Prospects and Challenges of Nuclear Energy Programme in India
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Per-10 Basic Information Relating to Uranium
PER-10 1 BASIC INFORMATION RELATING TO URANIUM-ENRICHMENT CALCULATIONS AND FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS by K.T. Brown m 3 ATOMIC ENERGY BOARD Pelindaba PRETORIA Republic of South Africa February 1977 :::: : =:::""""""::::::;::: i:::""""""" :::::::::i:::::::::::::::H:::""»"""::::::::::::::::: BASIC INFORMATION RELATING TO URANIUM-ENRICHMENT CALCULATIONS AND FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS hy K.T. Brown POSTAL ADDRESS: Atomic Energy Board Private Bag X256 PRETORIA 0001 PELINDABA Fi-ln liai v 1977 ISBN U 86Ü6U 654 9 Pago Page SAMEVATTING 2 ABSTRACT 2 3. REACTOR FUEL REQUIREMENTS 5 1. INTRODUCTION 3 3.1 Reactor Types 5 2. URANIUM ENRICHMENT 3 3.1.1 Pressurised-water roactor 5 2.1 Definitions 3 3.1.2 Boiling-water reactor 5 2.1.1 Natural uranium 3 3.1.3 CANDU-PHW 6 2.1.2 Fissile 3 3.1.4 High-temperature gas-cooled reactor 6 2.1.3 Fertile 3 2.1.5 Liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactor ... .6 2.1.4 Enrichment 3 3.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycles 6 2.1.5 Product 3 3.3 Typical Fuel Requirements 6 2.1.6 Feed 3 3.3.1 Pressurised-wator reactor 7 2.1.7 Tails, or waste 3 3.3.2 Boiling-water reactor 8 2.1.8 Cascade 3 3.3.3 CANDU-PHW 9 2.1.9 Separative work 4 3.3.4 High-temperature gas-cooled reactor 9 2.1.10 Separative-work unit 4 3.3.5 Liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactor ... 10 2.2 Enrichment Parameters 4 3.3.6 Comparative data 10 2.3 Optimum Tails Assay 5 4. -
HIGHLIGHTS Special Topics: Technical Insights: News Throughout the Region: NEWS INDIA& MIDDLE EAST
OCTOBER / NOVEMBER HIGHLIGHTS 2020 - ISSUE 11 Special Topics: SPOTLIGHT ON Johan Sverdrup: a Norwegian megaproject 7 JD Jones poised for explosive Regional Focus: Karnataka 11 growth Interview: IMI Regional President Mr Tarak Chhaya 15 With strong leadership, a clear strategy, and the ability to quickly adapt to changing circumstances, JD Jones Technical Insights: is a real force in the manufacture Compliant valve stem seals reduce emissions 13 and supply of fluid sealing products. The product range – including gland Could hydrogen be the ideal green fuel? 17 packings, seals, compression packings, PFTE products, etc – finds widespread Automation upgrade for Assam’s tea gardens 22 use in a diverse mix of industries around the world. The company has INDIA & MIDDLE EAST News throughout the Region: also forged win-win partnerships with many leading valvemakers, as Valve 2, 6, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24 World India & Middle East discovered when speaking recently to CEO The insiders guide to flow control in India, Iran, Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Oman, Azerbaijan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, UAE, Bangladesh Mr. Ashish Bajoria. “When Covid-19 struck India in February we of course complied fully Specialist in : with the lockdown. But we did not Multiport allow ourselves to be cowed down by the situation, far from it. We continued Ball Valves to support our clients to the very best Distributors of our ability. Moreover, we used this Wanted period as the ideal opportunity to brainstorm about new markets. I am therefore delighted to say that since Available at February 2020 we have in fact opened JD CONTROLS up four new product verticals.” www.multiportballvalves.com Continued on page 4 NEWS NFC’s plans for a new facility at Kota by 2022 RIL - 1st Indian company to hit $200bn mcap A new facility of the city-based dles, which will be produced at Read more on page 2. -
Uranium Fact Sheet
Fact Sheet Adopted: December 2018 Health Physics Society Specialists in Radiation Safety 1 Uranium What is uranium? Uranium is a naturally occurring metallic element that has been present in the Earth’s crust since formation of the planet. Like many other minerals, uranium was deposited on land by volcanic action, dissolved by rainfall, and in some places, carried into underground formations. In some cases, geochemical conditions resulted in its concentration into “ore bodies.” Uranium is a common element in Earth’s crust (soil, rock) and in seawater and groundwater. Uranium has 92 protons in its nucleus. The isotope2 238U has 146 neutrons, for a total atomic weight of approximately 238, making it the highest atomic weight of any naturally occurring element. It is not the most dense of elements, but its density is almost twice that of lead. Uranium is radioactive and in nature has three primary isotopes with different numbers of neutrons. Natural uranium, 238U, constitutes over 99% of the total mass or weight, with 0.72% 235U, and a very small amount of 234U. An unstable nucleus that emits some form of radiation is defined as radioactive. The emitted radiation is called radioactivity, which in this case is ionizing radiation—meaning it can interact with other atoms to create charged atoms known as ions. Uranium emits alpha particles, which are ejected from the nucleus of the unstable uranium atom. When an atom emits radiation such as alpha or beta particles or photons such as x rays or gamma rays, the material is said to be undergoing radioactive decay (also called radioactive transformation). -
An Advanced Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Core Concept Using Uranium-Free Metallic Fuels for Maximizing TRU Burning Rate
sustainability Article An Advanced Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Core Concept Using Uranium-Free Metallic Fuels for Maximizing TRU Burning Rate Wuseong You and Ser Gi Hong * Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, GiHeung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-201-2782 Received: 24 October 2017; Accepted: 28 November 2017; Published: 1 December 2017 Abstract: In this paper, we designed and analyzed advanced sodium-cooled fast reactor cores using uranium-free metallic fuels for maximizing burning rate of transuranics (TRU) nuclides from PWR spent fuels. It is well known that the removal of fertile nuclides such as 238U from fuels in liquid metal cooled fast reactor leads to the degradation of important safety parameters such as the Doppler coefficient, coolant void worth, and delayed neutron fraction. To resolve the degradation of the Doppler coefficient, we considered adding resonant nuclides to the uranium-free metallic fuels. The analysis results showed that the cores using uranium-free fuels loaded with tungsten instead of uranium have a significantly lower burnup reactivity swing and more negative Doppler coefficients than the core using uranium-free fuels without resonant nuclides. In addition, we considered the use of axially central B4C absorber region and moderator rods to further improve safety parameters such as sodium void worth, burnup reactivity swing, and the Doppler coefficient. The results of the analysis showed that the final design core can consume ~353 kg per cycle and satisfies self-controllability under unprotected accidents. The fuel cycle analysis showed that the PWR–SFR coupling fuel cycle option drastically reduces the amount of waste going to repository and the SFR burner can consume the amount of TRUs discharged from 3.72 PWRs generating the same electricity. -
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
THE COLLECTION > From the uranium mine> toI wNTasRtOeD dUisCpToIsOaN l 1 > The atom 2 > Radioactivity 3 > Radiation and man 4 > Energy 5 > Nuclear energy: fusion and fission 6 > How a nuclear reactor works 7 > The nuclear fuel cycle 7 > The nuclear fuel cycle FROM RESEARCH 8 > Microelectronics 9 > The laser: a concentrate of light TO INDUSTRY 10 > Medical imaging 11 > Nuclear astrophysics 12 > Hydrogen 7 >>TThhee nnuucclleeaarr ffuueell ccyyccllee UPSTREAM THE REACTOR: PREPARING THE FUEL IN THE REACTOR: FUEL CONSUMPTION DOWNSTREAM THE REACTOR: REPROCESSING NUCLEAR WASTE NUCLEAR WASTE © Commissariat à l’’Énergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 2005 Communication Division Bâtiment Siège - 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex www.cea.fr ISSN 1637-5408. From the uranium mine to waste disposal 7 > The nuclear fuel cycle From the uranium mine to waste disposal 7 > The nuclear fuel cycle 2 > CONTENTS > INTRODUCTION 3 Uranium ore is extracted from open-pit mines – such as the McClear mines in Canada seen here – or underground workings. a m e g o C © “The nuclear fuel cycle includes an erray UPSTREAM THE REACTOR: of industrial operations, from uranium PREPARING THE FUEL 4 e mining to the disposal of radioactive l Extracting uranium from the ore 5 waste.” c Concentrating and refining uranium 6 y Enriching uranium 6 c Enrichment methods 8 l introduction uel is a material that can be burnt to pro - IN THE REACTOR: FUEL CONSUMPTION 9 Fvide heat. The most familiar fuels are wood, e Preparing fuel assemblies 10 coal, natural gas and oil. By analogy, the ura - e g a nium used in nuclear power plants is called Per unit or mass (e.g. -
1 Introduction
1 Introduction WHO commissions reviews and undertakes health risk assessments associated with exposure to potentially hazardous physical, chemical and biological agents in the home, work place and environment. This monograph on the chemical and radiological hazards associated with exposure to depleted uranium is one such assessment. The purpose of this monograph is to provide generic information on any risks to health from depleted uranium from all avenues of exposure to the body and from any activity where human exposure could likely occur. Such activities include those involved with fabrication and use of DU products in industrial, commercial and military settings. While this monograph is primarily on DU, reference is also made to the health effects and behaviour of uranium, since uranium acts on body organs and tissues in the same way as DU and the results and conclusions from uranium studies are considered to be broadly applicable to DU. However, in the case of effects due to ionizing radiation, DU is less radioactive than uranium. This review is structured as broadly indicated in Figure 1.1, with individual chapters focussing on the identification of environmental and man-made sources of uranium and DU, exposure pathways and scenarios, likely chemical and radiological hazards and where data is available commenting on exposure-response relationships. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION PROPERTIES PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL DOSE RESPONSE RISK EVALUATION CHARACTERISATION BACKGROUND EXPOSURE LEVELS EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram, depicting areas covered by this monograph. It is expected that the monograph could be used as a reference for health risk assessments in any application where DU is used and human exposure or contact could result. -
Management of the Indian Nuclear Fuel Fabrication Facilities During COVID – 19 Pandemic
Department of Atomic Energy Nuclear Fuel Complex Hyderabad – Pazhayakayal – Kota Online Webinar Management of the Indian Nuclear Fuel Fabrication Facilities during COVID – 19 Pandemic Dr. Dinesh Srivastava Distinguished Scientist Chairman & Chief Executive IAEA Online Webinar: Maintaining Nuclear Safety of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities during Pandemic 1 Outline Introduction Fulfillment of NFC commitment Infrastructure development Covid-19 protection plan during production New norm post covid-19 Summary. IAEA Online Webinar: Maintaining Nuclear Safety of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities during Pandemic 2 Fuel Bundles Manufactured at NFC 220 MWe PHWR 540 MWe PHWR 160 MWe BWR (RAPS 3&4) (TAPS 3&4) (TAPS 1&2) 19 Element Bundle 37 Element Bundle 6 × 6 BWR Bundle 16.5 kg in Weight 23.8 kg in Weight 203 kg in Weight IAEA Online Webinar: Maintaining Nuclear Safety of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities during Pandemic 3 PHWR Fuel Manufacturing Process MDU / SDU / Washed and Dissolution HTUP / UOC Dried Frit Dissolution Solvent Extraction Solvent Extraction Precipitation Precipitation Drying Filtration Calcination Drying Reduction Calcination Stabilization Grinding Nuclear Grade Nuclear Grade UO2 Powder ZrO2 Powder Blending Precompaction Coking Granulation UO Green 2 Final Compaction Pellets Chlorination Sintering Reduction Centreless Grinding Vacuum Distillation Sponge Handling Washing & Drying Zircaloy Stacking Ingots Compaction End Machining Alloying UO2 Green Appendage Welding Pellets EB Welding Graphite Coating -
Long Term Sustainability of Nuclear Power in India - Prospects and Challenges
Page | 45 5 LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY OF NUCLEAR POWER IN INDIA - PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES Vipin Shukla, Vivek J. Pandya and C. Ganguly ABSTRACT: Nuclear power is emerging as a viable for at least 12 additional indigenous PHWR 700 carbon – free option for India to meet the ever- reactors. The target is to have ~ 45,000 MWe nuclear increasing demand of base – load electricity at an power by 2030. Since the last six years, India has affordable price, in a safe, secured and sustainable also been importing natural uranium oreconcentrate manner. Since the 1970s, India had been pursuing (UOC) and finished natural UO2 pellets tofuel the a self-reliant indigenous nuclear power program ten PHWR 220 units at Rawathbhata, Kakrapara and linking the fuel cycles of Pressurized Heavy Water Narora. India has also been importing enriched UO2 Reactor (PHWR), Fast Breeder Reactor (FBRs) and fuel for the two BWRs at Tarapur and the two VVERs thorium-based self-sustaining breeder in stage 1, 2 at Kudankulunm. The present paper summarizes the and 3 respectively, for efficient utilization of modest on-going and the expanding nuclear power program low grade (0.03-0.06 % U3O8) uranium reserves but in India highlighting the challenges of availability of vast thorium resources. Natural uranium fueled uranium and plutonium for manufacturing nuclear PHWR is the backbone of the program. India has fuels. achieved industrial maturity in PHWR and the related uranium fuel cycle technology. Presently, 21 reactors are in operation, including 16 units of PHWR 220 MWe, 2 units of PHWR 540 MWe, 2 units of Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 160 MWe and a (Water KEYWORDS Water Energy Reactor) VVER 1000 MWe. -
Highly Enriched Uranium: Striking a Balance
OFFICIAL USE ONLY - DRAFT GLOSSARY OF TERMS APPENDIX F GLOSSARY OF TERMS Accountability: That part of the safeguards and security program that encompasses the measurement and inventory verification systems, records, and reports to account for nuclear materials. Assay: Measurement that establishes the total quantity of the isotope of an element and the total quantity of that element. Atom: The basic component of all matter. Atoms are the smallest part of an element that have all of the chemical properties of that element. Atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Atomic energy: All forms of energy released in the course of nuclear fission or nuclear transformation. Atomic weapon: Any device utilizing atomic energy, exclusive of the means for transportation or propelling the device (where such means is a separable and divisible part of the device), the principal purpose of which is for use as, or for development of, a weapon, a weapon prototype, or a weapon test device. Blending: The intentional mixing of two different assays of the same material in order to achieve a desired third assay. Book inventory: The quantity of nuclear material present at a given time as reflected by accounting records. Burnup: A measure of consumption of fissionable material in reactor fuel. Burnup can be expressed as (a) the percentage of fissionable atoms that have undergone fission or capture, or (b) the amount of energy produced per unit weight of fuel in the reactor. Chain reaction: A self-sustaining series of nuclear fission reactions. Neutrons produced by fission cause more fission. Chain reactions are essential to the functioning of nuclear reactors and weapons. -
Nuclear Power Reactor Characteristics
Nuclear fission and types of • A BWR produces steam directly by boiling the water • The 5 MWe Obninsk LWGR in Russia, which • Over 17,000 reactor-years of operating experience coolant. The steam is separated from the remaining commenced power generation in 1954, and was have so far been accumulated. nuclear reactor the first to supply the grid and was shut down on 30 water in steam separators positioned above the core, • Total nuclear electricity supplied worldwide in 2016 April 2002. 2017/18 and passed to the turbines, then condensed and was 2490 billion kWh, about 11.5% of total electricity • Like all other thermal power plants, nuclear reactors recycled. Pocket Guide work by generating heat, which boils water to produce • Calder Hall, at Sellafield, UK, was the world’s first generated that year. steam to drive the turbogenerators. In a nuclear • In GCRs (gas-cooled reactors) and AGRs (advanced industrial-scale nuclear power station, becoming reactor, the heat is the product of nuclear fission. gas-cooled reactors) carbon dioxide is used as the operational in 1956. The plant finally shut down on 31 Nuclear fuel performance coolant and graphite as the moderator. Like heavy March 2003. • Uranium and plutonium nuclei in the fuel are water, a graphite moderator allows natural uranium (in • Grohnde, a 1360 MWe German PWR which first • The amount of electricity generated from a given bombarded by neutrons and split usually into two GCRs) or very low-enriched uranium (in AGRs) fuel to produced power in 1984, has generated over 356 amount of fuel is referred to as burn-up, expressed in smaller fragments, releasing energy in the form be used. -
US Nuclear Cooperation with India
U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress Paul K. Kerr Analyst in Nonproliferation June 26, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33016 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress Summary India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all of its nuclear material, exploded a “peaceful” nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India’s test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. However, President Bush announced July 18, 2005, he would “work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India” and would “also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies,” in the context of a broader partnership with India. U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries is governed by the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (P.L. 95-242). However, P.L. 109-401, which President Bush signed into law on December 18, 2006, allows the President to waive several provisions of the AEA. On September 10, 2008, President Bush submitted to Congress, in addition to other required documents, a written determination that P.L. 109-401’s requirements for U.S. nuclear cooperation with India to proceed had been met. President Bush signed P.L. -
Industrial Visit to Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad on 27Th
INDUSTRIAL VISIT VISITED INDUSTRY:NFC(NUCLEAR FUEL COMPLEX) LOCATION OF THE INDUSTRY:NFC INDUSTRY, ECIL, Moula ali, Hyderabad, Telangana :500062 DATE OF INDUSTRY VISIT:13-02-2019 DEPARTMENT:CHEMICAL ENGINEERING YEAR:ENGINEERING 3rd YEAR CONTENTS: Introduction History Principle of production Flowchart How energy is generated Making of nuclear fuel Oath of thanks INTRODUCTION: The nuclear fuel complex(NFC) was established in 1971 as a major industrial unit of Indian’s department of atomic energy,for the supply of nuclear fuel bundles and reactor core components. It is a unique facility where natural and enriched fuel, zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core components are manufactured under one roof. HISTORY: NFC is a unit of department of atomic energy,Government of India. The complex is responsible for the supply of nuclear bundles and reactor core components for all the nuclear power reactors in India. It is a unique facility where the natural and enriched uranium fuel, zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core components are manufactured under one roof starting from the raw materials. PRINCIPLE OF PRODUCTION: As the power generated is low,then the per capita energy consumption is becoming low. There is insufficient power supply for all the people. Power generated Per capita energy consumption= Total population. since power generated by coal,thermal,tidal,solar energy is very less and it is inadequate for human usage. So by using nuclear energy they have been manufacturing uranium bundles which are used in generating electricity. PRODUCT: Uranium Bundles RAW MATERIALS: Magnesium di- uranate(MDU) Sand containing Zirconium FLOW CHART: FILTERATION DISSOLUTION SLURRY EXTRACTION PRECIPITATION COMPACTION STABILIZATION REDUCTION CALCINATION DRYING PELLET GRINDING PELLET READING SINTERING ENDCAP-WELDING NUCLEAR REACTOR INSPECTION END PLATE WELDING BUNDLE ASSEMBLY These are steps involved in the manufacturing of uranium rods which are used for the electricity generation.