Les Mesures De La Découvrabilité Des Contenus Culturels Francophones

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Les Mesures De La Découvrabilité Des Contenus Culturels Francophones Rapport de recherche réalisé par la Chaire UNESCO sur la diversité des expressions culturelles dans le cadre de la Mission franco-québécoise sur la découvrabilité des contenus culturels francophones en ligne LES MESURES DE DÉCOUVRABILITÉ DES CONTENUS CULTURELS FRANCOPHONES DANS L’ENVIRONNEMENT NUMÉRIQUE : COMPTE RENDU DES TENDANCES ET RECOMMANDATIONS Sous la direction de Véronique Guèvremont Avec la participation de Faten Chehidi, Léonie Derome, Ivana Otasevic, Iris Richer et Clémence Varin En collaboration avec Octavio Kulesz 10 décembre 2019 Remerciements Nous tenons à remercier le Ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec, et particulièrement Monsieur Mathieu Rocheleau, Coordonnateur du Plan culturel numérique du Québec, pour la confiance manifestée à notre égard tout au long de la réalisation de ce mandat. Nous remercions également Madame Véronique Rocheleau- Brosseau, Conseillère en affaires internationales, pour son précieux soutien et l’intérêt qu’elle porte envers tous les projets menés par la Chaire UNESCO sur la diversité des expressions culturelles. i ii Avant-propos Ce rapport de recherche a été produit dans le cadre de la Mission franco-québécoise sur la découvrabilité des contenus culturels francophones en ligne lancée au printemps 2019. Il.a été réalisé sous la direction de Véronique Guèvremont, titulaire de la Chaire UNESCO sur la diversité des expressions culturelles. Ce rapport s’inscrit plus généralement dans le cadre des nombreux travaux de recherche de la Chaire UNESCO consacrés à la mise en œuvre de la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles dans l’environnement numérique. Ces travaux sont accessibles en ligne : https://www.unescodec.chaire.ulaval.ca iii iv Sommaire Remerciements .....................................................................................................................i Avant-propos ...................................................................................................................... iii Sommaire ............................................................................................................................ 1 Partie I - Synthèse des résultats et recommandations ....................................................... 5 Partie II - Facteurs de découvrabilité ................................................................................ 37 Partie III - Exemples de mesures de découvrabilité.......................................................... 63 Partie IV - Argumentaire visant à soutenir les mesures de découvrabilité .................... 136 Annexes ........................................................................................................................... 173 1 2 INTRODUCTION Aujourd’hui, 145 États ainsi que l’Union européenne sont engagés dans la mise en œuvre de la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles de 20051. Depuis 2012, des travaux sont menés au sein des organes de cette Convention afin que ses objectifs puissent aussi être atteints dans l’environnement numérique. Il est certainement pertinent de rappeler dans le contexte de ce rapport deux des principaux objectifs de ce traité qui engage le Québec et la France. Le premier porte sur la reconnaissance de la nature spécifique des activités, biens et services culturels en tant que porteurs d’identité, de valeurs et de sens2 ; le second vise la réaffirmation du droit souverain des États de conserver, d’adopter et de mettre en œuvre les politiques et mesures qu’ils jugent appropriées pour la protection et la promotion des expressions culturelles sur leur territoire3. En 2017, les Parties à la Convention ont adopté des Directives opérationnelles pour préciser les actions qu’elles devront entreprendre pour que ces objectifs puissent être atteints dans l’environnement numérique4. Dans ces directives, les Parties estiment qu’elles doivent se doter de politiques visant tous les maillons de la chaîne de valeur – création, production, distribution, diffusion, accès – en tenant compte notamment de l’arrivée de nouveaux acteurs5. Elles doivent aussi promouvoir de nouvelles formes de financement des industries culturelles adaptées à l’économie numérique6. Ces directives opérationnelles conduisent également les Parties à encourager un commerce équitable, transparent, durable et éthique dans les échanges de biens et de services culturels dans l’environnement numérique, et à prévoir des lois permettant la juste rémunération des titulaires de droit 7 . Et surtout, ces directives incitent les Parties à garantir la découvrabilité et la visibilité des contenus culturels nationaux et locaux8. 1 Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, adoptée le 20 octobre 2005, (2007) 2440 R.T.N.U. 311 (n° 43977). [Ci-après « Convention de 2005 »]. 2 Article 1 (g) de la Convention de 2005. 3 Article 1 (h) de la Convention de 2005. 4 Voir : UNESCO, Textes fondamentaux de la Convention de 2005 sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, 2017, p. 96 [ci-après « Directives opérationnelles »]. 5 Id., para. 10. 6 Id., paras. 14 et 15.3. 7 Id., paras 16.5 et 17.8. 8 Id., para. 16.1. 3 Plusieurs États ont déjà entrepris ou mené à terme des réformes pour adapter leurs politiques, ou en adopter de nouvelles, en vue de soutenir leurs industries culturelles dans l’environnement numérique. On peut penser, notamment, aux réformes visant les programmes de subvention afin de les étendre à la production de contenus culturels destinés à l’environnement numérique. On peut aussi penser au déploiement d’initiatives de numérisation des équipements et des infrastructures culturels, mais aussi des contenus culturels afin de les rendre accessibles en ligne. On peut également invoquer l’adaptation des programmes de formation dans le domaine des arts et des médias, ou encore le soutien aux starts up. Un vent de changement se fait donc sentir un peu partout sur la planète. Mais au-delà des exemples précités, ce rapport examine plus en détail les initiatives qui ont été déployées par de nombreux États et organisations régionales pour relever ce qui pourrait bien être l’un des plus grands défis pour l’avenir de la diversité des expressions culturelles dans l’environnement numérique : la découvrabilité d’une diversité de contenus culturels. C’est dans ce contexte que la Mission franco-québécoise sur la découvrabilité des contenus culturels francophones en ligne a été lancée au printemps 20199 et que le mandat ayant mené à la production de ce rapport de recherche nous a été attribué. La Partie I de ce rapport contient une Synthèse de nos résultats de recherche ainsi que nos recommandations. Ces résultats comprennent un répertoire des facteurs qui influencent la découvrabilité des contenus culturels en ligne (Partie II) et un échantillon de 59 mesures de découvrabilité sélectionnées pour leur caractère novateur ou pour leur représentativité des pratiques développées par les États dans ce domaine (Partie III). S’ajoute enfin à ces facteurs et mesures de découvrabilité, un exposé des arguments qui ont déjà été invoqués ou qui pourraient l’être pour soutenir l’adoption et la mise en œuvre de ce type de mesures dans l’environnement numérique (Partie IV). 9 Voir : Lancement de la mission franco-québécoise sur la découvrabilité des contenus culturels francophones en ligne, 3 avril 2019, en ligne : https://www.mcc.gouv.qc.ca/index.php?id=2328&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=8277 4 Partie I Synthèse des résultats et recommandations 5 Table des matières Partie I 1.1 Mandat et méthodologie ....................................................................................... 7 1.2 Les tendances actuelles en matière de découvrabilité et leur pertinence pour les contenus culturels francophones ................................................................................ 8 1.2.1 Les tendances qui se dégagent des mesures de découvrabilité répertoriées .......... 9 1.2.1.1 Les facteurs de découvrabilité mobilisés ......................................................... 9 A. Les facteurs abondamment visés par les mesures de découvrabilité ......... 10 B. Les facteurs modérément visés par les mesures de découvrabilité ............ 10 C. Les facteurs encore peu visés par les mesures de découvrabilité ............... 12 1.2.1.2 Le type de mesures de découvrabilité déployées par les États .................... 13 A. L’adaptation de mesures à l’environnement numérique ............................ 13 B. L’adoption de nouvelles mesures visant spécifiquement l’environnement numérique ........................................................................................................ 16 1.2.2 L’adaptation des mesures répertoriées à la découvrabilité des contenus culturels francophones .................................................................................................................... 18 A. La pertinence des facteurs de découvrabilité pré-identifiés ....................... 19 B. La pertinence des mesures de découvrabilité répertoriées ........................ 22 1.3 L’impact de l’intelligence artificielle sur la découvrabilité des contenus : une préoccupation à part entière ..................................................................................... 23 1.4 La conciliation d’éventuelles mesures de découvrabilité avec les engagements commerciaux du Canada ........................................................................................... 25 1.5
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