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Transpiration
TRANSPIRATION BY: Dr. Madhu Gupta (Guest Faculty) SOS in Botany Jiwaji University Gwalior What is it? The loss of water in the vapour form from the exposed parts of a plant is called transpiration. The loss of water due to transpiration is quite high. Rather 98-99% of the water absorbed by a plant is lost in transpiration. Hardly 0.2% is used in photosynthesis while the remaining is retained in the plant during growth. Most of the transpiration occurs through foliar surface or surface of the leaves. It is known as foliar transpiration. Foliar transpiration accounts for over 90% of the total transpiration. Transpiration occurs through young or mature stem is called as Cauline transpiration. Depending upon the plant surface, transpiration is classified into three types: Stomatal • Water vapour diffuses out through minute pore (stomata) present in soft aerial part of plant is known Transpiration as Stomatal Transpiration • Sometimes water may evaporate through certain Lenticular other openings present on the older stems. These openings are called Lenticels and the transpiration Transpiration that takes place through term is known as Lenticular Transpiration. • Loss of water may also take place through cuticle, but Cuticular the amount so lost is relatively small • This type of transpiration depends upon the thickness Transpiration of the cuticle and presence or absence of wax coating on the surface of the leaves. Stomatal Transpiration Lenticular Transpiration Cuticular Transpiration Factors Affecting Transpiration: Water Stress: Whenever the rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of absorption, a water deficit is created in the plants and results in the incipient wilting of leaves. -
Is Human Hibernation Possible?
ANRV334-ME59-12 ARI 16 December 2007 14:50 Is Human Hibernation Possible? Cheng Chi Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Med. 2008. 59:177–86 Key Words The Annual Review of Medicine is online at hypothermia, 5-AMP, torpor, hypometabolism http://med.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev.med.59.061506.110403 The induction of hypometabolism in cells and organs to reduce is- Copyright c 2008 by Annual Reviews. chemia damage holds enormous clinical promise in diverse fields, in- All rights reserved cluding treatment of stroke and heart attack. However, the thought 0066-4219/08/0218-0177$20.00 that humans can undergo a severe hypometabolic state analogous to hibernation borders on science fiction. Some mammals can enter a severe hypothermic state during hibernation in which metabolic activity is extremely low, and yet full viability is restored when the animal arouses from such a state. To date, the underlying mecha- nism for hibernation or similar behaviors remains an enigma. The beneficial effect of hypothermia, which reduces cellular metabolic demands, has many well-established clinical applications. However, severe hypothermia induced by clinical drugs is extremely difficult and is associated with dramatically increased rates of cardiac arrest for nonhibernators. The recent discovery of a biomolecule, 5-AMP, which allows nonhibernating mammals to rapidly and safely enter severe hypothermia could remove this impediment and enable the wide adoption of hypothermia as a routine clinical tool. 177 ANRV334-ME59-12 ARI 16 December 2007 14:50 INTRODUCTION ing mammals. -
Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.Notebook February 13, 2017
Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.notebook February 13, 2017 Essential Question: What processes are required for plant survival? Key Concept: All living things need energy to carry out their basic functions. Living things break down food to get their energy.One thing that makes plants different from most others organisms is how they get their food. 1 Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.notebook February 13, 2017 There are 3 processes that take place in the leaves that are mandatory for plant to survive. Photosynthesis Respiration Transpiration 2 Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.notebook February 13, 2017 ALL PLANTS ARE AUTOTROPHS which means they make their own food for energy. Food for plants is SUGAR Remember: Chloroplast: Attract sunlight with chlorophyll Mitochondria: Energy Factory 3 Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.notebook February 13, 2017 Observe the diagrams below. Can you infer which one is photosynthesis and respiration? 4 Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.notebook February 13, 2017 What is needed: 1st Photosynthesis 1. Sunlight 2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Water What it Makes: Sugar (keeps) Oxygen (released for humans) Where it happens: Chloroplasts Sunlight Water H20 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Equation: Sunlight + 6H2O + 6CO2 = 6O2 + C6H12O6 5 Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.notebook February 13, 2017 6 Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.notebook February 13, 2017 Water Photosynthesis Sugar Carbon Oxygen Dioxide Excess Solar Energy Water 7 Photosynthesis Respiration and Transpiration.notebook February 13, 2017 Photosynthesis makes sugar, but in order to use the food the plant must break it down into usable energy through a process called Respiration. Food Respiration is the process of how plants break down the sugar so the plant can use it for energy. -
Master Gardener PUBLISHED by UNIVERSITY of MISSOURI EXTENSION Extension.Missouri.Edu
Master Gardener PUBLISHED BY UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI EXTENSION extension.missouri.edu Plants and Their Environment David Trinklein, Division of Plant Sciences lants are living organisms that contain chlorophyll and use it to manufacture Ptheir own food. Their cell walls are more or less rigid and support both the individual cells and the whole structure. Even when plants have reached what we regard as their full, mature size, they continue to expand and develop new leaves, flowers, fruit and shoots. Unlike animals, plants cannot move when the environment changes. They are at the mercy of the climate and the gardener because they are rooted in place. Even though it appears that many plants, especially larger ones, are quite tolerant of change, they sometimes do not show adverse effects until long after the event. For example, tree roots are often damaged or killed by suffocation during building projects or flooding. An established tree may still have strength to leaf out and may appear to thrive for several years. But in its weakened state, the tree is more likely to blow down, become infested or simply decline. To understand why plants respond as they do to natural influences and to cultivation, gardeners must understand something about their structure and how they grow. This publication provides such an introduction. Ways to group plants Uses Gardeners tend to group plants by their horticultural uses: fruits, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs, turf and so on. These categories are a convenient way to think and learn about plants. Life cycle Plants can also be categorized by the length of their life cycles. -
Journal Vol 18 No 1 & 2, September 2002
Journal of the British Dragonfly Society Volume 18 Number I & 2 September 2002 Editor Dr Jonathan Pickup TheJournal ofthe Bn/ish DragonflySociely, published twice a year, contains articleson Odonata that have been recorded from the United Kingdom and articles on EuropeanOdonata written by members of the Society. The aims of the British Dragonfly Society(B.D.S.) are to promote and encourage the study and conservation ofOdonata and their natural habitats, especially in the United Kingdom. Trustees of the British Dragonfly Society Articles for publicanon (twopaper copes er ('.Ir copy plus disk please) should be sent rothe Chairman: T G. Beynon Editor. Instructions for authors appor inside Vice�Chairma,,: PM. AUen back cover. SecrellJry: W. H. Wain '1rriJJuru: A. G. T Carter Back numbers of the Journal can be purchased Edilnr, J. Pickup from the Librarian/Archivist at ConV<nOrof Dragonfly ConstnJal"'" Group, 1-4 copies £2.75 percopy, P Taylor 5 copies or over £2.60 per copy (members) or £5.50 (non-mcmbe.. ). Ordinary Trustees: M. T Avcrill Ordinary membership annual subscription D.J. Pryce D. Gennard £10.00. D. J. Mann Overseas subscription £12.50. All subscriptions are due on 1st April each year. Late payers will be charged £1 extra. ADDRESSES Life membership subscription £1000. Edilor: Jonathan Pickup, Other subscription rates (library, corporate) on 129 Craigleith Road, application to the Secretary, who will also deal Edinburgh EH4 2EH with membership enquiries. e�mail: [email protected] SW'eUJry: W. H. Wain, The Haywain, Hollywater Road, Bordon, Hants GU35 OAD Ubrarian/Arr:III'VtSl: D. -
Evaluation of the Osmotic Adjustment Response Within the Genus Beta
July 2008 - Dec. 2008 Osmotic Adjustment Response 119 Evaluation of the Osmotic Adjustment Response within the Genus Beta Manuela Bagatta, Daniela Pacifico, and Giuseppe Mandolino C.R.A. – Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali Via di Corticella 133 – 40128 Bologna (Italy) Corresponding author: Giuseppe Mandolino ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Beta genus includes both industrial and horticultural spe- cies, and wild species and subspecies, which are possible reservoirs of agronomically important characters. Among the traits for which Beta has been recently studied, drought tolerance or avoidance is one of the most important. In this work, relative water content and the osmotic potential in well-watered and stressed conditions of three beet types, one B. vulgaris subspecies and one species other than B. vulgaris, all belonging to the Beta genus, were analysed. In addition, relative water content, succulence index and osmotic potential were measured during a three-week water deprivation period, and the osmotic adjustment was estimated for each Beta accession. The results showed that succulence was higher for B. vulgaris ssp. maritima. It was also shown that all Beta accessions were capable of adjust- ing osmotically, but that the B. vulgaris maritima accession examined had a higher osmotic adjustment value compared to the accessions belonging to cultivated Beta types, and that the accession of the wild species Beta webbiana had a comparatively limited capacity to adjust osmotically. Additional key words: Sugarbeet, sea beet, germplasm, drought, osmotic adjustment rought is one of the greatest limitations for agriculture and crop expansion (Boyer, 1982). Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) is aD deep-rooting crop, more adapted to withstand water shortage or nutri- tional deprivation than many other crops (Doorenbos and Kassam, 1979; Biancardi et al., 1998); however, drought stress is becoming a major 120 Journal of Sugar Beet Research Vol. -
197 Section 9 Sunflower (Helianthus
SECTION 9 SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) 1. Taxonomy of the Genus Helianthus, Natural Habitat and Origins of the Cultivated Sunflower A. Taxonomy of the genus Helianthus The sunflower belongs to the genus Helianthus in the Composite family (Asterales order), which includes species with very diverse morphologies (herbs, shrubs, lianas, etc.). The genus Helianthus belongs to the Heliantheae tribe. This includes approximately 50 species originating in North and Central America. The basis for the botanical classification of the genus Helianthus was proposed by Heiser et al. (1969) and refined subsequently using new phenological, cladistic and biosystematic methods, (Robinson, 1979; Anashchenko, 1974, 1979; Schilling and Heiser, 1981) or molecular markers (Sossey-Alaoui et al., 1998). This approach splits Helianthus into four sections: Helianthus, Agrestes, Ciliares and Atrorubens. This classification is set out in Table 1.18. Section Helianthus This section comprises 12 species, including H. annuus, the cultivated sunflower. These species, which are diploid (2n = 34), are interfertile and annual in almost all cases. For the majority, the natural distribution is central and western North America. They are generally well adapted to dry or even arid areas and sandy soils. The widespread H. annuus L. species includes (Heiser et al., 1969) plants cultivated for seed or fodder referred to as H. annuus var. macrocarpus (D.C), or cultivated for ornament (H. annuus subsp. annuus), and uncultivated wild and weedy plants (H. annuus subsp. lenticularis, H. annuus subsp. Texanus, etc.). Leaves of these species are usually alternate, ovoid and with a long petiole. Flower heads, or capitula, consist of tubular and ligulate florets, which may be deep purple, red or yellow. -
Summary a Plant Is an Integrated System Which: 1
Summary A plant is an integrated system which: 1. Obtains water and nutrients from the soil. 2. Transports them 3. Combines the H2O with CO2 to make sugar. 4. Exports sugar to where it’s needed Today, we’ll start to go over how this occurs Transport in Plants – Outline I.I. PlantPlant waterwater needsneeds II.II. TransportTransport ofof waterwater andand mineralsminerals A.A. FromFrom SoilSoil intointo RootsRoots B.B. FromFrom RootsRoots toto leavesleaves C.C. StomataStomata andand transpirationtranspiration WhyWhy dodo plantsplants needneed soso muchmuch water?water? TheThe importanceimportance ofof waterwater potential,potential, pressure,pressure, solutessolutes andand osmosisosmosis inin movingmoving water…water… Transport in Plants 1.1. AnimalsAnimals havehave circulatorycirculatory systems.systems. 2.2. VascularVascular plantsplants havehave oneone wayway systems.systems. Transport in Plants •• OneOne wayway systems:systems: plantsplants needneed aa lotlot moremore waterwater thanthan samesame sizedsized animals.animals. •• AA sunflowersunflower plantplant “drinks”“drinks” andand “perspires”“perspires” 1717 timestimes asas muchmuch asas aa human,human, perper unitunit ofof mass.mass. Transport of water and minerals in Plants WaterWater isis goodgood forfor plants:plants: 1.1. UsedUsed withwith CO2CO2 inin photosynthesisphotosynthesis toto makemake “food”.“food”. 2.2. TheThe “blood”“blood” ofof plantsplants –– circulationcirculation (used(used toto movemove stuffstuff around).around). 3.3. EvaporativeEvaporative coolingcooling. -
Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants Water and Solute Potential Water potential is the measure of potential energy in water and drives the movement of water through plants. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the water and solute potential in plants Key Points Plants use water potential to transport water to the leaves so that photosynthesis can take place. Water potential is a measure of the potential energy in water as well as the difference between the potential in a given water sample and pure water. Water potential is represented by the equation Ψsystem = Ψtotal = Ψs + Ψp + Ψg + Ψm. Water always moves from the system with a higher water potential to the system with a lower water potential. Solute potential (Ψs) decreases with increasing solute concentration; a decrease in Ψs causes a decrease in the total water potential. The internal water potential of a plant cell is more negative than pure water; this causes water to move from the soil into plant roots via osmosis.. Key Terms solute potential: (osmotic potential) pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane transpiration: the loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants, especially through the stomata; accompanied by a corresponding uptake from the roots water potential: the potential energy of water per unit volume; designated by ψ Water Potential Plants are phenomenal hydraulic engineers. Using only the basic laws of physics and the simple manipulation of potential energy, plants can move water to the top of a 116-meter-tall tree. Plants can also use hydraulics to generate enough force to split rocks and buckle sidewalks. -
Starting the Winter Season: Predicting Endodormancy Induction Through Multi-Process Modeling. Guillaume Charrier
Starting the winter season: predicting endodormancy induction through multi-process modeling. Guillaume Charrier To cite this version: Guillaume Charrier. Starting the winter season: predicting endodormancy induction through multi- process modeling.. 2021. hal-03065757v2 HAL Id: hal-03065757 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03065757v2 Preprint submitted on 31 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Starting the winter season: predicting endodormancy induction in walnut 2 trees through multi-process modeling. 3 4 Running title: Predicting endodormancy induction in walnut trees 5 6 Guillaume Charrier1 7 1Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France 8 *: corresponding author 9 Email: [email protected] 10 Tel: +33 4 43 76 14 21 11 UMR PIAF, INRAE Site de Crouel 12 5, chemin de Beaulieu 13 63000 Clermont-Ferrand 14 1 1 Abstract 2 Background and Aims 3 In perennial plants, the annual phenological cycle is sub-divided into successive stages whose 4 completion will lead directly to the onset of the following event. A critical point is the transition 5 between the apparent vegetative growth and the cryptic dormancy. To date, the initial date for 6 chilling accumulation (DCA) is arbitrarily set using various rules such as fixed or dynamic dates 7 depending on environmental variables. -
The Osmotic Adjustment of Marine Microalgae
The osmotic adjustment of marine microalgae and the complex role osmolytes play in this process Thesis of Liz Kendall Supervisor Dr. Gieskes Department of Marine Biology, The University of Groningen April 1996 D5O Summary: Algae inhabit a wide variety of both marine and freshwater habitats. These habitats differ in regard to various factors such as chemical composition, the organisms that live there, the light which may radiate into that particular area, the temperature of the sites depending on where the environment is located, just to name a few. One factor that varies from environment to environment is the salinity. This paper will look at the mechanisms utilized by marine algae to cope with the changes in salinity content in their habitats and most importantly how they use different osmolytes to carry out this process. Marine algae "osmotically adjust" themselves to external salinity changes, in a biphasic maimer. Firstly, this includes changes in turgor pressure or large internal water fluxes in response to osmotic gradients. Secondly. an internally regulated osmotic adjustment occurs with the use of both inorganic and organic osmolytes. Compatible solutes are ions and molecules used by man organisms to osmotically adjust and they play a double role in the process of osmotic adjustment. They act as osmolytes and also protect the cellular enzymatic activities under salinity stress. They are called 'compatible solutes" because they protect the cellular enzymatic activity. The main compatible solutes are polyols (including amino acids, carbohydrates and sugars). quaternary ammonium derivatives or tertiary sulphonium compounds. Certain species and taxonomic classes use specific compatible solutes and some even use combinations of them. -
The Relationship Between Plant Growth and Water Consumption : a History from Greek Philosophers to Early 20Th Century Scientists
The relationship between plant growth and water consumption : A history from Greek philosophers to early 20th century scientists. Oliver Brendel Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR SILVA Nancy, France email : [email protected] Tel : 00 33 383394100 postal address: Oliver Brendel, INRAE, UMR Silva, F-54280 CHAMPENOUX, France Abstract The relationship between plant growth and water consumption has for a long time occupied the minds of philosophers and natural scientists. The ratio between biomass accumulation and water consumption is known as water use efficiency and is widely relevant today in fields as diverse as crop improvement, forest ecology and climate change. Defined at scales varying from single leaf physiology to whole plants, it shows how botanical investigations changed through time, generally in tandem with developing disciplines and improving methods. The history started as a purely philosophical question by Greek philosophers of how plants grow, progressed through thought and actual experiments, towards an interest in plant functioning and their relationship to the environment. This article retraces this history by elucidating the progression of scientific questions posed through the centuries, presents the main methodological and conceptual developments. Keywords Transpiration efficiency; water use efficiency; plant physiology; botany Introduction The ratio of biomass accumulation per unit water consumption is known today as water use efficiency (WUE) and is widely relevant to agriculture ( e.g. Vadez et al.2014; Tallec et al.; Blum 2009), to forest ecology (e.g. Linares and Camarero 2012; Lévesque et al. 2014), and in the context of global climate change (e.g., Cernusak et al. 2019). This ratio can be defined at various levels, from the physiological functioning of a leaf to the whole plant and at the ecosystem level.