations to put forth their most creative energies in order to develop much needed solutions.

Harvard Model United Nations Conference 2011

Committee: DISEC

Country: Malawi

School: Case Western Reserve

The Threat of CyberTerrorism:

In an increasingly complex and technologically-dependent world, the threat of cyberterrorism is of high relevance to the international community. It is the position of Malawi that a global effort to eliminate the conceptual premise behind terrorist activity is the responsibility of all nations; an initiative to do so can be the only means toward a consummate solution. In addition, Malawi urges the investment of all able nations toward a security of web and cyberspace. Allocation of international dollars toward a safe internet infrastructure is a necessity in securing economic and political safety in the modern era. Malawi is committed working with nations investing in a new approach to internet security with the intent of aiding progress toward a stable society for the people of our world, free of harm from advanced terrorist organizations.

General Assembly

Delegation: The Republic of Maldives Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Republic of Maldives, is concerned about the position of Taliban in the Afghanistan region. There are a number of unresolved issues that concern the Taliban to date. A number of areas in Afghanistan are still quite fragile and their situation continues to deteriorate. In spite the surge of 2008-2010 the Taliban still has a considerable degree of control or influence in almost half of Afghanistan. Though the collation forces were initially successful, the Taliban was able to regain influence over a great deal of the country by capitalizing on guerilla tactics and discontent with the western forces in the various regions. It is pertinent to note that the foremost reason for Taliban coming into power was due to the help of Pakistan and other foreign powers. Also, there are reports that clearly state that the Pakistan ISI had supported Taliban and is involved in several funding activities. Apart from the funding received from Pakistan the Taliban relies heavily on production of Opium to fund their operations. There are several allegations that the central government of Afghanistan has also benefited financially from the drug trade. In May 2009, the US leadership in Afghanistan changed due to the realization that the situation requires a new approach. In October 2009 Karzai won a highly suspect election, with widespread allegations of voter fraud. It is noteworthy that Taliban is not the only entity that challenges the power of Afghan National Government; there are several warlords in the territory that are not happy with the current scenario. In addition to the above, there are several general problems such as corruption and the incompetency of the Afghan Security Force that have made the situation in Afghanistan appalling. We request the Disbarment and International Security Committee to consider all facets before passing any resolution. We have been recently accused of holding „secret peace talks‟ between the envoys of Afghanistan and the Taliban. We do propagate peace, and would request the Disbarment and International Security Committee to resolve the matter amicably, however we deny hosting the peace talks on our islands. Moreover, we are a pre-dominantly Islamic nation following Sharia law, we understand the philosophy of Taliban, however do not concur with the execution policy adopted by them. We are an Asian country and the threat of Taliban is more than obvious for us. Moreover, Taliban has been targeting Islamic nations, in the past viz. Pakistan, and hence we apprehend that Taliban may attack other Islamic nations inter alia us. Like our President Mohammed Nasheed says “Afghanistan's stability affects the peace and security of our region”. We are willing to give any form of co-operation required from us by the United Nations.

In the past the United Nations has deliberated several attempts to resolve the dispute viz. the Bonn Agreement, the Tokyo Conference, Berlin Conference etc. We personally believe that there are a number of unresolved issues in Afghanistan. We suggest, a twofold solution: (i) strict rules and regulations pertaining to poppy fields. This needs to be coupled with strict implementation; and (ii) lastly, to assist and work with the Afghan Security Force and make it able enough to defend itself. Therefore, Maldives believes that while it is possible for the United Nations to establish a NATO Group, or US funded local group in the area to take care of the situation, it must also work to determine the legitimacy of these groups, the legitimacy of their demands, and any links between those groups and international terrorism. If time permit we will like to touch base on certain ancillary problems in the region of Afghanistan, viz. political instability, corruption etc.

Ms. Mosam Chacha

Representative of Maldives to the Disarmament and International Security Committee

General Assembly

Delegation: The Republic of Maldives Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyber terrorism

The Republic of Maldives is a small peace-loving state, which has always enjoyed a stable political system and has maintained its neutrality for a long time now. We are however, not impervious to cyber-attacks rather our vulnerability to potential acts of terrorism from non- state actors poses serious threats to the stability of our nation. It is our greatest fear that if cyber terrorism continues to grow at this rate then the very people who are distorting Islam will make Maldives the next Afghanistan. We understand that cyber terrorism involves activities that use cyber space and information technology to aid in terrorist activities. We recognize this growing menace and acknowledge the efforts made worldwide to curb the same viz. inter alia the Convention on Cyber crime, the International Criminal Police Organization, which also acts against cyber terrorism. Interpol has collected information concerning cyber crimes to establish a database and has also developed methods to secure communication between parties with a newly developed network. International customary law is not yet fully formed on this issue, but the United Nation Charter and the laws of armed conflict establish certain baseline rules. The International Telecommunications Union: the specialized United Nation’s body that deals with cyber terrorism has been trying to accomplish a security baseline focus group that works to develop a security baseline against which network operators can access their security. Also, it plans to work closely with Interpol by setting up its own cyber police force. It is also allying with organizations working against cyber terrorism like the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Terrorism which is building an early warning system in close cooperation with Interpol and the International Telecommunications Union. We are however forced to admit that these efforts are not enough. The 9/11 attack teach us one thing, it is that we should always consider the entire picture of an overall terrorist threat, rather than view one aspect in isolation. To view a problem with too narrow a perspective is to invite anarchy into our lives. It is our belief that international laws against cyber terrorism need to be further developed. Governments of the various member states should start negotiations to unify all the laws to form an international law on cyber space. If the United Nations were to hold these negotiations, the discussions would not be limited to a few nations rather all stakeholders would be full participants. Governments have the power to legislate and enforce laws, private sectors on the other hand conduct the research and develop information technology; and civil society uses the technology. All three must participate as equal partners. Cyber terrorism threatens not only individual countries, but also the international community at large. Today, a large number of the United Nation memberships comprise of small states. Small states often do not have the resources to defend themselves from the many and varied forms of terrorist threats that may endanger their protection and security. Countries with a stake in evolving legal standards for the use of force in information operations should be prepared to make hard choices. Such countries should aim not only to preserve their own security, but also to set legal precedents that balance the need to use a new kind of force against the considerable, untested risks of doing so. We strongly urge the need of better cooperation among the member countries with the Interpol and International Telecommunications Union.

Ms. Mosam Chacha

Representative of Maldives to the Disarmament and International Security Committee

Delegation: The Republic of Mali Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Mali understands the grave dangers that the Taliban, and international terrorists which the Taliban has been know to harbor, can possess. This threat not only affects our own country, but also the international-community as a whole. Therefore, Mali formally recognizes that international terrorism is a challenge to the peace and security of the international community. However, the causes of terrorism have neither religious nor national origins. While strongly in favor of strengthening the legal arsenal existing to fight international terrorism and the Taliban, including mechanisms of cooperation and assistance technique, Mali also realizes that beyond force and legal regulation root causes are a major part of the phenomenon of terrorism. These root causes can include poverty, massive violations of human rights, intolerance, injustice and impunity. In order for global terrorism to be curbed Mali would support plans of actions that first address the root causes of the Terrorism, as well as world-wide enforcement. Mali backs up the ideology of solving for terrorism through eliminating root causes by agreements in the African Union, which focus on sociography integration to combat the growing triumph of social violence against traditional law enforcement capacities and the magnifying procession of Taliban sympathizers. Though the task of dealing with the Taliban seems daunting, Mali can parallel the situation to its own experience in 1992 when the Republic reached a peace agreement between security forces and armed rebels. We understand the situation with the Taliban seems difficult, but we also know that a peace agreement is possible for the benefit of all parties involved. Furthermore, Mali has long been a supporter of international cooperation on peacekeeping and counterterrorism activities by nations like the United States of America. Mali is gravely concerned by the current situation in the Middle East and fully supports “The Al- Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee” which was established on October 15, 1999 by the Security Council with the adoption of resolution 1267 and its subsequent resolutions. As well as complying with the ordnances mandated by resolution 1267, and ensuring compliance to restrictions to harboring, or assisting members of the Taliban/Al-Qaida; there is to date no evidence to indicate the presence in Malian territory of members of the Al-Qaida organization and/or the Taliban, or individuals associated with them. To date, no such individuals have been formally identified in our country, and there is no proof that the Taliban is conducting activities within Mali. Also, on the international scale Mali would be willing to provide assistance to other States where we feasibly can, particularly in the areas of data and information exchange, mutual judicial assistance, extradition, letters rogatory and experience sharing. Similarly, Mali is also looking to receive assistance from other States in these areas where other States can provide such assistance. Finally, because of the size of our country, Mali cannot, by ourselves, do what is necessary to monitor and secure all of its frontiers to the extent that we would prefer to ensure the continued irradiation of the Taliban and Al-Qaida. Consequently, any training and logistics assistance would be invaluable to improving and strengthening the national capacities in the context of the implementation of the provisions of the Security Council in regard to the Taliban and its suppression. Mali will continue its local and international corporation efforts to secure our own country and abide in full by the regulations of ‘The Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee’ as dictated by the United Nations. Delegation: The Republic of Mali Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Mali takes the same position on cyberterrorism as that of the United Nations, that the internet is a distinctly global medium. Mali is also in compliance with the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy adopted by the United Nations in September 2006, where Member States pledged to coordinate efforts at the international and regional level to counter terrorism in all its forms and manifestations on the Internet and to use the Internet as a tool for countering the spread of terrorism, while recognizing that States may require assistance in this regard, and with the requirement that States do so with due regard to confidentiality, respecting human rights and in compliance with other obligations under international law. Though Mali understands that the definition of cyber-terrorism is up for debate and that the specific definition which states or individuals choose to use will ultimately define the interpretations of ‘cyberterrorism’, Mali also understands that the threat of cyber-terrorism is real and steps must be taken to prevent cyberterrorism. Because terrorists can use the Internet to disrupt the flow of data between computer systems, disseminating information relevant to the advancement of terrorist purposes, and as a means for supporting communities and networks dedicated either to pursuing or supporting acts of terrorism, Mali understands that the Internet is a global entity in which there are, inevitably, regional and international aspect of enforcement. This enforcement is made more difficult because terrorists often use the Internet in a variety of different ways, many of which are indistinguishable from ways in which everyone else uses it. Consequently, Mali understands that the developing security for preventing cyber-terrorism needs not to infringe on individuals or States rights. Mali strongly supports better coordination within States, as well as the sharing of the best practices between States which can most easily be done through continued work with the United Nations and among its member States. Furthermore, Mali would also support the building of a database of research into the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes, more work on countering extremist ideologies, and creation of international legal measures aimed at limiting the dissemination of terrorist content on the Internet through the United Nations. Also, Mali understands that it is conceivable that terrorists could target the entire Internet as oppose to a specific individual or country. Because more governments are moving online, including Mali’s government, and national citizens are becoming increasingly dependent on services with an Internet dimension, the provision of cyber-security has become a matter of national interest to Mali. The harsh reality is that information technology has become a tool for cybercrime and cyberterrorism. Cybersecurity must become a cornerstone of every aspect of keeping Mali and its citizen’s safe. Mali commends the efforts of the United Nations for joining forces to identify ways to combat terrorists’ use of the Internet with Microsoft and Google. Mali fully supports the United Nations and the measures it has enacted to prevent future instances of cyberterrorism and will continue to support and aid the United Nations where it can on the matter of Cyberterrorism. Delegation: Republic of Malta University: University of Leiden Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: Taliban

Malta recognizes the direct danger the Taliban continue to pose to regional peace and stability and the indirect challenge they pose to international security. The Taliban not only undermines the effective control of the Afghan government over its territory, but also hosts the international terrorist organisation Al-Qaeda which contines to pose a threat to international security. The Taliban pose a serious threat to the lives of Afghan citizens and to their enjoyment of human rights. Malta is committed to resist and eliminate the outrageous and horrific attack terrorist activity poses on the everyday order and serenity of life in any society and the right of ordinary citizens to a secure and peaceful life. Malta condemns all terrorist acts and will continue to work in close cooperation with the international community in the global effort to prevent and counter terrorist activity, to bring terrorists to justice and to combat its sponsors. The international community's action against terrorism must be firm and decisive at all times but should remain proportionate and solidly anchored within international and domestic legal frameworks. Malta believes that the root of the problem lies in extremism and extremist organisations that have gained popular support by substituting the State where the State has been unable to provide an adequate social security safety net to its people. In order to counter this problem, intensely pursuing terrorists and the groups or networks supporting terrorist activity is not enough. There is need for steps to further intensify and expand concrete actions which respond to the immediate concerns of citizens thus gaining their trust and replacing the Taliban with an effective and legitimate government. This could involve a policy of strengthening social security systems provided by the State and the elaboration of development assistance, and other action mitigating factors that enable terrorism like poverty, social exclusion, local insecurity and injustice. Also, we should go about banning opium production with caution because it could menace the delicate economic position of the Afghan state and destabilize the Afghan government even further. Malta welcomes the continuing efforts of the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to address the challenges facing Afghanistan in a coherent and comprehensive manner. Malta supports the expansion of political rights and political participation as well as a focus on furthering dialogue with all relevant Afghan and regional stakeholders. Malta believes these elements are essential in the broader strategy to combat terrorism and could undermine the strong position of the Taliban while strengthening the legitimacy of the Afghan government. Malta will continue to promote respect of the International Rule of Law and the civilian role of peace activities like the deployment of police forces and humanitarian assistance rather than the use of military action in the resolution of conflicts. Malta believes that International Rule of law offers the best guarantee of peace and stability in relations between and within states. The United Nations organization and its institutions and agencies must be the foundation of world peace and stability and should thus have a key role in solving the problem.

Position Paper Delegation: Republic of Malta University: University of Leiden Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Recent technological advancements have created fertile ground for the development of terrorist activities that utilize the medium of cyberspace to bring about widespread disruption or destruction. The threat of cyberterrorism has become all the more tangible and palpable in the wake of the global economic crisis; the unanticipated scale of budgetary constraints has led to cost saving measures being implemented at the expense of cyber security. Malta believes that without a global infrastructure to provide an expeditious and effective response to incidents of cyberterrorism, the reduced emphasis on security will create unprecedented opportunities for cyber terrorists to exploit the turmoil caused by the crisis. Accordingly, it is essential that the Disarmament and International Security Committee consider practical and effective means to address the challenges posed by the crime.

The global architecture of networks coupled with the number of agents involved in administrating the systems makes it impossible to combat the problem of cyberterrorism within territorially defined jurisdictions. As a result, coordination amongst states is important to secure the flow of information on a national and international level. One approach to addressing the transnational dimension of cyberterrorism and improving international coordination is the development of a global legal framework to deal with the issue. Malta regards this course of action as a major cooperative endeavor toward the common objective of the Committee to reduce acts of cyberterrorism. It would enable the international community to have the direct legal basis to combat the crime, rather than recourse to treaty interpretation. In addition, Malta believes that it is important to tackle the shortcomings of existing legislation and to promote consistency, coherence and compatibility of laws.

Malta recognizes that despite the ongoing efforts of the international community to prevent and counter cyberterrorism, the investigation of and prosecution of perpetrators remains problematic for many states. Taking into account the need for continuous technical expertise coupled with sustained and ever-expanding development to adequately combat the complexities of the crime, Malta believes that smaller countires are particularly vulnerable to attacks. Therefore, Malta actively supports initiatives designed to increase the cyberdefense capabilities of smaller countries through the implementation of technical assistance and capacity building programs. Malta believes that the United Nations organization, along with its institutions and agencies must be the foundation of world stability and has a crucial role to play in the elimination of cyberterrorist threats.

HARVARD NATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 17-20 FEBRUARY 2011, BOSTON

The Republic of the Marshall Islands

Delegation: The Republic of the Marshall Islands Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban Delegates: Mr. Alessandro Tarantino / Mr. Benedetto Nicosia School: Università degli Studi, Facoltà di Economia, Palermo Italy

The Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI) wishes to express its concern regarding the situation in Afghanistan. Although the coalition forces control most of the Afghanistan since 2002, the Taliban today has still control of many regions in southern and eastern Afghanistan. The Taliban represents a serious threat for international security by hosting terrorist groups like Al-Qaida, but also for Afghanistan’s own security and economic development. The Taliban force farmers to illegally produce opium to fund their terroristic operations. Human rights abuses, especially against women are frequent. The Disarmament and International Security Committee must elaborate effective solutions to the Taliban problem to restore serenity and peace to Afghanistan and freedom and dignity to the Afghan people, after a long time of wars and afflictions.

The RMI is not directly involved in war against Taliban. The Marshall Islands do not have its own military force to support the efforts of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The security and defense of the RMI is guaranteed by the US military forces. However, the RMI, as an independent State, strongly condemns terrorism and people and countries that support it. For these reasons the RMI incorporated within its own legal system laws against terrorism, in order to contrast the activities of terrorists in the RMI. A particular attention was made on money laundering and on all financial activities (bank deposits, securities, business assets, precious commodities, real estate property and other assets) through the KYC (Know Your Customer) and CDD (Customer Due Diligence) programs that are applied to identify both regular and occasional bank or other financial institutions, customers and suspicious financial transactions. The RMI has the ability to identify, detect, freeze, seize, and obtain forfeiture of any funds used or allocated for the purpose of committing any terrorism offense as well as the proceeds derived from such offenses. The RMI thinks that the freedom for Afghan people can derive only from the same Afghan people. For this reason is important that the ISAF strongly supports the young Afghan democracy and trains up the Afghan National Army. To defeat the Taliban it is necessary to cut it funds and so it is necessary to quickly combat the opium production through the Crop Substitution Programs (CSP). Although the CSP are expensive, the international donors must continue their efforts to support them, because these are the only ways to cut funds to the Taliban and to help the Afghan people employed in agricultural sector for 78,6% of the population. The defeat of Taliban passes also through the economic development, that must be an auto-propulsive process. Consequently, the financing of education and microfinance sectors is an additional efforts that the international donors must support to give back freedom to Afghan people. The RMI strongly believes that the UN has a key role in the solution of the Taliban problem: the UN in close coordination with the NATO and the Government of Afghanistan and in accordance with its national development strategy must continue to cooperate with governmental and non- governmental organizations to provide all possible and necessary humanitarian recovery, reconstruction, development, financial, educational, technical and material assistance for Afghanistan. The RMI urges the UN to prevent further violations of human rights, especially of Afghan women. It is fundamental that the UN uses all its own instruments to fight the corruption in the Afghan Government, to give a credible and serious alternative to the Afghan people. HARVARD NATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 17-20 FEBRUARY 2011, BOSTON

The Republic of the Marshall Islands

Delegation: The Republic of the Marshall Islands Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism Delegates: Mr. Alessandro Tarantino / Mr. Benedetto Nicosia School: Università degli Studi, Facoltà di Economia, Palermo Italy

The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) considers cyberterrorism a real threat to peace and security. Today cyberterrorism is a dangerous menace, an attack of cyberterrorists can paralyze a single user, a business or an entire nation in few seconds. To resolve these problems the Disarmament and International Security Committee must rapidly elaborate efficient solutions that, however, preserve the liberty of speech and expression, which are fundamental principles of the United Nations.

The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) has a key role in the cultural and economic global growth, especially for small and isolated countries like the Marshall Islands. Up until today the RMI has not suffered cyberterrorists attacks also because the national development of ICT is low. However, Mr. Kenneth A. Kedi (Minister of Trasportation and Communications) sustained at the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference 2010 in Mexico, that the development of ICT is a pillar of the RMI future growth policy. The RMI is sure that investing in ICT is the only way to reduce the physical distances between the RMI and the rest of the world. For these reasons the RMI started a collaboration with National Telecommunications Authority and the United States to improve the existing services with the aim to enlarge the number of users of the ICT and to cut the existing tariffs. The RMI is an active member of the Pacific Islands Chapter of the Internet Society and of International Telecommunication Union.

The RMI has repeatedly affirmed the need of international cooperation against threats in the sphere of ICT security in order to combat the criminal misuse of information technology and to create a global culture of cybersecurity and to promote other essential measures that can reduce risk. No State is able to address cyberterrorism alone. The RMI thinks that all countries should adopt and implement the established set of tools set forth in the UN resolutions 64/211 of 17 march 2010 to tackle cyberterrorisme: identify national-level computer incident response capacity, identify networks and processes of international cooperation that may enhance incident response and contingency planning, identify the Government agency that serves as the coordinator for incident management, to determine the current status of national cybercrime authorities and procedures, including legal authorities and national cybercrime units, and the level of understanding among prosecutors, judges and legislators of cybercrime issues. Two are the possible solutions to cyberterrorism. The first solution is to improve the existent cyberspace, software and hardware in order to make them more cyberattack resistant. This is not the easiest way to tackle cybercrime, knowing that cyberterrorists are very able in cracking defensive systems. The latter solution is to study and realize a new conception of internet that combines security and democracy with speed and affordability. Stanford University was currently researching a new structure for internet with the project “Clean Slate” which should render internet more secure, but also with less privacy than the “old” internet.

Given the pervasiveness of information systems and networks in modern societies, the RMI thinks that security should be implemented consistent with the values recognized by democratic societies, including the freedom to exchange thoughts and ideas, the free flow of information, the confidentiality of communication, the protection of personal information, openness and transparency.

David Brush - Mauritania Case Western Reserve University

Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban Mauritania takes the threat of terrorism very seriously, particularly concerned with the Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), a terrorist group that has been in direct conflict with Mauritania numerous times. It is suspected that the AQIM engages in illicit activity, including money laundering, across Mauritania's borders. Mauritania has recently been working with the United States to combat terrorism in the region. It is for these reasons prudent for Mauritania to oppose negotiations with the Taliban. A flourishing relationship with China, however, puts Mauritania in a position where it must be cautious when catering to United States interests. Recently, there have been several major drug arrests in Mauritania involving AQIM members, and Mauritania would support the reduction of Afghan opium reduction which might be supporting AQIM. David Brush - Mauritania Case Western Reserve University Disarmament and International Security

Topic B: Cyberterrorism Approximately 1.4% of Mauritanians regularly access the Internet, mostly served by cybercafes. In terms of telephone communication, 70% of the population have cell phone access, while 2% have access to landlines. Journalists in Mauritania avoid covering issues deemed sensitive, for fear of government repercussions. Sensitive issues include the military, foreign diplomacy, corruption, and Islamic law. Additionally, the government has taken action against websites which include both legal proceedings and cyberattacks (e.g. website defacing or government hacktivism). There are reports that cybercafes in Mauritania are required to provide intelligence services with transcripts of all email sent and received from their locations. In light of these past actions, Mauritania would be in favor of strong content regulation, as well as monitoring communications protocols. Given this strong approach to regulation of telecommunications infrastructure which may not be in line with common policy around the globe, Mauritania should be very cautious in working with other countries that adopt a more liberal stance towards the Internet. However, in light of the recent unrest in Tunisia which was facilitated by releases from document leaking website Wikileaks, Mauritania might have some leverage in negotiating with the United States against a common enemy. In general, protocols which will ensure that the Internet and cellular infrastructure remain easy to be manipulated by the government will be of greater concern than securing its infrastructure from outside attacks. Delegates: Shaza Elsheshtawy and Christopher Allaire School: Ithaca College Country: The United Mexican States Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic 1: The Taliban

The United Mexican States expresses deep concern for the current unstable situation in Afghanistan. Mexico is particularly concerned about the challenges the Afghan National government faces from the Taliban, which undermines the national government’s authority over and legitimacy within the immensely diverse Afghan nation. The October 2009 terrorist attacks on a United Nations building in the center of Kabul in which dozens of people and five UN members were killed is an example of the instability within the country that particularly alarms Mexico. The government of Mexico, through the foreign ministry, most vigorously condemns attacks of this nature in Afghanistan and reiterates its repudiation of acts of violence as a way of conducting a political fight. Mexico also states its support for the efforts of the Afghan government and the United Nations to guide Afghanistan towards stability. The renewal of the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) demonstrates the commitment of the international community in bringing about the reconstruction of Afghanistan. UNAMA does this by coordinating international efforts aimed at ensuring that the Afghan government is adequately empowered to discharge fully its responsibilities for security, development, national reconciliation and regional cooperation. Mexico would like to call attention to the need for UNAMA to intensify its efforts to strengthen the Afghan government by focusing on three main areas: strengthening the government’s capacity to coordinate with the international community, supporting national elections in Afghanistan by means of the Independent Electoral Commission, and lastly aiding in the implementation of Afghan reconciliation programs. The Mexican government would also like to draw special attention to the instability and insecurity caused by the illicit growth and trafficking of drugs. Afghanistan’s poppy fields not only fuel the world wide opium trade, but also the Taliban’s insurgency, and this continues to hamper progress in Afghanistan and destabilize the region. Mexico can especially identify with this because our nation faces drug-related violence on a daily basis. Since 2006, some 28,000 people have died in Mexico due to drug-cartel related violence. Our full support of UN resolutions adopted by the General Assembly with regard to the situation in Afghanistan, most notably resolution 64/11 that addresses the prevalence of opium production in Afghanistan, reiterates our commitment to implementing stability in the region. The United Mexican States is looking forward to working closely with UN member states, in particular the South American bloc, to facilitate diplomacy on the issue of the Taliban in Afghanistan. We would like to use all means necessary in order to not only recognize that this is a timely and pertinent global concern, but also to facilitate innovative multilateral discussion on the matter. Delegation: Federated State of Micronesia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Taliban for a number of years after the Soviet Union backed out of Afghanistan were left to consolidate their power and take over Afghanistan turning the country into a stronghold and harbour for international terrorists. This issue was either overlooked or ignored up until the events of September 11, 2001 when the world community finally turned its eyes upon the country and decided to address the growing tensions present in Afghanistan. With the invasion of

Afghanistan in late 2001 the Taliban government was deposed and a new western style government was put into place as the beginnings of a new future for the country. However, the country still faces a great many problems. One such problem is that most of its economy is still based on the sale of opium around the world. Moreover, security in the southern half of the country is still a very unsteady thing, the differences linguistically, religiously, and culturally within Afghanistan’s borders, corruption within the government and the status of the Afghan defence forces are all major issues presently facing NATO and the country of Afghanistan.

To be frank, the issue of the Taliban themselves holds little bearing on many small nations like the Federated State of Micronesia because as such a small nation we have little to no real high value targets and have little trouble with terrorism within our own borders. We understand, though, the importance of fighting terrorism in other countries more vulnerable or more often targeted and will support any resolution made by or supported by the United States of

America as we have close economic ties and the defence of our nation is completely covered by them.

Delegation: Federated State of Micronesia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area B: Cyber Terrorism

Cyber terrorism is a threat to peace and security, it has the potential to endanger lives, cripple government operations as well as disrupt economic progress; particularly for developing countries like ourselves that do not have the infrastructure or capability to develop a sophisticated cyber defence system like that of the United States of America.

Cyber Terrorism is broad issue that involves all sorts of different issues and security threats all traced back to computers. These issues range from simple online recruitment of terrorists, to the spreading of terrorist propaganda through online methods, to hacking into private, commercial, or governmental databases to steal valuable information or money to support terrorist operations, or to plant viruses or damage systems to disrupt or shut down entirely the computer systems needed to combat these cyber-terrorists. International securities as well as financial losses are threatened if this issue is not resolved.

The Federated State of Micronesia believes that there needs to be international cooperation in developing a system to deal with the threat of cyber terrorism. Currently the responsibility of our national security and defence is entrusted to the United States of America as we have a history of cooperation with the USA and its policies. In the event a solution is proposed to cyber terrorism we the Micronesian Islands will continue to put our trust and faith in the decisions of the United States of America and will vote according to the resolutions supported by said nation.

Disarmament Committee

Topic A: The Taliban

Paul Avolese, Merrimack College

Moldova 2011

Al-Qaeda is a terrorist organization that formed in the late 1980s composed of Muslim extremists that look to instill their beliefs on the world, using any means necessary to do so. They are most noted for using acts of terrorism in order to spread their message of global Jihad. The attacks that Al-Qaeda made on the United States on September 11, 2001 caused the U.S. to call for a War on Terror with the hopes of eradicating terrorist groups in order to make the world a safer place. Many nations have joined the U.S. in the War on Terror and have fought for a more unified world with less conflict.

Being a part of the United Nations, Moldova is also obligated to fight the War on Terror. The war is something that Moldova supports, given its political history both internally and externally. Moldova has always been a nation that has struggled with political independence. From early on, people going between Europe and Asia constantly passed it through. It was then under the control of the Ottoman Empire before being handed over to the Russian Empire. Moldova continued to be a satellite of the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War before it finally gained its independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This allowed Moldova to form its own system of government, which has gone through some trial and error, but has emerged as a Unitary Parliamentary Representative Democratic Republic.

Communists have been in power, but currently, the Liberal Democratic Parties of Moldova hold the most seats in Parliament, and they look to create better relations with European nations with the hopes of joining the European Union. Moldova tries to keep good relations with Russia and other eastern European nations and sees compromise as the way of the future. Terrorism is the last thing that Moldova would want to get involved in, as it is still a young nation in terms of independence, but understands that if it wants the support of other countries, it must pay its dues. Therefore, defeating Al-Qaeda is a concern of Moldova and it will do all that it can to help its allies.

Delegation: The Republic of Moldova

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Moldova considers cyberterrorism to be a considerable threat to global security and stability. Cyberterrorism can compromise a nation’s communications systems or lead to the acquisition of information that can be used in a physical attack or to further terrorists’ agendas. Such information could include building plans, bank accounts, or a particular facility’s emergency plans. Terrorists can also launch websites to showcase their beliefs, magnify their actions, and reach a greater number of people with their messages. It is pertinent that cyberterrorism be addressed by the Disarmament and International Security Committee because the issue itself is still vaguely defined and currently, most nations’ ability to withstand and defend against these cyber attacks is extremely weak.

The first action of this committee regarding cyberterrorism should be to establish parameters as to what classifies as cyberterrorism. A common definition is activities, involving politically motivated actions, which use cyberspace and information technologies to further aid in terrorist activities. It should also be established that cyberterrorism is different from cybercrime. While both are similar, and involve similar methods, cybercrimes are not politically motivated. However, since many acts of cybercrimes involve cyberterrorism, it is pertinent to address the former when discussing the latter. When determining the parameters of cyberterrorism, it is necessary to recognize that not all cyberterrorism occurs through the internet. In Africa, for example, cyber attacks are concentrated on the communications industry.

In determining governance regarding cyberterrorism, the Republic of Moldova believes that the Convention on Cybercrime, created by the Council of Europe, should be used as a foundation for further international cooperation and governance concerning cyberterrorism. Originally created in 2001 to address threats on the internet, the Convention suggested a list of offenses that should be punishable by law (including child pornography, illegal data interception, computer-related forgery, and computer-related fraud), encouraged member states to grant their domestic law enforcement officials the authority to prosecute these crimes, and begin international cooperation with regards to these matters. While the Convention is primarily European, several other states have signed on, including the United States, Japan, South Africa, and Canada.

The Republic of Moldova believes that the Convention on Cybercrime would be an excellent foundation for international governance on cyberterrorism. Because cybercrimes can involve cyberterrorism, several offenses regarding cyberterrorism have already been discussed. We proposed that this Committee use the topics already addressed by the Convention, in addition to the international cooperation on the issue the Convention has fostered in establishing further governance on cyberterrorism. There are many concerns regarding cyberterrorism that were either not addressed or not resolved by the Convention. It is the job of this committee to not only address these concerns, which include censorship, state-sponsored cyberterrorism, and the world-wide vulnerabilities in cyberspace infrastructures, but to arise at a method of international governance that will serve to protect all nations from the threats of cyberterrorism.

Position Paper

Delegation: Principality of Monaco

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic Area B: Cyber terrorism

The State of Monaco pays much attention to the issue of cyber terrorism on a global scale. The state considers methods that should be used to fight with this kind of crime. Cyber terrorism, that contains elements of political motivation, is dangerous to not only one single country, but also to the whole world, as globalization and internet makes the world flat. The current problem of political motivated cyber crime is troubling, because it is difficult to investigate crime origin, while the number of incidents is growing and getting more and more sophisticated. Monaco’s position to the problem of preventing radical elements and terrorism from gaining further influence through cyberspace is to make efforts to build a strong cyber security infrastructure, to prevent important sector of economy from harm using both resources of private companies and government, to tight international cooperation, respecting human right and freedom of speech. To prevent and minimize consequences of cyber terrorism, the State of Monaco considers some solutions. 1. Built tight international cooperation 2. Make progress on law reform and enforcement by enacting procedural law covering cyber terrorism 3. Support and encourage private organizations to fight against cyber terrorism 4. Keep control of sensitive information on internet with respect to free speech In international cooperation on the issue of cyber terrorism must be full sharing of information and resources. In case of identifying new harmful virus, worms as Stuхnet and finding ways of struggling with them in one country, the other countries need to be informed to minimize risk of infection. Big countries can enhance their own cyber security by assisting developing countries on increasing their resources and improving their capacity. Moreover, it is important for countries to pursue such objectives as harmonize penal codes to establish illegal access, illegal interception and interference in information data as crimes; establish procedural measures adapted for digital media. Private organizations, which consist of mostly crackers, are playing more and more important role of preventing cyber terrorism. But it has to be kept in mind that while fighting successfully with terrorists, these groups can go too far and lead to limited freedom of speech, so nations would have to consider how to keep them in control.

Mongolia Disarmament and International Security Committee Taliban

Despite the influence of other larger countries Mongolia has managed to establish a unique cultural, political and social identity since gaining independence in 1945. This identity has shaped its views on internal and international issues, particularly after the Democratic Revolution of 1990. This Democratic Revolution inspired a series of changes in Mongolia, including the transition to a Parliamentary Republic, the introduction of a new constitution, and the conversion to a market economy. Most importantly, however, the nation became unified after a 70-year period of socialism in the region. Given Mongolia’s past history with the de facto rule and influence of nations such as China and the Soviet Union, Mongolia recognizes the struggle associated with the Taliban’s current de facto rule in several Middle Eastern nations. The Taliban currently operates from many areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but its influence and power stretches across the entire Middle East. The Taliban’s rule in the Middle East has proven detrimental to the development of the nations in the Middle East, stalling the peace process and precluding economic growth in the region. Furthermore, the Taliban poses a direct threat to all nations through their encouragement of violence and disregard for the peacemaking process. The United Nations has already taken action on this issue in resolutions 64/11 and 63/18, which called for peace in the Middle East and the removal of the Taliban’s unjustified rule over the Middle East. While these resolutions have initiated the process of expelling the Taliban, the United Nations still has an obligation to find a permanent solution. Mongolia fully supports the removal of the Taliban from the Middle East to establish longstanding peace in the Middle East and, consequently, across the world.

Cyberterrorism

Although only 13 per cent of Mongolians have internet access, Mongolia’s close proximity to highly internet-dependent nations such as China and Russia creates significant concern for the imminent threat of cyberterrorism. In 2003, Mongolia established bilateral talks with Japanese officials, and both nations agreed to combat any form of terrorism. Cyberterrorism certainly marks no exception to this policy, and Mongolia continues to extend as much help as possible to all nations that are combating cyberterrorism. As Mongolia continues to develop and expand its economy, the nation grows more and more dependent on the internet and, subsequently, more dependent on relations with China and Russia, which boast internet usages of 23 and 32 per cent, respectively. Mongolia will do all it can to ensure that the leaps made in the past two decades after the Democratic Revolution will not be annulled by the current threat of cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorist attacks have already occurred throughout the world in nations such as the United States, Ukraine, and Estonia. The only nation, however, that has taken serious precautions to combat and prevent cyberterrorism is the United States. Mongolia urges all nations, particularly developed nations, to establish units specifically targeting cyberterrorism. If action is not taken now toward prevention, the cost of recuperating from a potential attack would prove detrimental to the global community, not only the country in which the attack occurs. Therefore, Mongolia respectfully urges nations to consider the potential threat of cyberterrorism and take action accordingly now rather than later.

Delegation:Montenegro Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban has been alarming several countries in the past years, including

Montenegro since 1996. From the beginning, the Taliban has been involved in civil and international wars, such as Afghanistan War (2001-now) and Waziristan War. While the

Taliban has power over some countries, the population that lives in them are not allowed to watch television, use the internet or even have access to daily activities such as kite flying and weather forecast services. The organization does not respect workers and civilian human rights, and, in addition, the terrorist group Al Qaeda is their ally.

Montenegro along with the European Union recognizes the Taliban as a terrorist group. However, this ex-Yugoslavian nation has other reasons to fear the organization.

Recently independent, Montenegro has other priorities before handling the terrorism. Among these concerns, there is the necessity of create and improve the government mechanisms and take care of the economy transition that the country has been undergoing since the end of the

Yugoslavian Wars. Besides, the ethnical composition of Montenegro makes the Taliban’s action easier since the nation is formed by several minorities. When any of these groups elects the president, for example, the Taliban find allies in the non-represented minorities.

Montenegro as been a recent country, has, not only to improve its economy and internal issues, but also find a way to push away the Taliban from its border using the help of its

European neighbors.

Delegation:Montenegro Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

With the constant development of technology, Montenegro along with various other nations all over the world becomes more and more dependent on the Internet and its information. The increase of its use and its need made it possible for any kind of information to be found on websites, also turning expressions such as cyberterrorism more frequent in our vocabulary. Montenegro is one of the nations that are trying to combat and prevent cyberattacks that affects the world of politics and religion. One of the most effective solutions to combat cyberterrorism is to assure that nations work together on the promotion of treaties of mutual cooperation along with the aid of worldwide organizations. Simultaneously, countries have to provide their own juridical and technical infrastructure, which will give an immediate response in case of occasional attacks. It is clear that no government can stop cyber threats alone and a response could increase the amount of threats and turn it more vulnerable to bigger attacks.

Montenegro recognizes the necessity of collaboration between governments, companies, transnational and specialists in cybersecurity. The International Multilateral Partnership

Against Cyber Threats (IMPACT) is a solution that has been helping nations since May, 20th

2009. Following the example of IMPACT, Montenegro suggests that other programs and initiatives to prevent and combat cyberterrorism should be created. And also, the country believes that programs like IMPACT should have more support due to its effectiveness. We hope that these organizations continue to help dealing with this issue so that will no longer be a problem to the world.

Emily Kidd & Nicole Bard General Assembly: DISEC Position Paper: Morocco

Topic A: The Taliban As a primarily Islamic country and a long-term ally of the United States, Morocco is very concerned with matters concerning the Taliban. Many international investigations have linked Moroccan suspects to Al Qaeda. According to, Morocco: the Islamist awakening, by Marvine Howe, most of the Moroccans arrested in connection with Al Qaeda were living abroad. They had been recruited and were living in European cities. Howe points out, that the first suspect held in the United States on charges of involvement in the September 11 attacks, was a French Moroccan. However, the Moroccan public is appalled by the connections between Morocco and extremist groups, such as Al Qaeda. Morocco’s citizens, as well as our government does not support these extremists and we want the world to know that we are a peaceful country with practicing Islamists who do not support the fanatics who have disgraced both our religion, and our country. We do not want to be viewed as another Algeria and do not wish or anticipate a civil war such as theirs. The leader of our Islamist party, Abdelillah Benkiran, stated, “Morocco is not Algeria and never will be… We moderate Islamists are part of the political landscape and form a wall against the radicals.” King Mohammed VI has promoted significant initiatives to counter extremism and dissuade individuals from becoming radicalized. Our country does not need the assistance of the international community, as the Moroccan government is perfectly equipped to deal with the potential threat of extremists within our country. Morocco has not and will not support terrorist organizations and has voted continuously in the UN in favor of human rights bills, including the Human Rights and Terrorism resolution.

Emily Kidd & Nicole Bard General Assembly: DISEC Position Paper: Morocco

Topic B: Cyber Terrorism Morocco has been at the cutting edge of the fight against cyber terrorism. In 2005, the ATA began its support for the interagency Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Initiative, which aims to strengthen regional counterterrorism capabilities and cooperation in the Sahel and Maghreb states of Algeria and Morocco. Since then, Moroccan investigators have provided support to both the FBI and Microsoft investigators to pursue leads associated with a Moroccan citizen suspected of disturbing the Zotob and Mytob internet worms. The worms infected the networks of dozens of international companies, including CNN, The New York Times, and ABC. The investigation led to an arrest and since then the Morocco has established its own task force that is dedicated to countering and responding to cyber terrorism. One of the most notorious cyber terrorists in the world, Younis Tsouli (Terrorist 007) was originally from Morocco. He had ties to Al Qaeda and is suspected to have been feeding information and linking the wider network of Al Qaeda through his hacking capabilities. He was able to conduct all of this from his apartment in London, and was only caught due to phone records linking him to a terrorist plot that was intercepted in West London. He was a major played in the world of cyber terrorism, but since his arrest the number of extremist websites has been growing daily. The newly established Moroccan task force feels that they are ready to help discover and disarm cyber terrorists and will be working to do so with all of our country’s allies.

Delegation: Myanmar Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar recognizes the Taliban as a threat to not only the Middle East, but to the entire global community. Terrorist attacks claimed by the Taliban have been executed in America, Russia, and the United Kingdom, among others. Our nation is not unfamiliar with the large-scale exploits of relatively small terrorist groups. For years, groups such as the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - a band of militant Indian separatists - have operated out of bases along the India-Myanmar border. Our government, ever-concerned with both domestic and interstate security in South Asia, has continuously worked to drive out organizations such as the ULFA. Recent developments concerning the Taliban in India are particularly troubling for Myanmar, and fuel our nation’s zeal for eliminating terrorist threats close to home. The violent extremism for which the Taliban is known should not be tolerated in any form or at any level. Innocents are dying due to the beliefs of a small contingency and the Republic of the Union of Myanmar is relentless in its pursuit of preventing uprisings that lead to extremist violence. It is no secret that the illicit cultivation and trade of opium is a huge asset to the financial needs of the Taliban. Regretfully, Myanmar is among the most prominent producers of opium in the world. However, a resolution putting pressure on the global opium market could be a two-fold blessing - crippling the Taliban’s resources and potentially lessening the appeal of growing and trafficking opium in Myanmar.

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Myanmar acknowledges cyberterrorism as a continuously overlooked threat to global stability. A recent meeting of the World Economic Forum placed cybersecurity among the top five global “risks to watch,” including demographic challenges, resource scarcity, globalization retrenchment, and weapons of mass destruction. All nations, developed and developing, are interconnected by an ever-expanding cyber infrastructure, which is as susceptible to attack as our world’s citizens themselves. Between October and November of 2010, days prior to our nation’s first election in two decades, a massive distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack on the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication left our nation effectively cut off from the Internet. Consistent packet rates of 10 to 15 Gbps rendered the 45 Mbps main feed to the nation useless. Aside from blemishing one of our nation’s proudest moments in its recent political history, the attack exposed a need for our nation, alongside many nations worldwide, to address this issue. Myanmar is principally concerned with the preservation of national security and integrity. Our government utilizes strict maintenance of our country’s public and private Internet communications to best defend against cyberterrorism. As part of a global community which relies so heavily upon Internet telecommunications and infrastructure, Myanmar will ceaselessly work to combat cyberterrorism worldwide and promote increased cybersecurity for all nations. Delegation : The Republic of Namibia Committee : Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A : The Taliban

The Republic of Namibia sees that Taliban is a serious threat especially to human security. Taliban that has a close relationship with Al – Qaeda and they both have the same mission which is to fight against United States of America and this issue has invited the international attention. The Republic of Namibia believes that there should not be any cooperation between the United Nations and the Taliban. Bargaining with the Devil, there are five areas to be focused on before signing an agreement with “the Devil”, which in this case is the Taliban. They are the parties’ prioritized interests, their best alternative to a negotiated agreement, the potential negotiated outcomes, the probability of implementation and the direct and indirect costs of negotiation. Here, the Republic of Namibia does not see any mutual interests between the United Nations and the Taliban. There is not a basis to their cooperation, as they do not share a common goal. Thus, it is very hard to predict any outcomes, construct an alternative to the agreement, fore see any probability of implementation and to speculate the direct and indirect costs of negotiation. The Republic of Namibia is also convinced that there should be some cooperation between the United Nations and the warlords and the local militias so as to ensure peace and stability in the country. The UN, however, must supervise the agreement wisely and closely as Afghanistan had once been on the bottom two of the most corrupt countries in the world, above Somalia. In addition, the warlords and the local militias rule in certain parts of Afghanistan and thus it is easier to aid the citizens through these means than the government. Drug trade and opium production is the main source of income for Taliban. The Republic of Namibia would like to persuade every state to cooperate and stop this action. We are not just fighting against the Taliban, but we are also fighting against time. So, in this case, immediate actions should be taken. UN should step-up the enforcement especially at the borders and to pressurized the government intervention to pay attention especially to the civilization and farmers to stop the poppy cultivation and one of the effective way is to subsidized them. The national army is still not suited to handle the national condition, international intervention is needed. United Nations should prepare the national army but one point to underline which is, United Nations must make sure there is no rebel involved even they impersonate as national army. Moreover, The Republic of Namibia believes that the best way to eradicate corruption is to erase the culture of corruption on the society. This could be done through education from an early age to cultivate the right values. This may hardly work in a country that has been filled with corrupt government thus as of today, the suitable way is to implement stricter regulations than before regarding corruption with higher punishment, if necessary. Besides, the UN can send a representative to help the government in order to restructure the cabinet and to minimize the possibilty of corruption as well. This mechanism has already been applied in Singapore and it works very well. The UN, however, need to supervise the regulation wisely and closely as Afghanistan had once been on the top two of the most corrupt countries in the world, above Somalia. Delegation : The Republic of Namibia Committee : Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B : Cyber terrorism

The Republic of Namibia strongly believes that cyber terrorism as one of the serious threat faced by the world today. Advancing technology, which encourages the activities beyond border, may also create vulnerability to cyber security. The actors, known as cyber terrorists, maliciously utilize the information technology to disseminate fear worldwide. In the globalized society, this particular action has been really eased to be initiated which definitely causes harm to the victim. It clearly indicates that the peace and security have been badly affected by cyber terrorism. In regard with this point of view, The Republic of Namibia considers cyber terrorism is no longer an internal problem, instead, it requires international effort to deal with this issue. Therefore, the Disarmament and International Security Committee should comprehensively address the dynamic of cyber terrorism. As a country under threatened by cyber terrorism,The Republic of Namibia urges the high concern from states to put the proper action into force. Working on that issue, Namibia highlights the implementation of content control and international cooperation. Content control is fully perceived as the most possible resort in order to prevent terrorism in cyber space since it provides limitation for internet users to cyber world. Nonetheless, the content control designs an obstacle in which the restriction could possibly infringe the freedom of information technology. The Republic of Namibia deeply affirms information and communication technology (ICT) is an effective way to spread the information for the society regarding the enhancement of knowledge. Communication Bill in Namibia shows the revolution ICT industry and provides the effective legal framework of telecommunications, broadcasting, and postal services through a new independent and autonomous regulatory authority for Namibia. Hence, The Republic of Namibia may not support the content control to the extent of inaccessibility of information technology. In terms of international cooperation, The Republic of Namibia requires international action to construct the solid infrastructure. Lack of infrastructure and reliable resources for technology vehemently hinder the management of cyber security. Thus, The Republic of Namibia reiterates the collective action to fight against the global enemy. There is no more doubt to discern cyber terrorism as a global problem. Cyber terrorist does not merely include one single state in its action. Therefore, The Republic of Namibia highly recommends the cooperation among states in any form. Referring to the OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism, for instance, states should promote the exchange of information and expertise on terrorist acts and establish data bases for the collection and analysis of information and data on terrorist elements. That kind of mechanism certainly encourages countries to build a strong basis in facing cyber terrorism.

Delegation: Republic of Nauru Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban is a threat to Afghanistan and the surrounding region, and plays a large role in the affairs of at least half of Afghanistan.i In 2001, the United States and the British military forces bombed the Taliban in Afghanistan, temporarily crushing the Taliban. The Taliban persisted to bring trouble to the region. In 2006, violent anti US protests surfaced after a US military vehicle killed civilians in Kabul and the Taliban forces planned a large offensive. Trouble continued as the Taliban attacked the Indian Embassy in Kabul that same year.ii Nauru believes that there should be cooperation and negotiation with the Taliban to ensure regional security. There needs to be a dialogue between the western world and the Taliban to understand its reasoning and to eventually moderate it and be part of its political process.iii Peaceful dialogue would aim toward democracy and rule of law while at least curbing anti-Western sentiment. Another option is for the Afghans to train with the Nauruans. In 2010, Afghan militia fighters were flown to Australia to train with its special forces “in a contentious new strategy against the Taliban insurgency.”iv This would strengthen military operations against the Taliban and Nauru can work with Australia to continue training Afghanis. Australian forces captured Nauru in 1914 and after World War II, Nauru became a UN Trust Territory under Australia until it became an independent republic in 1968.v Further, Nauru has a history of supporting Afghanis. In 2001, Nauru allowed 310 Afghani refugees to stay in the country.vi Nauru will continue to welcome refugees from Afghanistan and neighboring regions, to help them with their basic needs and to assimilate them into the new culture. This could begin negotiations between Nauru and the Western powers with the Taliban. Nauru will also negotiate with the local militias and the warlords. If there is a better understanding of the opponent, their culture, language, and interpretations of Islam, then there would be more culturally-informed campaigns on the Taliban. NATO has been heavily invested in the situation and the war in the Middle East has been long and costly. To sustain security, the Afghan national Army should be trained by NATO to put the Afghanis in control of the state of affairs. Thus, NATO can eventually leave the country. It should, however, maintain influence over the region which would help curb corruption. The recently discovered mineral deposits in Afghanistan make the country much more strategically important and corruption is a priority. The eradication of poppy fields should be neither rapid nor a complete elimination. Harvesting a different crop would allow the Afghanis to look positively on the West, combat corruption and maintain the GDP. Tapping into the mineral deposits, worth $1 trillion, would transform Afghanistan’s economy.vii Meanwhile, Afghanistan can negotiate with the World Bank for financial and technical assistance while also receiving help from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to make policies against the opium trade. Nauru would look for a resolution that would promote negotiation between the western powers and the Taliban in order to form a dialogue, leading to an acquired role of the West to have some influence in the political process of Afghanistan. There will also be negotiation with the warlords and the local militias but with very low tolerance of any violence. Nauru will not accept a resolution that forces anything upon the country for that would increase anti-Western sentiment and violence. Nauru would also favor a resolution with the slow eradication of poppy fields when there is another method of revenue for the country. The elimination of drug trading would minimize corruption in Afghanistan. Delegation: Republic of Nauru Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban i Brown, Matt. “Diggers Cornered in Afghan Ring of Fire - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation).” ABC.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corp, 10 Aug. 2009. Web. 26 June 2010. ii “Timeline: War in Afghanistan . NOW on PBS.” PBS. May 2010. Web. 22 June 2010. iii Snedden, Christopher. “Pakistan, the Taliban and Australia.” Nautilus Institute at RMIT. 2008. iv Benitez, Jorge. “Anti-Taliban Militia Receives Training in Australia.” Atlantic Council. 2010. v “Background Note: Nauru.” Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. January 2011, Web. vi “New Zealand and Nauru to take 460 Refugees at Sea.” The New York Times. September 2001. Web. January 2010 vii Risen, James. “U.S. Identifies Vast Mineral Riches in Afghanistan.” The New York Times. June 2010. Web. January 2010. Delegation: Republic of Nauru Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism is an issue that by its very nature affects the globe. It is a threat that can have catastrophic ramifications for national security in the sharing of sensitive information and terrorist propaganda. Cyberterrorism is different from other forms of terrorism because a cyber attack can occur from anywhere in the world and do just as much, if not more, damage to a countries infrastructure. National infrastructures have been attacked and greatly disrupted, causing a loss in the nations’ functionality. Terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda have been able to set up their sites in countries that allow them to be hosted regardless of political orientation. These organizations use host countries to remain covert while broadcasting their recruitment propaganda. The people of Nauru are very concerned about the growing threat of cyberterrorism as a remote island in the Pacific. In 2009, Nauruans for the first time ever were able to make mobile calls and access the internet due to its distance from the Asian and Australian continents. Because Nauru recently received the internet and due to Nauru’s remote location, Nauruans are concerned about the potential for the island to become a terrorist haven. Nauru believes that while technology should be shared between nations to stop the sharing of sensitive information and propaganda, the United Nations must also protect national sovereignty. While thwarting the plans of terrorists is the ultimate goal, we must do so in a way that does not infringe on ours or any other nations sovereignty, for too much regulation of the internet can lead to insufficient debate and inadequate freedom. Cyber deterrence, the idea of a group of states retaliating for a received attack in a counter attack of equal magnitude, must be addressed in a subsequent resolution. Nauru believes that it is proper for governments to use advanced forensic technologies that can trace the attackers and prevent them from doing anything harmful, however it is concerned with how to address less benevolent governments.i Through international cooperation and assistance while respecting political borders, the threat of unified attack and retaliation could pose to be both a cost effective and safe approach to combating cyberterrorism. The nation of Nauru is a republic that respects the voices of its citizens. Nauru believes that freedom of speech is sacred, but Nauru will not support websites that actively aid terrorist organizations. Nauru reasons that indiscriminately purging websites could lead to the infringement of this right and be counterproductive for world citizens. We believe that the international community must come up with a resolution that aims to thwart cyberterrorists in a way that does not interfere with any nations existing laws and clarifies what constitutes an act of cyberterrorism, and suggests that emphasis be placed on regional cooperation and decision. The nation of Nauru will support no resolution that aims to outright ban websites of any kind, as Nauru believes this counterproductive to the cause, yet moderates that sensitive information must be removed from the Internet by its originating sources and departments. The Convention on Cybercrime held in 2004 was the first effort of the international community to address the malicious threats of the internet.ii Currently 15 states have signed and ratified the convention, while another 28 have signed, but not ratified the convention.iii Nauru believes we must hold a session in the United Nations similar to the Convention on Cybercrime in order to achieve unified international support for cybercrime protection. Through an international effort to abate cybercrime, nations can share resources between one another in order to better not just one nation’s defenses, but better global community defenses. While the current Convention is a piecemeal solution, an authoritative and unifying convention would be more efficacious. i Tirenen, Walter. “White Paper for a Strategic Cyber Defense Concept: Deterrence Through Attacker Identification.” Computer Crime Research Center. 2010. Web. 24 July 2010. . ii “Convention on Cybercrime.” Council of Europe - Treaty Office. Web. 24 July 2010. . iii “Convention on Cybercrime.” Council of Europe - Treaty Office. Web. 24 July 2010. .

Delegation: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban Henry T. Delventhal

Following the attacks on September eleventh, the world community has been pressed to find a solution that will end the Taliban’s hold on restricting Afghanistan peace. The Taliban’s refusal to cooperate with the world community has led to harsh military actions against them; however, brutal force will not bring peace to Afghanistan.

The purposed expansion of the Afghan National Army poses several risks to peace and stability within Afghanistan. For one, Local defense groups will become suppressed if the army and police forces begin to take over regional responsibilities from them. Cooperation between the ANA and local defense groups will be strategic if local populations are going to recognize the Afghan Military and Government. Also, if the army continues to grow, quantity of resources and training will be strained. A small, well-equipped and well-trained army will earn the trust of the Afghan people over a large, ill equipped and inadequate army. A strong focused army will represent the Afghan Government properly.

Along with six other countries, Nepal and Afghanistan are active members of the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation. Afghanistan’s fragile democracy is not only a threat to its self, but the region as a whole. Nepal calls for an affirmative action by all members of the SAARC and the U.N. to reinforce and build Afghanistan’s agricultural industry. An estimated 80% of Afghans earn their livings through agriculture and related businesses (1). Also, Agriculture accounts for 31% of Afghanistan’s GDP (1). The Afghan government must show its legitimacy and harness the trust of the Afghan people by supporting Farmers with fertilizer, machinery and new markets. Doing so will strengthen the public infrastructure and government, promote farmers to veer away from Opium Poppy production, and cripple the Taliban’s main source of revenue. Lethal action against the Taliban has proven to be counter productive through countless civilian injuries and deaths, and has only led to distrust in the Afghan government and its allies.

By gaining immense public support for the Afghan government and diminishing the Taliban’s income to keep fighting will bring the Taliban to the negotiating tables.

1. The World Factbook 2009. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009.

Delegation: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyber terrorism Henry T. Delventhal

In response to cyber terrorism, Nepal finds any form of cyber attack, either state sponsored or private, intolerable. Cyber attacks threaten national security and sovereignty of a nation. Cyber terrorism must be dealt with in a serious manner. Cross-border cooperation in suppressing cyber terrorists is what is needed to end future threats.

Nepal supports the development of advanced forensic technologies to trace attacks in order to organize proper sanctions and actions against aggressors; however, Nepal does not support the solution of cyber deterrence for it does not rid the possibility of future cyber attacks. States may only pursue and develop internal defensive technologies against cyber terrorism. All state development in preventive cyber attack technology or cyber “weaponry” must be reported to the U.N. The U.N. must condemn the creation of aggressive, state sponsored cyber technology for it poses a threat to all states.

Private companies may help in combating cyber terrorism, but only through defensive strategies. Companies must not be sponsored to attack, but to develop defensive technology and to train states on how to respond to a cyber attack.

Concerning Censorship, Nepal finds the blocking of certain material on the Internet unacceptable. Restricting people the freedom of speech is a violation of basic human rights. However, states have the right to protect its people if activities on the Internet seem threatening to national security. Materials such as floor plans, emergency routes, bomb recipes or other materials that can deem hazardous and life threatening to public safety must be taken off the Internet.

HARVARD NATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 17-20 FEBRUARY 2011, BOSTON

The Kingdom of the Netherlands

Delegation: The Netherlands Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban Delegates: Miss Ivana Merlo / Miss Simona Cinquegrani School: Università degli Studi, Facoltà di Economia, Palermo Italy

The Netherlands consider the Taliban one of the most serious threats for the international security. The chance of an attack against the Netherlands is small but in the past there have been some episodes that show how this problem afflicts the Netherlands: In 2004 the assassination of Theo Van Gogh, because of his film of complaint about the condition of Muslim women, caused violent reactions against the Islamic community such as the attack on a Muslim primary school in Eindhoven. Regarding this event the former Prime Minister Balkenende said that the struggle against terrorism opposes violence and extremism and should stress on the importance of collaboration and the need for an approach based on: "Defence, Diplomacy and Development", the so called "3D approach". Since 2001, according to the international community, the Netherlands has given its contribution to bring stability, security and economic development earmarking funds for reconstruction in Afghanistan. It has been part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Uruzgan province since 2006. In 2007 the Dutch government has decided that all troops would have left the Afghan territory by December 2010. However, the commitment is still active: on 7 January 2011, the new Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte has announced that the government plans to send more than 500 people in Afghanistan to participate in non-military peacekeeping activities. Mark Rutte said that this activity is closely tied to the plan "Education and Training", which aims to train local police. The activity will start from next May and will last until 2014. Beside, the Netherlands has also been engaged to prevent and avoid illegal drug trafficking, thanks to which the Taliban finance their terrorist activities forcing the population to grow opium poppies, by creating alternative sources of income for farmers in Uruzgan.

The main goal is to enable the Afghan government asserts its authority using the least possible force: establish a strict collaboration with the Afghan government and a relationship of trust is essential. The Netherlands, stressing on the cooperation of all UN member states, aims to build a sound democracy. In order to this, we propose to allocate funds regularly and provide the population human resources to implement education and to encourage local people to the cultivation of essentials crops as an alternative to growing opium poppies. Moreover, considering the conditions in which Afghan women live, the Netherlands urges the United Nations Development Fund for Women to work on facilitating the access of women to employment and to ensure female literacy and training. The Netherlands proposes to support Afghan law enforcement and criminal justice agencies, agricultural and rural development, demand reduction, the elimination of illicit crops, increased public awareness, the building of the capacity of drug control institutions and care and treatment centers for drug addicts, and reiterates its call upon the international community to channel counter-narcotics funding through the Government to the extent possible.

HARVARD NATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 17-20 FEBRUARY 2011, BOSTON

The Kingdom of the Netherlands

Delegation: The Netherlands Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism Delegates: Miss Ivana Merlo / Miss Simona Cinquegrani School: Università degli Studi, Facoltà di Economia, Palermo Italy

In a world where we strongly depend on Internet, a secure cyberspace is crucial to our economy and society. The Netherlands host 2,2 % of all infected network, called "botnet", earning the seventh place on the global list of countries most plagued by cybercrime. The Netherlands with its fast multi-branched network is located on one of the main hubs of the digital highway and some of the biggest hosting providers have their head offices here. According to Jordan Pollack, editor-in-chief at Security.nl the top providers are the weakest link in the chain: because of their size it is very difficult for them to check a whole network. Recently, the Dutch police has arrested a 19 years old suspected of participating to a cyber-attack of the local prosecutor. The incident happened the day after the arrest of a 16 years old involved in attacks against websites banks by Wikileaks supporters.

The most important laws about cyber-terrorism are: Computer Crime Act (1993) and Computer Crime Act II (2006). But a landmark in the criminal laws was the "European Cybercrime's convention", the first international treaty whose main purpose is to reach a common criminal policy to protect the society against cybercrime, especially by adopting appropriate legislation and fostering international co-operation. For the new Dutch government the fight against cybercrime will have a high priority. In the National Report Trend Cybercrime and Digital Security a strategic view of network security was published. This report is a guide for the Dutch government for tackling cybercrime and it affirms the importance of cooperation between the public and private, recalling the principle suggested in the UN Report "Laws of Cyberspace" (2005): negotiations with the full participation of the three concerned stakeholders: the government, the private sectors and civil society is necessary to prevent cyber-terrorism. The National Report Trend Cybercrime and Digital Security stresses that "cybercrime becomes increasingly professional and focused" and "the threat of digital espionage is increasing".

A serious problem is that to fight cybercrime means attacking a network of other countries, but there are yet no laws to make this possible. Besides there are conflicts with all kinds of legislation including privacy laws. Indeed, as the spokesperson of the Public Prosecutor's Office Wim de Bruyn said, this is the reason why the Dutch police do not take action unilaterally, even though they have means to do this.

In order to tackle this huge threat and promote internet security the Netherlands proposes to give more power to the police forces whose action is often impeded by national and international laws, allowing it to immediately act and punish cyber-terrorists; reinforce the presence of computer experts in the police forces which is decisive to improve investigations; implement international cooperation and create a unified legislation about cyber-terrorism without sacrificing the right to freely access internet and the power of inform technology in economy and social progress.

Rock Valley College DISEC New Zealand Taylor Szyszka and Kendall Ferguson Topic A: The Taliban

From terrorist attacks on other nations to oppressing the people of Afghanistan, the Taliban are rampant and stand as a major threat to Afghanistan’s sovereignty. The Republic of New Zealand strongly opposes the oppressive and terrorist actions of the Taliban and feels such activity must cease. Keeping with the first article of the United Nations charter, “The purposes of the United Nations are: to maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace…”, the republic of New Zealand is renowned for their promotion of peace and global partnership against issues of terrorism. For instance, we have a strong national Police force which recognizes several prominent terrorist organizations in their Designated Terrorist Organisations and Individuals list updated on January 22, 2011. In addition to an anti- terrorism stance, New Zealand has sent troops to aid in the War on Terror in Afghanistan. and has suffered loss of life in this endeavor. Withdrawal procedures are underway in order to allow the Afghan government to have more liberties in solving the problem of the Taliban. New Zealand has also supported such international actions as UN Resolution 64/11 and the Bonn Agreement, and has attended such events as The Tokyo Conference and The Berlin Conference. However, New Zealand realizes that no governmental solution can exist for Afghanistan without taking the Taliban into consideration. The issue of the Taliban is a truly multi-faceted issue. There are numerous aspects of this organization that must be addressed if a comprehensive solution is to be reached. New Zealand recognizes several individuals associated with the Taliban as terrorist entities and, according to government policy as set forth by the national Police along with the Terrorism Suppression Act, will not negotiate with such terrorist organizations. Regionalism is another large issue to be faced when discussing the Taliban. The regionalist nature of Afghanistan hinders the possibility of a truly united nation. Another dangerous aspect of these distinct regions is the presence of militias and warlords. Similarly to cooperation with Taliban, efforts to negotiate with these militias should not be made. Should the situation with these warlords and militias turn volatile, aid from the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) may be sought after in order to control any acts of rebellion. Another stronghold the Taliban has on Afghanistan is the opium trade. Poppy fields are so ingrained in Afghan society that farmers depend on them for their livelihood, while proceeds go on to benefit the Taliban and support them financially. While the drug trade cannot be stopped totally, it is New Zealand’s hope that monetary incentives may be offered to poppy farmers so they may stop growing the drug and still keep their livelihood. It has become clear over time that the Afghan National Army is not equipped to handle the issue of the Taliban. They are unmotivated and disorganized. Afghanistan must be advised to make serious changes to their military organization if the Army is to be salvaged. Corruption is spreading like wildfire in Afghanistan. There really is no easy or obvious solution for this problem. New Zealand proposes instituting mandated reports from Afghanistan to the UN on the state of terrorist activities within the nation. Monitoring personnel from the UN will be sent to Afghanistan periodically to insure accuracy in the mandated reports. This coupled with a solution to remove the Taliban from power will hopefully alleviate the excessive corruption within the Afghan government. New Zealand recognizes the sensitivity of this issue as it boils down to religious beliefs. However, this will not impact the vigor with which New Zealand will fight for a resolution for this issue.

DISEC New Zealand Taylor Szyszka and Kendall Ferguson, Rock Valley College Topic B: Cyberterrorism

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, every human has the right to seek, receive, and impart information. New Zealand believes cyberterrorism represents a threat to that fundamental right. Any terrorist attacks, cyber or otherwise, will not be supported or tolerated by our great peoples. Cyber terrorism refers to the activities that use cyberspace and information technology to conduct terrorist activities. These activities can include finding information about a target, disabling or attacking support infrastructure, or a combination of the two in advance of a physical attack. One way it may manifest itself in the future is by applying cyber terrorism tactics to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems, creating the potential for damage to the integrity of the critical infrastructures such as water supply, electrical grid, transportation systems, and financial systems. New Zealand believes that such attacks could undermine a population’s faith in its government and in the security of the nation’s critical infrastructures. Most published work in the computer industry has focused on the impact of the computer as a target; however, New Zealand believes that the current narrowness of focus poses a significant risk to infrastructure. In the area of international cooperation there have been initial actions taken. The Working Group on Internet Governance has begun to the first steps towards greater cooperation on security issues. The two World Summits on the Information Society continue to influence the development on greater cooperation. General Assembly resolution 64/211 has raised many important questions about internal security that governments must answer. New Zealand believes that in order to combat cyber terrorism, all of the basics need to be covered before transitioning to any large-scale defenses. To do this, New Zealand urges all nations to comply with ISO/IEC 27002 standards. Toward this end, an International Convention to standardize anti- cyberterrorism measures is essential, which is achievable through a public/private partnership. The International Standardization Organization has provided nations with a template for future standards and success. Of course defense against cyberterrorism should not become an excuse for censorship and a basis to deny individuals of their universal rights. In evaluating and implementing standards, New Zealand believes that states must explore the consequences of a breach on a system-by-system basis and consider outsourcing the most critical systems to a trusted third-party secure hosting company while focusing on network security, physical security and policy security. New Zealand is prepared for the challenge of uniting State governments and will arm itself against such attacks and ally itself with those wishing to make strides in the battle of cyberterrorism peacefully.

Delegation: The Republic of Nicaragua Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: Taliban

While the Republic of Nicaragua has very little direct connection to a region of the world as remote as Afghanistan, we understand very well the threats posed by the Taliban and their worldwide ramifications. The connection of the Taliban to groups such as Al-Qaeda and their unabashed tolerance of terrorist bases on Afghan soil makes them a threat not just to the civilians within the Afghan war zone, but to the international community as well. These are not freedom fighters or revolutionaries but merely violent thugs who have turned to drug peddling in their pursuit of control. Nicaragua cannot and will not endorse any sort of militarily intervention policy by the United Nations or others because of our deep seated respect for national sovereignty. However these modern Taliban exemplify the danger of paramilitary organizations on a scale beyond Afghanistan and have shown a worrying ability to destabilize any area in which they are active. They must be dealt with in a proportional and justifiable way that neutralizes both their regional influence and opportunities to inflict casualties worldwide. Nicaragua sees the elimination of funding for the group as the easiest means to accomplish this goal. As history has shown, the Taliban thrive in an environment of chaos and discord that which is remarkably reminiscent of what Nicaragua was thrust into during the nineteen-eighties. In fact upon closer examination we find that the Taliban structure is similar to the Contra rebel group that plagued Nicaragua and threatened regional stability in Central America. As with the Contras, the Taliban feed the fires of their resistance with the funds obtained by the trafficking of illicit drugs and small arms which in fact Nicaragua has been crucial in combatting. Recently many of these issues have been brought to the attention of the regional Organization of American States (OAS). Through the OAS, measures have been adopted such as the South American Small Arms and Light Weapons Administration System (SALWAS) and a coherent Hemispheric Drug Strategy. SALWAS serves to monitor all official South American weapons production and transactions to prevent them from falling into the wrong hands and in fact has been adopted by the UN. The Drug Strategy identifies key issues within the prevention of narcotics and serves as a starting point for South American cooperation on the issue. These combine with multiple bilateral treaties that encourage cooperation between nation states in the prevention of drug trafficking and round out the Nicaraguan involvement with the issue. Regrettably, to this point the United Nations has played a background role compared to the NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) but the time has come to step from the shadows in the reconstruction process in Afghanistan. Nicaragua believes that the UN must move to cut off Taliban funding at its source: the heroin producing poppy fields. The simple burn and replace with grain strategy used by the US has failed to successfully deal with the drug situation. The aforementioned strategies are part of the first steps in what could be expanded to a fundamentally anti-Taliban stance that is at the same time respectful of national sovereignty. With an increase and expansion of UN monetary aid that already

exists such as SALWAS, The UN could adopt these measures and provide the surgical precision that until now have been missing from a failing strategy of the US and NATO military intervention in Afghanistan.

Karl Appel Committee: DISEC Topic B: Cyber-terrorism Submitted by Nicaragua

The reality of cyber terrorism is a serious threat to many of the banking and credit institutions of the world which if ignored may threaten the economies of both developed and developing nations. Recent attacks on the United States Pentagon network system and attacks on Estonia’s websites show the damage that could be caused by cyber attacks on other countries. In addition attacks on private international corporations like MasterCard and Visa also showed the vulnerability of the world’s independent banking systems. In the past Nicaragua has experienced how the violation and misuse of technology can be used for someone else’s gain at another’s expense. While our country has not been a strong advocate in addressing this issue our technological infrastructure will increase and our need to keep up with threats that may be posed by this construction will soar. With recent attacks on these institutions and many security threats lingering, Nicaragua believes that cyber-terrorism can potentially become a greater or more significant threat to the nations of the world. In acknowledgement of resolution A/RES64/211, Nicaragua also believes that these threats if left unchecked will continue to violate the best interest of the people and governments across the world. Nicaragua acknowledges that more developed nations should take a greater responsibility in providing for the protection of the networks that these countries benefit from. We also believe that greater emphasis on cyber-terrorism should be placed on the telecommunications industry to ensure the privacy of its citizens. We support an international effort to help promote the security of cyber networks by building a safe cyber infrastructure. To this end we promote the use of newly developed DARPA hardware technology, router filters, hot back up machines for server overload, and investment in telecommunications infrastructure for developing countries and in others around the world. To achieve this goal we would promote a trust in which nations contribute money to achieve these ends based on GDP. This would help increase security of vital information and would close the digital divide, both goals of A/RES64/211. Nicaragua may be a small nation in the shadow of larger countries but we will continue to fight against the actions that some organizations have taken to influence the various types of networks against the interest of the people. Nicaragua understands how the actions of some organizations and individuals can lead smaller and less developed nations to feel vulnerable to many types of cyber attacks. While developed and developing nations are still ahead of less developed nations in improving their country’s technological capability, the technological capability for all nations will still continue to improve and expand. We continue to support the fight against threats and encourage efforts to promote the investment in technological infrastructure security that could minimize these threats.

POSTION PAPER

Delegation: Republic of Niger

Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic A: Cyberterrorism

“While the vast majority of hackers may be disinclined towards violence, it would only take a few to turn cyber terrorism into reality”

-Dorothy Denning

Cyber terrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. It is generally understood to mean unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives. Further, to qualify as cyber terrorism, an attack should result in violence against persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear. Attacks that lead to death or bodily injury, explosions, plane crashes, water contamination, or severe economic loss would be examples. Serious attacks against critical infrastructures could be acts of cyber terrorism, depending on their impact.

Niger strongly believes that cyber terrorism is a threat to its national security and believes that creating a cyber police force can be an effective and important move forward to fight it. Niger also urges financially secure countries to create exponential advancement in their efforts to fight cyber terrorism as it is a global threat that is affecting most of the nations directly or indirectly. We urge our fellow African nations, although cyber terrorism is not affecting the continent of Africa directly at present, to remain alert as the threat is rising as technology is advancing. Niger hopes that multilateral agreements between member nations as well vigilance by the international community on the whole will reduce the incidents of cyber terrorism.

The delegation of Niger realises that cyber terrorism is a vile tool that curbs and destroys the financial institutions of a country by corrupting their data bases as seen in the case of Estonia and the United States of America.

We as a country our heavily dependent on foreign aid and the hope that powerful nations like the United States of America and France will continue to support us as they have done in the past The world community on the whole should support all those underdeveloped nations that are plagued with the same problems and are unable to afford efficient defence mechanisms to protect themselves from the new age threats of cyber terrorism. Lastly, a well defined education program suitable for governments of all member nations must be devised in order to educate the government officials on the issues dealing with identification, defence and eradication of threats of cyber terrorism.

POSTION PAPER

Delegation: Republic of Niger

Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic B: The Taliban

The task at hand, refurbishing Afghanistan, is proving to be the biggest challenge before the world. Afghanistan is sliding towards becoming a haven of violence, human rights violations, terrorist activities, corruption, poverty and anarchy. Taliban attacks in Afghanistan have escalated, and turmoil along the Afghan-Pakistan border has not ameliorated. The allegation towards Pakistan’s support of Taliban activities has also proved to be a reason of concern. The narcotics industry remains the Achilles heel of Afghanistan. The Diaspora of the various Afghan ethnicities is further driving the nation apart. Stability in Afghanistan is also majorly challenged by the power of local warlords who are posing problems for the regime of President Hamid Karzai. Last but not the least, the complete fabric of reconstruction process has been torn apart by the rising instances of civilian casualties and abuse of Afghan nationals by UN/NATO officers that have completely destroyed the little faith Afghans had in foreign nationals.

A parallel can be drawn between Niger and Afghanistan, countries that are torn apart by both civil strife and foreign intervention. ‘The Sahel’ is the ecoclimatic and bio-geographic zone of transition between the Sahara desert in the North and the Sudanian savannas in the south. In the ‘Sahel region’ that covers parts of the countries of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Niger, Nigeria etc, the ‘Tuareg rebels’ indulge in cross border drug trade with Columbian warlords who use this route to transfer cocaine cartels to Europe. In Afghanistan as well, the exhaustive functioning of the Taliban is primarily funded by the illicit export and sale of opium. In the southern war torn regions of the country today, maximum number of poppy fields are cultivated which facilitate the smooth functioning of the Taliban’s multifarious activities.

The Republic of Niger proposes the following short term and long term solutions:

• Promote inter-ethnic dialogue and reconciliation between the Pashtuns, Hazaras and the northern groups (Tajiks, Uzbeks etc.) • Eliminate and roll back terrorist influences and infrastructure. • Corruption in Afghanistan should be treated by identifying and attempting to solve the root cause. The root cause essentially being the political instability and dearth of financial operatives. • Enhance development assistance to kick start economic activity, create infrastructure, promote healthcare, education etc. • Political support for the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen institutions and promote democracy. • Promote and train a strong Afghan national army and police forces, so that the presence of foreign combat troops can be minimized and eventually eradicated to foster self sufficiency and national security. • Investements that result from the cultivation of poppy fields should be correctly channelised for the wholistic development of the nation rather than furthering the cause of a particular faction or group. Delegation: Nigeria Committee: DISEC Topic A: The Taliban

Nigeria, along with the rest of the international community, is committed to the long-term peace and stability of Afghanistan. While the ISAF Mission in Afghanistan has lasted longer than most would have preferred or expected, it is the belief of the Nigerian government that ISAF’s role in securing peace in Afghanistan requires that it continue to maintain a role in the country until Afghanistan’s military and police are able to take full responsibility for Afghanistan’s security. Naturally, physical security is only one of many factors that are necessary pieces for Afghanistan’s long-term health as a nation. Economic and political stability are vital aspects of Afghanistan’s future. With this in mind, Nigeria will urge that this meeting of the Disarmament and International Security Committee focus on diverse and innovative strategies to combat the Taliban in Afghanistan. As a diverse state that includes many coexisting yet competing groups, Nigeria understands the difficulty faced by Afghanistan in its search for cohesive political unity. Nigeria is interested in gauging the success of the Afghan government’s efforts to cooperate with fringe groups that may have had some links with the Taliban. Nigeria believes that any agreements that the Afghan government makes with the Taliban must accommodate applicable international treaties and obligations. Nigeria emphasizes that Afghanistan must abide by its commitments to fighting corruption, protecting the rights of women, maintaining the status of minorities, opposing drug trafficking, and bringing war criminals to justice. Within the above confines, Nigeria is confident that with international support the Afghan government can proceed with efforts to reconcile armed groups that renounce their ties with the Taliban. The Afghan government is the most able to assess which groups it can be reconciled with the democratic future of Afghanistan and develop a time-line for reconciliation. As a state that has worked successfully to control the illegal drug trade, Nigeria recognizes the importance of developing international responses to the drug trade that move beyond eradication of crops. Specifically, Nigeria would like enhanced international cooperation between national law enforcement agencies and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. Nigeria urges the international community to shift its focus away from the farmers who grow the raw materials for narcotics and towards the drug lords who profit immensely from the trade. Of particular concern is the intersection of drugs, weapons trafficking, human trafficking, corruption, and terrorism. Nigeria will urge DISEC to examine the potential for coordinating an international response to these criminal networks. Perhaps the UN offices that handle some of these cross border criminal activities could combine into a smaller number of bureaus in order to sustain efficiency gains. Given the current economic crisis the international community must develop strategies to ‘do more with less.’ Nigeria will lobby vigorously to make certain that international economic institutions like the World Bank, UN Development Program, and the Asian Development Bank remain committed to the long-term economic health of Afghanistan. Nigeria believes that it is only through economic development that Afghanistan can fight crime, corruption, and terrorism.

Delegation: Nigeria Committee: DISEC Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism is a recognized and legitimate threat to national security. Nigeria realizes that while the term cyberterrorism is ambiguous in definition, it is often defined as Internet based attacks involving the deliberate shut down or takeover of computer networks. These acts of cyberterrorism have a political motive, and employ fear driven tactics to achieve their desired effects. With the Internet as an integral part of daily actions, Nigeria realizes that cyberterrorist attacks can severely affect the inflow and outflow of critical government information and telecommunication. These attacks can also generate instability, panic, and feelings of insecurity in a nation. Cyber warfare and espionage is another critical concern. Nigeria stands little chance to government sponsored acts of cyber warfare as online warfare at the highest level has a minimal security structure. Nigeria is vulnerable to cyberattacks because the necessary infrastructure and security needed to effectively prevent these attacks is just not present. The culture of cyber security has not been established, and the development of this culture is a necessary advancement in order to effectively deal with the present threats. Nigeria promotes the creation and sharing of an effective, cyber security infrastructure program to not only mitigate the effects of cyber attacks but to prevent them from happening in the first place. This not only involves the necessary implementation of advanced security software but also the training of individuals responsible for controlling it. Nigeria would like to establish a collective UN first response protocol for cyber attacks in conjunction with all other interested parties, and private security companies. A collective cyber attack response system would be an effective way to mitigate the immediate damage of a cyber attack. Since infrastructure overhaul is often costly for nations with limited means, a collective attack response system can help reduce the potential costs of legitimate cyber security. Nigeria also supports the advancement of any and all multi-lateral agreements on behalf of governments to not engage in acts of cyber warfare. Finally, one of the most effective ways to help effectively prevent acts of cyber terrorism; information and technology sharing is vital to all nations involved. If all nations have an equal platform from which to effectively deal with cyber terrorist attacks, even developing nations stand a chance to the real and legitimate threats involved.

Committee- Disarmament and Security Topic- Taliban and Cyber Terrorism Country- Norway

The fall of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan was made way for the Islamic fundamentalist group, the Taliban to rise to power in the region. For over a decade, they pushed the living standard of Afghanistan to the absolute in the world. The Afghani people were subjected to egregious human rights abuses, poverty, and militant belligerence. The Republic of Norway formally discourages the destructive behavior of the Taliban. Internationally known as a terrorist organization, they are responsible for numerous deaths of innocent civilians in the name of their doctrine. The Republic of Norway is highly tolerant of other religions but will not bear the heinous actions against women and children that the Taliban claims are justified by some twisted interpretation of Islam. Norway has a long-standing history of relations with Afghanistan and recognizes the dire necessity for political and social reform. However, we do not think that extensive military involvement is the key to securing stability in this region. Norway has the capability to provide security, but we refuse to engage in combat. An ideological and humanitarian conflict cannot be solved militarily. First and foremost, Afghanistan needs to be able to legitimize its own government so it can properly address the needs of its own citizens. It needs to be self-sustained and have legal executive power. Though we do not philosophically agree with the insurgent tactics of the Taliban, if they can peacefully build a transparent, benevolent, and effective government leadership, then Norway will recognize them. For now, the Republic of Norway is in favor of giving any humanitarian support it can muster. The only manner in which a coalition of nations can successfully aid Afghanistan is through organized economic stimuli. In order to reform Afghanistan, international cooperation must also be given to economically stimulate this poverty- devastated region.

As of 2010, the number of people who use this Internet worldwide had crossed 1.9 billion. The Republic of Norway understands that in this day and age, the Internet has become the most significant part of the global information network. Billions of people can communicate ideas, problems, solutions, inspiration, and propaganda through the use of the Internet. With such a powerful tool also comes a great responsibility to make sure harm does not come to two billion Internet users worldwide. Nearly everyone in the developed world, from teenagers to government officials use it to upload and send vital information to other people. The sheer power and scope of the Internet makes it an extremely easy target for hackers to enter the mainframe and disrupt the flow of information traffic. This kind of disruption can cause massive problems to diplomacy and business across the globe. Norway grasps the scope of this potential issue and will take the measures necessary to prevent his kind of global catastrophe. In 2001 the Council of Europe set forth a treaty defining cyber crime and detailing misuses of the World Wide Web. Cybercrimes, as defined by this treaty can be anything from hackers writing viral programs to child porn distribution, to infringement of intellectual property. For four years, cyber crimes experts from around the world took the initiative and collaborated on a treaty that would regularize the enforcement of cyber laws and the protection of electronic information. Since 2001, forty three nations have ratified this treaty and agreed to The Republic of Norway agrees with the general conditions set forth in the Convention on Cybercrime and will give the utmost cooperation to work with other nations to combat cyberterrorism.

Committee- Disarmament and Security Topic- Taliban and Cyber Terrorism Country- Norway

Disarmament and International Security Committee

Delegates of the Sultanate of Oman

Conor Nelson

Kateryna Voytenko

“On behalf of His Majesty, Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, we of the Sultanate of Oman, respectfully send our greetings to the Assembly, and the Secretariat.”

Topic Area A: The Taliban

Terrorism has been one of the greatest shadows overwhelming the light of achievement of the modern age, and we as the Sultanate of Oman, would like to express our strong stand against any governments, groups, and acts affiliated with any forms of terrorism, and would also like to further support the cause for seeking the fair treatment of the peoples of nations, especially focusing out concern upon women and children.

The Sultanate of Oman honors the rights of governments to hold sovereignty within nations, but above this we support the safety and fair treatment of all citizens of these nations. We condemn the acts of the Taliban within Afghanistan and parts of Pakistan, including: interference with rebuilding efforts, harsh treatment and abuse of the women and children of the nations that they occupy, lack of cooperation with the global community, and suspicion of terrorist activity.

The Sultanate would like to recall the stand taken during the 64th General Assembly which stated, “From the position of the Sultanate of Oman, which condemns terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and commitment to the objectives and Charter of the United Nations, we would like to emphasize the continuous support of the Sultanate of Oman for all international efforts to eliminate this phenomenon and to combat it by taking related appropriate measures …” Our nation takes no wavering steps when it comes to combating terrorism, and we support the stand taken by the global community at large, which does not recognize the Taliban as the official government of Afghanistan and wishes to support any further resolutions that may aid in determining its involvement in terrorist activities. We would like to further condemn the high revenues reported to be earned from drug trafficking operations with figures being projected to be as high as 60% of total revenue.

We support the close involvement of the United Nations in handling this important manner, and express out concern especially for the welfare of the Afghani people. Having noted with great concern the matters of this situation, the Sultanate of Oman strongly urges nations with long standing support for international human rights, especially the United States, The Russian Federation, and The United Kingdom, to take strong stands with this issue, to condemn any actions taken by this organization against the welfare of its citizens and neighboring nations, and to support any sanctions passed against it.

Noting with regret this situation, the Sultanate of Oman condemns these acts of international law violations as well as lack of cooperating and calls upon this council to take the appropriate measures to ensure the support of a legitimate government within the region. Disarmament and International Security Committee

The Sultanate of Oman has supported the following Security Council resolutions:

S/RES/1267 (1999) S/RES/1373 (2001) S/RES/1455 (2003) S/RES/1943 (2010)

Disarmament and International Security Committee

Delegates of the Sultanate of Oman

Conor Nelson

Kateryna Voytenko

“On behalf of His Majesty, Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, we of the Sultanate of Oman, respectfully send our greetings to the Assembly, and the Secretariat.”

Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

The Sultanate of Oman is fully aware of the real threat of a new type of malicious attacks on nations, utilizing modern techniques, which despite not being the typical and traditional forms of terrorism are nevertheless exactly that. The Sultanate of Oman condemns any acts of terrorism and endorses actions taken to prevent, combat, and curb this alarmingly increasing form of attack. Any attacks against the security, infrastructure, and crucial information of a nation are to be taken as seriously as any physical acts of terrorism. Measures to be taken against this new threat are to be just as thorough and unrelenting as those adopted for fighting convention forms of terrorism. The damage which may be wreaked through it has the potential to be just as catastrophic as that which has been caused by terrorist attacks within recent years, and its potential to wreak lasting damage is infinitely more pronounced, especially for developing nations.

Steps within the country have already been taken to help alleviate this threat, such as establishing The Oman National Computer Emergency Readiness Team, which will help to recognize and eliminate vulnerabilities within our own system. Furthermore, we have been involved in the SPCI (The First International Conference on Security Privacy and Confidentiality Issues in Cyberlaw, 2008).

We further remind the nations of the UN to take note of this threat as the potential future of terrorism which may shortly become the main form of assault used by these organizations, and having said this, implore more resolutions to be adopted, focusing specifically upon this issue. We especially call upon the CTC and the CTITF to prioritize this issue and to put in full effort in aiding in the development of more cyber security awareness, protection, and laws.

The Sultanate of Oman expresses its hope in witnessing the full cooperation of the United Nations in recognizing, and combating this very real and potent threat, and trusts in the support of technologically advanced nations in assisting do develop stronger security networks within the global community, especially newly emerging countries seeking to expand their cyber involvement.

Moving into a new economic and political structure, one infinitely more global and technologically incorporating than before, The Sultanate of Oman takes note of the risks contained within this new frontier, yet as all threats, this too can be halted and conquered through the cooperation of our various states. The Sultanate of Oman trusts that this call will be answered by the many able nations what have already developed excellent techniques for dealing with such an imposing threat, and that new importance will be given to indentifying, containing, and curbing it.

The Sultanate of Oman has supported the following resolutions:

A/RES/64/211 A/RES/57/239

Delegate: Xu Qiangeng and Chen Shize School: Beihang University Country: Organization of American States Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic:

Topic Area A: The Taliban Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

The Organization of American States (OAS),an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, has the goal of the member nations in creating the OAS as "to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence." H o w e v e r , t o s e e k f o r t h e o r d e r of both North and South America,the Organization of American States have to help the order of the whole world, for the cosmopolitan trend and the much closer connection between the continent. In the last century, The Organization of American States did a lot to medicate the contradiction and to solve many specific problems of Cuba. And, it is not just a matter of one continent, but a problem concerned about the two power, led by Soviet Union and United States separately.

We, the Organization of American States, believe that we can help the UN to solve the issue of Taliban’s drug trade, just as the help we have contributed to our members, suffering from these kind of drug trade, for example, Columbia.

As you known, w i t h t h e e n d o f t h e Cold War, the return to democracy in Latin America, and the thrust toward globalization, the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context, such as fighting the drugs trade: The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission was established in 1986 to coordinate efforts and crossborder cooperation in this area. T h u s , w e s t r o n g l y b e l i e v e t h a t w e s h o u l d a l s o establish a commission, which just likes an “Asian Drug Abuse Control Commission”, charging for the task of eradicating not only the drug trade in Afghan, but also the problem alike in other area in Asia. Many experience tell us, the drug trade always burst out in the area where the government is so weak and the society is relative disorder. For example, the great marsh in Columbia and the “Golden Triangle”in the joint of Myanmar, Laos and Thailand. Because of the weakness of the local government, the neighbor should stretch their hands to the eye of the drug storm, or the drug center would broaden its territory and invade the other place. So, apparently, the Organization of American States largely support the establishment of “Asian Drug Abuse Control Commission”, which should also be supported by the neighbor of Afghan, such as Russia and China.

Beside the threat from the real world, the Organization of American States a l s o w i s h to convey the effect on the security of the world of Internet. Let us think about the incidents such as Stuxnet worm, which largely threatened the nuclear plants in Iran, the cell phone wiretap, which could totally ruin the basic of human right, and the Censorship, which on one hand is a necessary measure to prevent the rumors and malicious information ,on the other hand, is a hinder wall in the way of the right of freedom. We can find that in the 21 century, the largest threatening comes from the fictitious world.

The Organization of American States would absolutely support the extermination of the Cyberwarfare. However, concerning the source of the failure of exterminating them is that, the victims are always stand under the sunlight, nonetheless, the criminals are always prepare for the attack in the shadow. So, the establishment of a world wide identifying net to censor the Internet users is extremely urgent. At that time, the world of Internet would not still be a ground where people can do whatever they want, but a parallel of the real world, where every citizen should charge his own duty. The m a n a g ement of the personal information should be undertook by UN, an entirely neutral organization, to prevent the information from negative usage. And the personal privacy should not be touched except that the privacy affront the public rules.

Overall, as a part of the world, also as one of the organizations that are always trying to make our earth be a safe, peace place, The Organization of American States have the power, ability, and the wish to do our best to make our world better, to make sure the universal human rights are under enough protection, to fight with all actions that wrest humans’ well-being. We will always make ourselves be a stream of the torrent of right. We have a sincere wish to strive, strive for basic human right, for peace, for forever development, and for the prosperous of the entire human society. We believe we human beings deserve more happiness, upon this basic belief we have built the guidelines and standards of our action, and we cherish that.

We have to face so many and such different problems worldwide, the problems we have talked in former paragraphs are just a little part of those. In our opinion, there is nothing to afraid, we believe that all problems share a same reason, a common and sometimes stale topic—development. We strongly believe that this reason is definitely the cause of all these problems. Based on this idea, the only way to thoroughly solve these problems, or in other words, to save those people who are suffering those pains, is development. We should no doubt help these countries to make some change in the policy of economy, army, technology and science, to let them get the power to make money, to build home, to protect their family, to educate their children, change their life, and change the destiny of their homeland. Again, this is the only way to efficiently solve all troubling problems.

POSITION PAPER ON TOPIC A: The Taliban. COMMITTEE: Disarmament and International Security COUNTRY: Organization of Islamic Committee(OIC) DELEGATES: Mr. Rishil Sood and Ms. Kritika Kotnala.

OIC MAP

Green:- Member States Red:- Observer States Blue:- Blocked States

Ever since the collapse of the institution of Caliphate in 1924, there has been a long standing desire of the Muslim world for a central authority for the entire Islamic community. The Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) which was created in September 1969 as a reaction against arson in Al Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest shrine of Islam in Jerusalem in the state of Israel was said to be the manifestation of such a desire. The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations which has membership of 57 states spread over four continents. The Organization is the collective voice of the Muslim world and ensuring to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony among various people of the world. The Organization was established upon a decision of the historical summit which took place in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 12th Rajab 1389 Hijra ( 25 September 1969) as a result of criminal arson of Al - Aqsa Mosque in occupied Jerusalem. The issue of the Taliban has been pertinent for almost the past two decades. As of late, this group has grown in power, threatening not only the nation of Afghanistan, but global security as well. Although in control of Afghanistan's capital (Kabul) and most of the country for five years, the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan gained diplomatic recognition from only three states: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. After the attacks of September 11 2001 the Taliban regime was overthrown by Operation Enduring Freedom. The Taliban initially enjoyed goodwill from Afghans weary of the warlords' corruption, brutality, and incessant fighting. According to a 55-page report by the United Nations, the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001. 20 years of continuous war fare has devastated Afghanistan infrastructure & economy with a desperately short supply of basic necessity like food, water & housing. And in addition the family structure that provided Afghanistan were the social - economic safety net was also badly damaged. Organization of Islamic Committee & various other NGOs are extremely important to the supply of food, employment, reconstruction & other services with one million plus death during the year of wars the number of family during the year of wars the number of family headed by widow had reached ninety eight thousands by 1998. Thus, Taliban’s restriction on women were a matter of not only human rights but of life & death. Major portions of the country were devastated from rocket attacks and major portion of population were benefited in sum or other way from Organization of Islamic Conference & various other activities even for water to drink. In early March 2000, the OIC mediated contacts between the parties to the conflict in Afghanistan with the view to reviving peace negotiation. Both the elected government of Afghanistan and the Taliban sent delegations to the Doha conference. The Summit determined that Afghanistan’s official participation in the OIC suspended in 1996, should not yet be reinstated. In early 2001 a high level delegation from the OIC visited Afghanistan in an attempt to prevent further destruction of ancient statues by Taliban supporters. One of the major Contribution of OIC is that it has successfully created Jihadi awareness amongst the larger majority of Muslim community against the Islamophobic unbelievers by repetitively raising the issue of Israel. One of the main questions the OIC faced in the Third Extraordinary Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Summit held in Mecca on December 7, 2005, was indeed, the organization can serve as the voice for Muslim world. The OIC in its mandates sets out to serve as the voice of the Muslim World. It is difficult to say if the status quo will change, but The OIC is exactly the platform on which the Muslim World can negotiate with the Western World. Also a huge part of the OIC’s success is dependent on heads of states and their ability to carry the organization among the ranks of the international community. The OIC which had been indifferent to the development in Afghanistan came into action when non-Muslim power physically occupied almost a Muslim country. They became an Islamic cause for the OIC. The organization gives full support to the Afghan, a opposition guerrillas to oust the Soviet forces. In pursuance of the principles and objectives of the OIC. Another most important objective is to strengthen the struggle of all Muslim people with a view to safeguard their dignity, independence and national right. Based on this objective, the OIC has voiced its support for the right of self determination for the people of Afghan. POSITION PAPERS ON TOPIC B: Cyber-terrorism . COMMITTEE: Disarmament and International Security COUNTRY: Organization of Islamic Committee(OIC) DELEGATES: Mr. Rishil Sood and Ms. Kritika Kotnala.

OIC MAP

Green:- Member States Red:- Observer States Blue:- Blocked States

Another topic of concern for the global threat is Cyber - Terrorism. In the past year, there have been a number of high profile cyberattacks. Though individual nations have made strides in addressing this problem, the international community has collaborated very little to stop this threat. Cyberterrorism can also be defined much more generally as any computer crime targeting computer networks without necessarily affecting real world infrastructure, property, or lives. As the Internet continues to expand, and computer systems continue to be assigned more responsibility while becoming more and more complex and interdependent. Sabotage or terrorism via cyberspace may become a more serious threat and is possibly one of the top 10 events to " end the human race. There is much concern from government and media sources about potential damages that could be caused by cyber-terrorism, and this has prompted official responses from government agencies. As the Internet becomes more pervasive in all areas of human endeavor, individuals or groups can use the anonymity afforded by cyberspace to threaten citizens, specific groups ( i.e. with membership based on ethnicity or belief ), communities and entire countries, without the inherent threat of capture, injury, or death to the attacker that being physically present would bring. Looking into the matter of increased cyber crime and a shear lack of cyber security the member states of the OIC formed a specialized organ called OIC-CERT (Organisation of Islamic Conference-Computer Emergency Response Team).

The OIC-CERT was granted the status of OIC Affiliated Institution by virtue of Resolution INF-36/2 adopted by the 36th Session of the CFM held in Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic,The OIC-CERT was established by virtue of Resolution INF 35/3 adopted by the 35th Session of the CFM in Kampala. In collaboration with Cyber Security Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation in Malaysia, the 1st OIC-CERT Annual General Meeting was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 14-15 January 2009. The meeting was attended by experts representing Information Security Specialised Institutions from 14 OIC Member States (Brunei, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan,Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Tunisia). During the Meeting the participants discussed the issues of legal, administrative and technical arrangements for the establishment of the Team, Terms of Reference Document including objectives, administrative structure, activities, Team membership conditions, the possibility of expanding the Team membership to include more Member States, ways of cooperation between local teams at the Member States to exchange experiences and help to combat Security threats in the field of information. The Meeting adopted a Resolution on these objectives and how to achieve them.

The OIC-CERT is aimed at enhancing and promoting cooperation between the similar teams established within the OIC Member States. The objectives can be concluded as follows:

 Strengthening the relationships between Computer Emergency Response Teams in the Member States.  Promoting Exchange of Information  Preventing or minimising electronic (Cyber) terrorism and computer crimes  Enhancing Education and Awareness programmes  Raising the level of cooperation in the domains of technological research and development

The OIC-CERT activities comprise two categories namely capacity building and infrastructure programmes which will be financed by the contributions of the OIC-CERT Member States and/or IDB grant. This financial model was built in accordance with the applicable rules of similar international teams such as Asia Pacific Team and the Organisation of American States (OAS) Team. OIC-CERT is to provide a platform for member countries to explore and to develop collaborative initiatives and possible partnerships in matters pertaining to cyber security that shall strengthen their self reliant [sic] in the cyberspace. On October 28, 2010, at OIC-CERT's Second Annual General Meeting, OIC Secretary- General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu noted the following as a core mission of OIC-CERT: "In view of the phenomena of discrimination, stereotyping and defamation targeting Muslims and their religion known as 'Islamophobia,' we invite the OIC-CERT to use its available professional and technical resources (in line with its objectives stated in terms of reference) in order to cooperate with the 'OIC Islamophobia Observatory' to identify the best ways and means including technical, administrative and legal tools to combat anti-Islamic contents on the internet." The specific issues considered above serve to illustrate that the Internet is at a critical stage of development during its shift from a primarily American-directed creation to a multilaterally regulated entity. The Arab League and OIC have determined technological development and the Internet itself to be high-priority areas of development, and it is likely that gaining influence and/or control over Internet infrastructure, including through ICANN, is part of the apparent OIC strategy, concrete steps have been taken to gain recognition and power at ICANN by Arab League and OIC. Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: Taliban Development Country: Palau

The Taliban is an Islamist militia group that had control of Afghanistan since

1996. The Taliban is known for their ultra conservative views and their general disregard for women’s rights. For example, women are not allowed to go to school or work and are unable to leave their homes without a male member of their family. They are also known for their extreme forms of punishment (i.e. stoning a woman to death for being outside without a relative). Ironically the majority of the population is women, 70% to be exact.

Under the Taliban’s rule the physical health of women has deteriorated. The women under Taliban rule are unable to express themselves both in speech and in what they wear. They are required to wear a burqa that completely covers their body. The Islamic community has spoken out against the Taliban’s mistreatment of women.

In regards to Palau, the United States of America has control of Palau’s defense and military system. For years the United States of America and the Taliban have been raging in war hoping to restore its order. Prior to Sepetember 11, 2001, Palau, under the control of United States of America, made little to no comments on the activities of the

Taliban. For example, when the Taliban expelled thousands of girls from school or targeted various ethnic groups, Palau and the United States of America did not interfere.

Although our position on women vastly differs from that of the Taliban we did not interfere in their activities until later. Under United States of America’s order we, as

Palau will follow the United States of America’s commands. We prefer to keep peace with the United States of America so that we may continue to benefit from their protection.

Marica Mayuzumi

Harvard Model United Nations

DISEC

Position Paper: Cyber terrorism

The Republic of Palau is the world’s youngest and smallest sovereign states. The

Republic of Palau’s economy consists of tourism, agriculture, and fishing. The government supports majority of the work force. The United States of America provides financial assistance to Palau. To protect our country, it is essential to stop cyber terrorism. Palau does not have a military force and under the Compact of Free Association with the United States of America, the

United States of America has access to the islands for fifty years. The United States of America has not taken advantage of Palau to station any military forces. Currently we as the Republic of

Palau have been negotiating the maritime delineation with the Philippines, Indonesia. It is essential to establish maritime delineation with the Philippines, Indonesia to avoid conflicts.

Due to the advancement of technology cyber terrorism has been a threat worldwide. The

United States has been aggressively targeted from various countries to retrieve valuable information. As the United States of America’s technology develops and advances, there will be more attacks that can affect domestically and nationally. Cyber terrorism can damage the countries’ political systems, communication systems, and computer networks. As the Republic of

Palau, we need to protect our computer network to connect with other states. Communication is vital especially because the Republic of Palau is the smallest sovereign state. The Republic of

Palau will cooperate with the United States of America.

Delegation: Palestine Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The delegation of Palestine recognizes the severe threat that terrorism presents to the world today. Terrorism interrupts the daily life of a nation and its rights to exist in peace. Terrorist organizations harm innocent civilians and can negatively impact the economics of a country. All nations are affected by terrorism, whether directly or indirectly and thus Palestine acknowledges the need for international cooperation when handling such matters. The Taliban are a particularly infamous terrorist organization affecting Afghanistan and its neighboring countries. Such behavior at a state level is unacceptable in the international community. Palestine finds the influence that the Taliban has in the drug trade to be very disconcerting and is troubled by the lack of Afghan unity resulting from the activities of Taliban militants. Palestine rejects terrorism and violence in all forms. Palestine recognizes the needs for alternatives to opium cultivation and trade; yet we sadly cannot offer any alternatives to the international community, ourselves struggling to support agriculture in the Palestinian Territories under destructive pressure from the state of Israel, its military forces, and vigilante settlers. As a fellow member of the Arab League and an observer of the United Nations, Palestine fully supports Afghanistan in the efforts to eradicate the Taliban. In fact, Palestine recognizes the validity of a more regional approach that would directly engage Afghanistan’s geographic neighbors in its reconstruction and development, as well as in the preservation of peace and security. The government of the PA would welcome an effort to create a regional Muslim peacekeeping force in order to provide security in Afghanistan with the ultimate purpose of assuming ISAF operations. We believe that a pan-Muslim force would be more acceptable to both the population and the militants currently at war in the country.. Changes and improvements within the Afghan National Army also could have a positive impact on dealing with the Taliban. The Palestinian Authority’s own security forces have extensive experience handling incidences of civil unrest and terrorist threats, and would gladly share the knowledge of our personnel with our Afghan brothers. However, while Palestine recognizes the need for international cooperation on these issues, we sincerely hope that Afghanistan can be the leader in these initiatives. One of such initiatives could be a revision of the Afghan National Police, widely seen as corrupt and inefficient. Delegation: Palestine Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Palestine acknowledges the pressing issue that cyberterrorism presents to the

United Nations. With the rise of new technology comes even more ways for it to be abused. The international community must now deal with the recent developments of cyber attacks. These malicious actions taken against nations by individuals or groups must be condemned. Measures must be put in place to help stop cyberterrorism.

Palestine hopes that the topics of cyberterrorism and cyber crime will be furthered developed at this committee session. While it is necessary to come up with more unified ideas on how to handle cyberterrorism and Internet security, Palestine hopes that countries will still be respectful of national sovereignty. Palestine believes that with more discussion and collaboration, ideas may be shared about how best to end the threat of cyberterrorism.

In light of the most recent developments, including the leaking of secret diplomatic documents pertaining to years of negotiations towards a resolution of the Israeli-

Palestinian conflict1, the government of the PA considers the cyberspace a highly sensitive issue, and cyber security (as well as physical security of both the PA and its residents) to be a timely topic of debate. It is imperative, however, that in the effort to instate and enforce counter-cyberterrorism measures, the international community and the Western nations leading this effort do no impinge on individual freedoms of internet and mobile phone users and do not resort to censorship and restrictive methods, which would limit freedom of domains and narrow the spectrum of information available to the population.

1 Publication of “The Palestinian Papers” by the pan-Arab television network Al-Jazeera between 23 and 26 January 2011. Disarmament and International Security Committee

Delegates of the Republic of Panama

Bryan Sheppard

Bryce Barros

“We of the Republic of Panama, respectfully send our greeting to the Assembly, and the Secretariat.”

Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Republic of Panama is deeply concerned with the worsening situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan since the US led invasion in 2001, but especially the year 2010. As shown by our tenure on the United Nations Security Council in 2007 and 2008, we voted in support of resolutions in favor of the efforts of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and various other NGOs and IGOs committed to nation building in Afghanistan. Nevertheless Panama as a state that emphasizes human rights and democracy we strongly oppose the human rights violations and ongoing disrespect for women and children by the Taliban. As Ambassador Ricardo Alberto Arias stated Panama “understands the daunting challenge posed by the establishment of a viable and peaceful State in a country that, in recent decades, has only known war and intolerance.” The Republic believes that the growing obstacles that the international community is facing in Afghanistan are the result of lack of coordination and determination on the part of those assisting in Afghanistan’s reconstruction thus making it difficult to tackle the roots of the conflict. We are disappointed to see that the member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization offer diverging strategies to stabilize the country; some that prioritize swift results rather than long-term improvements. This lack of coordination and shared objectives pose a large obstacle to multilateralism which is the very foundation of this institution. The Republic of Panama understands the future of Afghanistan is in the hands of the Afghan people themselves. This is why we support a more proactive role in coordination efforts aimed at building and securing a viable State in Afghanistan through more energetic leadership from the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). Panama, on principle, has always emphasized the role that countries of the region must play in the resolution of conflicts. We therefore welcome the efforts of India, Iran, and Pakistan, and encourage other nations like the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation to take a more proactive role in the rebuilding of Afghanistan. This is why Panama believes that the Government of Afghanistan, with support from the ISAF, UNAMA, and various other international partners, must redouble its efforts to integrate moderate elements of the insurgency, including members of the Taliban who renounce violence, in order to reestablish the Afghan State. The International Community must also increase the political commitment to Afghanistan, not only politically, diplomatically, or economic aid for reconstruction, but to redouble efforts so that ordinary Afghans feel that their country is changing for the better and improving because of actions taken by their Government and the international community. Such actions require great efforts to establish the rule of law throughout the country, root out corruption which permeates certain parts of the bureaucracy and improve the standard of living of each citizen as a viable alternative to poppy growers in the remotest parts of the country. A reconstructed State is worth little if its people live in poverty and insecurity and do not enjoy the dividends of peace. From our own history, we understand such situations lead only to desperation, violence, and extremism.

The Republic of Panama has supported following the Security Council Resolutions:

S/RES/1746 (2007) The situation in Afghanistan S/RES/1776 (2007) The Situation in Afghanistan

Disarmament and International Security Committee

S/RES/1806 (2008) The situation in Afghanistan S/RES/1817 (2008) The situation in Afghanistan S/RES/1833 (2008) The situation in Afghanistan

Disarmament and International Security Committee

Delegates of the Republic of Panama

Bryan Sheppard

Bryce Barros

“We of the Republic of Panama, respectfully send our greeting to the Assembly, and the Secretariat.”

Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

Cyber terrorism is an issue of great importance to the Republic of Panama. Especially, International Cooperation on the matter of internet security needs to be given greater emphasis. Such as activities as disabling or attacking support information, stealing of confidential information, breaking of security measures, and other cyber acts with the intent of harming other Nations or individuals is unequivocally an act of terrorism. During the 2003 summit in Geneva, the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), brought up the topic of having a international governance organization, to govern over internet activity. This endeavor was eventually thwarted as not enough nations approved. However, as stated by Ambassador Ricardo Alberto Arias in regards to terrorism that there is a “need to establish national and international norms to make it possible to prosecute, by way of example, all those who are in any way linked to the commission of terrorist acts”. This refers to the physical act of terrorism just as much as the cyber form of terrorism. It is also the Republic of Panama’s belief that censoring of information, by the state, is a threat to a people’s right to information. To have access to a freedom of information, not to be under the objectivity of a government, is vital to a fully functioning democracy. Only those items that promote hatred or the use of violence should be left from the international community, as everything else should be free for everyone to see. As for the case of state sponsored cyber attacks, it is Panama’s stance that it must be understood that regardless of a state’s status or influence in the world it is unacceptable to use cyber attacks to harm or steal information from another nation. As said by Ambassador Ricardo Alberto Aria “Panama condemns terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, regardless of who commits it, including Governments and where and for what purpose it is committed”. Of special concern to Panama is also the possible use of cell phones to coordinate a cyber attack. As an inexpensive alternative to computers, now with the capabilities to access internet at faster rates, the growth of cell phone usage must also be looked upon as a possible threat to a nation’s cyber security. If used as part of a complex attack it could bring detrimental effects on a nation’s infrastructure, and must be taken note of.

The General Assembly has passed the following resolutions regarding this issue:

A/RES/64/211 (2009) Creation of a global culture of cybersecurity A/RES/58/199 (2003) Creation of a global culture of cybersecurity A/RES/57/239 (2002) Creation of a global culture of cybersecurity A/RES/56/121 (2001) Combating the criminal misuse of information technologies A/RES/55/63 (2001) Combating the criminal misuse of information technologies

Papua New Guinea Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Taliban is an organization that is fundamentalist in nature and has caused tensions and violence between differing groups throughout the Afghan region. In December 2001, the UN Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1386. This would mark the beginning of a long and drawn out war between NATOs International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and the Taliban. Papua New Guinea understands the difficulty caused by the Taliban toward Afghanistan. Papua New Guinea is home to plenty of diverse tribes. Unfortunately, instead of being able to celebrate this diversity, many of the tribal groups commit acts of violence against one another. Much like the violence in Afghanistan, the violence has been made worse with modern weapons, which are funded by drug money. Papua New Guinea is empathetic to our friends and allies who are deeply involved in the mission. Moreover, Papua New Guinea has diplomatic relations with the US, Canada, Belgium, Malaysia, New Zealand and the UK, all of which are involved in the conflict against the Taliban. Papua New Guinea has an abundance of internal issues to overcome before being able to take part in international conflicts such as this one; however, our government has recently passed the International Obligations Bill in May of 2010 with the support from Australia, for the development of our defense force as promised in the ‘Papua New Guinea – Australia Ministerial Forum of 2009’. This bill will allow the Papua New Guinea military to take part in peacekeeping missions overseas if directed by the UN, once our armed forces are ready to do so. Although it is impossible to foresee when the conflict in Afghanistan will end, Papua New Guinea looks forward to eventually strengthening its role within the international community. This government urges the First Committee to come to swift, yet comprehensive conclusion to this conflict in the most peaceful, stable and effective manner possible.

The Oriental Republic of Uruguay Disarmament and International Security Topic Area B: Cyber-Terrorism

The government of Papua New Guinea considers Cyber-terrorism to be one of the biggest threats facing national security both domestically and internationally in the twenty-first century. It is the concern of nations both large and small to come to an agreeable resolution that will work toward a future without Cyber-terrorism. As of 2009, only 125,000 Papua New Guineans of its 6.06 million person population have access to and are using the Internet. Fortunately, to date Papua New Guinea has not seen an attack of any level on our nation, though national security is always a top priority to the people and the government of this small but proud country. The cyber-attack in Estonia in the spring of 2007 is a prime example of how government systems, along with private institutions, remain a target. The government of Papua New Guinea is dedicated to combating the ongoing and ever changing crisis. The 2007 event in Estonia can serve to exemplify how such extraordinary advances in computer technology can and has led to an increase in cyber crime, warfare, and terrorism. This government, with the support of Australia, has established a joint declaration of principles guiding relations between our respected nations. The delegation from Papua New Guinea is looking to reach a comprehensive agreement on how we as an international community can work to accomplish a goal of a safe and sufficient cyberspace that does not become a haven to launch attacks on all corners of the world.

Position paper

Delegation: Peru Committee: Disarmament and International Security committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Peru strongly believes that the Taliban are one of the most dangerous terrorist organizations in the world today. In particular, they threaten the stability of the Middle East and retard the economic and political development of Afghanistan.

Peru condemns all actions perpetrated by the Taliban and more widely Al Qaeda in respect with Charter of United Nation and International law.

Peru has suffered from internal conflicts, underwent authoritarian government, and knows the necessity of international forces in peace dialogues. Therefore the democratic nation of Peru wants to spotlight the decisive role UN had and have in leading operations and coordination concerning this struggle, and believes that multinational cooperation is required for solving this problem.

The Peruvian Republic would like to put a special emphasis on the opium trade that provides substantial funds to the Taliban. Peru is currently struggling against an increasing drug trafficking in the region and is willing to contribute to find a solution to eradicate this scourge. Peru already presents to the United Nations a proposal to increase international aid for nations fighting against drug trafficking. Therefore, Peru believes that UN should consider first how to substitute poppy fields without eliminate farmer’s livelihood, while protecting effectively the population.

Position paper

Delegation: Peru Committee: Disarmament and International Security committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Peru is highly concerned about cyberterrorism, and considers it as a crucial modern threat for the national infrastructures and the security of the country.

Indeed attacks are becoming more devastating, boundless and uncontrollable. As we have seen in the past decade, attacks against cyber space already reached Estonia in

2007, USA and South Korea in 2099, threatening their economic stability and witnessing security weaknesses in advanced economies.

Peru participated in the conference of cyber security called by the Inter American committee against terrorism in 2003. This was a relevant way to develop a culture of cyber-security, joint initiatives in legislation and emergency responses through cooperation with other governments. The Republic is coherently consistent with the objectives of the UN resolution 64/211 and is ready to cooperate in order to eliminate terrorist elements in its borders.

Delegation: Republic of the Philippines Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Republic of the Philippines is concerned about the threat of terrorism, in particular, the threat posed by the Taliban. Even though the threat of the Taliban is mainly prevalent in Afghanistan, it has an effect on the rest of the world, as terrorism has become a global issue. The Taliban believes that it speaks and acts on behalf of Muslims, which is not precise, as they do not speak on the behalf of all Muslims. To achieve the most peaceful solution possible in such a divided area of Afghanistan, it would be ideal for aid workers and the Taliban to work together if the Taliban is willing to cooperate in an effort to improve the lives of the Afghani people. A main priority of the United Nations should be to get the Afghan people on its side and aid workers may facilitate an improved relationship providing that their security is maintained. The Republic of the Philippines feels it is imperative that due to the global nature of terrorism, the world should present itself on a united front through the United Nations. Resolutions have been passed by the General Assembly to combat terrorism and to apply sanctions to individuals and groups that support al-Qaeda and the Taliban. The Republic of the Philippines has worked with the United Nations to successfully weed out and sanction Filipino citizens who financially support the Taliban. If the world wishes to combat terrorism effectively, it is necessary for all states to work together. States that support the Taliban should be sanctioned if the UN desires to truly combat terrorism. If the Taliban does not truly represent the Afghan people, then it should not have any rights to sovereignty. In order to properly represent its people, the Karzai government needs continued support from the world community to help it fully establish its people’s rights and identify the needs of Afghanis.

Delegation: Republic of the Philippines Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: Cyberterrorism

The issue of cyberterrorism is of great concern to the Republic of the Philippines. The past decade has seen a significant rise in Internet use. As a consequence of this, the number of hackings and cybercrimes has increased. These issues have become very serious for many Filipinos as they have fallen prey to malware according to Symantec. Recently, a bill for Cybercrime Prevention has been introduced into congress. The bill aims to punish illegal access to computers, unauthorized interception, misuse of devices, and combat child pornography. Additionally, those assisting individuals in cybercrimes will be liable for persecution. This bill will help protect Filipinos from crimes such as identity theft and hacking. Providing security to Filipinos as they use cellular phones and the Internet is the main priority of the Government. The Republic of the Philippines has started a yearlong training program for the Philippines National Police on cyber security, specifically aiming to combat cyberterrorism. Considering our experiences, we propose that the United Nations Disarmament and International Security Committee help create an organization that will help both developed and developing nations deal with cyberterrorism. This organization can assist countries in cooperating in finding cyber offenders and issue international alerts regarding malicious software and viruses. This organization can also help improve countries like the Philippines with training and providing software technology that will help guard against cyber attacks.

Delegation: Republic of Poland Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Poland considers the Afghan situation as one of the most important issue in the world regarding peace and international security. The stabilization and development of the country is a key issue for the international security. Thus, it’s essential that the Disarmament and International Security Committee continues its effort in the area. The Polish government has always found it necessary to ensure a continuous support of the international community for Afghanistan and has stressed the prominent role the United Nations plays in this country in the fields of strengthening the institutions, good governance, democracy and the rule of law. Poland’s involvement follows from a keen sense of responsibilities for the uncertain situation in Afghanistan, which still poses the threat to international peace and security. The Republic of Poland reiterates its determination to combat all forms of terrorism and drug trafficking alongside its partners and stands ready to share its own experience in the field of a successful political transition in order to contribute to the building of a peaceful and prosperous Afghanistan.

Poland has been engaged in Afghanistan since March 2002 both militarily and economically. On the military front, Poland has significantly upped its role in ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) in Afghanistan since the beginning of the operations. The 2008 decision to strengthen Polish involvement brought the number of its troops up to 1600. Moreover, Poland has taken over the responsibility for the security situation in Ghazni province. It’s a major Pashtun area and one of the sharper battlegrounds in the fight for Afghanistan. Therefore, Poland is on the front line in the fight against Taliban. In February 2009, the Republic of Poland suffered the lost of a national, Piotr Stanczak, a Polish geologist, beheaded by Taliban extremists. However, this execution has reinforced the commitment of the Polish government to oppose the Taliban movement. To achieve this aim, the Republic of Poland enhanced its efforts to strengthen capabilities of the Afghan security forces. Indeed, Poland strongly believes that the key to a peaceful and secure Afghanistan lies in the hands of the Afghans themselves. That’s why Poland gradually increases its engagement in the crucial task of training Afghan National Security Forces so as to curb the influence of Taliban in the country. On the economic front, Poland provides money for the development of the country. In 2010 its development aid amounted to 12 mln USD. Poland foresees projects in the fields of warranting stability, advancing national reconciliation and improving the Afghans’ daily life. The final aim is also to curb the influence of Taliban by reducing destitution among the Afghani population.

Poland has been one of the toughest allies in Afghanistan and its soldiers have taken part in bloody fighting against the Taliban. But the long-running war has become increasingly controversial in Poland. Indeed, 18 soldiers have already lost their lives. Furthermore, the Republic of Poland believes that the withdrawal of some NATO’s members could be dangerous for its security, which is built on the alliance with Western States. Consequently the polish government decided to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan before 2012. Sure Poland is looking forward to exit Afghanistan, but it’s also compulsory to warrant security in the country before leaving in order to prevent future security threats from emerging. Towards this goal, Poland reiterates its engagement in training and mentoring activities and will support the international action against terrorism and drug trafficking. Eradicating drug trafficking means also destroying, or at least controlling, poppy fields. The Polish government won’t never agree to conciliate with Taliban and will so assist the Afghan National Army in its struggle against Taliban. Poland will be intransigent on the respect of human rights and will never accept any compromises with Taliban extremists. Delegation: Republic of Poland Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B : Cyberterrorism

In the past two decades, the rapidly growing world trend has been toward globalization. With the accelerated emergence of information and communication technologies, the spread of internet and the access facilitations, the human societies have changed as a whole. Poland is very pleased about the fact that in our actual globalized word, the share of ressources and informations has become natural for anyone. However the delegation of Poland believes we need to be carefull regarding confidence and security while using the comunication technologies. Indeed the informations put on the network, nowadays part of our daily life, have to be secured and safeguarded. This is even more justify by the appearance since the nineties of a new issue, Cyberterrorism. Notion invented by the researcher Barry Collin in 1997, the cyberterrorism is now one of the major international threats we have to deal with. Poland is deeply convinced by the fact that if we want to fight efficiently against cyberterrosim and one of its declension cybercrime, we must coordinate our actions into an international scale.

Recalling NATO's position which has decided to inscribe the cyberterrorism as one of the future main threats, we ask for the mobilization of the international community. Poland has since the begin of the decade been part of all the attempts for stopping the cyberterrorism actions. Signatory of the Convention on Cybercrime since 2001, the State of Poland has taken measures in favor of a best internet control, a more efficient detection and a more heavy repression of cybercrimes and cyberterrorism. Noting with satisfaction some results as the large police operation in September 2008 which permitted to arrest 138 cybercriminals, we, as the delegation of Poland deplore however a lack of collaboration between States.

The european simulation operated in November 2010 of a cyber attack has had a positive consequence on european cooperation but there is still deficiencies. That's why as in the past, Poland reaffirms its will of an efficient cooperation between States which passes by the share of informations and datas, the enforcement of control and repressive procedures and mixed police formations. Considering Obama's idea of a Cybersecurity Coordinator for United States, Poland would welcome such initiative for Europe and even more for the whole world.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban Country: Portugal

Portugal is a founding member of NATO; it is an active member of the alliance, and Portuguese forces participate in NATO operations in Afghanistan and Kosovo. Portugal defense relationship is strong and enduring. The current U.S.-Portugal Agreement on Cooperation and Defense (ACD) was signed in 1995; however, a U.S. military forward presence at Lajes Field, in the Azores, extends back to World War II. U.S. Air Forces Europe's 65 Air Base Wing, in close cooperation with the Portuguese Air Force, ensures that Lajes Field remains a critical logistic hub for U.S. Transportation Command, U.S. European Command, and NATO Allies. Access to Lajes Field is an essential component of U.S. European Command’s engagement in Portugal. This access supports deployed U.S. forces throughout Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. U.S. missions currently supported by a presence at Lajes Field include counterterrorism, humanitarian, and combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Portugal values the transatlantic alliance and advocates within the European Union and NATO for strong European ties with the United States, particularly on defense and security issues. Portugal is part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) which is a NATO- led security mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations Security Council on 20 December 2001 by Resolution 1386 as envisaged by the Bonn Agreement. It is engaged in the War in Afghanistan (2001–present). ISAF is initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, al Qaeda and factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai.

Solution: Understanding that internal security situation remains a direct challenge to the stability of Afghanistan. Portugal underlines its continued support for the war efforts in Afghanistan, emphasising the central coordination role for the UN mandate and the objectives of ISAF. The key to delivering the civilian efforts will be enhanced coordination and the development of a coherent approach between all major civilian actors, notably the EU Special Representative, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General and the NATO Senior Civilian Representative, under the leadership of the Government of Afghanistan. The Council underlined the importance of Afghan ownership and leadership. Furthermore Portugal is committed to maintaining the security and stability of Afghanistan as well as its contributing to its reconstruction. It is resolved to stand with its NATO allies in the goal to which President Karzai has put forward in transferring security forces to Afghan troops. Lisbon Summit 2010 was agreed that early 2011 will mark the beginning of a transition to Afghan responsibility, to Afghan forces taking the lead for security across the country by the end of 2014.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

Country: Portugal

Computer crime has hit mankind with unbelievable severity. In the past, hackers have taken down national defense systems, taken control of a huge dam, shut down large segments of government information. Further to the adoption by the Council of Europe of the Cybercrime Convention (2001) and the Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism (2005), its Committee of Experts on Terrorism (CODEXTER) has been studying this matter and surveying the situation in member states to evaluate whether existing legal instruments are sufficient to combat this emerging form of crime.

The Definition

Cyber terrorism is the premeditated use of disruptive activities, or the threat thereof, in cyber space, with the intention to further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives, or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives.

TOOLS OF TERROR

Cyber terrorists use various tools and methods to unleash their terrorism. Some of the major tools and methodologies are discussed below:

Hacking, Trojans, Computer Viruses Computer Worms, Cryptography, Denial of Service Attacks.

Portugal National Policy: (Solution)

Portugal has no national policy, strictu sensu. The action taken follows the criteria of need and opportunity. The misuse of cyberspace when associated with terrorist acts has special criminal provisions in Portuguese law (Law No.52/2003, Article 2 No. 1b) and 4 No. 1)).

The Portuguese Law on Cybercrime (Law No.109/91, 17 August 1991), foresees both criminal and administrative sanctions for the misuse of cyberspace (article 4 to 18).

International Co-operation

Takes place with the scope of Interpol and Europol

Portugal has a partnership with a Portuguese scientific Foundation for National Scientific Computing, which is responsible for an internet site that enables the reception of complaints related to the criminal use of cyberspace, including terrorist-related misuse. This service, integrate in the European programme “Safer Internet Plus” proceeds to a preliminary screening of the reported content, establishing whether it should directed to the Portuguese Judiciary Police or to the competent authorities abroad.

Delegation: Qatar Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

“Qatar rejects and denounces all forms and manifestations of terrorism, regardless of its causes, objectives and means. It, however, differentiates between terrorism and the peoples' struggle and legitimate rights of freedom and self- determination in accordance with the provisions of the international law.”1

However, being a strong trading partner and military ally of the US in its war against terror, Qatar not only serves as host to major U.S. military facilities for command, basing, and equipment pre-positioning but also deemed it necessary for continuous U.S. presence in the region for long lasting stability. Since 2003, Qatar has provided its Al Udeid airbase south of Doha, the Qatari capital as a logistics hub for U.S. operations in Afghanistan as well as a key command and basing center for ongoing operations in Iraq. Nearby Camp As Sayliyah is the largest pre-positioning facility of U.S. military equipment in the world.2

It is necessary to reiterate that Qatar respects the struggle of the masses affected by oppressed regimes but in no way accepts and tolerate acts of terrorism, such as those displayed by the different factions of Taliban groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan. For this reason, Qatar will not only continue its support to the stabilization of its neighbouring region but also to the overall well being of the citizens of Afghanistan.

Qatar, therefore, “plays an active role in the collective defence efforts of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC--the regional organization of the Arab states in the Gulf; the other five members are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the U.A.E., and Oman).”3 It is only through regional and international cooperation that we can achieve relative stability and move towards a progressive society.

The process of Talibanisation and radicalisation among the Muslim youth as an aftermath of long lasting war in Afghanistan has created a sense of insecurity among many Muslim countries. It has been our position that to counter such threat we must educate the general public on such important issues. The State of Qatar is responsible for the free education of its citizens at all levels, which is why the radicalisation process has not been an issue among Qatari youth. Therefore, it must be reiterated that Qatar will not only support the regional and international cooperation to ensure the regional stability but will also promote education at all levels.

1 http://www.qatarembassy.net/foreign_policy.asp 2 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL31718.pdf 3 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5437.htm Position Paper Delegate: Saad Rehman Delegation: Romania Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Romania is a strategic partner of the U.S. and after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Romanian parliament decided to participate as a de facto NATO member in the war against terrorism. The country's military actively participated both in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force and the US-led Operation Enduring Freedom. In 2004, Romania was finally accepted as a full member of the NATO. Currently, Romania has deployed around 1700 troops in Afghanistan to support U.S. foreign policy against Taliban. Romanian government sees Taliban as a major threat to Asian regional security in general and world peace in particular. Therefore, Romania doesn’t support any negotiations with Taliban or any other militant groups and Romanian troops will stay in Afghanistan until 2014. However, Romania supports some local warlords and local militias because they are against the Taliban and have fought against them. Therefore, Romania, along with U.S. and other NATO allies, supports the empowerment of some local warlords because they are dominant players in Afghan politics. Romania considers opium production as a major problem in bringing stability to Afghanistan and Romanian government is concerned over the rise of poppy cultivation in the country. Romania is a proponent of policies that promote "alternative livelihoods" rather than crop eradication to reduce opium cultivation and drug production - Alternative livelihood means that it is important to provide peasants with alternatives if the goal is to move them away from growing poppies. Romania supports NATO’s position on gradually handing over responsibility to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) by 2014. This would facilitate a phased withdrawal of U.S. and NATO forces from Afghanistan, although the Romania has said that it stands ready to ensure security and stability in Afghanistan even after the 2014 date. Romania considers corruption as a significant and growing problem across Afghanistan that undermines security, development, and democracy-building objectives. Therefore, Romania believes that Afghan government should implement internationally-accepted safeguards, as promoted by international organizations such as the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development or Transparency International, among others, to eliminate corruption at district, provincial, and federal levels. Romania is determined to bring peace and stability in war-stricken Afghanistan and continues to support NATO endeavors in building democratic institutions, eradicating opium production and trade, promoting education and wiping out corruption. Peace in Afghanistan will not only bring stability on a regional level, but it will also pave the way for global peace and international security. The Afghan government today suffers from a severe legitimacy deficit, both in its relations with the Afghan people and with its opponents in the insurgency. Therefore, Romania believes that International community needs to increase its pressure on President Karzai to begin implementing a series of political reforms in order to address the lack of accountability in the government, the insufficient checks and balances, and the inability of Afghans to access and influence government decision making. Romania also acknowledges that reconciliation and reintegration efforts with ex-combatants will form an important part of bringing the conflict in Afghanistan to an end, but they need to be viewed as part of a more comprehensive process of political reform.

Delegation: Romania School: Manhattanville College Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Delegates: Saad Rehman, Xinlei Yue Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Romania treats the cyberterrorism with zero tolerance, as we consider it as one of the most destructive terrorist activities.. In 21st century, the terrorism is a serious problem not just for a few countries, but the entire world. Today the terrorists are not simply on the ground and always visible. Sometimes these mysterious enemies are in the air with powerful “weapons”, waiting to make an assault anytime. Cyberterrorism is one of them. It is elusive, cheaper than most, but can be even more destructive. Because the computers and the internet are becoming more and more important and accessible in our daily life, they are vulnerable to cyberattacks. The situation is worse in some eastern European countries such as Romania. Romania experienced one of the worst incidents of cyberterrorists when a Romanian cyberterrorist illegally gained access to the computers controlling the life support systems at a research station in Antarctica, which resulted in endangering lives of 58 scientists. This type of cases is not rare in eastern European countries, especially those which had been in the former Soviet Union. In 2007, Estonian government system was subjected to a serious mass cyber-attack by Russian hackers. (It was suspected that those activities were coordinated by the Russian government, even though the officials deny the allegation). Because many eastern and central European countries were used to be socialist countries, different political forces and spy agencies are said to be actively involved in this area in connection with their intelligence activities. Romania has always been focused on combating cyberattack threats. The technical capabilities and methods of hackers are more and more advanced in recent years. Romania believes that the best way to solve the cyberterrorism problem is through the cooperation of international society, especially through the UN and its family of agencies. The involvement of the UN is of vital importance, specially for developing countries like Romania. Such “global culture of cybersecurity” claims were acknowledged by General Assembly in its resolution 64/211.. In this globalized society, we are all citizens of a global village, enjoying the benefits-- and exposed to the dangers—of the Information Age.. We stand to gain from greater international cooperation to fight cyberterrorismboth on the global and regional level. Confronted with rampant cyberterrorism, many regional organizations have taken actions to safeguard the cyber-peace. The European Convention on Cybercrime was passed by Countil of Europe in Budapest in 2001. Also, in 2009 the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) signed the Agreement on International Information Security which reflects a comprehensive approach to the solution of cyberterrorism problems. Therefore, Romania urges UN the Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) to move aggressively to combat cyberterrorism by establishing a special sub-committee on cyberterrorism. DISEC Topic A: The Taliban Delegation: Russian Federation Delegates: Aynur Taskan and Danyal Sheikh School Represented: University of Chicago

As an Afghani farmer woke up to a cool day in mid-September, he saw the national red, green, and black flag of his government replaced with the white flag of a new government outside his home. Armed soldiers surrounded his town and were unloading supplies from a truck and bringing more people into the village. Fear poured into his eyes and soul at the sight of what was occurring before him. The Taliban had arrived. After years of fighting, war, and terror, the Afghani people continue to suffer. Taliban members attack soldiers, villagers, farmers, foreigners, and civilians, and make it impossible for the international community to predict their next target. Only two days ago a Taliban suicide bomber blew himself up in a crowded supermarket in Kabul, killing 9 people and wounding several. The attack occurred at the busiest hour of the day when the supermarket was packed with women, children, and foreigners. The Taliban’s attacks clearly and chillingly convey their message: no one is safe. As a bordering nation to Afghanistan, the Russian Federation is well aware of the risks that arise on local, regional, and international levels as the Taliban gains strength. We have seen many methods used to try to stem the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan; none has yet proven to be successful in eliminating the threat. Russia believes this problem is first and foremost an Afghani problem that affects the lives of Afghans on a daily basis. It needs, therefore, to be addressed on a local level. At this level we need to attack the root causes of the continued existence of the Taliban. The Taliban is well- financed, well-armed, widely influential, and a highly populated organization. In order to cut their primary arteries, we need to stop their financing, disable their arm trading, and extinguish their recruiting. Furthermore, it is important to see the regional side of the problem. The instability of Afghanistan is a major security threat for its neighbors. Yet the existence of the Taliban also depends on their connections in the region. Taliban’s financial security comes from their poppy trade with neighboring nations; they are also able to recruit new members to their organization from some of their bordering states. The Russian Federation continually increases its border security and patrols in order to diminish drug smuggling. Hence at the regional level, it is imperative to ally against the drug trafficking and propaganda of the Taliban as well as to promote the stability of the Afghani government by increasing economic and political exchanges. Terrorism turns every location into a possible battlefield. Cooperation between Al-Qaeda and the Taliban highlights the necessity of addressing the international level of this problem. It is then an international responsibility to support and aid the sustainability of a stable Afghani government. In addition to participating in the aid and infrastructure building programs provided yearly by UN Resolutions on the “Situation in Afghanistan,” member states should also monitor the activities of the Taliban and al-Qaeda within their own states through cooperation with financial institutions to monitor their financial activities, eradicate the opium trade within their own countries, and share intelligence. Once the means that enable the continued existence of Taliban are eliminated, peace in Afghanistan can be restored after years of strife and hardships in a nation barraged by foreign influence and volatility. Soon, if the appropriate actions are taken, the Afghani farmer will not have to feel fear. He will be able to wake up feeling secure and knowing that his life will have greater predictability and security than before. DISEC Topic B: Cyberterrorism Delegation: Russian Federation Delegates: Aynur Taskan and Danyal Sheikh School Represented: University of Chicago

The internet is a network of unimaginable magnitude. With a single click, one can reach over one billion computers and each of their networks. It is a space where distance, time, and possibilities are redefined. In this space, our defense, financial, political, and social databases are at tremendous risk. In this century, one might not need to shed blood in order to cause the destruction of states. The Internet provides a surfeit of information that can be used in both benevolent and malicious ways by hackers – especially ones interested in terrorism via the World Wide Web. Cyberterrorism poses a great challenge; however, the Russian Federation believes that an analytical approach to the issue will enable member states to overcome this challenge. In order to do so, we have to take preventive measures and implement response mechanisms and programs while recognizing the freedom of speech. Since 1998, the United Nations General Assembly has often tackled the issue of cyber security. Resolutions 64/211 of 17 March 2010, 55/63 of 4 December 2000, 56/121 of 19 December 2001, and 58/199 of 23 December 2003 looked at increasing cybersecurity and protecting information infrastructures, while Resolutions 53/70 of 4 December 1998, 54/49 of 1 December 1999, 55/28 of 20 November 2000, 56/19 of 29 November 2001, 57/53 of 22 November 2002, 58/32 of 8 December 2003, 59/89 of 3 December 2004, 60/45 of 8 December 2005, 61/54 of 6 December 2008, 62/17 of 5 December 2007, and 63/37 2 December 2008 examined developments with respect to informational technologies in the context of international security. These resolutions provide us with a baseline to continue building up our prevention measures. As these documents suggest, creation of secure networks and protection of “critical information infrastructures” are the responsibility of the state. Yet, it is also imperative for governments to support their national efforts by facilitating information sharing on cybersecurity. The Russian Federation believes that states should prioritize cybersecurity and constantly develop better security systems to prevent cyberterrorist attacks. They should also build public- private partnerships in order to protect both critical infrastructure participants and private sector actors. Through periodical assessment of the vulnerability of their systems, they can re-evaluate the extent of the security needed. The Russian Federation believes that deterrence is necessary in order eliminate cyberterrorism. States should continue to patrol and police cyberspace and to protect their national network from terrorist propaganda and attacks. Yet freedom of speech and information sharing should never be infringed. A response plan built by individual states should be carried out in the cases of cyberterrorist attacks. “Active Defense Systems” (ADS) are developed in order to respond immediately to an attacker’s system once an attack starts. Since the majority of cyber attacks are conducted by non-state actors, it seems unlikely that many attacks will be launched from the computers that serve as the main components of a state’s critical infrastructure. Therefore implementation of ADS is a strong deterrence mechanism for member states. Also, by adopting “cyber early warning systems,” states can create additional emergency protection. Cyberterrorist attacks can damage state’s critical infrastructures and public actors’ networks immensely. Therefore, in order to minimize the effects of the attacks on these networks, states need to construct a re-building program that would be activated immediately after the attack. Russia acknowledges that the rapid growth of networks in cyberspace makes everyone a suspect and all the networks targets. It is our duty, then, to secure this space before it is penetrated by millions of cybercriminals. Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic: The Taliban

Country: Samoa

The Taliban are one the largest threats to international security today. They represent a perverse interpretation of Islam that encourages violent jihad, the oppression of women, and the suppression of human rights. They have banned everything from music and nail polish to pool tables and chess. In their society, education and free thinking have no place and fair justice is non-existent. They spread their message through force, battling ISAF and Afghan forces in an attempt to re-capture the country and once again use it as a hub for Islamic extremism.

Samoa believes that the Taliban represent a grave security threat to the entire international community. Samoa completely rejects the Taliban’s view of critical issues such as women’s rights and human rights, and we do not recognize any claim by the Taliban to be the legitimate government of Afghanistan. The Samoan position is that only the Afghan people have the right to decide their government through fair and unbiased elections. As a member of the United Nations, we support the UNSC’s authorization of NATO’s International Security

Assistance Force and believe that Afghanistan can only begin down the path of prosperity once the Taliban have been defeated and have paid for their heinous crimes against the people of

Afghanistan.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: Cyberterrorism Country: Independent State of Samoa

The introduction of networking, specifically with regard to the Internet, has allowed for exponential growth for both business and human interaction. It has also allowed for a much more sophisticated system of communication between those all over the world. Now with over two billion Internet users worldwide, the Internet has proven to be a very effective tool in the modern world. However, its potential abuse has yet to be effectively examined. Furthermore, as it grows so does the potential for such issues as cyberterrorism, a new and often underestimated form of terrorism. This form of terrorism involves disruption to computer networks through means such as hacking or virus infections. While this phenomenon has not been extensively used, it proves to be potentially devastating due the extent of network use in both the business and government sectors. For example, the infection of a nuclear facility’s security system poses a serious security risk to everyone.

Many governments through the world have started to research and combat this dangerous form of terrorism. As a sovereign nation, the Independent State of

Samoa recognizes the threat of terrorism by use of network sabotage. The extent to which Samoa could be affected by cyberterrorism is unknown, but only a small portion of the country is developed enough to have Internet access. This is seen through the Samoan appointment by the United Nations on the list of least developed nations. Furthermore, because of Samoa’s lack of a formal defense system, no direct action has been taken by Samoa to address cyberterrorism. Due to the Treaty of Friendship, however, Samoa can address any potential issue relating to its security with neighboring New Zealand.

Although Samoa itself may not have addressed cyberterrorism, it has been involved in various United Nations meetings regarding cyber security. For example,

Tua'imalo Asamu Ah Sam, a government official in Samoa, presented before the ITU

Regional Cybersecurity Forum for Asia-Pacifica a case study of cyberterrorism in

Samoa. It attempted to address the seriousness of this issue no matter the size of the country. This shows the aforementioned recognition of cyberterrorism as a serious threat to international security.

Overall, cyberterrorism proves to be a risk for countries big and small. It has the ability to disrupt the lives of millions in various methods such as: shutting down government networks or by sabotaging security. Even though Samoa has a relatively low risk for this form of terror compared with other nations, it still realizes the importance of this issue and is working with the international community to search for a fix that would ensure the safety of civilians and governments throughout the world.

Christopher Fitzpatrick Emmanuel College

Delegation: Republic of San Marino Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic : A - Taliban

Republic of San Marino Stance on Taliban

The Taliban movement began in 1994, when a small group from among Talib (student of religious knowledge; in the Afghan language, said Talib and became the Taliban as the plural word, thus the word Taliban means student of religious knowledge) and Mulla Afghans in Kandahar to the expulsion of the robbers who used to rob the caravan (who made a trip) and did rape the woman in the vicinity of Kandahar

Causes After the mujahedeen victory, some malicious parties and his followers succeeded in spreading hostility among mujahideen factions, but also managed to kill Kamal Sananiri in 1981, the murder of Dr. Abdullaah Azzaam in 1989 managed to create divisions among mujahideen factions. Thus, they are all hostile to each other, so this caused widespread fear in most areas of Afghanistan. This situation is exploited by people who are weak-minded, so they collect taxes and tribute to the community. Increasingly vast patrol around the streets that collect taxes by force to people who pass by their vehicles. Then, each group of factions that have the tax collector who perform actions similar to actions of the mafia. Thus, the rampant crime in various forms. Communities hit by fears concerning the security of life, property, honor, and their property. Some people survive, others go abroad. The crisis is getting worse, suffering increasingly-added, and the dashed hopes. This situation lasted for several years, where people have run out of hope to find a way out, because there was no beam of light on the horizon and not a particle of hope in the liver. There is only darkness that overlap with the dark, pitch dark night is very dark area covering the whole of Afghanistan, which all add to the burden in the hearts of the sons of the Islamic country has been destroyed by war and cut into pieces by the canine-sharp fangs, so he spent the night as a piece of meat into the game tongue or envy those who kicked the ball to and fro by the feet of sinners.

Actions The Government of Republic of San Marino has shown their effort by doing existences of international conference in helping Afghanistan to solve the problem with the origin government of Afghanistan and the current government authorities Taliban. And on that international conference, each countries include Republic of San Marino should give an aid which may include food, drugs, and grant for recovering Afghanistan economically. The Government of Republic of San Marino also has joint with the international organizations such as, International Court of Justice and United Nations. In these international organizations, Republic of San Marino sends their army as the peacekeeper for Afghanistan.

Solution Afghanistan as the source of problem have to make or at least attend the negotiation meeting between two parties, Afghanistan and Taliban in order to find common ground on issues that have been happening both nationally and internationally. End of these negotiations must be witnessed by the world and approved and signed by both parties and the mediator.

Delegation : Republic of San Marino Committee : Disarmament and International Security Commitee Topic : B - Cyberterrorism

Republic of San Marino considers that Cyber terrorism is a modern crime that can be done by anyone, anytime and anywhere. Cyberterrorism’s dangers impact the performance of system that is running, moreover cyberterrorism is an international crime. Terrorism itself has a meaning of crimes that against humanity and civilization and it’s one of the serious threats for the sovereignty of each state because terrorism is an international crime that causes the danger to the security, world peace and harming the welfare of the community that needs to be eradicated with the organized and continuous plan. As a state of law, Republic of San Marino has the responsibility to protect people’s dignity, similarly, in terms of protecting citizens from terrorism acts. Another form from the state about citizens protection against the acts of terrorism is through law enforcement, including attempt to create an appropriate legal product. Therefore, it is essential that the Disarmament and International Security Committee to consider cyberterrorism will disturb security stability. In addition, San Marino had been actively voicing their aspirations within international forums, such as the United Nations. San Marino believes that through the fight against cyberterrorism, this world will be safer from terrorist acts around the world. The entry of San Marino to become a member of the UN is one concrete step for the country to maintain the world peace, as well as the UN program of disarmament. For example; when San Marino thwart the terrorist acts within the scope of cyberterrorism, San Marino had saved the people who might harm by the cyberterrorism crime. The Example of cyberterrorism that happened lately is the presence of a website that aimed to leak the diplomatic chain of all countries in the world, that we call WikiLeaks. All countries in the world have agreed to block the website which can be detrimental to this. San Marino strongly opposes the presence of the controversial WikiLeaks. Republic of San Marino submits all policies against cyberterrorism to the UN. As we all know that the UN has already got a legal entity such as the International Court of Justice which can solve the entire forms of international crime. Although the UN only solve problems experienced by its members, preventing these crimes, every country must always be alert to the possibility of anything might happen and not give any space to terrorists. It is time for every country to have more sophisticated tools to detect cyberterrorism attacks. The human resources must also being improved to create the protection in order to grant the world peace that aspired by all UN members. In addition, the UN must have a clear framework to deal with cyberterrorism in this world, to avoid the overlapping during the completion. So, cyberterrorism will contribute security dilemma and must be restrained early. Ryan Cox January 2011 Rivier College Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic: Taliban

The stability of Afghanistan is a major concern for nations around the world. Resources and money being poured into stabilising and establishing the Afghan government could have potentially been used to increase the quality of life for many people, especially those impoverished in the war stricken areas of Africa. The actions of organisations such as the Taliban have made efforts in Afghanistan difficult. It is therefore important that the situation in Afghanistan be resolved, the government stabilised, and Taliban be removed from within the country’s borders. Though there is no clear way to achieve this it is imperative that it is achieved as soon as possible. As a Republic the nation of Sao Tome and Principe feels it imperative that the great people of Afghanistan be empowered with the ability to choose their own destiny, and ultimately the future of their proud nation with its rich history. To do this an effective plan to rid the nation of the Taliban must be devised. It is also imperative halt the production and trade of opiates, as it is clear that this is funding a good amount of Taliban operations. To depower the Taliban it is crucial that the issues involved in stabilising the region be dealt with, regardless of its connection to the Taliban; because in some ways not always obvious problems and solutions usually have some kind of connection. As a country that just received independence from colonial powers in the 1970s the government of Sao Tome and Principe realises that the establishment of a stable government, especially a democratic system, can prove challenging for nations with little to no precedent of self-governance. Therefore the country of Sao Tome and Principe feels it imperative that a sense of nationalism be instilled in the great people of Afghanistan. Through nationalism the people may break the shackles of the Taliban, rise up, and take control of their country through involvement in their government. There are many ways to instil a sense nationalism- from athletics, to the arts, and even improving the education system. Through reconstruction Afghanistan has the potential to be once again established as a centre of culture and innovation, but this requires the people to take pride in their nation.

The situation in Afghanistan must be resolved quickly and effectively, so that developed nations can then turn their attention to the many people around the world that are in dire need of basic human necessities. To stabilise Afghanistan there are several obvious issues that must be dealt with, such as establishing as secure Government, cutting off Taliban resources and funding, and ultimately empowering the people to take control of their nation.

Delegation: Sao Tome and Principe Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Sao Tome and Principe is a country that consists of only 372 square miles and exists on an extinct volcanic mountain line. Given the geographic circumstances of the nation, it must rely heavily on the assistance of fellow member states of the United Nations to become successful. While the severity of cyberwarfare may not be a direct issue of our state, it has become an issue due to its affects on allied nations. These technological threats, such as malware and other potentially catastrophic attacks could potentially create havoc on an international level. From an economic standpoint, technology has given certain cooperations easy accesses to many of the important databases used throughout the industry. With the right name and password anyone could have accesses to a copious amount of important documents. Even without the right name and a password, technology has also given birth to certain threats such as malware, spyware, and many other intrusive viruses that may give an unauthorized user the capability to access certain economic, political, or business related documents. Many corporations rely heavily on technology as an important communications tool that links the hierarchical chain of businessʼ together. While technology may be a great tool that links a cooperation's informational databases together, if a database or even a piece of a database were to be attacked, it could cause a miscommunication between sectors and therefore cause a halt in the importation and exportation of goods. How this, again, would relate to Sao Tome and Principe, would be on an international level. Our country must rely on other much larger allied nations to supply the necessary resources needed for survival. Importation of goods is an absolute necessity, and if major manufacturing industries exporting goods to Sao Tome and Principe were to be disrupted by a technological error, it may potentially take away living necessities such as food from our citizens. Cyber Technology in terms of what is directly used on the islands of Sao Tome and Principe, is not yet something that would be considered a necessity. Items such as computers, cellphones, and the internet are still considered a somewhat new technology from an international standpoint. However, it is an even newer idea for the inhabitants of Sao Tome and Principe. As of July, 2010 Sao Tome and Principe was estimated to have a total population of 175,808 people. Of the 175,808 citizens, the CIA recorded that only 34.5 percent were subscribed to a phone carrier, and only 15.5 percent were authorized internet users. Given the percentages of technology based users in the nation, it makes Sao Tome and Principe a very small and unlikely target for those involved in cyberwarfare.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: Taliban Country: The Republic of Senegal Joseph Riddle Christine Barlow

The Republic of Senegal is pleased to address the United Nations as one of the most stable and cooperative governments in Africa. President Wade’s concern for the development and security of the African continent has brought many reforms and improvements to the lives of the people within Senegal and it’s surrounding neighbors. His commitment to disarmament, especially within the recent moths, has been especially evident to the international community as he questioned through his actions the capability of some of our allies in the fight to rid Africa of illegal weapons trades. The recent events concerning the illicit arms found in Nigeria, and apparently originating in Iran, a long time ally, has led to a state of insecurity within the African union and Senegal. The current discussion of the Taliban with regards to the illicit trade of small arms leads the Republic of Senegal to propose a solution to the global issue of illicit small arms trading. The destruction caused by small arms and weapons must first be recognized. These weapons cause great peril and uncertainty in the nuclear free Africa and spawn political, economic, and social unrest throughout the unstable regions of our continent and the rest of the world. Further development in the African union and other areas of the world such as the Middle East will not be seen if the influx of unauthorized weapons is not controlled. It should be recognized that the increased transparency of non-nuclear weapons must be an agenda for all nations. This is necessary so that further agreements on nuclear disarmament, and other areas of international security, may be upheld between nations that are politically stable and free from the threat of radical well-armed separatists. The nations of the African Union often are aided financially by the united nations and must continue to receive much needed support in the security of small arms deals in order to be on equal footing to participate in the goals of nuclear non- proliferation. Solutions such as a tax on weapons production is not sufficient to regulate the illegal arms trade that is ongoing in our region and in any other region of the world. A more strict resolution on control of international shipments in arms is therefore called for. Previous resolutions have made progress in this area but the nation of Senegal calls for a more strict resolution on international weapons trade, that would allow for a multinational peace keeping force to enforce the illegality of secret weapons trade between African nations and other states of the world. Reliance on the unstable states within Africa and Asia to enforce this them is ineffective. This force should be granted access to the ports of trade and financial records that it suspects are participating in illegal arms deals. It should also be allowed to find and implement measures to reduce the amount of illegal weapons already existing in unstable nations. The United Nations has a duty on behalf of the millions, whose inalienable rights are under duress because of these illicit arms, to stop this deadly trade. In order to ensure a final stop to the Taliban and other political group’s illegal arms trade, action must be taken. Action must be taken to ensure the future of World’s political capacities. Action must be taken to ensure the world’s future developmental goals, plans for peace, and the general safety of the lives of its people. Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: Cyber terrorism Country: The Republic of Senegal Joseph Riddle Christine Barlow

The Republic of Senegal has been eager to bring its support to the fight against terrorism in any sense of the term. Senegal recognizes that there have been known populations among the 1.02 million Internet users in Senegal who have used the Internet to carry out scams and crimes. These and other crimes carried out upon the Senegalese allows for this nation’s support of any resolution to build global defenses to cyber terrorism. With the growing threat of other forms of terrorism, and the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in the daily lives of citizens of the world, it must be recognized that cyber terrorism is the next step in the progression of offenses terrorist networks will employ. While approximately only 8 percent of the Senegalese people have Internet access, there is a constant strive for development within the nation. While the next logical progression of the terrorist networks may be through the IT networks of the world, the Senegalese people follow a similar progression for their pursuit of emerging into modernization. If this progression into a broad Internet accessibility across the population of Senegal further endangers it’s people, the pursuit of modernization will once again be stymied. With the eliminated threat of cyber terrorism the government of Senegal and it’s people will be able to further secure the nation and maintain its role as a pillar of democracy and model of peace for the other African nations. Delegation from Represented by Serbia The Hague University Anne-Lii Kask

Position Paper for General Assembly Committee 1

I. The Taliban

Regarding the pressing concern of Taliban movement the Republic of Serbia holds a clear view in that matter. Serbia wishes to continue the work done by the conferences and United Nations Resolutions so far concerning the situation in Afghanistan. Serbia emphasizes the importance of resolutions A/RES/64/11 and A/RES/59/112 A-B and calls up all Members in the United Nations to join new resolutions that stresses the significance of international peace and security along with further international assistance to assure the best positive outcome. Serbia acknowledges its limited resources financially yet is willing to contribute within the possible limits. Serbia understands the necessity of fundings and therefore is looking forward for the discussions in order to overcome every obstacle. The Republic of Serbia finds the Resolutions adopted each year after 9/11 to be the take-off point and is party to all of them. Serbia is concerned of further escalation of the Taliban issue in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and therefore finds it urgent to take measures to stop that. The Republic of Serbia enjoys good relations with the Middle East due to historic background and present communication. Taking into account the fact that Israel, Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, and Syria are vital economic partners with Serbia, the government of Serbia believes even deeper relationship in the future in the matter of anti-terrorism. Serbia calls attention to its security agreement with Iran and maintained good diplomatic relations with the Palestinian National Authority that will hopefully show Serbia’s serious commitment in the upcoming United Nations Conference and help to produce long- term plans for improving deep concern of Taliban. Serbia keeps an open mind and wishes to also intensify relations with Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Serbia especially expresses its appreciation to the EU, Russia, USA and China and hopes them to be our allies among other welcomed supporters. Serbia draws attention to its serious desire to improve international relations with every state that is committed to a deeply disturbing area such as stopping Taliban militia group. Serbia further reminds of the outcome of Bosnian conflict known as the “Hidden war” as well the impact of 9/11 to the whole world. The Republic of Serbia is on the position that the Taliban has to be stopped and forced to face consequences with its actions carried out so far and therefore Serbia, recognizing the background and possibilities of each State, to take further action and in joined forces to work against this critical matter. The Republic of Serbia will take the initiative in the upcoming Conference in order to assure best possible outcome. Serbia does not believe in failures but lessons to be learned from and therefore Serbia’s strong approach to work with allies is to be carried through.

Delegation from Represented by Republic of Serbia The Hague Law School

Position Paper for General Assembly Committee 1

The topics currently under question for the First Committee of the General Assembly are the Taliban and Cyberterrorism. The Republic Serbia, due to its territorial location, is affected by these matters both directly and indirectly, and therefore, with the strong precedence in regards to international peace and security, Serbia is ready to debate on these pressing issues.

I. Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Serbia has in the past experienced acts of cyberterrorism, and as a state affected by this matter, Serbia realizes the necessity of taking measures to prevent future issues of cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism is a matter difficult to debate as there is no clear definition of what it really includes, however, the FBI defines terrorism as "the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives". It seems as though the international community has taken diminutive steps in order to prevent this threat. The Republic of Serbia urges nations to make international efforts and collaborate together on the matter of cyberterrorism. Therefore, Serbia understands the need of a universal system of governance. Furthermore, the European Convention of Cybercrime was a revolutionary legal instrument within Europe and in terms of cyberterrorism. However, a distinction should be made between cyberterrorism and cybercrime. Serbia has signed, ratified and entered the Convention into force. Nevertheless, there are 28 states that have signed the Convention, but not yet ratified it, and Serbia wishes for the nations of Europe to take the appropriate steps in order to implement this Convention. It is essential that there is a “strong cyber crime infrastructure” among the Member States, and that various steps are taken to protect the region’s industries. The Convention further “encourages member states to give their domestic law enforcement forces the power to prosecute these crimes, and try to facilitate international cooperation on these matters”. Serbia recognises General Assembly Resolution 57/239 of 2003 as an essential and revolutionary instrument in terms of cyberterrorism. The resolution attempts to “create a global culture of cyber security and find ways to protect global infrastructure from harm”. The main areas to focus on within this Resolution are taking stock of cyber security needs, identifying key stakeholders in cyber security, governmental policies, cooperation with the private sector, incident management, and legal frameworks. Moreover, attention should also be brought to A/RES/2321 from 2008 focusing on Cyber Terrorism and the Anti-Cyberterrorism Act, both done by the General Assembly, in consideration of the issue. Additionally, the ISO/IEC 27002, published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), is an “information security standard”. Serbia urges countries to take measures in order for business and government organizations to follow these standards in more profitable means, as this would result in fewer circumstances of cybercrime and cyberterrorism. Serbia also urges more co-operations with the World Bank, as they can first and foremost provide funding for those countries which do not acquire the financial means to implement any sort of cyber security measures on their own. In addition to this the World Bank may also provide technical assistance. One can even further look at NATO for additional assistance. Even though Serbia is not a Member of NATO, the organization has a solid infrastructure in place to deal with cyber attacks, and therefore they can be taken into account in terms of guidance with respect to logistical issues. Therefore, NATO should be kept in mind for any future measures taken within cyber security. While Serbia is not a member of NATO, we are a member of the Partnership for Peace, and have close co-operations with NATO, and therefore, membership should not be seen as an obstacle for aid. An additional necessity is the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats (IMPACT) which provide cybersecurity services to ITU Member States, Serbia included. IMPACT is appropriately equipped to aid its members in overcoming cyber threats, and is the operational body of the United Nations agency for Information and Communication. As cyberspace creates a gateway for terrorists to collect information, there is an obligation to prevent their influence in this matter. Most countries today have implemented content controls on their cyberspace to some extent, and it is necessary for all nations to begin improving their content controls. Some nations simply do not have the luxury of content control, as a result of infrastructure, a lack of knowledge upon the matter, or due to extreme liberal policy, and therefore, those nations must take all the necessary measures to change this situation. Finally, Serbia encourages all nations to attempt the elimination of terrorist elements within their borders, but also in collaboration with other states.

Delegation: Sierra Leone Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: Taliban

It is crucial for Sierra Leone to keep security and maintain stability. The Republic of Sierra Leone is no stranger to painful conflict, regime change, and instability. In light of its recent history, Sierra Leone is deeply troubled by the regional instability brought by the Taliban. Sierra Leone also expresses concern about the drug trade that is helping fund the Taliban. According to the UN News Centre, drug trafficking has become a threat to stability in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone stands as an transit country within the global drug trade and shares many of the problems of other drug transit countries. Along with drug trafficking comes corruption and the threat to the security of the people. Sierra Leone is taking steps against drug trafficking and corruption with support of the UN office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

Sierra Leone feels that one of the best ways to handle the Taliban is to cut its funds - hindering or completely putting a stop to the drug trade in Afghanistan. The drug consuming countries around the world need to reduce drug consumption to reduce pressure on producing and transit countries. The international community also needs to pressure countries neighboring Afghanistan to cut drug trafficking from Afghanistan. This will weaken the Taliban, which will facilitate the acts of the government to once again unite Afghanistan and take over. Because of the corruption among the government and military forces of Afghanistan, it may not be advisable to directly give aid. An alternative plan is to focus our aid to non-governmental organizations who serve specialized roles in helping the Afghan people. The top priority is to maintain stability and security Afghanistan.

Delegation: Sierra Leone Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyber Terrorism The Republic of Sierra Leone is still recovering from its civil war. The country and economy are beginning to advance. One of the main objectives of the Sierra Leone is to ensure economic stability and to improve its telecommunications infrastructure. Sierra Leone does not have a large population of Internet users, but as more households gain access the country wants to create a safe cyber foundation for its people. In doing so, Sierra Leone suggests developing countries becoming part of organizations or networks who’s purpose is to make the fight against cyber terrorism easier. These organizations and networks include the 24/7 Network and the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Terrorism (IMPACT). International cooperation among these groups will make the fight against cyber terrorism more manageable.

As a region west Africa is increasingly becoming connected through information technology. Recently the connectivity of West Africa has been improved through the submarine fiber optic cables as a result of investment from the United Nations International Telecommunication Union. As our region becomes more technologically advanced, so do our vulnerabilities. The Economic Community of West Africa recently held their first West Africa cyber crime summit; Sierra Leone supports these types of summits. Internet access in Sierra Leone is limited; out of nearly 5 million people, only about 13,000 have internet access according to World Factbook. Though so few have internet access, the country has experienced a variety of cyber crimes, such as business frauds and scams. The the link between terrorism and criminal groups would only in increase the risk of cyberterrorist action within West Africa; therefore it is crucial for the international community and private cyber security companies to work together to build systems that can withstand cyber terrorist activities.

Hekuran Gashi and Fjolla B. Bakalli

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

Disarmament and International Security Committee

Brief description of Singapore

Singapore is one of the most prosperous countries in south-east Asia. With a population nearing 4.8 Million and an area of only 255 square miles, Singapore embeds one of the most powerful economies in the planet. Economically, Singapore is largely known as an Asian oasis for trade and international finance while its GDP according International Monetary Fund is USD 255.37 Billion1. It is clearer than crystal that Singapore enjoys one of the most advanced human developing indexes in the region. Bearing this in mind, people in Singapore are heavily focused in technology and other realms which require extensive specialization. As a consequence, population of Singapore is very educated with a literacy of 94% in 20002, Singapore is a country which believes in human development through economic sustainability and increasing intellectual capacities to meet challenges of the future.

Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban, just like any other fundamental and extremist movement, is solely based on societies which happen to be uneducated in a massive scale. There are no official data on literacy rate in Afghanistan, cradle territory for Taliban cells, but according to the latest census3 only 34% of total population is 34% literate, with only 10% of female population being literate. Delegation of Singapore believes that the lack of human development and inexistence of facilities and strategies which affect education is the main cause of flourishing Taliban resurgences all throughout Afghan territory. Consequently, our country is willing and able to commit considerable funds in order to incentivize education of population in all corners of Afghanistan.

In addition to the former stance, Singapore also believes that a close cooperation with tribal leaders will provide another ground for bringing tranquility in the region. The only way to control and predict possible demeaning activities of Taliban groups is by cooperation. Hence, international community should work closely with tribal heads in order to pursue and stress undertakings such as education of women and children.

Aid workers are the only agents who will be able to spread aforementioned ideas. Also, existence of aid workers is closely related to the latter alternative, cooperation with tribes which embed Taliban ideas. The United Nations should form a task force exclusively dedicated into facilitating a secure channels of aid

1 Singapore Country Profile, International Monetary Fund: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&s ort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=576&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=43&pr.y= 11 2 Singapore Census of Population, 2000. Singapore Department of Statistics (December 2000): http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/c2000adr-literacy.pdf 3 "The Afghans - Language and Literacy." Barbara Robson and Juliene Lipson, with assistance from Farid Younos and Mariam Mehdi. United States: Center for Applied Linguistics. June 30, 2002. http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/alang.html. Retrieved 2010-09-16. workers, community organizers, and other social activists which will, at some point, expose populations in territories where Taliban ideology strives to ideas such as diversity, feminism, and democracy. This will shake the very fundamentals of the Taliban doctrine and will have outstanding results at some point in the near future. Hekuran Gashi and Fjolla B. Bakalli

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic B: Cyber-terrorism

Singapore is very technology oriented country. With an advanced economic development, main instruments of economical sustainability in Singapore are based on computerized systems which amongst other things, provide a perfect channel of exchanging information about markets, commodities, financial instruments, and other economical facilitators. Our delegation is very interested in establishing a legal framework which will prevent future cyber-terrorist activities and punish current perpetrators, be they countries, physical persons, or other entities.

Resolution 64/211 does not suffice for changing environments in cyber world. Furthermore, this resolution does not provide a good and thorough strategy of protecting information systems – protecting in the sense of creating an agency or an international hub which will absorb valuable information regarding strategies, methods, and hardware cyber-terrorists use. We believe that by forming a special agency under the United Nations with a close cooperation with NATO, will tackle many of the problems that individual countries face at the moment. This agency will overcome barriers such as legitimacy in protecting valuable data and information and consequently require less financial support for participating countries. We all aware how expensive is to acquire professional personnel and advanced technologies in order to engage in activities which aim at protecting global and/or local information exchange systems.

Apart from lessening financial burden for individual countries, an all inclusive strategy will also help to prevent or negotiate possible cyber warfare between countries. This problem will occur more often in the future as economical, political, and security instruments are based on cyber realms. An all inclusive institution for fighting and preventing cyber-terrorism will be able to establish a common ground for all U.N. member states. This will tackle insurgencies coming from terrorist groups and other splinter cells which possess the ability to case larger scale attacks between countries.

Singapore will be ready to dedicate funds and intellectual capacities in making this possible.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: The Taliban Country: Slovakia Over the past decade the security of the globe has been greatly threatened by theocratic fascists. The Taliban are the militia group which are most responsible for these security threats due to their harboring and support of radical organizations like Al-Qaeda. Since the War on Terror began in 2001 Slovakia has and will continue to support the destruction of radicals who want to destroy civilization as it is defined in the UN Declaration of Human Rights.

Slovakia has no doubt that all countries and institutions of free men and women, including the United Nations, should be aligned in the punishment and eradication of those who are a part of or associate with the Taliban as outlined in resolution and an annexed Plan of Action A/RES/60/288. Due to the past injustices and radical ideology of oppression that the Taliban possess there is no place in which the Taliban should be granted the right of sovereignty. Further the United Nations should classify leaders of the Taliban as terrorists along with decisive and substantial sanctions on those who aid them. To extinguish the Taliban would not only up hold the values of Slovakia and the United Nations but also bring greater economic opportunity and equity in the Middle East and the world. Greater economic strength in this region would then in turn only stabilize the democratic values that are currently being put in place in order to spread the human rights all citizens of the world are allowed to exercise.

Slovakia is a strong supporter of the counterinsurgency strategy that currently under place in Afghanistan and in partnership with this Slovakia feels it is best to allow aid workers in areas of conflict. However Slovakia is strongly against allowing these aid workers to work in cooperation with the Taliban as Slovakia sees these aid workers as ways to win War on Terror and not simply to aid those who suffer in conflict areas.

Slovakia is a steadfast supporter of the current government in Afghanistan and while Slovakia recognizes the imperfections in the current administration there are reasons to stand by the current government. It is with this that Slovakia intends to aid current Afghani government and all others who oppose the Taliban and all other terrorists who threaten the rights of innocent humans as these rights are enunciated in the UN Declaration of Human Rights. Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic: Cyber Terrorism Position paper

Country: Slovakia January 28, 2011

Delegate: Brittany Lyles

Cyber terrorism is the term that describes internet based attacks of terror. Cyber terrorist are sometimes referred to as hackers. Cyber terrorist attacks include but are not limited to, grand-scale interruptions of computer networks, and smaller-scale attacks against personal computers. Fraudulent money charges are common among cyber terrorist. It is virtually impossible for cyber terrorist to cause the entire world’s internet to crash thankfully. Slovakia recognizes the fact that cyber terrorism can be used to gain unauthorized important information that if used incorrectly could be detrimental to its government.

In 2008 Slovakia and six other NATO allying countries defense ministers met in Tallinn, Estonia to sign an agreement to fund a research center designed to boost their defenses against cyber terrorism. The United States defense minister joined the project as an observer. This meeting of NATO allies comes a year after a cyber-attack against a small Baltic nation that lasted for three long weeks. In 2010 Russia’s Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations Igor Shcherbak told the UN Security Council “Fighting terrorist ideology and propaganda is an essential element of anti-terror struggle.” The diplomat called for a UN convention against cyber terrorism and an international code of conduct in the global cyberspace.

Slovakia is in full support of creating agencies geared towards the optimizing of internet security. Slovakia realizes that this is no small task and would involve large sums of money but it would be nowhere near the cost an attack on its internet would be. Slovakia would like to extend its support to its NATO allies in the request for action. With the help of the United States Joint Task Force-Computer Network Defense Slovakia believes there can be a decrease in cyber-based attacks and an increase in internet security for all.

Slovakia believes that keeping each individual countries internet networks exclusive to that country is important to solving this issue. Currently the more advanced “hackers” are able to bounce off of multinational internet services. This would make the problem of jurisdiction over cyber-attacks less complicated because of the cases becoming internal. No longer will other countries be able to blame one another for attacks of web-based terror. After the privatization of internet solving cyber terrorism on a small scale become slightly easier. A good way to protect basic websites would be deploying firewall’s to protect them from common attacks. For smaller countries with limited financial resources, some partnerships may be recommended when it comes to financing internet services but should be monitored closely. The more money is used to defend against cyber-based attacks, the less money that is stolen and used for terrorist activities. Delegation: Republic of Slovenia

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Slovenia condemns terrorism in any shape or form that are committed by extremist groups. There is no justification for any terror acts against anyone. Respecting important values such as democracy and human rights is one of the most effective measures against terrorism. The Republic of Slovenia stands on the same side as the victims of such terrorist attacks and the Republic of Slovenia is appalled that the international community still have no unified position on how to deal with terrorism that involve these groups.

The Republic of Slovenia is an active supporter of counter-terrorism initiatives and measures in international forums and one of the most important document Slovenia signed are UN Security Council Resolution No. 1373 (2001), the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy.

The Republic of Slovenia believes that in the fight against extremist groups, actions should be taken on two different levels which are through the international organizations and the second level through appropriate legislation in dealing with the issues. Slovenia also believes that preventing radicalism, extremism and recruitment are the most important areas that allow us to deal with the issue at hand. Delegation: Republic of Slovenia

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic B: Cyber Terrorism

The Republic of Slovenia firmly believes that terrorism including Cyber-Terrorism is a threat to the national security of not just Slovenia, but every nation in the world. We believe that the global community should come together to fight cyber terrorism and treat it as a global threat that affects all nations. The Republic of Slovenia strongly believes that in extending a branch of the current force such as INTERPOL or creating a new global body overseeing the investigation of any acts of cyber-terrorism is an effective move to combat this issue.

The Republic of Slovenia firmly agrees the need of working together among member states in this assembly and that information sharing and cooperation between the countries is part of an effective mean to deal with cyber terrorism.

In conclusion, the Republic of Slovenia believes that in order to combat terrorism, countries must work together to share information in combating such attacks.

Delegation: The Democratic Republic of Somalia Committee: Disarmament Committee Topic A: The Taliban

Being a peace-loving nation the government of Somalia believes in a peaceful and non-military solution the situation in Afghanistan. The government of Somalia believes that to ensure long lasting peace in the region all concerned parties including the Taliban should be consulted as they do have the support of local population in a large part of Afghanistan.

In this Regard Somalia believes that the Taliban can be divided into two factions, the moderate Taliban and the more rigid and hardcore Taliban factions. Somalia hopes that if the moderate faction is offered proper incentives they would be willing to lay down their arms and come to the negotiation table.

Moreover Somalia believes that the size of the Afghan national forces should be increased and they should be given better training not to wage war but in order to protect the local afghan population.

Lastly the government of Somalia stresses on the ISAF to eliminate the production of poppy in Afghanistan. As the poppy produced in Afghanistan is a global menace and has negatively affected the lives of millions of people throughout the world.

Delegation: The Democratic Republic of Somalia Committee: Disarmament Committee Topic B: Cyber Terrorism

Although only a mere 2 percent of the population of Somalia has access to the internet Somalia still believes in implementing stringent laws to counter act the menace of Cyber Terrorism. The government of Somalia calls upon the United Nations to draft a proper framework to counter with the threat of cyber terrorism and to write stringent laws to deal with cases pertaining to cyber terrorism.

Somalia believes that to prevent cyber terrorism a meeting of technical experts from various countries should be held to propose various solutions that can be adapted to prevent this.

Most of African nations have suffered some kind of cyber-attacks and mostly it is in the form of attacks on the communication networks. To counteract this Somalia urges the western powers to provide monetary and technical assistance to the smaller nations to implement cyber security systems as these countries lack the money and technology to implement it themselves.

Moreover Somalia recommends other African nations who have yet to establish a proper internet infrastructure is to abide by the guidelines proposed by the United Nations and to build up their network in such a way that it would be protected against cyber-attacks.

Committee: DISEC

Delegation: South Africa

Topic A: The Taliban The Talibans trace their origins from Afghanistan. Taliban was a group of students who united to counter the adverse political and territorial issues in the country. This group was comprised of Sunni sect of Muslims who went to Islamic schools to gain religious knowledge. Gradually, the group gained support from Pakistan as many religious students joined the group and Pakistani ISI supported Taliban in monetary terms. This support fueled the growing power of Talibans and strengthened them as they gradually started taking control of Afghanistan in late ’90s. Gradually Taliban began to spread all over Afghanistan. They started taking over the country and imposing their own laws, which according to them were Islamic. Although initially the political situation of the country improved, as Afghanistan was able to make good favorable economic and trade agreements with many countries including the United States of America, but later Talibans started playing the role of the Government in the country. However, the incident of 9-11 marked a downfall of Talibans. It was suspected by the American Government that this was done by a Taliban group, Al-Qaeda. In its revenge, Americans used military aids and sources to counter Taliban when they rejected to hand over members of Al-Qaeda to American forces. However, later Talibans continued spreading and growing stronger in Afghanistan which was later followed by US troops and NATO forces to make attacks on Talibans in order to suppress their power. Even today, half the areas of Afghanistan are occupied by Talibans. According to examinations, Talibans get their aid from Pakistan too whose Government provides support to Talibans, thought the leaders claim that they are not involved with these Islamic groups at all. Apart from that, Talibans’ strength is the Opium trade, one of the biggest sources of their funding. Afghanistan is a big producer of the opium drug, which further boosts resources for Talibans. Since production of this drug is essential for Afghan economy too, Afghanistan has too look for other resources to fulfill its economical demands so that a decrease in the production of Opium drug could hurt Talibans’ power.

South Africa has been one of the anti-terrorist countries. It is a signatory of International Convention, which deals with terrorism issues. South African Government has shown fierce devotion to deal with terrorism, through strengthening investigation institutions and building the prosecution capacity. South African Government defined terrorism as an incident of violence against people and actively took part in protecting citizens against terrorist acts. The Interception and Monitoring Act (IMA) and the Explosives Act (EA) were the organizations formed in South Africa to keep track of and counter terrorist acts. South African policies have always involved security and protection. It is always ready to rise against or support countries which are victims of terrorist agendas.

Committee: DISEC

Delegation: South Africa

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Cyber terrorism refers to terrorist activities carried out through technological gadgets which can potentially cause physical harm. One of the most integral resources of information to carry out such activities includes access to internet. Transfer of information through such mediums makes it easier to carry out secretive activities. Cyber sources also include cables, satellites and telephones which are equally potential to help terrorist groups carry out their heinous plans. Terrorists can attack their targets through cyber world by several types of viruses, by hacking important data or by physically approaching the computers in the office where the information is stored. In this technologically progressive world, cyberspace is the best source for communication between companies or any groups. Such communications can hold open many opportunities for terrorist groups to gain unfair benefits and secret information, which could be used by them for their projects. Terrorists can cause significant harm once they get relevant and confidential information. Cyberspace is not only used to make attacks. Terrorists use the cyber source to intensify their heinous crimes and create the fervor of terror. They publicize their activities, tortures, attacks and agendas on internet or other cyber sources so that their actions don’t go unnoticed. In addition to that, the source of media also plays an integral role to publicize crimes and activities of these groups. In some cases, terrorists also use cyberspace to hurt defense systems.

Some of the known terrorist groups which use cyber space as a resource to carry out their plans include Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, Aum Shinrikyo in Japan, Hizbullah in United States of America and Lebenon, Hamas in Israel and Jordon etc. This makes the fact evidential that by now, cyber terrorism has spread across the globe and is a big threat not only for some countries but for the whole world. The reasons for formation of such terrorist groups vary from religious to political to revolutionary measures.

This grave problem of cyber terrorism is a rising threat, but unfortunately it is not given much consideration on international grounds. South Africa, however, highly condemns and has actively participated in actions taken against cyber terrorism. South Africa was also a signatory of The Convention of Cybercrime, which was created in November 2001 in order to counter cyber terrorists. In order to make more effective progression in this regard, a virus was analyzed in a South African bank by the IT team to test a virus and hacking procedure which was suspected to be used by terrorists. South Africa also actively participated in making a directory for every country, through CSIR (Research Giant in South Africa) which would contain information of all the companies and organizations with in the domain of that country. Cyber terrorism is growing threat which needs to be countered before it spread beyond the control of organizations.

The Kingdom of Spain takes its role as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization very seriously. The current occupation of Afghanistan is a high priority for the national security of the country. The Taliban pose a great threat to the stability of Afghanistan, as well as the rest of the world. Drug trafficking, torture, and murder are among the very long list of Taliban offenses, and The Kingdom of Spain does not treat these crimes lightly.

The Al-Qaeda inspired terrorist group responsible for the bombing at Atocha Station in Madrid on March 11th, 2004 devastated the country. Spain has not yet fully recovered from this attack. Along with terrorism, Al-Qaeda and the Taliban are largely responsible for the production and export of opium, which supplies illegal heroin to our country. This being said, Spain also takes into consideration the financial problems that the occupation has caused over the years.

The Kingdom of Spain is interested in negotiating exit strategies with NATO members. The goal is to minimize the presence and authority of extremist terrorist organizations in Afghanistan, including the Taliban, while also stabilizing and rebuilding democracy in the war- ridden land. The Kingdom of Spain would like to assert the importance of careful planning before action is taken in Afghanistan. If troops are to be removed from the country, it is critical that a functioning democratic government has been set up in the absence of military occupation.

The Kingdom of Spain would like to see Afghani police and government officials trained in effective enforcement methods. We understand the prevalence of corruption within the authority, and plan to focus on the investigation and removal of these parties. The Kingdom of Spain continues to pledge it’s allegiance to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and hopes that a smart resolution regarding the war in Afghanistan is able to be drafted in the very near future.

Delegation: Kingdom of Spain, Reino de Espana Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyber Terrorism The Kingdom of Spain regards cyberterrorism as a vital security issue. Spain would like to prevent cyberterrorism as it has the potential to promote racism and threaten our economy. Due to the great increase in accessibility and knowledge of the Internet, a cyber attack has become quite feasible. In recent years, Spain has experienced a large increase in cybercrime. There has been a significant amount of fraud and theft that has occurred through the web. There has been a rise in phishing scams to defraud passwords and pin numbers. The Kingdom of Spain is particularly vulnerable to this issue due to terrorism within Spain. In an effort to address cybercrime, the Kingdom of Spain signed the European Convention on Cybercrime. The convention specified a list of crimes and encouraged members to actively prosecute for these crimes. The ultimate goal of the convention was to promote international cooperation to finding a solution. As the Kingdom of Spain, we are looking to find a solution to the threats that cyberterrorism poses to every nations’ security. We are concerned that cyberterrorism has been affecting corporate entities within Spain and abroad. We believe that this must be put to an end and are hoping to pursue multilateral solutions to the problem. As cyber attacks usually originate abroad, the Kingdom of Spain believes that every nation concerning this issue should be involved in the process or finding a solution will be nearly impossible. The Kingdom of Spain finds it imperative that the Disarmament and International Security Committee work towards undertaking the issue of cyberterrorism. Spain hopes to see actions taken to mitigate racism and xenophobia, as well strengthen cyber security infrastructure. As a second world country, we, Sri Lanka, are striving to not only attain more progress in our economic growth, but we also continue daily to strive for the challenge of peace throughout our country. We are committed to following through with these three challenges through the

UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework) in order to reach peace in our country. These three challenges are to hold interventions to improve socio-economic opportunities and services for conflict-affected communities, to increase the participation of civil society and people in the peace process, and to improve the capacity of public institutions to promote peace, human rights, and national consensus. Due to the recent Wikileaks, tension has continued to grow throughout Pakistan and Afghanistan. Also, in addition Pakistan has been aiding the Taliban which has caused heated exchanges between the Pakistani and Afghani groups, even causing the Americans to intervene. Since these heated exchanges have been occurring, it is only a matter of time before more groups become involved in these exchanges. It has only been two years since the end of our civil war between the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of

Tamil Eelam) and the Sri Lankan military. Factoring the end of the civil war into the new developments of the Pakistani and Afghani problems, we find it hard to be able to disarm our weapons from our country. We do think that disarmament is a great foundation to achieve world peace, however many have to take into consideration not only our geographical location but the problems that are occurring around us. The Taliban is a constant threat to our country and even though we eradicated terrorism, the threat of terrorists continues to put our country at risk and if we disarm our weapons we will have no means of protection from others.

Cyber terrorism is the politically motivated use of computers and information technology to cause severe disruption or widespread fear in society. The cyber attacks that are occurring are both bothering and stressful. Nothing is personal or secret anymore. With the push toward peace, I think this is a huge downgrade. With the progression of cell phones, you would think that being able to track and eliminate the “stuxnet” would be a bit easier. Stuxnet was first discovered in June 2010 by a security firm that discovered the worm targets a specific piece of software. It targets Irans nuclear plant Natanz. One good thing is the software does show some limitations. It was designed to destroy some sort of industrial process With more and more people having cell phones, this is opening a door to more violence and more confrontation. International security and disarmament could be jeopardized if this situation is not cleared up. Along with censorship, this stuxnet is not helping toward the censorship nor toward keeping the peace. They need a new tactic to justify their actions and to get what they want. Sri Lanka is no threat to international security and there should be no nagging concerns to the United Nations Security Council on the Sri Lankan affairs, which are international. We are not the ones terrorizing, we are being terrorized.

There is no suspicion of our country putting out the hacking device; Sri Lanka has not committed any war crimes Disarmament and International Security Committee St. Vincent and the Grenadines Emily Bina and Kamau Joseph

Topic A: The Taliban The operations of the Taliban is of particular concern to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) with respect to their perpetuation of the opium trade for their own financial support. SVG has stressed time and time again, the importance of international cooperation with respect to combating the trade and presence of narcotics in the world. Thus, SVG holds the stance that the cessation of the production and trade of opium should be of great importance. In putting an end to it, the farmers who support their livelihood should adapt a new means of doing so and the Taliban should be prevented from further benefiting from the production and sale of this narcotic. SVG recognizes the sovereignty of the democratically elected Afghan government and does not hold a stance of cooperation with the Taliban. Furthermore, security within Afghanistan is of great importance since it influences the functionality of the government and determines whether or not said government would be able to successfully combat the narcotic trade. SVG believes that the developed nations of the world should continue to lend support to the Afghan forces until they are able to fully take charge of their own security situation. SVG also believes in the importance of combating corruption within the Afghan government and addressing domestic security by engaging the warlords who maintain control over several of its provinces.

Disarmament and International Security Committee St. Vincent and the Grenadines Emily Bina and Kamau Joseph

Topic B: Cyberterrorism Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’ (SVG) position on the issue of cyberterrorism has some attachment to sentiments of censorship: because of the size of the country and relatively unsubstantial global influence is currently non-threatening, extreme censorship or content control is not in SVG’s favor, as it has the opportunity to weaken an already unassuming nation’s capacity for growth. Simultaneously, however, the potentially devastating threats of cyber terrorism on a small nation are of similar concern. Thus, SVG, as voted in the United Nations Resolution 64/211, has a stance that is in favor of the creation of a global culture of cybersecurity and taking stock of national efforts to protect critical information infrastructures. As for the status of state sponsored cyberattacks, SVG generally falls into a position of non-action, for similar reasons as the stance on content control suggests, though we do lean toward favoring them, as in line with some of the more powerful nations in the world. As proven in the aforementioned UN Resolution 64/211, SVG is in favor of some degree of international cooperation surrounding cyberterrorism: this is a relatively new stance for SVG, as they abstained from signing and ratifying the European Council’s Convention on Cybercrime, which was one of the first international attempts at fighting cyberterrorism.

HARVARD NATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2011

POSITION PAPER

Delegation : The Republic of Sudan Committee : Disarmament and International Security Committee Delegates : Elsa Y. Yusra, Adrian Gilrandy

Topic Area A : The Taliban

The Republic of Sudan has a big concern with the issue of The Taliban since our government has a historic link to Al-Qaeda. Osama bin Laden, Taliban leader, was having its powerful hegemony in our country that starts in the beginning of 1990s until mid-1996. In 1996, our government had finally expelled him due to pressure from the United States and the Middle East before he eventually went to Afghanistan. Because of the large-and-unguarded-by-military-force space we have in the African continent, we recognized that Sudan is still a haven for some terrorist groups to expand their power through having hidden training camps. That is why the Republic of Sudan is still working on fighting-against-terrorism effort, especially for the Taliban, under the help and supervision of United Nations and other powerful nations.

Our country is willing to continue the counterterrorism effort by giving appropriate information to the international worlds. As a proof of our commitment to combat terrorism, in 2003 Sudan ratified the African Union’s Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism, and by the end of the year, the Sudanese government had signed additional counterterrorism agreements with some neighboring countries such as Algeria, Yemen, and Ethiopia. In 2004, Sudan also co-hosted a regional workshop with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime on terrorism and transnational crime. Of the twelve major international conventions and protocols against terrorism, Sudan has ratified eleven.

In the year 2000, Sudan ratified the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombing which prompted the UN Security Council to lift its terrorism-related sanctions against Khartoum in 2001. After years of works, in 2007, the U.S State Department stated Sudan as “Strong Partner in a War on Terror” for aggressively pursuing terrorist operations that threatened U.S. interests. However, there are still some disagreements about our support to the Hamas because our government of Sudan thinks that the Hamas is working toward good aim to implement the Islamic regulation, Sharia, for the moslem society. Sudan government welcomes any assistance for combating the terrorism but underlines that the government should still have the authority to rule and to make the decisions of any plans that will be executed.

Back to the specific issue of the Taliban, Sudan could correlate Afghanistan condition to its own because there is a lot of thing in common such as the internal conflict. The Republic of Sudan believes the best way to solve the issue is not by having a military counter-attack but instead having a negotiation between the Taliban and international world. The actions taken should not bring anymore victims. It should eradicate the root of this terrorism problem such as by having local assistance for education, community defense initiative, and any other local-initiated organizations that should be sponsored either by the government or by international aid. Education for children and women play an important role for changing the violent and corrupt mind set of the people. Local organizations are the closest to the heart of the society to give them a better understanding and education. Controlling the poppy field and the market of weapons are also necessary for reducing the violent acts. All of these acts that goes along with United Nations’ missions should be taken sustainably to make the impact greater for the future generations of the Afghanistan citizens.

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG (ITB) DELEGATION HARVARD NATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2011

POSITION PAPER

Delegation : The Republic of Sudan Committee : Disarmament and International Security Committee Delegates : Elsa Y. Yusra, Adrian Gilrandy

Topic Area B : Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Sudan classifies that Cyberterrorism are any violations of criminal laws that involve knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation, and prosecution. Sudan believes that this activity is very harmful and it is needed to be followed by serious action to fight it. Cyberterrorism is an activity that utilizes high knowledge of technology, but its application is opposite to the goal of the creation of technology itself. Actually, similar to most of another country in Africa, awareness of Sudan people related to information technology is still low compare to developed countries in the world. Sudan acknowledges that Africa only accounts for 3.9% of world internet users. Nevertheless, compare to average percentage population of internet users in another African country, Sudan is still leading with approximately 7.7% up to 10.4% of Sudan population uses the internet. It drives the Sudan’s government to build policies related to information system control. According to a 2008 US State Department human rights report, the Government of Sudan monitors Internet communications, and the National Intelligence and Security Service reads e-mail messages between private citizens. Moreover, Sudan’s regulatory requirements order telecom networks to disconnect mobile prepaid subscribers if they have no personal information about the customer on record.

Sudan’s government establishes the policy of information technology application because of its concern to security. Sudan acknowledges that according to Cyberterrorism issues, most of African Countries are victims, especially to their telecommunication industry. Sudan really aware to this condition, that is why the government is struggled to defend their information system, even only supported with limited technology. That is why Sudan really appreciates to some international actions to fight Cyberterrorism globally, such as Convention on Cyber Crime, The Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), and United Resolution. The Republic of Sudan hopes these actions will be continued and more focus to secure victim countries. In addition, Sudan proposes to build international cyber detterence and removal sensitive informations from internet. These actions will be created if developed countries want to get involved to help the developing countries in order to achieve world piece.

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG (ITB) DELEGATION

Delegation: Sweden Committee: Disarmament and International Security Swedenʼs Position on The Taliban and Cyberterrorism

“The issue of the Taliban is one of the most pressing and disconcerting issues concerning the UN in recent history.” We Sweden, believe that the issues concerning the Taliban and Cyberterrorism are very important and impact us directly. These are issues that all countries must face, making it even more important to address. The growing population of internet users has lead to the increased use of this resource as a weapon.

Sweden fears for its nation’s security and therefore terrorist threats from the Taliban cannot be tolerated. On December 11, 2010, there was a suicide car bombing as well as a separate blast targeting Christmas shoppers of the Scandinavian monarchy. It was the first incident of its kind in the nation’s history. We hope to aid in stabilizing the Afghani government in an effort to prevent re- occurences of such acts. In addition to the Taliban, Sweden has goals for the entire nation of Afghanistan. Including but not limited to the empowerment of women and girls and combatting poverty.

Alarmingly, cyberterrorism has taken a devastating turn. Recently, the founders of Wikileaks launched attacks on the Swedish government. In response to the attack, Sweden acted swiftly and accordingly to such a random attack. Terrorists groups now have the potential to demolish our technological infrastructure. However, Sweden is not the only country at risk, therefore all should be concerned with the issues at hand.

Sweden is proposing that there be a dramatic increase in cyber security as well as a focus on addressing Afghani government and terrorist groups. With this in mind, all nations will have a better chance at national security and well being.

Delegation: The Swiss Confederation Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic A: The Taliban

Recalling article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations, Switzerland reminds the international body that the issue of Taliban is to be resolved within the construct of the United Nations. We remind the global community that stability of international law and human rights is a necessary part in keeping the Taliban out of political power. Cognizant of A/RES/52/133 and A/RES/ 56/60 we reaffirm that the Taliban continues to infringe the most basic human rights of the Afghanis. They have undermined the democratic process necessary for a free and just society. We recognize that additional aid/work is needed to improve political stabilization, democratization, and reconstruction of the war torn country. The goal of the international community should be to prevent the emergence of a Neo-Taliban. We further express our strong concern of the increasing trend of suicide terrorism deployed by remnants of the former clerical regime. Switzerland believes in the importance of the following measures in combating both the physical and psychological damage of such acts: The Afghan National Army and Afghan National Police, with financial support of member states, must develop confidence- building ties with the communities from which terrorists are likely to emerge or build safe havens, this is can be done by launching communication campaigns to eradicate support from these areas, teach law enforcement awareness and develop counterterrorism units aimed at collecting intelligence and reconnaissance of Taliban activities. We call upon all member states to deny terrorist groups financial, military, and political support as expressed in the A/RES/ 64/ 11. Our ultimate focus should be righting wrongs by pursuing peace and reestablishing order and justice. Switzerland urges the UN and the NGO sector to continue to support disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs, as they have proven successful in the past. Switzerland recommends the following measures in dismantling drug trafficking as outlined in the Convention Against Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances: taking action against money laundering, confiscating criminal assets and building mutual assistance investigations. Switzerland believes that the nature of the International Security Assistance Force mission should focus on safeguarding the reconstruction of the country, which was its original purpose. Member states must engage in cost effective actions that will create a new Afghanistan.

Delegation: The Swiss Confederation Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The various mediums by which information can be exchanged today has increased greatly than was available in the past. The prime driver of this phenomena, Globalization, has also increased the threat of terrorists launching a cyber war to disrupt international security. We note that the computer has become the most popular medium of information sharing and at the same time has also allowed terrorist groups to spread their propaganda. This has made it especially possible for free floaters, people who don’t identify themselves with a specific group but ones who share their grievances, to launch cyber attacks on member states. Switzerland believes that optimizing international cooperation is an important objective, as part of a comprehensive policy in strengthening the fight against cyber terrorism. Cognizant of A/RES/64/211, Switzerland notes that regional and international organizations are a fundamental part of enhancing cyber security but that each country must determine its own critical information infrastructure. Switzerland, on its part, has criminalized the misuse of cyber space for terrorist purposes, specifically targeting terrorist financing. We urge all member states to consider this model in assessing their national security. Switzerland also believes that the level of restricted content in securing cyberspace from terrorism should be minimal. Switzerland supports information sharing and the open market of exchanging ideas and believes excessive censorship would be a violation of this free and open market. Switzerland believes in state monitoring and analysis of suspicious sites as a form of justifiable censorship. Additionally, we believe the use of private cyber-security watchdogs can also decrease the terrorist nexus in cyber space by depoliticizing terrorist offenses. wrongs by pursuing peace and reestablishing order and justice. Switzerland urges the UN and the NGO sector to continue to support disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs, as they have proven successful in the past. Switzerland recommends the following measures in dismantling drug trafficking as outlined in the Convention Against Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances: taking action against money laundering, confiscating criminal assets and building mutual assistance investigations. Switzerland believes that the nature of the International Security Assistance Force mission should focus on safeguarding the reconstruction of the country, which was its original purpose. Member states must engage in cost effective actions that will create a new Afghanistan.

POSITION PAPER Delegation : Republic of Tajikistan Committee : Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A : The Taliban

Republic of Tajikistan believes that national security of state is essential to establish good governance. The warlord who has strong influence and military power inside a nation is needed to be well treated by the government to ensure peace and safety. The emerging of Taliban in Afghanistan should not be perceived as internal affair of Afghanistan. Since Taliban has threaten the security not only in Central Asia but also around the world. International community must remember how Taliban tried to protect Osama bin Laden who was a main suspect as the mastermind of 9/11 incident, providing hideout and military camp for terrorism organization such al-Qaeda, drug trafficking in trade of illegal weapon, and some skirmish with neighbor countries in Central Asia. Even though, they still did not interfere with internal affair of other countries. But, their goal to liberate the world by starting caliphate Islam will indirectly encourage the movement of fundamentalist to commit insurgency actions. Since those organization also has same goal, especially with their presence in most of large Muslim-populated nations. Republic of Tajikistan emphasizes the importance of a stable security in Central Asia to pursue economic growth within this region. The emergence of Taliban which still has strong influence in Afghanistan has caused several insurgency actions. However, these conditions also bring an effect as the power of local warlord make transit through Afghanistan become more expensive due to security reason from Taliban has hindered trading cooperation in Central Asian. In addition, the drug trade and opium production which make Tajikistan as their biggest transit post has make most of our civilian become unproductive and they their economic life upon that business. Furthermore, due to local problem of corruption and problem solving incapability, Afghan National Army has gone weaker and this adds more insecurity to the area. The past international action such as Tokyo conference, The Berlin conference, and some agreements only highlighted the general issues in Afghanistan without any specific action to solve the problem concerning the emergence of Taliban In response to such a concern, Republic of Tajikistan believes that the international community should produce resolution which ensures the safety and peace by extending the parties who are involved in order to hold back Taliban. The cooperation with local warlord who opposes Taliban can be the solution to strengthen local army as well as to negotiate them to stop putting any illegal tax in trading. The mutual agreement for cooperate protection in borders of Central Asia nations in purpose to avoid drug smuggling, and encouraging develop country to give an aid to countered the emergence of Taliban. Republic of Tajikistan believes that such solutions will be able to reduce the chance of Tajikistan to raise terrorist action and bring security in both central Asia and international community. POSITION PAPER

Delegation : Tajikistan Committee : Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A : Cyberterrorism

The Tajikistan considers cyberterrorism to be one of the threat and harms to attack the stability of every nation in the world. Cyberterrorism may had been a thing only imaginable in the past, but today it is a reality and a worrying possibility for the world at large. Cyber technology brought us to face the truth that it has negative side and has opportunities to damage national security through “cracking” in wider aspect of life and the danger of cyberterrorism has grown even greater in recent year. The impact of cyberterrorism has been causing many lacks of information, cracking secret data in a nation, and stealing secret information that can be used to attack other country to gain the political interest. In the attack of one country cyberterrorism will continuously attack international security, using cyberterrorism as the weapon of terrorist to destabilize an entire region causing damages in economic, national security, and national stability. Estonia faced the worst effect of cyber attack and made the nation collapse. For the third time in one week Estonia experienced attacks on their government, banking, and media websites. These attacks used a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack which flooded Estonian websites with false information shutting down a number of governments (including military) and banking sites rendering the country extremely vulnerable. Thus, it is essential that the Disarmament and International Security Committee consider ways to address the destabilizing impact of cyberterrorism. In particular, Tajikistan believes that the committee, while reiterating the UN’s condemnation of cyberterrorism in general, must provide effective solution to deal with this impact. Even with many conferences analyzing the rules and policy, world has not come to the effective ways and mutual understanding to prevent the harm of cyberterrorism. As a country that has civil war history between Tajikistan’s Islamic opposition and government. The conflict has not been totally occurred. Tajikistan’s Islamic opposition has been pressing national security with threat and directly attack by internal conflict. Tajikistan control heavily depends on government and national stabilization still influenced by two opposite power. The opposite powers that against government can use cyber attack to damage nation stabilize of Tajikistan. Even Tajikistan has not been attacked directly by cyberterrorism activities; the impact of cyberterrorism could damage national security. Even UN has some policies like UN resolution mentioned in 64/211 about cyber security, it is not effective to prevent cyberterrorism because if there is certain country that still does not ratify and allow harm access to do cyberterrorism because of political interest to attack other country, terrorist still being able to have opportunities to crack down national security using cyberspace. Tajikistan believes that UN involvement deeper can encourage other nations to against and prevent cyberterrorism, need to take control and implemented the policies wider. Tajikistan believes that every nation in the world must have same mutual understanding to protect their country from harm and threat of cyberterrorism that can be done by other side of the world. Talibans

Islam faith in Thailand is growing since 1990, based on the numbers of 2005, 4.5% of the adult population in Thailand are Muslims, mostly Sunni. Southern provinces of the country, Yala, Patlani and Narathivat but the largest concentration of Muslims are in

Bangkok. In addition, the majority of the Muslims are originating from Malaysia. The geographic position of the Muslims could explain the insurgency in 2006 in the South.

Moreover, the junta who were behind the putsch admitted that the insurgents imported their techniques from terrorist organization like Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Our government dealt with terrorist crisis in the past and will probably have to do the same in the future. We strongly believe that our government needs to break the stalemate in the southern and engaging the dialogue with the Malay Muslim militants.

Considering that the level of violence in the south is reaching new heights, political actions have to be made by the government and we believe that the same issue is happening in Afghanistan. Our government is planning to launch a new “political offensive” by implementing a quasi-amnesty policy under the Internal Security Act, hoping it will entice militants to surrender and weaken the movement. Our experience with militants is valuable and we made efforts during the past years to control our rebels.

We strongly believe that in both situations beyond protesting through violence, we should all get ready to make concrete demands at a time when an opportunity for talks arises. Thailand - Position Paper: Cyber Terrorism

Thailand considers cyber terrorism is a real and urgent threat that should be dealt with very seriously. Although Thailand never faced severe, sustained and major cyber terrorism acts against itself or it’s citizen, our government is well informed on the nature of this threat and consequently determined to react accordingly. In 2007, Thai government adopted the Cyber Crime Act (CCA), our spearhead legislation regarding internet security and cyberterrorism. The CCA grant a way to our government to control more effectively the activities on internet and to prevent internet- enacted/related crimes. While the CCA is primarily aimed toward the protection of citizens, it covers all domains of our society. The CCA now being almost 4 years old, our gov. considers it a fundamental tool in our war against cyber terrorism, although some groups heavily criticize it for self-expression and right to information motives. We don’t think such motives are well justified. In addition to CCA, we strongly support ‘specific’ online content blocking/removing policies by the Royal Thai Police and the Communications authority of Thailand, due mainly to preserve national security. Such content blocking is frequently criticized by internet dissidents and freedom of access supporters, but our government firmly believes that a specific content blocking policy is far from unreasonable when it aims to preserve it’s national security just as it’s national integrity. The UN need to understand that our government will not let activities on the internet harm itself or its citizens. As of 2011, the current priority of our government relating to cyber terrorism is, in addition to repressive measures such as CCA, to raise our citizen’s awareness to internet security threats. To do so, managing efficiently security at end-points (security software is distributed to end-user devices but is still centrally managed) and in social networking services is fundamental. Moreover, the cooperation of our government with private sector key players relatively to the elaboration of solid infosecurity standards aims to protect in two ways. First, we are currently working on regulations that would ask those actors to ensure a better protection of their internet users. Secondly, such a regulation would force private sector organisations to invest in tracking systems. In such a way, information on threats of all sorts would be swiftly transmitted to our national authorities and we could react faster to them.

Considering cyber criminality is borderless and investigating is a difficult task, Thailand deems it necessary to foster international cooperation in this domain, in the scope of protecting it’s people and businesses. We strongly advocate a deep cooperation, in every dimension, between international organizations and our government agencies, primarly in the exchange of experience and information. Furthermore, Thailand is a strong supporter of the Bangkok Declaration (2005), following the 11th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, that emphasize international cooperation against cyber crimes. Finally, Thailand strongly believes it’s domestic legal measures to counter cyber terrorism are fair and reasonable, regard the protection of our national security and integrity and would not tolerate any opposition from the UN against them. Moreover, we consider that our legislation is well aimed at the core of the problematic and we firmly advocate better quality information to our citizens and businesses regarding cyber threats. East Timor and Political stability in former African colonies

Timor was first colonized by the Portuguese in 1520. The Dutch, who claimed many of the surrounding islands, took control of the western portion of the island in 1613. Portugal and the Netherlands fought over the island until an 1860 treaty divided Timor, granting Portugal the eastern half of the island as well as the western enclave of Oecussi (the first Portuguese settlement on the island). Australia and Japan fought each other on the island during World War II; nearly 50,000 East Timorese died during the subsequent Japanese occupation. In 1949, the Netherlands gave up its colonies in the Dutch East Indies, including West Timor, and the nation of Indonesia was born. East Timor remained under Portuguese control until 1975, when the Portuguese abruptly pulled out after 455 years of colonization. The sudden Portuguese withdrawal left the island vulnerable. On July 16, 1976, nine days after the Democratic Republic of East Timor was declared an independent nation, Indonesia invaded and annexed it. Although no country except Australia officially recognized the annexation, Indonesia's invasion was sanctioned by the United States and other western countries, who had cultivated Indonesia as a trading partner and cold-war ally (Fretilin, the East Timorese political party spearheading independence, was Marxist at the time). The UN Transitional Authority in East Timor (UNTAET) then governed the territory for nearly three years. On May 20, 2002, nationhood was declared. Charismatic rebel leader José Alexandre Gusmão, who was imprisoned in Indonesia from 1992 to 1999, was overwhelmingly elected the nation's first president on April 14, 2002. The president has a largely symbolic role; real power rests with Parliament and Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri, also a former guerrilla leader. Timor's capital, Dili, descended into chaos in April and May 2006, when the prime minister, Mari Alkatiri, fired almost half the country's soldiers for striking. The fired soldiers, who had protested against low wages and alleged discrimination, then began rioting, and soldiers loyal to the prime minister started battling them. Soon the violence had spread to the police force and the civilian population, causing about 130,000 to flee their homes to avoid the bloodshed. Australian troops were called in to control the unrest. On June 26, Prime Minister Alkatiri resigned in an effort to stop the country's disintegration. Alkatiri has been criticized for doing little to stem East Timor's grinding poverty and social problems, but the former independence fighter has remained immensely popular. In July, Alkatiri was replaced by José Ramos- Horta, winner of the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize. In April 2007 presidential elections—the first since the country gained independence—none of the candidates won a majority, necessitating a runoff election. Francisco Guterres took 28.8% of the vote, Prime Minister Ramos-Horta garnered 22.6%, and Fernando de Araujo won 19%. Ramos-Horta prevailed in the second round of voting, taking 69% to Guterres's 31%. Estanislau da Silva took over as interim prime minister, replacing Ramos-Horta, who held the post since 2006. In August, President Ramos-Horta named independence activist Xanana Gusmão as prime minister. The move sparked violent protests led by supporters of the Fretilin party, the former governing party. Fretilin won the most seats in elections, but Gusmão formed a majority coalition, called the Alliance of the Parliamentary Majority (AMP). Up above we give some brief history of East Timor and political views, but the important thing is East timor never been colonized by African so the political stability keep in normal during and if you see right up above we give you a slightly details about our political election in East Timor the independency of East Timor. East Timor been colonized by Portuguese and Indonesia these are the country who colonized East Timor.

EAST TIMOR AND CYBER TERRORISM

First of all let us give some brief explanation what is cyber terrorism is. Cyber Terrorism is a phrase used to describe the use of internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses.And also Cyber terrorism is a controversial term. Some authors choose a very narrow definition, relating to deployments, by known terrorist organizations, of disruption attacks against information systems for the primary purpose of creating alarm and panic. By this narrow definition, it is difficult to identify any instances of cyber terrorism. In East Timor cyber terrorism will appear if the government does not take actions to prevent this kind of situation to happenfirst, ordinary crime, using information technology as a tool to make succeed the crime . this crime is increasing and mode operandi of using from ordinary equipment now has been using information technology. the impact its pretty significant, particularly when looking from value of loses caused by this cyber crime. And let us explain how is cyber terrorism conducted (from mildest to most severe ). first is Web Vandalism, second is Disinformation Campaigns, third is gathering Secret Data, fourth is Disruption in the field and last but not least Attacking Critical Infrastructure this five elements should be the concern of every nation to prevent cyber terrorism especially in East timor because east timor is part of a member in UN but still East timor categorized as Least Developing countries and still need a lot help to become a complete nation. and if we are talking about cyber terrorism it must be crossed in your head who is conducting this crime. In 1997 the Department of justice had 48 referrals for the prosecution of international terrorist. in 2001, the referral rate for international terrorists prosecution increased to 204 cases there are international group which is the Al-Qaeda etc. And this is should be a main concern to East timor Because with this kind of situation it could ruining everything once it is hit the east timor . Because of what we told previously East Timor is a least developing countries and still need a lot of help from UN and another nations to build up cooperation in many sector including cyber terrorism and security. And there are so many kind of type we could divided from cyber crime the most important thing is east timor willing to protect and to develop a program so this cyber terrorism wont happen. Even tough this kind of never happen in East timor, not even once but the government already take some action to prevent cyber terrorism happen in East timor. and as foar we concern about cyber terrorism still we do not have any specific regulation regarding this matter but we adopt a view regulation to prevent this cyber terrorist happen East Timor.

Delegation : Nkozi University Committee : Disarmament and International Security Topic A : The Taliban

The Taliban emerged in the early 1990’s in northern Pakistan following the withdrawal of soviet Troupes from Afghanistan and they came too maintenance from in Afghanistan in 1994. Their promise to the people was to restore peace and security and enforce their own version of sharia. They were in power until 2001.

The Sharia laws were inhuman and also caused suffering to the people. It’s believed the Taliban are the ones who attended the word trade centre 9/1, soon after they were driven from power in Afghanistan by a US-Led coalition although their leader was not captured. The question of allowing aid workers to work among the Taliban remains debatable. I believe they should e allowed to ofter services to the vulnerable population but their activities have to be controlled to enroll their safety. Up to today the Taliban still make attacks on Afghanistan thus puts the lives of aid workers at risk and sometimes may get abducted and killed which makes working among the Taliban tricky.

The leaders of the Taliban should be called terrorists if the world wants to achieve justice and revenge for all the pain they have caused in the past years but if the world was aiming at establishing peace in Afghanistan the Taliban should not be allowed terrorists , they should be called Jihadists in that way it would be much easier to convince them to come out and get involved in the peace making process but calling them terrorist will mean they are wanted to the charge for practices against humanity, which will keep them hiding and continue their attacks in different countries. Topic B: Cyber Terrorism Most of the terrorists groups or organization such as Al-Qaida have resorted to Cyber terrorism to accomplish their mission. The world at large has embraced computer technology, including third world countries like mine-Uganda to run vital infrastructures such air ports control towers a security systems like radar satellite equipments as well as communication. Just as we have embarked on use of computers so have the terrorists organizations. The computers have helped the terrorists instill fear among the people. The world has become more vigilant about terrorist organizations and now the terrorist organizations has resorted to using computer technology to cause havoc in reference to their religious social- ideologists.

The acquisition and misuse of computer technology by terrorists and religious fundamentalists should be cause for concern for rich as well as poor nations. Computer usage in third world countries is so low compared to the wide spread usage in developed countries , therefore, third world countries may not witness direct attacks from cyber terrorists. Although an attack on developed nations could affect third world countries indirectly. When they attack the vital social and economic infrastructure such as Airport , railway terminals , defense systems etc we would get affected in one way or another. It might devastating to economic development but also a threat to lives. It is therefore, a concern for all nations to fight and control cyber terrorism. Delegation : Nkozi University Committee : Disarmament and International Security Topic A : The Taliban

The acquisition and misuse of computer technology by terrorists and religious fundamentalists should be cause for concern for rich as well as poor nations. Computer usage in third world countries is so low compared to the wide spread usage in developed countries , therefore, third world countries may not witness direct attacks from cyber terrorists. Although an attack on developed nations could affect third world countries indirectly. When they attack the vital social and economic infrastructure such as Airport , railway terminals , defense systems etc we would get affected in one way or another. It might devastating to economic development but also a threat to lives. It is therefore, a concern for all nations to fight and control cyber terrorism. Delegation from Represented by The Kingdom of Tonga Xi’an International Studies University

Position Paper for the General Assembly Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic A: The Taliban

Billions of dollars have been spent on fighting since 1979, leaving Afghanistan with its assets depleted, its intelligentsia in exile, its people disenfranchised, its traditional political structures shattered. The Taliban held a firm grip over 90% of Afghanistan before the U.S. took Kabul, however, NATO and Afghan forces now barely control any turf - even with 100,000 GIs on the ground, according to statistics. The Government of the Kingdom of Tonga highly concerns more specific topics related to the Taliban issue, e.g. the drug trade, human rights abuses and community defense initiatives, etc.

The United Nations General Assembly has made at least one resolution a year about Afghanistan since the September 11th terrorist attacks, some of which have focused on more specific topics, e.g. drug trade, an 8 pillar drug control strategy has been proposed by resolution 64/11 has been effective in reducing the prevalence of opium production in Afghanistan. The Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) on 15 October 1999 is also known as "the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee". World Bank, ISAF and UNODC have provided financial and technical assistance, education, research for policy decisions, and helped with anti-drug treaties and legislation.

Although as a small island country having suffered negative economic growth for the past two years, the Kingdom of Tonga sees a continuing role in UN peacekeeping missions as a way to build up defence force numbers. Instead of being as a spectator on the side of the inhuman execution of the innocent civilians carried out in Afghanistan, Tonga has remained at the forefront to support Afghanistan. Tonga parliament has voted unanimously to accept a request from the British government to send soldiers from the Tonga Defense Service to help guard the main British base in Helmand province. Tongan soldiers have previously been deployed in Iraq, serving alongside US Marines. However, the Kingdom of Tonga advocates the NATO member states’ militaries to exit as soon as possible, retain a great deal of influence in the region, and prevent future security threats from emerging.

Tonga pays tribute to those who have lost their lives and recognizes the enormous sacrifices of all those working to make that vision a reality and the progress that has enabled the evolution toward transition and will continue its efforts to counter those who aim to destabilize Afghanistan. The Kingdom of Tonga strongly holds the view that it is helping to lay the foundations for long term security, stability and prosperity in an Afghanistan respectful of human rights that will never again become a safe haven for terrorists and terrorism. Tonga calls upon all Member States to sever the illicit opium trade chain in Afghanistan and take and strengthen national measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and materials and technologies related to their manufacture.

Delegation from Represented by The Kingdom of Tonga Xi’an International Studies University Position Paper for the General Assembly Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism The issue before the General Assembly is Cyber terrorism, which has become a worldwide focus. Considering the development of different military powers over the course of history, it is clear that cyber terrorism will feature strongly in the decades to come. Due to the development of Humanitarianism and the abandonment of weapons of mass destruction, the likelihood of cyber terrorism becoming the next new method of battle is very high. Furthermore, the use of Cyber space will be and already is an indispensible tool of daily life. Therefore, human beings will have to reply more and more heavily on Internet and cyberspace in general. Thus, in the event of a paralyzed cyber network in the future, the effects on civilian activities will be even direr than the effects now. Lastly, as the world becomes increasingly globalized, it is our duty to work out a solution to monitor and control such terrorism. The Kingdom of Tonga has paid great attention to issues that are connect with this topic. Such as The Council of Europe signed The Convention on Cybercrime in Europe in 2001. And the U.S government integrated cyber terrorism into its domestic legal system, 2006. However, as Cyber terrorism is still a relatively new topic, Tonga has not much attempt pertaining to the history of its development. This, too, means that there is a lot of room for Tonga and countries around the world to discuss and evolve this topic. In order to further advance the agenda and to better protect the cyber space, the kingdom of Tonga is advocating following: 1. As to safeguard the cyberspace with efficiency, Tonga strongly recommends that countries should reach consensus about the definitions of the cyber terrorism and cybercrime. 2. In order to ensure the peaceful use of the cyberspace, Tonga deems that a protocol or an international treaty is needed to prevent the cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. Also, Tonga deems that a discussion on the differences between these two subjects will be of great help in the sense of effective protection. 3. Arms control of cyber warfare. Since our financial system, transportation system and energy supply system are all related to computers and networks. Thus, it is evident that catastrophe will strike if these civilian systems are attacked. For example, express trains will crash each other because of the paralyzed system, balances of bank accounts will all turn to zero, gas pipelines will explode, which will cause energy shortages in large part of countries etc. All these will result in disastrous effects on enemies but will also at the same time cause unpredictable loss to human lives and properties. Therefore, Tonga suggests that countries should consider to what extent they should develop their cyber ― army ― and the use of cyber warfare given its power to destroy. 4. Cyber system hardwires protection. Since cyberspace consists of far more than just the internet, Tonga deems that every links should be well guarded. As a island country, Tonga is willing to take an active part in cooperating with other countries, Bed Authority and relevant organizations. With an open mind and a sense of responsibility, Tonga is ready to conduct cooperation with more countries with the same goal in cyberspace peacekeeping and Tonga firmly believes that all the hard work will be paid off!

Delegation: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Topic A: The Taliban

Trinidad and Tobago recognize the Taliban as one of the most troubling issues facing the United Nations and stresses the need for a continued collective effort and force in strategy. Through out history we have seen nations try to handle the situation in Afghanistan and the Taliban on their own without any real accomplishments. Trinidad and Tobago still view Taliban leaders as terrorists. We continue to support the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and its four pillars, which constitute an ongoing effort, and calls upon Member States, the United Nations and other appropriate international, regional and subregional organizations to step up their efforts to implement the further strategies in an integrated manner and in all its aspects. Protecting the civilian population is of utmost importance and continued force is necessary. Working with the international community and the Afghan Government are crucial in moving forward with any strategy. As a growing country with an expanding economy based on the exports of natural resources we do not support strategies that eradicate the land of natural resources that may fund the Taliban but also keep civilians alive. We suggest a transformation process that moves away from the drug trade that can continue to supplement the economy. Only an increased size of force and international pressure can assist in combating Taliban forces.

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

As the world continues to advance in technology and more nations are connected to the Internet, Cyberterrorism will be one of the most prominent forms of terror that has the capability to bring down entire countries at once, if not simultaneously. Governments will need assistance in creating firewalls and safety precautions against such attacks. We need a global infrastructure to deal with arising issues, the UN has to take initatives and set standards address issues. The UN should look for help from national governments and private companies. We support a creation of a global cybersecurity organization through the UN to help handle these issues, consult and draft strategies that all will be responsible for. The creation of a cybersecurity organization is needed to be in effect and operation prior to any serious attack of cyberterrorism. Technology and science are advancing with such speed; Trinidad and Tobago strongly support swift action to be ready for such threats.

United Nations Disarmament and International Security Committee Harvard National Model United Nations Conference - 2011

Delegate of Tunisia Represented by the United States Military Academy

Topic Area A: The Taliban

I. General Statement

From the early 1990s through 2001, the Taliban, a radicalized Muslim organization, oppressively governed Afghanistan. After the tragic attack on the World Trade Center in New York, the U.S., supported by the international community, removed Taliban from power for their support of al-Qaeda. In the ensuing years, the Taliban has recovered and grown back into prominence along the border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan. From these sanctuaries, the Taliban has created a subversive shadow government that influences many Afghan officials, poisoning the international mission for peace and stability.

Following the recent rebirth in Tunisia, the government now stands committed to the increasing democratization and fairer representation of Islamic communities throughout the world. Accordingly, Tunisia continues to support the goal of creating an independent Afghan state, free from the influences of subversive elements. Disrupting, disorganizing, and destroying radical groups linked to al-Qaeda should remain the goal of the international community, while simultaneous bringing all willing participants into the political tent.

It is vital that the entire international community is involved with the mission in Afghanistan, as the stability of this country is closely linked to that of the region. A stable, peaceful Afghanistan would deny the use of safe havens to global terrorist organizations, limit the growing opium trade, and promote better governance through central Asia and the Islamic world. DISEC should hold as a top priority the marginalization of the Taliban and the improvement of governance, economy, and society in Afghanistan.

II. Particulars

We believe that it is of the utmost importance that the following points be considered, and deliberated as the international community seeks solutions to combating the Taliban:

1.) Encourage the participation of all political groups in the Afghan government. 2.) Pursue diplomatic efforts to persuade Pakistan to undergo greater measures against violent groups within their borders. 3.) Promote alternatives to the opium trade to farmers. 4.) Aid Afghanistan in improving its infrastructure as well as stabilizing its economy to improve the condition of their citizens and discourage violence.

United Nations Disarmament and International Security Committee Harvard National Model United Nations Conference - 2011

Delegate of Tunisia Represented by the United States Military Academy

Topic Area B: Cyber-Terrorism

I. General Statement

In the past decade, cyber terrorism has developed into a veritable threat that has affected states of all types and in all regions. Within only a few years, major cyber attacks were launched against Estonia, South Korea, the United States, and others, in some cases resulting in the crippling of government systems. Cyber attacks have been used by individuals across the world in order to gain intelligence, steal financial and personal data, and most notably- cause shutdowns of government and corporate networks through “distributed denial of service” attacks. These attacks use massive amounts of data to overwhelm and collapse networks. Perhaps even more disturbing has been the use of cyber attacks by state-sponsored groups against other states.

It will not be possible to deal effectively with this growing issue without the multilateral commitment of the global community. As noted by President Toomas Hendrik of Estonia, “The necessity of closer cooperation among states…is critical when we realize that in case of a cyber attack, all traditional security measures may be rendered useless.” While the U.N. has taken some action on cyber terrorism, most recently with Resolution 64/211 in 2010, renewed efforts must be undergone to comprehensively address the issues of cyber crime. Likewise, the previous government of Tunisia hosted the 34th Conference of Arab Police and Security Officials, which prompted discussion on cyber attacks. These conversations on the global and regional level must result in measurable methods to combat this growing threat.

II. Particulars

As noted in Resolution 64/211, there must be an international culture of cyber security and crime prevention that will:

1) Pursue the creation of an international organization for cyber security. 2) Develop cyber security technology to be shared between states. 3) Investigate the use of cyber attacks by and against states. 4) Ensure the continued free use of the internet for peaceful ends.

Topic Area A: The Taliban

The current situation in Afghanistan is a perilous one. Currently, there is a lacking in Afghan unity. The current government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, led by President Hamid Karzai has constantly been under scrutiny for corruption. The country remains divided in such a way that makes generalizations impossible. Because of this, approaches to achieving peace within the region is unnervingly difficult. There is widespread violence as Coalition forces have been warring against the Taliban for nearly a decade. Despite the length of the supposed “solution,” it would seem that little progress has been made. Afghanistan is a peculiar situation in that it borders Pakistan, whom historically have always been supporters of the Taliban. Much of the funding for the Taliban insurgency is opium trade. The mountainous region is, for these reasons and more, unstable.

Today, the Taliban has a considerable amount of territorial control that makes the derailing of its widespread influence near impossible. There have been reports in the Taliban controlled areas of human rights violations by both Coalition forces and the Taliban. This, however, does not make the Taliban's actions exempt from apprehension. Much of this can be attributed to the strict following of Sharia Law by the Sunni Taliban. The Taliban ideology typically believes that the cause is just, but the rest of the world has seen their way of life both politically and religiously dangerous, particularly in the treatment of women.

The Republic of Turkey takes the problem of an unstable Afghanistan very seriously. The war in Afghanistan provides a certain instability to the region that threatens peace, which should be the primary goal for the United Nations and the Republic of Turkey respectively.

The Republic of Turkey, with concern for regional stability, holds that the best course of action concerning the future of Afghanistan would be the withdrawal of Coalition forces and the restoration of a free Afghan Republic free of government corruption or unnatural outside forces committing to any sort of intervention in the Afghan way of life. In this, there would be three primary motives. One, a restoration of eventual peace in the country. Two, the region would a level of stability which it currently lacks. And three, an international commitment to peace could further bring East and West together.

This however does not mean that the Republic of Turkey approves of the Taliban. In fact, the Republic of Turkey consistently and thoroughly condemns the support of the Taliban and the war crimes committed by all those considered.

There is a shared responsibility that both European and Western powers need to undertake. The first step begins with ending the war that has already taken its toll on humanity. Through international cooperation much can be achieved with the ultimate goal of peace and justice for those who have known nothing but war for the past decade.

TOPIC AREA B: CYBERTERRORISM

Cyberterrorism is a highly salient issue to not only the Republic of Turkey, but to the world at large. Due to the evolving nature of our globalized society, the world now must face a new domain of world security-Cyber. This nascent fifth domain is a dynamic world where technology and people interact sans borders, for both unprecedented opportunity for global benefits and global cataclysm. The cyber events in Estonia in 2007 sounded a clarion call, highlighting the exigencies for a global focus on mitigating the ever-evolving threat of cyberterrorism and cybersecurity and the urgent need for a global consensus on Internet governance and law. The ultimate future of the Internet and global inter-connectedness hangs in the balance. Our globalized world does not have the luxury of ignoring or postponing dealing with the threat of cyberterrorism. The lessons of the financial crisis of 2007 can easily be extrapolated into the realm of cyberterrorism; an attack that crippled Europe’s or the United States’ information infrastructure would grind global economic interactions to a grinding halt with far-reaching global consequences that would pale in comparison to the global consequences of the aforementioned financial crisis. The time is now to reach a global consensus on cyberterrorism. The Republic of Turkey currently has 3.433 million Internet hosts and 27.233 million Internet users. The Republic of Turkey in its own dealings with domestic cyber concerns has sought always to strike a balance between the individuals’ rights on the one hand and security concerns on the other. The Republic of Turkey has sought to embrace the Internet and the transition of our society to an information society, while still ever cognizant of security issues. With the passage of Law no 5651 in 2007, the Republic of Turkey has passed domestic legislation that delineates cybercrimes and cyberterrorism. The Republic of Turkey faces domestic cyber threats from PKK terrorists and is therefore sentient about the urgent need for domestic as well as international cooperation about cyberterrorism and all other issues germane to cyber. As a member of NATO, the Republic of Turkey has taken action to contribute to international cyber defense, which in turn will allow the Republic of Turkey to bolster its own cyber defenses. In 2010, the Republic of Turkey applied for membership with CCDCOE, the Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence based out of Estonia and established to help bolster NATO’s collective cyber defense capacity. The Republic of Turkey would like to see a consensus on an international treaty that would establish a minimum binding code of Internet law with special concern to definitions of cybercrime, cyberterrorism and cyberwar. With these international standards clarification as to acceptable retaliation and litigation concerning cyber offenses and attacks should be enumerated. The Republic of Turkey hopes that all participating UN members would align or draft their domestic laws so that they will be in concordance with the aforementioned international Internet law. Issues of standard definitions of crimes or terrorism as well as minimum international cooperation must to be addressed. If a cyber terrorist in one country is free to attack a nation state with no legal consequences or extradition then cyber terrorists will flock to those legal safe havens where they will face no consequences. International cooperation and lines of communication need to be established so that if a county does face a cyber attack, those countries with the capacity to trace the origin of the attack can help obviate war. Investments in IT security measures and public IT security education need to become a priority of all member states.

Delegation: Turkmenistan Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban Felician College, Boris VonFaust

The key to stability in Afghanistan lies in the improvement of the country’s economy and infrastructure. The Turkmen government sees the development of an effective Afghan state as a prime condition for the neutralization of the Taliban’s positions in Afghanistan, and the most important step towards the creation of the regional stability and future prosperity. In his September 2010 address at the 65th assembly of the United Nations, president of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov had outlined the commitment of his government to the strengthening of the global diplomatic and economic cooperation, emphasizing in particular Turkmenistan’s input in the assistance the international community has been providing to the Afghan state. Placing especial importance on the development of strong economic relations between the neighboring states, the government of Turkmenistan had been consistent in its readiness to assist the government of Afghanistan in its effort to improve the situation in the country.

Turkmenistan’s relations with the international community are outlined by the position of strict neutrality. As a neutral country, Turkmenistan objects direct military involvement into the affairs of other sovereign states. Turkmenistan encourages a process of international dialog, based on the principles of mutual respect and flexibility. Approaching its foreign policy from the position of diplomacy, Turkmenistan had always sought to maintain an atmosphere of peaceful co-existence and cooperation. Turkmenistan’s 744-kilometer border with Afghanistan makes it strategically important for the Taliban’s drug and weapons trafficking. Turkmenistan’s government views the problems of crime, illicit drugs and terrorism with utmost seriousness, and has its country represented in all appropriate UN committees. The country has been actively cooperating with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the EU-UNDP Border Management Programme for Central Asia, the Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, and the government of the United States as part of a global anti- drug effort.

Turkmenistan’s economic initiatives aimed at the establishment of stability in the region include the implementation of training programs for the development Afghani professional and civil sector, energy supply, railroad and roadway repair, and participation in other joint infrastructural projects. Most significantly, Turkmenistan energy program promises to inject Afghanistan’s economy with a substantial investment as the plans for the trans-national gas pipeline approach reality. The endeavor unites Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India in a multinational energy-sharing network, known as T.A.P.I.—an acronym of the first letters of the participating countries. This joint commitment would greatly elevate Afghanistan in both financial and political respect, as the country’s active involvement in the world community would ultimately solidify the efficiency of government institutions and strengthen the sense of national unity. Delegation: Republic of Uganda Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: The Taliban (A)

Afghanistan’s history is known for its internal conflicts which have shaped the country’s political, social and economic reality. From 1996 to 2001, the country witnessed a cruel administration which not only treated women as inferior beings, but also restricted their freedom in almost every way, fostering hatred and disappointment towards the government. This was lead by the Taliban, a Muslim Afghan group that overthrew a legitimate government, but that was later overthrown by foreign forces. Despite having a president and therefore, a government, Afghanistan is still on guard, since the threat of the Taliban returning to power is imminent. This group still has influence in almost half of the country and is working restlessly in order to gain more and more support. Their main source of income is the profit provided by the opium trade, which is possible due to the great amount of poppy fields which cover almost all of Afghanistan. Despite the efforts that have been made to eradicate these fields, the result has not been the expected one. This is because opium trade constitutes one third of Afghanistan’s gross domestic product and when poppy fields are destroyed, the owners perceive this as a direct attack by the western world, something which the Taliban benefit from, by attracting more supporters. In compliance with both Ugandan policy, we discourage negotiation and cooperation with the Taliban. This group has proved to be relentless when it comes to Human Rights. We consider that by educating as well as by informing the Afghan population regarding the harm that the Taliban represent to their country, they will acknowledge that their living standards will be greatly diminished if they regain power. We strongly recommend that the Afghan National Army stays under the guidance of foreign governments until they are fully capable and trained to deal with the current threat posed by the Taliban.

Topic: Cyberterrorism (B)

“The most likely way for the world to be destroyed, most experts agree, is by accident. That's where we come in; we're computer professionals. We cause accidents” Nathaniel Borenstein (Computer Scientist from the USA). Cyberterrorism has not been given a proper definition due to the fact that it involves many aspects which are directly related to other issues such as cybercrime. Cyberterrorism differs from this because it involves politically motivated attacks on systems with the mere purpose of harming or damaging governmental cyber infrastructure. Some people still remain skeptical, since cyber attacks have not done a great deal of damage until now. Experts, on the contrary, are alarmed, since there have been several attacks such as the ones in Estonia, Google China and the recent stuxnet attack on Iran’s nuclear power plant, which have been strong enough to foresee a major and more destructive cyberattack in the near future. Despite possessing the most advanced technology, as well as professionals who fully understand the issue of cyber security, the developed world has been a victim of cyber terrorists. This means that if fully capable nations, technologically speaking, are vulnerable to these attacks, the developing world stands no chance whatsoever. In order to change this, it is imperative that we start cooperating among ourselves. Together, many countries will be able to counterattack as well as to defend against the offenders. The main concern for the governments is its information and the last thing they want to do is give it away. The reality is that sharing information regarding defense is not giving away classified information; it is cooperating in terms of technical advances in order to progress when it comes to building a solid and effective defense system. The constitution of Uganda in its penal code act (chapter 120) considers all offences against the State as well as its infrastructure, including all digital infrastructure of the government, as illegal acts punishable by law; furthermore it grants courts the right to freeze bank accounts upon application by public prosecutors. In 2002 Uganda passed the anti-terrorist act No. 14/2002, which criminalizes terrorism and its financing, one that Uganda encourages Member States to adopt internally. Regarding the importance of cooperation to penalize state sponsored cyber attacks, Uganda understands the insurmountable disadvantages the global community faces to determine the origin of an attack, as well as the responsibility of an appropriate and proportionate response, therefore considers forwarding this important duty to the Security Council. Finally Uganda strongly recommends a convention to protect society against cyber terrorism, an integral convention for critical infrastructure protection modeling and assessment. Delegation: Republic of Uganda Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: The Taliban (A)

Topic: Cyberterrorism (B)

“The most likely way for the world to be destroyed, most experts agree, is by accident. That's where we come in; we're computer professionals. We cause accidents” Nathaniel Borenstein (Computer Scientist from the USA). Cyberterrorism has not been given a proper definition due to the fact that it involves many aspects which are directly related to other issues such as cybercrime. Cyberterrorism differs from this because it involves politically motivated attacks on systems with the mere purpose of harming or damaging governmental cyber infrastructure. Some people still remain skeptical, since cyber attacks have not done a great deal of damage until now. Experts, on the contrary, are alarmed, since there have been several attacks such as the ones in Estonia, Google China and the recent stuxnet attack on Iran’s nuclear power plant, which have been strong enough to foresee a major and more destructive cyberattack in the near future. Despite possessing the most advanced technology, as well as professionals who fully understand the issue of cyber security, the developed world has been a victim of cyber terrorists. This means that if fully capable nations, technologically speaking, are vulnerable to these attacks, the developing world stands no chance whatsoever. In order to change this, it is imperative that we start cooperating among ourselves. Together, many countries will be able to counterattack as well as to defend against the offenders. The main concern for the governments is its information and the last thing they want to do is give it away. The reality is that sharing information regarding defense is not giving away classified information; it is cooperating in terms of technical advances in order to progress when it comes to building a solid and effective defense system. The constitution of Uganda in its penal code act (chapter 120) considers all offences against the State as well as its infrastructure, including all digital infrastructure of the government, as illegal acts punishable by law; furthermore it grants courts the right to freeze bank accounts upon application by public prosecutors. In 2002 Uganda passed the anti-terrorist act No. 14/2002, which criminalizes terrorism and its financing, one that Uganda encourages Member States to adopt internally. Regarding the importance of cooperation to penalize state sponsored cyber attacks, Uganda understands the insurmountable disadvantages the global community faces to determine the origin of an attack, as well as the responsibility of an appropriate and proportionate response, therefore considers forwarding this important duty to the Security Council. Finally Uganda strongly recommends a convention to protect society against cyber terrorism, an integral convention for critical infrastructure protection modeling and assessment. Delegates: Kevin Chang and Hanna Madsen School: University of Delaware Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Country: Ukraine Topic A: The Taliban

The Taliban demand the concern of nations stretching far beyond the borders of Afghanistan. Rooted in Islam’s Hanafite School and militant Islam from the Deobandi movement in India, the Taliban seek to initiate a revolution returning Islam to its former, purer glory through caliphate rule. Within the regions underneath Taliban control, entrepreneurial drive and individual philosophy are sacrificed for a more radical, militant, and collective unit fed by madrassas and universities under Mullah Omar. As a result, women are constricted to within the home. Resistance against the regime is met with heavy aggression. The Taliban, while claiming that the revolution mirrors that of Marx’s socialist revolution, remain in a violent commitment to expanding this regime by manipulating fear and ideology through intensive recruitment, guerilla warfare, and an extensive financial network. The Taliban are linked to numerous suicide bombings, kidnappings, and terrorist attacks. The Taliban remain strongest in the Pashtun regions of the East and South of Afghanistan where the movement began and are now pushing into the Northwestern region of Pakistan near Quetta. Furthermore, the Taliban maintain an international reach by harboring other terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda. Currently, the Taliban acquire anywhere from 70 to 100 million U.S. dollars from the opium trade and an additional 106 million dollars from anonymous donors across the globe. Moreover, the number of non-Afghan Taliban fighters has risen recently which indicates a spread in Taliban rhetoric and recruitment. It seems the Taliban satisfy both the physical and emotional needs of the regions it targets. The Taliban provide psychical satisfaction through economic incentives by employing villagers and a heightening demand for supplies. Furthermore, the Taliban provide education through the madrassas. Through its focus on initiating an Islamic revolution, the Taliban offer an outlet for the frustrations of poverty and a mechanism to change the world around them in a relatively easy manner. If the people adapt themselves to the pure version of Islam based on the Qur’an and the hadiths, then these people will be granted the former glory the Islamic world once possessed. The Taliban provides communities with a renewed sense of purpose. This kind of emotional and psychical satisfaction has been difficult to combat.

Ukraine maintains that acts of terror are clearly criminal in nature. As a result, terrorist organizations such as the Taliban are seen by Ukraine as impediments to global safety, stability, and advancement. Ukraine recognizes that the Taliban maintain consider influence over people in Pashtun regions of Afghanistan, but Ukraine also believes that through education, the international community can break through the Taliban’s propaganda. Furthermore, Ukraine applauses successful DDR programs that have demobilized over 60,000 combatants, and Ukraine believes that such programs much be continued and expanded. However, Ukraine also believes that post-disarmament programs must be developed to ensure that ex-combatants do not rearm. As one of the main sources of income for the Taliban, Ukraine is particularly concerned with the growth of illegal poppy fields. With a less than ideal security situation in Afghanistan, Ukraine believes that Afghan security must be improved; this improvement would have to come from improvement in the National Army as well as police forces. While Taliban combatants must be disarmed, Ukraine believes that local warlords must either accept official roles in Afghan security or face disbandment. There has been a considerable amount of compromise with Afghan warlords, but the stability and security of Afghanistan is dependent upon the ability of the government to maintain peace and order across the nation. The government itself must be able to instill confidence within the Afghan people, but the widespread corruption within the government leads to a defacto vote of no confidence from the Afghan people.

As a nation, Ukraine strongly believes in the power of education. Through education, obstacles can be overcome and dreams can be met and exceeded. As a result of this belief, Ukraine strongly urges the international community to develop a multi-level education program within Afghanistan. Not only do the future generations of Afghan children need to receive basic education to advance in today’s global society, but the people of Afghanistan must learn that the Taliban are not saviors of the people but rather impediments to the development of a country that has an estimated one trillion U.S. dollars worth of natural resources. Furthermore, ex-combatants must learn how to make a sustainable living that does not revolve around military regimes or weapons. Additionally, farmers who grow poppy crops must learn farming techniques that allow them to produce other kinds of crops efficiently. Finally, government officials must be educated in how to fight corruption, why corruption hurts a nation, and how to shape a developing nation. By educating government officials, Afghanistan could see a government that realizes personal gain can come from the collective gain of the nation as a whole. For instance, current Afghan government officials may not reap all the benefits of an expanding economy, but these officials’ children will be beneficiaries of an improving economic situation through better schooling, improved security, and the attraction of international business. Furthermore, Afghan government officials must be prepared to deal with the influx of international attraction that the newly discovered Afghan natural resources will bring. To bring about this improved multi-fronted education, Ukraine proposes that international community advises the Ministry of Education. Furthermore, Ukraine proposes that the World Bank funds efforts to educate adults during night school in relevant trades and skills, especially ex-combatants and poppy farmers. To help guide education in Afghanistan, Ukraine proposes that the Afghan Education Development Council be formed under the UN Development Programme for Afghanistan. In addition to providing advice to Afghanistan’s Ministry of Education, the AED Council would organize an annual summit in which leading experts on education can be gathered to analyze and address problems within the Afghan education system. Furthermore, the AED Council would organize another annual summit in which Afghanistan’s leaders would be taught anti-corruption techniques, leadership techniques, economics, benefits that stem from a government that reduces corruption and increases economic output, and other topics pertinent to effective leadership. Also, to combat election fraud, the international community must ensure that elections are fair. In order to combat the Taliban, Ukraine endorses the continuation and expansion of DDR (Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration) programs that have already seen tens of thousands of demobilized combatants. As stated above, Ukraine believes that the key to maintain the demobilization of combatants is dependent on teaching ex-combatants how to live in society as well as how to provide for their families. By teaching current ex-combatants how to live successful, peaceful lives, Ukraine hopes to entice current combatants to demobilize and be a part of these DDR programs. Moreover, Ukraine strongly believes that the eradication of poppy fields is crucial to the downfall of the Taliban. Ukraine hopes to see the creations of a NGO, named Eradicating Opium, that provides funds to replace poppy fields that Ukraine hopes to see destroyed. These crops should either be replaced by agricultural crops or other trades in which these farmers can be successful. Furthermore, Ukraine expects these farmers to be educated in night school in how to best take advantage of their new trade. Even with Afghanistan’s exceptional amount of natural resources, stability in the government is necessary to attract foreign firms, and with the training of Afghan officials as stated above, Ukraine hopes that both international firms and the Afghan people can benefit from international investment. To create stability, Ukraine believes that security must be improved. This improvement in security can only start from the top down, and as a result, Ukraine wishes to see the formation of a core group of soldiers and officers that are taught to be effective using modern techniques. This formula has been successful in Colombia, and furthermore, this core group of soldiers can use their advance knowledge to train the rest of the army whose subsequent training can trickle down to local police forces. While this will not be quick, by utilizing such a “trickle-down” method of training, Afghanistan can more quickly take security into their own hands. After the training of the National Army, the Afghan government will have the resources necessary to give local warlords the choice to incorporate into the government or to disband their militias. These warlords create variables that compromise true Afghan stability. If implemented, the above aspects of Ukraine’s plan will lead to a safer and more secure Afghanistan in years to come. Delegates: Kevin Chang and Hanna Madsen School: University of Delaware Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Country: Ukraine Topic B: Cyberterrorism

With the advances afforded by the Internet there have also been numerous misuses of the Internet. In its short history it has become clear that the Internet is a clear medium for the transfer of data including that which is malicious. Malicious data can affect multiple aspects of life. Some attacks may overwhelm servers while other attacks go further and infiltrate security systems. These attacks are particularly dangerous because they can be used to collect sensitive data that otherwise would be inaccessible. Because of the various types of information that are accessible through security portals over the Internet, any attacks that breach secure systems may compromise personal security, business security, or even national security. Clearly governments must be actively involved in the pursuit of any people who attack secure systems with malicious intent. When attackers gain compromising information they may use this information to carry out attacks that would be otherwise impossible. Furthermore, attackers may gain access to critical national security data. These attacks can also compromise political stability by attacking and changing political websites. Such changes can insight political instability. Because of the interconnectedness of the Internet and networks it is possible for cyber attacks to directly affect the lives of civilians; cyber attackers can directly disable services such as telephones. By disabling communication cybercriminals can shut down daily commerce that supports the necessities of life such as food and water. Furthermore, with more devices becoming Internet-centric, such as smart phones, it is increasingly important to create meaningful statutes regarding cyber security and cybercrime. Without such statutes there will be an increasing number of people that can hack an increasing amount of web-centric devices. Such widespread cybercrime could result in an increased amount of compromised data. There have already been attacks that have targeted nations such as Israel as well as corporations such as Google. While external attacks are causes for concern, Wikileaks has shown the world that internal leaking of information can be just as, if not more, effective than external attacks. Past international actions, such as the Convention on Cybercrime, have attempted to define and create legislation on cybercrime, but these actions have left many questions unanswered.

Ukraine firmly condemns cybercrime and cyberterrorism. As part of the Council of Europe, Ukraine believes that the Convention on Cybercrime has laid down the framework pertaining to an international solution to cybercrime and cyberterrorism. Ukraine believes that heinous information such as child pornography should not be available on the Internet; however, Ukraine realizes that this should be a very well defined area that is not open to broad interpretation. Ukraine holds that nations must collaborate on international matters of cyber security without infringing upon national security. Furthermore, Ukraine hopes to see the creation of new departments within the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) that facilitates international cooperation on matters of cybercrime. Just as information travels the world instantaneously, the Internet opens the door for increased international crime. This increased possibility of international crime forces governments to facilitate cooperation with other governments in an effort to reduce international cybercrime. Ukraine further wishes to adopt definitions defined in the Convention on Cybercrime. Ukraine does recognize the sovereignty of nations, and, as a result, Ukraine realizes that participation in any INTERPOL activity is voluntary but Ukraine strongly encourages nations to participate in collaborative international cyber security issues.

To put an end to cyberterrorism once and for all Ukraine proposes a multifaceted plan. To define Cyberterrorism, Ukraine supports the use of current definitions outlined in the Convention on Cybercrime as passed by the Council of Europe. That is, “Any person that violates Chapter II, Section 1 of the Convention on Cybercrime. This definition would include Titles 1, 2, and 5.” Just as the Convention on Cybercrime defers to State penal codes, Ukraine feels that punishments should be determined by States that have jurisdiction over crimes. Ukraine notes that forcing nations to adopt punishments would not only be an infringement upon national sovereignty but would also necessitate the extensive use of an international judicial system which would place an unnecessary burden on the international community. Ukraine would be pleased to see other nations ensure that cyberterrorism could never warrant capital punishment. Just as point one uses acts that are outlined in the Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime Ukraine holds that Chapter II, Section 2 of the same convention can be applied to outline what steps law enforcement may take to combat cyberterrorism; this includes Titles 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Ukraine references the Convention on Cybercrime to create guidelines for the jurisdiction and extradition of cyber terrorists, specifically Chapter II, Section 2, and Chapter III, Section 1, Title 2. As a firm believer in international cooperation, Ukraine believes that Chapter III of the Convention on Cybercrime is pertinent to issues of international cooperation. In addition to the provisions Stated in the Convention on Cybercrime, Ukraine hopes to see the utilization of INTERPOL and the creation of the Cyber Security Database (CSD) devoted to international sharing of information regarding international cyberterrorism. This database would fall under a newly created department of INTEROL appropriately called the Cyber Defense Department (CDD). This department would gather information from its sub-departments and issue warning of possible cyber security attacks as well as teach the international community about potential risks. Any such database would not be compulsory but rather voluntary. However, member- States may request information be added to the database from other member-States but it is in the power of the requested to decline any such requests for reasons as outlined in the Convention on Cybercrime, Chapter III, Article 28 – Confidentiality and limitation on use. This database would fall under a newly created department of INTEROL named the Cyber Defense Department (CDD). This department would gather information from its sub-departments and issue warning of possible cyber security attacks as well as risks. Just as the Convention on Cybercrime holds that private security firms are important in the protection of cyber assets, Ukraine similarly believes that private security firms bring valuable expertise in cyber security. Thus, Ukraine wishes to see private parties that wish to contribute on the issue of cyber security integrate with governmental security efforts. As a result, Ukraine proposes that nations create regulatory bodies that will coordinate these private efforts. These national bodies should operate as follows: Encourage private parties to help cyber security; Maintain a record of these private parties (in particular tie electronic identification of these parties to real forms of identification); Explain to private parties what their roles are and how they can help; Explain to private parties what is illegal and what is legal; Ensures that private parties do not hinder ongoing governmental investigations whether they are at national or international level. In conjunction with these national bodies, Ukraine suggests the creation of a sub-department within INTERPOL under the CDD that unites the list of private parties as well as their identifications as collected by the national, regulatory bodies. This sub-department would be named the Private, Enterprise Cyber Security Regulator (PECSR). It would coordinate international cyber security efforts that involve private security bodies. It would provide an avenue of contact for member States to ensure that private bodies do not interfere with national or international cyber security efforts. PECSR would also ensure that all national regulatory bodies receive the informational necessary to ensure that private bodies do not interfere with ongoing investigations. As seen in the Convention on Cybercrime, Chapter III, Title 3, nations may request other nations for help in cyber security. Ukraine also believes that nations should be able to request the help of other nations. Furthermore, Ukraine believes that a centralized, international organization should be utilized when requesting help from other nations. To this avail, Ukraine suggests the creation of another sub-department within INTERPOL under the CDD that connects nations who are requesting help with those nations that are most appropriate to contact. This sub-department would be called the Cyber Security Connection Team (CSCT). It would work in conjunction with other parts of the Cyber Security department to ensure that nations that are requesting help receive help from the proper people. The CSCT would also provide an avenue of communication between countries that also wish to combine cyber security forces to investigate international cyber criminals. It would hold bi-annual summits for any willing nations to come together and compare strategy and advice with regards to dealing with cyber security. Ukraine firmly believes that if this plan is put into place then the world may just see a light at the end of the tunnel with regards to ending cyberterrorism once and for all. Delegation: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban Delegates: Cyndi Cheng, Christina Li School: Hong Kong Baptist University

The Taliban has always been a problem especially in Afghanistan, threatening the stability of the region. The UAE being mindful of its commitment to its neighbours and the international community with regard to regional peace, stability and human security, is willing to cooperate with nations around the world to deal with the situation. The UAE wants to see peace, reconciliation and reconstruction in Afghanistan.

The UAE has always been concerned about the Taliban. UAE cooperated with the U.S. immediately after the 9/11 when it was identified as a major financial centre used by Al-Qaeda in transferring money. Accounts tied to suspected terrorists were frozen and money laundering was strongly clamped down. UAE also supports the military operations of US and other Coalition nations, like UK, France, Germany in the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan.

The UAE continues to contribute constructively to the international efforts aimed at stabilising Afghanistan and supporting its bid to restore security. US$550 million have been given to Afghanistan between 2002 and 2008 as the humanitarian and development assistance. The UAE is the only Arab country performing humanitarian activities on the ground in Afghanistan.

The Taliban’s issue has been discussed in UN for many years. Many programmes and methods have been used to try to solve the problem. However, the power of the Taliban is still growing. The UAE believes that the world needs to do more about this issue by:

1) Helping Afghanistan to explore the rich mineral resources

It is known that the Taliban generates large part of their funding through trading drugs, the opium. At the same time, growing of poppy, the flower that is used to produce opium, accounts for one third of the country’s GDP. It is hard and expensive for the Afghan to give up growing the flower. The discovery of rich mineral resources is an excellent opportunity to shift the economic production from mainly poppy growing to exploring mineral. In this way, the money source of the Taliban will be largely cut.

2) Continuing the anti-drug campaign

It takes time for the whole Afghan economy to shift from poppy growing to exploring mineral. Therefore, the anti-drug campaign like replacing poppy with wheat should continue as a temporarily effort to stop the drug trading.

3) Providing funding to develop education in the region

Only with proper education can Afghanistan be developed in a correct direction sustainability and independently. This is also a way for keeping the Afghan away from the influence of the Taliban, to make sure that the future generation will not be tempted to join the Taliban .

After all, the problem of Taliban takes international cooperation to deal with. The responsibilities should be shared among different nations. The UAE is willing to continually work for the peace, reconciliation and reconstruction in Afghanistan. Delegation: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism Delegates: Cyndi Cheng, Christina Li School: Hong Kong Baptist University

With the increasing reliance on electronic systems, countries are vulnerable to cyber attacks. The UAE is not immune to cyberterrorism as only the country accounts for almost one-tenth of the Internet users in the Middle East.

“No one country, company or agency can stop cyber crime,” FBI Director Robert Mueller claimed. Obviously, international cooperation is essential in ensuring collective security on the Internet. Contradicting to the seriousness of the problem, little international cooperation has been taken place to resolve the roots of cyberterrorism.

The UAE sincerely urge all the countries, especially those more developed countries, to collaborate by taking the following actions in order to reduce as well as eliminate the threat.

1) Develop and propose uniform international law to check, monitor and control cyber crimes. The UAE thinks clear cyber security guidelines should be included in the jurisdiction so that swift action against terrorism is possible.

2) Provide funding for research and development of economical ways to ensure cyber security, protection on digital resources, and exchange of cyber protection technology in order to create a global culture of cyber security.

3) Set up international information centre to gather and exchange information about cyber crimes and cyberterrorism on a regular basis.

Above all, international cooperation is essential in ensuring collective security on the Internet. The UAE would make every endeavor to combat terrorism and the UAE strongly urges all nations to collaborate in order to mitigate the threat.

United Kingdom Permanent Mission to the United Nations

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) Topic: Taliban (Topic A) Country: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland University: United Netherlands (Radboud University Nijmegen)

“Terrorists are strongest where states are weakest”.1 Afghanistan has been a battlefield for some six centuries and a “strategic prize for foreign empires for more than 200 years”.2 The most recent episode of foreign military intervention in the country began in October 2001. The United Kingdom is engaged in Afghanistan because it became a base for terrorists that threatened Britain and the rest of the world.3

In October 2001, British forces entered Afghanistan in support of the allied Operation Enduring Freedom. Parallel to the Bonn Agreement of December 2001, the international community agreed upon reform of five key areas of which the United Kingdom chose to focus on counter‐ narcotics.4 This means that the United Kingdom is a G8 „Partner Nation‟ for Afghanistan on counter‐ narcotics, which makes it responsible for leading international efforts to tackle illicit narcotics in Afghanistan. Furthermore, since May 2006 the UK has been part of the now 48 nation- strong NATO‐ led International Security Assistant Force (ISAF), with its focus area being the Helmand province.

The United Kingdom is working towards a stable and secure Afghan state, aimed at ensuring that it becomes a state capable of governing and delivering services to the Afghan people and preventing the return of Taliban. The United Kingdom therefore proposes the Build & Sustain-approach aiming to: (1) build the government of Afghanistan by the Afghans and for the Afghans, by decentralizing institutions and promoting development programmes intended to engage with locals and the various Afghan tribes and to give the Afghan people a stake in their own future; (2) tackle the drug trade and poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, by promoting an effective law and justice system to prosecute drug traders and the development of alternative livelihoods for farmers; and (3) stimulate cooperation with Pakistan and recognizing its role as part of the solution.

The future belongs to those who built it. As Ban Ki-moon stated; “We have wasted opportunities and we face new and additional challenges, making the task more difficult”.5 It is now our responsibility to make up lost ground and to put all countries on a track towards building a sustainable Afghan state.

1 Statement by Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1612871.stm 2 D. Loyn, Butcher & Bolt: Two Hundred Years of Foreign Engagement in Afghanistan (London, 2008) 3 http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/global‐issues/conflict‐prevention/afghanistan21/uk‐effort‐in‐afghanistan/, accessed on 06‐12‐2010. 4 http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/global‐issues/conflict‐prevention/afghanistan21/counter‐narcotics/, accessed on 06‐12‐2010. 5 http://www.suite101.com/content/progress-in-the-fight-to-end-world-hunger-a186035/, accessed on 27-01-2011

United Kingdom Permanent Mission to the United Nations

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) Topic: Cyberterrorism (Topic B) Country: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland University: United Netherlands (Radboud University Nijmegen)

An FBI paper once stated that “tomorrow‟s terrorist may be able to do more damage with a keyboard than with a bomb.”1 This is all the more true for today. A „fifth battle space‟ next to the traditional arenas of land, air, sea and space has arisen: cyber space. Cyber space creates a huge security vacuum because it is very accessible, insufficiently protected and international regulation on the topic is still in its infancy. The United Kingdom has listed cyber attacks next to international terrorism and natural disasters as the major threat to its security.2 The main reason for making it such a high priority is that cyber security is linked to almost all the critical parts of the United Kingdoms‟ national infrastructure. For example, £50 billion of Britain‟s yearly consumer purchases take place online through e-commerce. An attack on United Kingdom‟s cyber space could be devastating to the economy.3

In 2009 the United Kingdom was the first EU member state to announce an actionable strategic framework for confronting national-level cyber threats. Within this framework the government has established the Office of Cyber Security & Information Assurance (OCSIA) to support the Security Minister and the National Security Council in determining priorities in relation to securing cyber space. 4 Another important step is the integration of cyber security issues with the Ministry of Defense. Putting cyber security at the center of Defense will ensure that the United Kingdom plans, trains, exercises and operates in a way that integrates activities in both cyber and physical space.

Since cyber space transcends traditional national boundaries, the tackling of the threats to which it is vulnerable, needs an international approach. But the word tackling poses a core problem. „Perfect security‟ contradicts the very essence of the open character of cyber space. Therefore, the United Kingdom proposes the „Management Approach.‟ This approach 1) gives national governments the duty to provide businesses and private individuals with the most sophisticated cyber security capabilities to the end that these actors manage their own cyber security making the sum their efforts a relative secure cyber space on a national level; 2) works towards an international framework in which the risks and threats of cyber warfare are regulated via a treaty on cyber space; and 3) builds an international alliance that manages the threats of cyber terrorism via the sharing of information, intelligence and resources.

Noting the words of David Cameron: “We are entering an age of uncertainty. Weighing up the threats we face and preparing to deal with them is the only way to gear up the international community for this new age of uncertainty".5

1 M.M. Pollitt, „Cyberterrorism – Fact or Fancy?‟, FBI Laboratory (1998) 1. 2 Cabinet Office, Securing Britain in an age of uncertainty: The strategic defence and security review (October 2010) 10. 3 Cabinet Office, Cyber Security Strategy of the United Kingdom (June 2009) 5. 4 Cabinet Office, Cybersecurity Strategy of the United Kingdom, 14. 5 Cabinet Office, Securing Britain in an age of uncertainty, 47.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Delegation: Tanzania Jocelyn Norman and Elizabeth Baden

Topic A: Taliban Tanzania considers terrorism and the Taliban to be pressing issues that interweave within each other. Tanzania’s first major encounter with terrorism was in August of 1998, when the United States Embassy located in Dar-Es-Salaam was bombed by Al-Qaeda. Since then Tanzania concerns have suitably been focused on terrorism. The country has and will continue to implement a number of measures to enhance their ability to counter terrorist activities nationally, regionally, and globally. Currently, Tanzania’s central bank has frozen 65 bank accounts of companies allegedly related to Al-Qaeda. In addition, they do periodic scans to check if banks or financial institutions operate any suspected bank accounts of Al-Qaeda businesses. Tanzania is also part of the Eastern and Southern Africa anti-money laundering group, which is a financial action task force trying to combat terrorist financing. In 2002, Tanzania passed the Anti-Terrorist Law and is required to report on a regular basis on the implementation of the Security Council anti-terrorism, which includes the Al-Qaeda and Taliban sanctions. Based off these facts, Tanzania would not press the UN to negotiate with the Taliban, warlords, or local militias because of the implementation of the anti-terrorism law, which includes sanctions on Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. However, Tanzania would press for the eradication of poppy fields because it fuels the Taliban’s insurgency. Since the country has already frozen alleged Al-Qaeda businesses bank accounts and is a member of a financial action task force, Tanzania would push for the eradication because they are significantly involved with the financial side of terrorism, especially deterring it from progressing. They would also want a subsidiary crop to be found in order not to encourage people to join the Taliban.

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Delegation: Tanzania Jocelyn Norman and Elizabeth Baden

Topic B: Cyber-terrorism In 2006, Tanzania, in collaboration with Kenya and Uganda adopted cyber laws to facilitate the establishment of e-government and e-commerce programs, according to the East African Community, the intergovernmental organization representing the three countries. The cyber laws cover data security, network security, cyber-crime, information systems, and electronic transactions. These laws are supported by the United Nations and Canada. These countries harmonized their laws in order to prosecute cyber criminals operating across national boundaries. Tanzania also signed up with IMPACT, which stands for the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats. This global public-private partnership assist developing countries that are broadening their Internet capabilities and their goal is to enhance the global community’s capacity to prevent, defend against, and respond to threats. Based off the cooperation with Kenya and Uganda, Tanzania would press for international collaboration to be a complete sharing of information, nothing limited, to better combat cyber-terrorism. Since Tanzania is part of the IMPACT, they would push towards some sort of censorship but it is unclear what information they would want restricted and too what extent. Also, they would be in support of incorporating private security actors in the fight against cyber terrorism because of the countries participation in IMPACT and the partnerships use of cyber-security experts. In addition, Tanzania would be in favor of using both punitive measure and proactive controls concerning state sponsored cyber attacks, due to the cyber laws passed in the country. They would support any protocols that the cyber laws they passed in their own country cover and possibly more but it is unclear if they would abolish any to improve cyber security.

Committee: Disarmament and Security; Country: United States of America; Name: Daniella Carrera, Rolando Seijas Topic A: The Taliban

As President Obama stated: “Our objective in Afghanistan is clear: by preventing the Taliban from reestablishing a stranglehold over the Afghan people, we will deny al Qaeda the safe haven that served as a launching pad for 9/11”. It is because of the previous reason, that the United States of America’s actions in Afghanistan are directed to disrupt, dismantle and defeat terrorist organizations, but being aware of what the current situation demands. We strongly believe that one primary objective is to secure good governance by the Afghan government, and that they have the capacities needed for maintaining peace in the region. For this, we believe negotiations with the Taliban may be necessary to ensure a political secure Afghanistan. These negotiations should be restricted to compliance with specific cooperation parameters. The talks should be enclosed in a non-violent and secure frame, and with the prerequisite of renouncing to all possible links with terrorist groups and respect to civil rights. Moreover, these parameters should also be used in bilateral efforts with the Afghan government in order to ensure a periodic transition of the communities based economies on opium, to an alternate product or use that will maintain the sustainability of such communities. Furthermore, none of these problems can be rightly addressed without an Afghan National Government that abides by the principles of transparency, efficiency and efficacy. Hence, rebuilding the formation of political figures of the government is crucial for reaching the objective of Afghan sustainability and good governance. Finally, rebuilding the political institutions in Afghanistan will not be concluded without taking in to account the need of competent Afghan security forces. The last will not only be achieved by a theoretical sphere of principles, but with an effective policy of incentives and proper training to these institutions.

Committee: Disarmament and Security; Country: United States of America; Name: Daniella Carrera, Rolando Seijas Topic B: Cyber terrorism

The United States is committed to fight and defeat the threat that terrorism represents to civilization in all its aspects. Without a doubt the Internet and other networks represent an invaluable resource that may be used by terrorist groups to achieve harmful objectives. A first alert sign to our country was a breach on our networks in 2009. We are committed to create a culture of cyber security that, in accordance to UN resolution 64-211, is of the utmost importance to guarantee confidence on the secure use of the information in the Internet. Our policy regarding the Internet is framed on the idea of Net Neutrality as stated in the latest rules of the Federal Communications Commission. Therefore, the United Stated stands strong in favor of freedom of speech; there should be as few intervention or censorship by the government in the contents and information available on cyber networks as possible. On the other hand, our country will not tolerate any direct help to terrorists or any conduct that is by itself a crime in cyber space. Regarding cooperation, in order to defeat the terrorist enemy, we must acknowledge the fact that international cooperation is needed. This is why the USA, as in areas of intellectual property theft, is committed to, in cooperation with other nations, safeguard security on this age of information. Finally, States that actively sponsor and safeguard terrorist groups or commit by themselves terrorist activities in the cyber network should be sanctioned according to international law and their actions studied by the UN Security Council as a threat to peace.

The Oriental Republic of Uruguay Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Taliban has made an unsuspected return in many of the war-torn regions of Southeast Afghanistan and in the Northwest of Pakistan. The Taliban has been actively engaged in the intentional destabilization of the Karzai administration in Afghanistan and the Zadari administration in Pakistan. They use violence and subsequent fear to monopolize power in all regions in which they operate. As a nation that once suffered from the destruction of militarized politics, we can sympathize with the people of Central Asia with their hardship. The expansion of extremist politics in the form of insurgency is an epidemic that spreads in all the regions in which it exists. If the Taliban is allowed to expand unchecked it will fuel the fire of other regional groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM), which now are barely suppressed by governing regimes. The world cannot turn a blind eye to the risk these organizations pose to human life in Central Asia and around the world. As the Taliban and its associates struggle to fund their insurgency, they look to the lucrative opium trade. In 2008 alone the Taliban was estimated to make $400,000,000 (USD) from the trade. To deal with this threat we support efforts of the UNODC to eradicate the trade, hoping that without revenue the Taliban might lose its ability to oppose Afghani and Pakistani forces. Enforcing against the narcotics trade is never as simple as it seems. The tactic of crop spraying in Afghanistan and Colombia has often created more enemies than the result is worth. When spraying is used entire crops are destroyed. Often legitimate crops are targeted in the process and can destroy the livelihood of those in rural regions. This leads to resentment for coalition forces and often contributes to an increase in the number of recruited youth into the insurgency. The opium trade also causes large problems for countries all along the golden road which traverses from Central Asia all the way to Western Europe. The spread of narcotics destabilizes governments and provides revenues for various regional criminal organizations. So long as these routes are left open for transport the Taliban can continue to sell their crops in return for large profits. It becomes apparent that the only feasible way to fight the trade is to disrupt the routes in which opium is smuggled. Afghanistan is a landlocked nation, so the Taliban depend on their ability to move their product through other countries. The UN must help the countries along these routes to help fight the smugglers. If we can curb the amount of opium smuggled out of Afghanistan it may be enough to impede the Taliban’s ability to resist government forces. The Oriental Republic of Uruguay hopes that with this conference that we can create a multinational framework to curb this trade.

The Oriental Republic of Uruguay Disarmament and International Security Topic Area B: Cyber-Terrorism

The Oriental Republic of Uruguay is strongly opposed to all forms of terrorism, no matter where it proliferates. We have been instrumental in the Rio Group’s counterterrorism efforts, along with our participation in the OAS counter terrorism branch. We have been commended by the US Department of State in its 2008 report on terrorism for our participation in the Working Group on Terrorism of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR). According to the Department of State’s report we are a terrorist-free nation, which is an accomplishment we are deeply proud of. We attribute much of our success to our participation in MERCOSUR’s counterterrorism activities. In this group we actively share counterterrorism efforts with our immediate neighbors and with the rest of the world’s counterterrorism infrastructure. We are lastly a permanent member of INTERPOL, which actively combats all forms of terrorism around the world. Our counterterrorism efforts have led to no known domestic activity of terrorism in our country. With all of this mentioned, we would like to extend our efforts to combat terrorism in cyberspace. As the internet expands its reach, we welcome all the great benefits it has brought to our people. We are, however, concerned with the increased use of the internet to launch botnet attacks against private and public infrastructure. Unprotected computers in the developing world are the most vulnerable terminals to launch this type of attack. Normally these sophisticated attacks do not originate in the countries where the botnets are run, so there must be a stronger network of cooperation to enforce against such attacks which almost always come from across national borders. We fully support expanding the scope of our current organizations, and also hope to include the greater UN community into any enforcement efforts. Legislation could not come at a better time. The world currently has over four billion mobile phone users and internet cafes are now common place in even the most remote regions of the world. We support the free use of such a resource, but we think expanding awareness of the risks is essential to enforcement. The most discerning aspect of this issue however is in the use of the internet as a weapon by states. All nations have become dependent on their cyber infrastructure to thrive and grow. As a result, we are all at grave risk in light of the prospect that our government servers could be attacked by deleterious members of the international community. The only way we can adequately protect ourselves is to pool our resources together and establish international law to keep up with the rapidly evolving threats. It is our sincere hope that this conference will result with an international consensus on a course of action so that we can expand our scope beyond that of our state and regional organization.

Delegation: Uzbekistan Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Taliban is an Islamist militia group that ruled parts of Afghanistan since September 1996. The Taliban has been known to support actions taken by Al-Qaeda, Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin, the Pakistani Army and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. After September 11 2001, the Taliban regime was overthrown by Operation Enduring Freedom and the Taliban fled to Pakistan. In Pakistan they are grouped as an insurgency movement ready to fight against the democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the International Security Assistance Force. There are numerous resolutions that address the situation with the Taliban, principally in Afghanistan, by both the General Assembly with resolutions 64/11 and 63/18, and resolutions from the Security Council 1267, 1526, 1822, among others. Still violations to human rights persist and the threat to terrorism increases.

The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) was created in 1991 to overthrow President Islam Karimov and create an Islamic state under Sharia. The IMU fights along the Taliban, even though their number is slightly reduced. Nowadays, there is no proof that the IMU operates in any other place in Central Asia that is not the Afghan and Pakistan border. Therefore, the IMU does not pose a real threat to the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Uzbekistan firmly supports efforts done by the international community to stop the threat of terrorism in all its manifestations and is an active party to multilateral agreements that concern aspects of the campaign against terrorism. Uzbekistan has acceded to all 12 United Nations Conventions relating to the suppression of manifestations of terrorism and the sources that support, finance, promote and organize it. Uzbekistan has established, and is working to improve, the necessary legal basis to guarantee the effective suppression of any form of extremism and terrorism in its territory. The Act on Counter-terrorism adopted by the Republic of Uzbekistan in December 2000, establishes the responsibility of individuals and organizations for participation in terrorist activities. The Criminal Code, adopted by an Act of the Republic of Uzbekistan on 22 September 1994 contains several articles that directly stipulate criminal responsibility for terrorism. Coercive measures are not the sole means used to combat the threat of terrorism in the Republic. A whole range of preventive and precautionary measures has been developed. In September 2000, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, issued a Decree exonerating nationals of Uzbekistan who are misled into becoming members of terrorist groups.

The Republic of Uzbekistan encourages the international community to adopt and enforce the resolutions promoted by the General Assembly and the Security Council which promote a commitment to peace and stability in Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan. The threat of terrorism involves every nation; the Republic of Uzbekistan promotes the fight through peaceful means to bring an end to terrorism.

Country: Uzbekistan Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism merely refers to terrorism applied to cyberspace. The term covers a vague set of new threats based on varied motivations and aims of an unknown attacker. With the proliferation of internet throughout the world cyberterrorism became of public interest. Consequently, the United Nations ventured decidedly into the cybersecurity arena with the General Assembly Resolutions 53/70, 54/49, 55/28, 56/19 and 57/239 which invited the Member States to promote multinational conscience of the existence of real and potential threats in the realm of international security, in addition to the implementation of measures that could shorten the threatened areas rising in the ICT systems. By this time, it had been managed to begin with the creation of a cybersecurity culture. With the resolution 58/199 this culture was reinforced and the protection of critical information infrastructures was promoted. With the resolutions 59/61, 60/45, 61/54, 63/17 and 63/37 there was a relevant development on information technologies in the international security. The purposes established in the resolutions have been supported by the Information Society, the Internet Governance Forum, the International Telecommunications Union, etc.

Nowadays, the face of terrorism has been modernized. While the motivations are still the same, we are now facing new and unexplored weapons. The premise of cyberterrorism is that as nations and their vital infrastructure become each day more dependent on internet and computer networks for their adequate operation, new areas of vulnerability are created. It could be considered, as it has before, “a massive electronic Achilles’ heel”. Cyber attacks, information and network security in this new era of an electronic-based world pose complex problems that reach into important areas of national security and public policy.

The delegation of the Republic of Uzbekistan is deeply concerned with the dangers of cyberterrorism as it poses a threat to the international community. Ever since the Republic of Uzbekistan got its independence it became a full member of the International Organizations of telecommunications such as the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Cybersecurity represents a priority for the Republic of Uzbekistan as it can be observed through the Communications and Information Agency of Uzbekistan which has been actively cooperating with ITU on information security issues.

The delegation of the Republic of Uzbekistan suggests to the international community to cooperate with the, constantly increasing, cybersecurity culture. This cooperation would

Communications and Information Agency of Uzbekistan. (2011). Communications and Information Agency of Uzbekistan. Recuperado el January de 2011, de http://www.aci.uz/en/International_relations/International_activity/ UN General Assembly, Resolution 64/211, Creation of a global cultural of cybersecurity and taking stock of national efforts to protect critical information infrastructures, A/RES/64/211, March, 17,2010.

imply a decrease in the risks of cyberterrorist attacks with unfathomable dimensions by transforming the vital infrastructures on the states in impenetrable infrastructures.

Delegation: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela sees the Middle East as an area of economic promise, however crippled by the devastations of military and political conflicts. Both the

Middle East and Venezuela possess large oil fields, a commodity which has linked the regions and created strong political ties between the two. However, Western interference in the region has destabilized many Middle Eastern countries, causing political uprising not against the state, but against the dominant Western political powers that are the puppet masters of the governments installed by the West. The Taliban is an example of this uprising, fighting against

Western disruption and striving for a Middle East in which Middle Eastern countries fix their own conflicts. An independent Middle East is only steps in the right direction towards a multi- polar world, a view that lies at the heart of the Bolivarian goals. While Venezuela views a

Middle East independent from the shackles of Western influence as a positive for the region, human rights abuses against the people of the Middle East are not acceptable nor are they necessary for the goals independence of the region. Attacks against United Nations aid workers who seek to aid civilians ensnared in the current situation in the Middle East are unacceptable.

The United Nations should be used as a vessel to build coalitions to voice disapproval and should not be attacked because of the strong domination by the West in the organization. Before issues like Opium Trade can be resolved, a united nationalistic government must be created to successfully combat these matters. While the Venezuelan government has allegedly dabbled in the trade of heroin, there is only a minor issue with heroin addiction within the country. With the integration of nationalistic initiatives in Middle Eastern governments, the Taliban will have more incentive to maintain cooperation at the state level and will worry less about the global world.

Delegation: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Topic Area: Cyber-Terrorism

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela view cyber-terrorism as a serious threat to national security. Cyber-terrorist threatens the privacy of the nation-state, seeking access to private documents key to foreign and state policy. However, Venezuela believes that cyberterrorism applies not a single individual who participates in the act, but as well as nation-states who desire to use cyberspace as means of warfare amongst nation-states. Venezuela believes that offensive operations in cyberspace should be made illegal, as they are an attack against the privacy of the nation-state. Any state-sponsored cyber attacks should be punishable by the

United Nations as an act of terror against nation-state. Furthermore, an increase in proper protocol is needed to combat issues of cyber terrorism. Each nation-state possesses sovereignty over the cyberspace of their domestic cyberspace. Because of this, Venezuela believes that all sovereign states have the right to do what they wish within their own domestic cyberspace. This would mean that the nation-state has the right to restrict any content that it desires. Due to rapid internet access within the country, Venezuela strongly believes in state level control over the internet.

HNMUN Disarmament and International Security Committee

Country: Yemen

Topic 1: Taliban

In regard to the war on terrorism, the Republic of Yemen is poised to assist the efforts to lessen the Taliban’s actions. Yemen wants to stress out that the key to weakening the Taliban might not be accomplished only through suppression of the drug trade in the region, but also employing a more efficient tactic that will render the Taliban without any followers.

The Republic of Yemen is familiar with some actions in the region, such as the Central Asia

Institute, which functions as a humanitarian organization which helps the impoverished communities of Central Asia to promote education as a primary agent to foster peace in the region. Yemen would like to vocalize their efforts to the international community, and to urge the international community to aid their campaign in every way possible.

Considering that drugs can buy the Taliban weapons, if we cut out drugs from the Taliban resources, we will only solve the problem temporarily. By building schools and helping the region, the Taliban will lose its followers, leading to a nation that will build upon democracy and equity as its primary values. Education is a man’s greatest benefit; if a man can serve his country, he will also seek to empower and rebuild. The Taliban do not want to see the region prosper; instead, they are only focused towards destabilization of the world.

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The international community should be aware of the impending danger which is posed by the expansion of the Internet. As there are virtually no borders, attacks on the Web can come from any place at any given time. Granted, no system is ideal, yet the Republic of Yemen would like to support an effort to create a legal framework upon which such attacks can be judged and classified. As such attacks may originate from any individual, the issue becomes even more complex, given that the power to prosecute someone by a pre-established set of rules by the international community.

As such, the Republic of Yemen will support any relevant political action to prevent cyberterrorism. However, the international community cannot base a common framework on a specific and isolated case that a cyber-attack has occurred from a country itself, since most of the attacks on the Internet are made by individuals. Even though the country itself might not be to blame for the attack, the Republic of Yemen will propose an establishment of two distinct frameworks. The first one will be based for the prosecution of country officials, if it is found that the attack has been ordered by an instance that has part in the government; the second framework will be established to prosecute individuals which design software to attack specific countries for their own reasons.

HNMUN Disarmament and International Security Committee

Country: Yemen

Topic 1: Taliban

The Republic of Yemen is familiar with some actions in the region, such as the Central Asia

Topic B: Cyberterrorism

Delegation: The Republic of Zambia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area A: The Taliban

The Taliban rule in Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 challenged the freedom and human rights of its people, particularly that of Afghan women. Furthermore, their association with Al-Qaeda threatened global peace and international security. As a member of the Disarmament and International Security Committee, Zambia has supported efforts by the United Nations to promote global peace and insure human rights for all nations. In an address to the 61st regular session of the United Nations General Assembly, Dr. Kalombo T. Mwansa, special envoy of the Government of the Republic of Zambia, stated: “The main guiding principles of the United Nations Charter incorporate the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. We believe that without the protection of these rights and freedoms, meaningful development cannot be achieved.” Zambia recognizes the need to protect the citizens of Afghanistan and Pakistan from unlawful political policies and actions. Recently, Taliban advancement into northwestern areas of Pakistan and uncertain negotiations with Taliban leaders has called attention to the need for comprehensive security. We have supported attempts by the United Nations to establish a peaceful and united government in Afghanistan. Following the attacks in our capital city, Lusaka, and our prior strained relationship with the Republic of Angola, we strongly believe that peace in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan can be achieved through diplomatic negotiations. We are, however, concerned about the lives of peace workers in Afghanistan and urge member states to take necessary precautions when sending volunteers to the region until their safety is guaranteed. Zambia, like many member states, is concerned about the production of Opium in Afghanistan. We acknowledge past attempts to eradicate the drug trade, nevertheless, we believe a new approach is necessary. The Afghan government should focus on building infrastructure and establishing alternative development for poppy farmers. Eradicating poppy fields without providing alternative sources of revenue is ineffective. Zambia’s wish is that member states cooperate as we work together to end tension in Afghanistan. Topic Area B: Cyberterrorism

Zambia considers cyberterrorism a considerable threat to the well-being of the people of every nation. Cyberterrorism threatens the African community, who only account 3.9% of internet users, particularly in the communications industry. Zambia has supported international efforts to limit cyberterrorism, which focus almost solely on the internet; however, Africa would be better suited to emphasize non-internet cyber attacks. As a member of the Disarmament and International Security Committee, Zambia calls for an emphasis on developing safer computer systems to better secure future use of the internet. Cyberterrorism and cybercrime are related- as cybercrime can, at times, be even more destructive than cyberterrorism. Cybercrime in the financial sector of Africa threatened to stall the launch of online banking and electronic commerce services. Phishing attacks increase as banks and mobile providers compete for customers who would otherwise not have a bank account. This recent spike in cybercrime within Africa led the United Nations to launch the African Center for Cyber Law and Cybercrime Prevention in 2009. Zambia fully supports this organization and the creation of similar international bodies that aim to secure the use of electronic devices for business and diplomatic purposes.

Delegation: The Republic of Zambia Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic Area A: The Taliban

Delegation: The Republic of Zimbabwe Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: The Taliban

The Republic of Zimbabwe considers the current situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan a great misfortune that could have been avoided but for ignorance and foolhardiness on the part of the United States of America. Although initially effective against the Taliban, American policies and actions also provided the foundation for the Taliban’s resurgence. The USA has engaged in a massive military campaign that has lasted close to a decade. However, despite their claims that they target only the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, U.S. and NATO forces committed the crucial and regrettable mistake of killing an absolutely deplorable amount of innocent civilians—over 1,000 Afghan civilians fell victim this past year. It should thus be of no surprise that many of the Afghan people who were formerly supportive, or at least neutral, in regards to efforts against the Taliban have turned against the United States.

Another American policy failure has been poppy eradication. The idea behind this policy was to reduce the drug trade (which overwhelmingly feeds the drug habit of the United States and other Western countries) with the added benefit of reducing Taliban profits made from the opium trade. However, the United States failed to fully take into account what effects such policies would have on the civilian farmers in Afghanistan who cultivate poppies in order to make a living. While the United States proposed providing wheat as a substitute for poppies to the farmers, this was yet another example of ignorance. The inconvenient fact is that poppy yields significantly more than wheat in terms of money for the Afghanis. It is simply unacceptable to take away the livelihood of the masses. This sorry episode should remind us all of the dangers of economic sanctions and economic war hurting real people.

Zimbabwe recognizes the claim that the Taliban poses a threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of surrounding countries and wishes to work towards a solution to deal with that threat. However, it is clear that such a solution will have to be achieved without the involvement of the United States due to its poor handling of the situation to date. The Afghans will not tolerate American imperialism or allow it to turn Afghanistan into a colony; Afghanistan must be sovereign. Delegation: The Republic of Zimbabwe Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic B: Cyberterrorism

The Republic of Zimbabwe views cyberterrorism as an increasingly dangerous threat not only to the world but also to the internet infrastructure of Zimbabwe. The protection of national sovereignty is of highest priority when dealing with terrorist threats that come in the form of cyberterrorism. But we must all avoid narrow definitions of cyberterrorism designed to favor the interests of certain great powers. Nor should nations ignore the danger of “private” actors using the Internet to undermine national sovereignty and create unrest to overthrow governments. Zimbabwe defines cyberterrorism as a state or sub-national group sponsored attempt at the humiliation of a government through the use of the information technology. Cyberterrorism is an act of cyberwarfare and thus Zimbabwe has a strong stance against preventing cyber security threats. Zimbabwe does protect the free flow of information as so long as this flow of information does not undermine the legitimacy of our Government or our national security. We preserve the right to monitor the content of our internet infrastructure to protect the legitimacy of our government’s sovereignty and the right to prohibit any information or propaganda that serves to threaten the Government.

Zimbabwe is interested in international cooperation to increase cyber security measures but wants to clarify that the United Nations cannot use cyberterrorism as an excuse to undermine the sovereignty of the internal affairs of member states. Cooperation on the international level should never go as far as to infringe upon the internal affairs that are within the sovereignty of a state. The recent Stuxnet worm cyberterrorist attack is recognized by Zimbabwe as a new, terrifying example of cyberwarfare. This presents an urgent call for increasing the cybersecurity of nation states around the world. UN resolution 64/211 creating a global culture of cyber security for the protection of information infrastructures is a step forward but we emphasize again that the internal affairs of member states never be interfered with in the name of cybersecurity and that we must avoid a narrow definition of cyberterrorism.