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Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles : What in the Future

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Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles : What in the Future FR0105764 ELECTRIC VEHICLES, HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES : WHAT IN THE FUTURE Prof. Dr. Ir. G. Maggetto, Ir. J. Van Mierlo Vrije Universiteit Brussel e-mail: [email protected] . [email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION In urban area, due to their beneficial effect on environment, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles are an important factor for improvement of traffic and more particular for a healthier environment. We are quite rapidly reaching the end of the cheap oil era [1], This could happen around 2010 and is nowadays probably indicated by the steadily growing oil price. Therefore the need for alternative energy source is growing and the price competition of alternatives against oil is becoming Fig. 2: Two or four motor drive for electric vehicles more and more realistic. Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles are 3. STRUCTURE OF HYBRID ELECTRIC offering the best possibility for the use of new energy VEHICLES AND FUEL CELL ELECTRIC sources, because electricity can result from a VEHICLES transformation with high efficiency of these sources and is always used with the highest possible efficiency The implementing range of an electric vehicle can be in systems with electric drives or components. Some extended by an additional energy transforming system, basic considerations about the situation today and in a i.e. an internal combustion motor/generator group or mid and long-term perspective, are presented together fuel cell. For the sake of simplicity the vehicle will be with the infrastructure developments [2], named hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and fuel cells electric vehicle (FCEV). Two main structures are 2. STRUCTURE OF PURE ELECTRIC defined in hybrid electric vehicles: series hybrid and VEHICLES parallel hybrid. The electric drive system consists in the simplest case of battery (1), converter (2), motor (3), changeable or fixed gear (4) and differential gear (5) (fig. 1)[3], Besides the torque splitting with assistance of the differential gear, a two (or four) motor propulsion (3) is also possible (fig. 2)[4,5], The motors are placed in the wheelhubs. But in this case, each motor needs a separate converter (2) with speed and torque control, which guarantees the necessary torque splitting in each condition. A superposed slip-control is possible. The advantage of a wheelhub motorization relies in the ease to realise a four wheel drive system but mainly for Fig. 3: Series hybrid buses in the design of low floor solutions. The series hybrid (fig. 3) is a combination of energy sources. The traction is obtained by only one central electric motor or by wheelhub motors. The on-board total energy source results from the combination of two or more energy sources. Hence a decoupling of the operation of the energy source from the required traction power is possible. The rated power of the engine-generator group can be designed on very different ways depending on the applications Fig. 1: One motor drive for electric vehicles characteristics. The fuel cell hybrid structure (fig. 4) is a series structure in which the engine/generator group is replaced by a fuel cell system producing electric energy starting from stored hydrogen or from a fuel tank feeding a reformer to produce hydrogen. Fig. 6: Series hybrid with peak power unit A combined hybrid (fig. 7) is a combination of a series and a parallel hybrid drivetrain. By adding a Fig. 4: Fuel cell hybrid mechanical connection in a series hybrid between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor a The excess of electricity produced by the fuel cell can combination of series and parallel hybrid working be stored in a buffer battery. When the battery is left mode can be realised. This solution allows benefiting out one has no longer a hybrid vehicle but a fuel cell from the parallel as well as from the series hybrid electric vehicle. concepts. Thermal engines are usually petrol or diesel The series hybrid concept can also be chosen for a two motors. motor propulsion, four motor or multi-motor propulsion in the same way as for pure electric vehicles. Fig. 7: Combined hybrid Fig. 5: Parallel hybrid Hybrid drive systems need a good power source. The parallel hybrid (fig. 5) is a combination of traction Normal traction batteries are not suitable for hybrids. systems. A combination of electric machines and The energy management systems of all hybrid internal combustion engine, being part of two or more structures will play a fundamental role because of its driveshafrs, perform the traction. Each driveshafr has influence on the global energy efficiency and the to be associated with an energy source. The parallel emissions. Therefore a good data acquisition and hybrid drives realise a purely mechanical power control system becomes a key element of the drive addition. Clutches can disconnect each motor. This structure. way, it is possible to drive only with the electric motor, only with the internal combustion engine, with both 4. PERFORMANCES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES motors or with the internal combustion engine driving only the electric machine to charge the battery. An electric vehicle has to fulfil all demands of the Solutions with completely disconnected motors driving urban and suburban traffic. These demands are each one axle are called dual mode hybrids. different and depending on the vehicle kind and size. It is not possible to assess and conduct evaluations on All topologies different from the series and parallel one type of vehicle and utilisation pattern representing hybrid electric vehicle shall be called complex hybrid all together the different segments of the automobile vehicles. Hence complex hybrid vehicles include series population. The different market segments can be: hybrid with peak power units (fig. 6), parallel hybrids small passenger cars or second family car, the family with flywheel mechanically connected via e.g. a car or intermediate car segment, high class segment, continuous variable transmission (CVT) or combined commercial delivery vans, trucks, minibuses and urban hybrid vehicles. buses; but also electric bicycles and scooters. 126 Piles a combustible et interfaces pour les transports Generally the maximum and continuous velocity, electric drive: the bigger the vehicle, the smaller are the gradeability, acceleration and range describe the specifications like tractive force, torque power and vehicle characteristics. continuous speed. The driving range of a pure electric vehicle is defined In the past, these specifications did not show such high by the battery energy content. The wished continuous values everywhere in the world. Often, low speed (60 - speed on a flat road is used to design the battery and 70km/h) and low gradeability (15 - 20%) made the EV the components of the drive system for the continuous not comparable to petrol or diesel driven vehicles in or one hour power rating. city and highway traffic. Regenerative braking is a main feature of electric Table 1 shows vehicles characteristics realisable with vehicles. For this a sufficient high enough brake torque short-term or even today’s most performant batteries. and battery recharging current must be available to The most popular solutions on the today’s European fulfil the requirements. market are the cars (106 and Saxo) and the vans Fig. 8 shows the “throttle ” pedal characteristics of an (Partner and Berlingo) of the PSA group. electric vehicle. passenger van minibus urban car bus M olor tor que range 120-250 100-150 140-200 150-300 Maximum torque [km] Full th rottle max. speed 100-120 Part ia 1 80-100 80 70 - throttle [km/h] Regenerative braking Motor speed continuous 100 80 60 60 speed [km/h] Fig.8: Driving torque curve. grade 30 20-25 15-20 12-15 The driveability is very important, which requires a ability high starting torque at standstill, a quick and stable [%] response of the motor and an efficient controllable regenerative braking. To have a smooth gentle start the acceleration 7-10 10-15 12-18 15-20 rate of power increase of the motor should be limited. 0 to 50km/h A tractive effort - vehicle speed diagram [2], directly [s] derivable from the motor torque-speed characteristics, is the main characteristic for a vehicle drive. For a Table 1: Present reachable goals for electric better comparison between passenger car, van, minibus vehicles. and urban bus the tractive effort is referred to a vehicle mass of one ton. 5. PERFORMANCES OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES 5.1 Rate of hybridisation Some definitions are given to better understand the hybrid concepts. 5.1.1 Order of Hybridisation The order of a hybrid system is the number of different systems necessary to build the drivetrain [6]. a passenger car b van c minibus d urban bus In the case of an electric or thermal vehicle there is Fig. 9: Tractive effort diagram for electric vehicles only one motor or engine driving the vehicle. These drivetrains are from the first order. Also fuel cell Fig. 9 shows also the minimum power per mass for vehicles without a battery are first order systems. different types of electric vehicles. Furthermore, the A parallel hybrid built up with one engine and one diagram shows basic differences in the design of an motor is a second order hybridisation as well as a series Piles a combustible et interfaces pour les transports 127 hybrid electric vehicle containing a battery and another 1 Thermal Vehicle energy source. "V. OIU/* - Aker na tor-starter j When a peak power unit, like a flywheel or super­ I capacitor, is added to the drivetrain, the vehicle is from Parallel hybrid ,<^ RojT> the third order. All complex hybrid drivetrains are J third or higher order systems. , » Electric Vehicle Ik \ A combined hybrid drivetrain (fig.
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