Silicon Valley Urbanism

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Silicon Valley Urbanism GroGr ßsttädädtdte Silicon Valley Urbanism: Städteddtt imm SiSiliclicconon ValVaVallleyleley (A(Au(Auswawawahhl) CouCoCouountyy-GrGGrenenzennzeenn Die Stadt vom Internet HigH hwahwhwaw y GewGewerbrbegeeggebieb t SubSuburbu aneneerrS Stadtaadadtrtratraumm aus neu denken? UrbUrUrbbanaaneneerrS Stadtaddtratraumum FirFirmenmmeensits tz Text Hans-Hermann Albers, Felix Hartenstein Infografiken Mathias Burke, Eleonore Harmel, Leon Jank Googles Mutterkonzern Alphabet plant Industrie 4.0, Roboterisierung, Internet der Dinge oder künstliche Intelli- genz: Fast könnte man den Eindruck gewinnen, es fände eine weitge- einen Stadtteil in Toronto. Facebook baut hende Verlagerung menschlicher Existenzbereiche in eine computerge- ein eigenes Stadtviertel in Menlo Park. steuerte Parallelwelt statt. Doch auch den digitalen Geschäftsmodellen, Algorithmus-gesteuerten Anwendungen und hoch technologisierten Pro- Apple bezieht sein neues Hauptquartier duktionsprozessen liegen real existierende Räume zugrunde. Das über in Cupertino. Es wird deutlich: Die Tech- die App gerufene Taxi fährt auf einer Straße und nicht über den Daten-High- way. Im Internet bestellte Waren werden produziert, verpackt und aus- Giganten aus dem Silicon Valley spielen geliefert – nicht in der Cloud, sondern in globalen Produktionsstätten und eine immer stärkere Rolle in der Stadt- Logistikzentren. Die digitale Transformation bedeutet daher in besonde- rem Maße auch eine Transformation des Städtischen. Digitale Technologien entwicklung. Gleichzeitig hat sich eine und Online-Strukturen legen eine informationelle Infrastruktur über die neue Generation von Digitalunterneh- Stadt. Neuartige Kommunikations-, Orientierungs- und Unterhaltungsmög- lichkeiten entstehen und viele sinnvolle Innovationen breiten sich aus. men im Zentrum von San Francisco nieder- Gleichzeitig entwickeln sich allerdings auch Geschäftsmodelle, die den gelassen, darunter Airbnb, Twitter und städtischen Raum als lukrative Ressource missbrauchen. Viele dieser Entwicklungen gehen vom Silicon Valley aus und verdichten Uber. Dort sorgt die hohe Konzentration sich dort. Wie kam es zu dem Cluster von Tech- und Internetkonzernen an Wagniskapital für hochbezahlte Jobs im Silicon Valley? Was macht der Start-up-Boom mit San Francisco? Und und explodierende Immobilienpreise. Die welche Pläne haben Google und Co. für die Stadt von morgen? Folgen sind bekannt: Gentrifizierung, Von der Werkband zur Softwareschmiede Nähert man sich dem einflussreichsten Tal der Welt, ist man zumeist ent- Wohnungslosigkeit, Verlust lokaler Iden- täuscht von der vorstädtischen Banalität. Spektakuläres erwartet einen tität. In der kalifornischen Hightech- kaum an diesem Ort. Das Silicon Valley ist geprägt vom amerikanischen Region öffnet sich mit großer Wucht ein Sprawl: rasterförmige Bebauung mit Einfamilienhäusern, Highways, Ge- werbeflächen und unauffällige Kleinstadt-Zentren. Palo Alto, Menlo Park, Spannungsfeld: Das Silicon Valley zwi- Mountain View oder Cupertino wirken beschaulich – und beheimaten den- schen digital-urbanem Aufbruch und Woh- noch die Firmenzentralen der Weltkonzerne Apple, Facebook und Google. Auch viele andere Unternehmen der Internetökonomie haben hier ihre nungskrise. Standorte, dazu klassische Hardware-Produzenten wie Hewlett-Packard, AMD, Intel und Cisco. Wie konnte aus diesem lauschigen Landstrich der Links: Zwischen der San ne Siedlungsstrukturen, bei Inbegriff des technologischen Fortschritts werden? Francisco Bay und dem Pa- denen eine Stadt in die Die Entwicklung zum Hightech-Standort begann mit der Ansiedlung von zifischen Ozean erstreckt nächste übergeht. Am Ende sich die Landzunge, die steht San José, geprägt Luftfahrtunternehmen um den Militärflughafen Moffett Federal Airfield auch das Silicon Valley be- von großflächigen Gewerbe- in den Dreißiger Jahren. Zunächst wurden Radartechnik und Transistoren hei matet: ein durchge - parks und einem „Central entwickelt und produziert, später kam die Raumfahrttechnik hinzu. Seit hend besiedelter Raum, be- Business District“ aus den grenzt durch Bergrücken Achtziger Jahren. Dieser den Fünfziger Jahren schuf die Halbleitertechnologie auf Siliciumbasis die und Meer. Das etwa 80 Kilo- südliche Teil zwischen Sun- Grundlage für die Entwicklung von immer leistungsfähigeren Computern meter lange Silicon Val - ny vale, Santa Clara, der und wurde zum Namensgeber für die Region. ley beginnt mit der Groß- Bay und San José ist das ei- stadt San Francisco und gentliche Kerngebiet des Entscheidend für den Erfolg der Unternehmen und ihre fortwährende führt dann durch suburba- Silicon Valley. Innovationskraft war die Bildungs- und Forschungsinfrastruktur der Stan- 16 THEMA Bauwelt 26.2017 StadtBauwelt 216 THEMA 17 Campus-Utopien munale Unterstützung oder auch um Duldung privater Immobilienprojekte Facebooks Fortschritt liegt darin, klarzu- Das Herz des Inter - Die städtebauliche Dichte im Silicon Valley ist gering. Die Region ist eine An- (entfernt vergleichbar mit einem städtebaulichen Vertrag). Apple steuerte sammlung der Firmenareale der Internetriesen, dazu der Campus der für seine neue Firmenzentrale in Cupertino 100 Millionen Dollar zur Reno- machen, was in anderen Campussen nets schlägt in Schlaf- Stanford University. Urbanität findet man nicht. Stattdessen bauen Unter- vierung öffentlicher Einrichtungen und städtischer Infrastrukturen bei. verborgen bleibt: dass die Firma die Arbeit nehmen wie Google, Apple oder Facebook ihre Konzernzentralen mit inter- Dieses Engagement erscheint zunächst positiv, wirkt jedoch vielfach se- stätten – Hewlett- national bekannten Architekturbüros zu stadtähnlichen Konstrukten aus, lektiv, ermöglicht den Unternehmen einen erheblichen Einfluss auf lokale wirklich zu deinem Zuhause machen will, die für die Angestellten über den Arbeitsplatz hinaus vielfältige Funktio- Entscheidungsprozesse und schafft neue Abhängigkeiten. und ihren Campus zu deinem Heimatort. nen und Annehmlichkeiten bereitstellen (Seite 42). Zunehmend kritisch wird die Tendenz betrachtet, den großen IT-Unter- Packard, Google, Apple Die herausragende Funktion dieser Campusse liegt in der Formulierung nehmen großzügige Steuernachlässe zu gewähren. Im letzten Jahr for- Alexandra Lange, The Dot-Com City, 2012 einer „Corporate Community“, zum Teil ist sogar von einer „Corporate derte Cupertinos Bürgermeister Barry Chang erfolglos eine bessere Steuer- sind an Orten ent- Family” die Rede: Es entstehen geschützte Parallelwelten, die für die Mehr- moral von Apple, um dringende Infastrukturpojekte zu finanzieren und heit der Bevölkerung nicht zugänglich sind. Die starke Betonung von Un- das von Apple mitverursachte Verkehrsproblem zu lindern: „Sie machen tor für die Startup-Szene, die auf ein „kreatives Umfeld“ angewiesen ist, standen, die langwei- terhaltungsangeboten am Arbeitsplatz erinnert darüber hinaus an die Ver- Gewinne und sollten sich an der Verantwortung für die Stadt beteiligen, wie von Richard Florida („Creative Class“) oder Charles Landry („Creative wertungsmechanismen einer Shopping Mall. Die Arbeit wird zum Event aber sie tun es nicht.” City“) ausführlich beschrieben. Trotz Globalisierung und Digitalisierung liger nicht sein überhöht, zum hedonistischen Ereignis, um die Motivation der Arbeitneh- An dieser Stelle lohnt ein Blick zurück auf die monostrukturellen Indus- findet hier eine spezielle Art der Lokalisierung statt. mer zu erhöhen und so deren Produktivität zu steigern. triestädte des 20. Jahrhunderts, die besonders stark von wirtschaftlichen Jenseits dieser branchentypischen Faktoren ist es die sehr wirkungs- könnten. Landschaft- Mit den Annehmlichkeiten dieser inszenierten und exklusiven „Dot-Com- Krisen getroffen wurden. Diese Effekte sind spätestens seit dem Platzen volle Ansiedlungspolitik, die Unternehmen nach San Franciscos zieht – Cities“ werden die Mitarbeiter stark an die Unternehmen gebunden – der „Internetblase” Anfang der 2000er Jahre auch im Silicon Valley be- insbesondere in die Viertel Central Market und Tenderloin (S.73). Dort gibt lich reizvoll, aber ein großer Vorteil im Wettbewerb um die fähigsten Arbeitskräfte. Für die kannt. Wirksame Maßnahmen gegen eine einseitige Unternehmensentwick- es verfügbare Flächen und das Gebiet galt lange als wirtschaftlich unter- Angestellten stellt sich die Angelegenheit jedoch ambivalent dar, da sie im lung und für mehr Diversität sind daher dringend geboten. Längst hat entwickelt, arm und von hoher Kriminalität gekennzeichnet. Unter dem städtebaulich banal. Falle eines Jobwechsels die Vorzüge und damit einen Großteil des über die das Silicon Valley Standortkonkurrenz bekommen: Viele Tech-Mitarbeiter Bürgermeister Ed Lee wurden daher 2011 attraktive Steuererleichterungen Arbeit hinausgehenden Soziallebens verlieren. Unter der Vorgabe einer leben vorzugsweise in einer pulsierenden Metropole und neue Startups für Unternehmen beschlossen. Seither haben sich Twitter, Spotify, Zen- Christoph Keese, aus: Silicon Valley. verbesserten Work-Life-Balance werden außerdem Bedingungen geschaf- ziehen lieber in die Städte als ins Silicon Valley, etwa in das Zentrum von desk und Zoosk in den Stadtteilen entlang der Market Street niedergelas- Was aus dem mächtigsten Tal der Welt auf fen, die die Arbeitsumgebung schnell angenehmer erscheinen lassen als San Francisco. sen und dort einen strukturellen Wandel ausgelöst. uns zukommt, 2014 das private Umfeld und die Zumutungen der „richtigen“ Stadt. Psychologen warnen bereits, dass derartige Betriebsstätten zunehmend das Zuhause Start-up-City San Francisco Risikokapital fließt in
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