Len Lye’s Jam Session

25 Jul — 29 Nov 2015 Len Lye, Baby Dodds, 1947, photogram Len Lye Foundation Collection, Govett-Brewster Art Gallery/ Len Lye Centre

Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 3 Len Lye, Film Len Lye, Film still from still from ‘Free ‘Swinging the Radicals’, 1958 Lambeth Walk’, 1939 (revised 1979) Courtesy of the Courtesy of the Len Lye Foundation Len Lye Foundation from material made from material made and preserved by and preserved by The New Zealand The New Zealand Archive of Film, Archive of Film, Television and Television and Sound Ngā Taonga Sound Ngā Taonga Whitiāhua Me Ngā Whitiāhua Me Ngā Taonga Kōrero Taonga Kōrero

P / 4 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 5 Len Lye, Grass, 1961-1965 Len Lye Foundation Collection, Govett-Brewster Art Gallery/ Len Lye Centre

P / 6 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 7 Sound crazy people vibrate to sound and this is for them; it’s got some of the sharpest astringent zings of sound that’s ever cut the air.1 Sound crazy people! That’s Len Lye in a nutshell. An artist behind some of the most inventive films ever made. Creator of frenetic kinetic sculpture on a sublime scale. His theory of ‘Old Brain’ knowledge deep in our DNA, Aotearoa New Zealand’s surrealist of the South Seas. (All wrapped up in his unique language, from plumbing the depths of the ‘Happiness Acid’ to the rejoicing ‘Zizz!’) The above quote comes from Len Lye in the mid-1960s as he contemplated his kinetic sculpture — in his own terms, ‘tangible motion sculpture’ — as musical instruments. It’s a quote that welcomes you to

1. Len Lye, Len Lye’s Jam Session, a survey of Lye’s practice to launch the Len Lye Centre Introduction to “Sounds and showcase the many highlights of the Len Lye Foundation Collection. of Len Lye Sculpture,” circa Alongside the ‘zings’ of his tangibles, Len Lye’s Jam Session offers a glimpse 1965, unpublished manuscript. Len Lye into the wider world of sound and music behind much of Lye’s practice. Foundation Archive, Govett-Brewster Music is hard to separate from Lye’s work, coupled with his artistic Art Gallery/ Len Lye Centre, beginnings here in Aotearoa New Zealand. Lye tells the story of sitting on New Plymouth, New Zealand. a Wellington hill as a young man (around the age of 20) watching clouds roll 2. ‘Ray Thorburn by, thinking of John Constable’s technique of painting clouds in motion and Interviews Len Lye,’ Art realising that if you can paint something in motion you can create something International, 19:4 (1975), 64. with motion. This was Lye’s eureka moment, when “All of a sudden it hit me 3. Len Lye, ‘The Art that Moves,’ in [...] If there was such a thing as composing music, there could be such a thing Wystan Curnow and Roger Horrocks, as composing motion. After all, there are melodic figures, why can’t there be eds., Figures of 2 3 Motion: Len Lye figures of motion?” Lye proclaimed, “as an artist I compose motion”. Selected Writings (Auckland: Auckland Lye left behind few of his earliest works, works where he was making University Press/ Oxford University tentative steps alongside this realisation. His very first efforts at kinetic Press, 1984), 81. sculpture from the 1920s can only be imagined, however Lye describes 4. Roger Horrocks, Len Lye: A Biography observing and sketching the ‘figures of motion’ in natural phenomena, waves (Auckland: Auckland University Press, breaking on the shore, a seagull in flight and the rhythmic cycles in the sway 2001), 28. 4 5. Len Lye, ‘My Model,’ of pedestrians’ garments on Wellington streets. A series of 14 motion sketches circa 1960. In Roger Horrocks, dated to the 1930s offer a glimpse of these efforts in transcribing motion onto ed., Happy Moments (Auckland: Holloway paper, in the artist’s words, “systems of scriggles and scraggles”, “crazy to Press, 2002), 31. anyone unless they were given some explanation”.5 Despite Lye’s reservations, Also republished in Gregory Burke these sketches mark the beginnings of the formal experimentation that would and Tyler Cann, Len Lye: Motion define his film and sculptural work in later decades as Lye composed his Sketch (New York: The Drawing Center, ‘figures of motion’. 2014). 6. Len Lye, If you’ve seen Lye’s tangibles before, you’ll know of Lye’s ‘figures of Introduction to “Sounds of Len Lye motion’. You’ll just as likely remember the sounds. Some are delicate and subtle Sculpture”, circa 1965, unpublished like the plucked music box melody of Roundhead 1961. Others aren’t just at manuscript. Len Lye Foundation the other end of the scale, they jump off it. Trilogy or A Flip and Two Twisters Archive, Govett- 6 Brewster 1966 crashes, tumbling “icicles down your bare back”. Storm King’s (1964) Art Gallery/ Len Lye Centre, shaking invocation to the god of thunder echoes the tale in Lye’s memoir, Happy New Plymouth, New Zealand. Moments, where a toddler kicks a kerosene can around on the gravelly yard of

Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 9 his childhood home. The violent clattering of that can and the flashing sunlight on its metal surface made a clear impression on the young Lye. About 60 years later, during an exhibition at New York’s Howard Wise Gallery, Lye’s Loop was rechristened as Universe, the artist’s prosaic title bettered by a youngster who heard something special in the ringing of Lye’s ‘bounding’ steel.7 Lye intended his films to give audiences a similar sensory experience. His abstract and experimental films allow for a greater experience of motion than a dance captured on film. The kinetic performance of a dancer, unseen or obscured by three-dimensional space, able to be fully presented through Lye’s visualisation in the two-dimensional film frame.8 The importance of dance, and consequently music, is clear in Lye’s filmmaking. Lye’s films, the most widely recognised part of his oeuvre, are typically accompanied, or rather built around, vibrant and uplifting music. The early masterpiece of colour filmmaking, A Colour Box 1935, features brilliant imagery painted directly onto film stock

and synchronised to the rhythm of a specially chosen soundtrack, the rolling beguine La Belle Créole by Don Baretto and His Cuban Orchestra. Among the highlights in the Len Lye Foundation archives at the Govett- Brewster/Len Lye Centre is Lye’s synchronisation plan for the film Swinging the Lambeth Walk (1939), a guide to the sequencing of Lye’s visuals intended to Len Lye, Unknown accompany the instrumentation (for example, ‘low sax’, ‘downward sprinkle’, Motion Sketch, Photographer, 1938 ‘Loop’ in ‘On the and ‘piano chords behind’). The extent to which Lye could marry the relationship Move’, Howard Wise Len Lye Foundation Gallery, New York, Collection, between his hand-painted imagery and a piece of popular music is clear in 1964 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery/ Len Lye Foundation Lye’s approach to Swinging the Lambeth Walk. In this film the tune Lambeth Len Lye Centre Collection, Govett-Brewster Walk from the 1937 musical Me and My Girl is accompanied with vibrating lines, Art Gallery / Len Lye Centre varying in size, and paired with the appropriate solo instruments, guitar, bass

P / 10 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 11 and violin (the recording featuring the jazz greats Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grapelli). Similarly, a splash of falling circles match a descending run on the piano. By the 1930s, Lye was recognised as the ‘English Walt Disney’, his experimental films even inspiring the avant-garde elements in the American animation master’s Fantasia (1940).9 Looking at many of Lye’s films we also see the historical beginnings of an idea that we might recognise in the modern music video. You can certainly see Lye’s work as a precursor to MTV with coloured silhouettes in Rainbow Dance (1936), an effect that still feels like a new idea in today’s world of music videos and iPod commercials. During the 1950s, after Lye migrated from London to New York, he developed his own theories about short film and its application to popular music. It was also during the 1950s that Lye developed his well-known scratch technique, scraping into film, removing the black emulsion on film leader for the projector’s light to shine through. The 1958 film-experiment Tal Farlow (edited into a final form in 1980 following Lye’s death) synchronised Lye’s geometric scratches with renowned jazz guitarist Tal Farlow’s Rock n’ Rye (1954), like Swinging the Lambeth Walk, a masterful experiment in visualising music. Lye’s years in America (from 1944 until his death in 1980) were a period where his interest in music and its role in his work expanded significantly, bringing him into direct contact and collaboration with the musical avant-garde and figures such as the composers Henry Brant, John Cage, and Morton Subotnik. The extent to which music was integral to Lye’s practice, and now particularly to his work in the field of kinetic sculpture, is clear when we consider his performance of Tangible Motion Sculpture at New York’s Museum of Modern Art on the evening of 5 April 1961. Lye presented a performance of his kinetic sculptures (and his film Free Radicals). Lye’s preparatory notes for the evening indicate the degree to which we ought to not think of these works as objects but performers — like dancers in a ballet — with details recording what musical accompaniment Lye had in mind for certain works. Lye’s choice for the now well-known Fountain was an experimental composition by the French composer Pierre Boulez, Le marteau sans maître (The hammer without a master, 1955). For the gentle swaying Grass (1965), Lye nominated a Miles Davis performance of the jazz standard, My Funny Valentine. 7. Roger Horrocks, Len Lye: A Biography, We can see Lye’s love of jazz in particular, became a defining characteristic 309. in his work—from early works made in England and inspired recordings of 8. Len Lye, Music and Movement, international stars like Red Nichols and his Five Pennies and Django Reinhardt’s unpublished manuscript. Len Lye Quintet of the Hot Club of France through to his days in New York at the heart Foundation Archive, Govett-Brewster of the mid-century jazz scene. It has often been pointed out that jazz was Art Gallery/ Len Lye, “Swinging Len Lye Centre, the most distinctly American contribution to global culture and fittingly Lye the Lambeth Walk” New Plymouth, Score, circa 1939 New Zealand. established himself in the cultural capital of the US during this ascendency. Len Lye Foundation 9. “Len Lye — The Collection, English Disney,” It was a time when many artists and intellectuals left a war-torn Europe for the Govett-Brewster Sunday Referee, Art Gallery/ 10 November 1935. other side of the Atlantic. Len Lye Centre

P / 12 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 13 A snapshot of this period is captured by Lye in a series of photogram (or cameraless photograph) portraits he made during 1947. Friends and acquaintances posed for portrait, Lye capturing it in silhouette as they lay their head down on unexposed photographic paper. Many of these portraits were friends unknown to us, others are now identities many will recognise: the filmmaker Hans Richter, architect Le Corbusier, and painter Joan Miró, a few of the leading European figures that convened in the world’s new art capital. Included in this series of portraits was Baby Dodds, drummer and famed pioneer of early 20th-century jazz. Lye’s photogram portraits are a unique body of work in the history of photography and, within Lye’s work, quite a diversion from the film and sculptural practice for which he is usually identified. Yet they take us back to several photograms made by Lye early in his career, particularly two that placed Lye close to the surrealist movement, an important early 20th-Century movement that sought expression through the unconscious mind. Lye’s photograms, Self Planting at Night (or Night Tree) (1930), and Pond People (or Marks and Spencer in a Japanese Garden 1930), with their fantastic titles both featured in London’s 1936 International Surrealist Exhibition alongside a further work, the painting Snowbirds Making Snow (exhibited under the alternative title Jam Session 1936).

“I, myself, eventually came to look at the way things moved mainly to try to feel movement, and only feel it. This is what dancers do; but instead, I wanted to put the feeling of a figure of motion outside myself to see what I’d got.”

William Gottlieb, Marty Marsala, Bunty Pendelton, and Baby Dodds, Riverboat on the Hudson, N.Y., circa July 1947 William P. Gottlieb Collection, Library of Congress

P / 14 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 15 Lye’s use of the ‘Old Brain’ — the parts of the mind he identified as free from the constraints of the modern intellect — shared some common ground with the wider group of surrealists. The ‘old brain’ also placed Lye’s work into another affinity with jazz, a clear bedfellow with surrealism with its improvisational and individualistic qualities. The relationship is particularly clear when we consider Lye’s ‘scriggles and scraggles’ and his approach to composing with motion:

I, myself, eventually came to look at the way things moved mainly to try to feel movement, and only feel it. This is what dancers do; but instead, I wanted to put the feeling of a figure of motion outside myself to see what I’d got.10

When Lye got the figure of motion, he put it on paper, on film, or into sculpture. Captured on celluloid in films such as Free Radicals (1958), revised 1979 and Particles in Space (1979), Lye’s figures of motion transcended the two- dimensional medium, twisting into a three-dimensional world similar to the dance of his tangibles. It was important that the figures of motion were not merely observations or transpositions, but feelings, as Lye would say, like a musician, “his identity stamped on his piece of music”.11 Lye spoke of ‘keeping up with the muses’ and his career can be considered the chasing down of the muse of motion, Lye’s Kinaesthesia. She was the motivation when he tried to “pin down a kinetic figure on film to make a feeling I feel at the back of my head”.12 There was however, another muse to Lye’s art, Euterpe, the traditional muse of music, of rejoicing, and of delight:

“And it’s Old Brain, at the height of creativity. It’s got - but over and above it all, why I was finding rationales for being crazy about jazz was simply because it had so much to do with happiness, the expression of intensely felt verve. Which was just a joy”.13

10. Len Lye, “The Art that Moves,” 1964. In Wystan Curnow Paul Brobbel and Roger Horrocks, Len Lye Curator eds., Figures of Motion: Len Lye Selected Writings , 82. 11. Wystan Curnow, “An Interview with Len Lye,” Art New Zealand 17 (1980), 57. 12. Len Lye, “Why I Scratch, or How I Got to Particles,” 1979. In Wystan Curnow and Roger Horrocks, eds., Figures of Motion: Len Lye Selected Writings, 94. 13. Wystan Curnow, “An Interview with Len Lye,” 57

P / 16 Len Lye, Universe, 1976, 1998 reconstruction Len Lye Foundation Collection, Govett-Brewster Art Gallery/ Len Lye Centre

P / 18 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 19 Len Lye, Snowbirds Making Snow (Jam Session), 1936 Len Lye Foundation Collection, Govett-Brewster Art Gallery/ Len Lye Centre

P / 20 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery Len Lye’s Jam Session P / 21 Len Lye, Doodle, 1947 Len Lye Foundation Collection, Govett- Brewster Art Galler/ Len Lye Centre

P / 22 Curator: Paul Brobbel Assistant Curator: Sarah Wall

Printer: Paperstock: Typeface: Lettera ISBN: 978-0-908848-78-2

Published in association with the exhibition Len Lye’s Jam Session, 2015.

© 2015 Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, the artist, writers and contributors.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this catalogue may be reproduced without the prior permission of the publisher.

Govett-Brewster Art Gallery/ Len Lye Centre Private Bag 2025 New Plymouth 4342 Aotearoa New Zealand govettbrewster.com

Organisation Partners

Funding Partners

govettbrewster.com

P / 24