SWITCH-Asia Network Facility. Network SWITCH-Asia
and under the supervision of the the of supervision the under and and Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy. and Environment Climate, for Institute Wuppertal and
International in collaboration with with collaboration in International Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production Production and Consumption Sustainable on Centre Collaborating Union. European the by funded is
This booklet is prepared by Consumers Consumers by prepared is booklet This SWITCH-Asia Network Facility is implemented by UNEP/Wuppertal Institute Institute UNEP/Wuppertal by implemented is Facility Network SWITCH-Asia Facility Network SWITCH-Asia
hat are the opportunities? the are hat W
part 2 | the solutions the | 2 part
sia A in ption m Consu
ustainable ustainable S ing m Mainstrea 3 SWIT N o. B eries S eries ooklet C H - A sia 76
2
Union. European the of views the reflect to taken be
way no in can and (CSCP) Production and Consumption Sustainable on Centre Collaborating
Institute UNEP/Wuppertal the of responsibility sole the are publication this of contents The
Union. European the and Programme SWITCH-Asia the for produced been has publication This
Facility Network SWITCH-Asia The
Copyright:
Press Unique
rinter: P
www.elmarsander.de Sander, Elmar
esign: D
Communications Archway Eades, Alison
ditor: E
Directorate-General Cooperation and Development EuropeAid EC Tetzel, Christian Hivos; Muralidharan.T, International;
Consumers Pedersen, Bjarne Group; Action in Society Gandhi, Rajan Production; and Consumption Sustainable
on Centre Collaborating Institute UNEP/Wuppertal Brüggeman, Nora and Hicks Cheryl Energy; Environment,
Climate, for Institute Wuppertal Baedeker, Carolin Strategies; Environmental Global for Institute Akenji, Lewis
reviewers: expert the by given comments constructive the for appreciation sincere our express to like would We
: REVIEW expert
Facility) Network SWITCH-Asia Leader, (Team Verspeek Frans
e: c guidan and upervision S
Facility) Network SWITCH-Asia Manager, (Project Tunçer Burcu
East) Middle the and Asia-Pacific for Office International, (Consumers Mitin Anni and Vera de Arlene
uthors: A
www.switch-asia.eu
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(CSCP) Production and Consumption Sustainable on Centre
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Facility Network SWITCH-Asia
ublisher: P
75
3
46 eferences R
45 lifestyles sustainable towards consumption sustainable From
42 sia A for consumption sustainable up: rapping W
35 consumption sustainable to path a laying – sia A in ctions A
31 waste electronic of management sound Environmentally India: STUDY CASE
aua 27 Laguna Lake cleaner a and neighbourhood healthier
a means waste for responsibility Shared Philippines: STUDY CASE
26 discard to ow h
21 use’ product ‘low-impact to consumers rural introducing
together working and poultry Cooking, Bangladesh: study ase C
21 use to ow h
15 clear value
added makes marketing green – ethical to Organic Thailand: tudy S ase C
10 change for shopping
they’re that confident be can consumers Where India: tudy S ase C
10 buy to how and hat w
5 opportunities into challenges urning T
4 region acific P sia- A the for means consumption sustainable hat W
ontents c f o table
consumption’ ‘sustainable showcase examples practitioners? or stakeholders other from
• These region. the from projects and programmes learned lesson and examples the are What
of studies case contains booklet the of section consumption? sustainable promoting
• solutions The ‘SWITCHED’. be to needs it – middle of challenges the to solutions the are What
the from reading continue to over it flip to reader consumption? sustainable exemplify
the requires design unique The opportunities. and enable, encourage, engage, to do
• and solutions presents other the and life-cycle, NGOs and businesses governments, can What
product the regarding particularly T consumption, questions:
sia A in sustainable embracing when region the these answers to seeks it Particularly, .
life management including reuse and recycling recycling and reuse including management life in face consumers that challenges the
ducts, responsible product-use and good end-of- good and product-use responsible ducts, presents One sides. two has booklet he
a shift to environmentally friendly and fair pro- fair and friendly environmentally to shift a
tions, approaches and instruments for achieving achieving for instruments and approaches tions,
Asia. in projects implementing considering - solu the with deals booklet the of side This
are who Asia and Europe in developers project approaches. sumption
• and policy-makers for inspiration of source a be could - con sustainable of replication the showing for
challenges; the overcome to how of examples provides basis a as programme SWITCH-Asia the in part
and region the in challenges consumption sustainable taking not are that Asia outside and within tions
• address to opportunities and solutions presents - organisa for useful particularly is part This card.
Asia; in challenges - dis to how and use, to how buy, to what – points
• consumption sustainable of overview an provide to decision at challenges overcoming in especially
aims: It programme. SWITCH-Asia the of perspective
the from consumption sustainable discusses booklet This
side 2 2 side switch 1 side
this booklet this about about
74
4 Ecological Footprint per person per Footprint Ecological
available per person biocapacity World average development
Low human Low
capacity Low human development human Low
Within carrying carrying Within High demand on biosphere per person per biosphere on demand High
Countries’
eveloping eveloping D ‘
Human D evelopment Index
Minimum acceptable level of Human Development Human of level acceptable Minimum
Development
Sustainable
The Green Leap Green The
eveloped Countries’ eveloped D ‘
High demand on biosphere per person per biosphere on demand High
(adapted from WWF, 2006a, p.19) 2006a, WWF, from (adapted
inflating ecological footprints footprints ecological inflating
to increasing demand without without demand increasing to responding consumption: sustainable towards path The 1: Figure
people. income axis). (horizontal footprint mental
low- the of needs basic for provide to needed - environ corresponding their and axis), (vertical
are investments huge Thus, resources. of plenty reached have countries that development man
consuming is that class middle expanding idly - hu of level the shows 1 Figure development. al
- rap a have countries These development. man - industri of patterns resource-intense and luting
- hu of level same the reached not have cloud) - pol less encouraging means it and services, and
grey the (in countries Developing capacity. ing products greener to switching means It path.
- carry ecological global the than higher is ever, W development sustainable a to unsustainable an
- how environment, the on burden Their ment. from leap’ ‘green a making means
- develop human of level comfortable a reached It region? Pacific Asia the for mean
have cloud) blue the (in countries Developed consumption sustainable does hat
in Asian Green City Index 2011 2011 Index City Green Asian in
(Photo: Januario Rivas III) Rivas Januario (Photo:
Singapore making a green leap to the first row row first the to leap green a making Singapore region
c i f i c a P sia- A the or f
eans eans m ption m onsu c
hat sustainable sustainable hat W
73
5 5
isions c de sustainable Make to how ers: m onsu c or f hallenge c he T
discard? use? buy?
ow to ow H ow to to ow H hat to to hat W
producers. and sumers
use. product - con both benefit and
disposal. safe or repair resource-efficient and intensity resource low
return, recycle, reuse, low-carbon for, design carbon, low with safe
for available systems encouraging and about, are that products ethical
and facilities Making awareness Raising for choice Enabling
end-of-life services end-of-life use of products of use and ethical products ethical and
fter-sales and and fter-sales A nvironment friendly friendly nvironment E nvironment friendly friendly nvironment E
ourage and enable and ourage c en to ow H akers: m y- c oli P or f hallenge c the
(CSCP, 2009) (CSCP,
to make sustainable decisions sustainable make to consumers enabling and encouraging towards paths The 2: Figure
region. the in experts with discussions and es could there example, For services. and products
- search literature through selected and identified quality better experience and purchase to ers
exemplify encourage enable been have which 1, Part in challenges to respond - consum for and , ,
nae with engage - cor strategies and responses These stakeholders. , can educators and NGOs cers),
different by consumption sustainable of lenges produ- (including businesses Governments,
- chal the meeting for strategies and means needs. Asia that leap’ ‘green the to tribute
various summarises 1 Table behaviour. their ing - con jointly and – choices green of unavailability
- chang of hope the in schools, and media NGOs, or trust of lack as such – obstacles the overcome
as such organisations interested other with tion to NGOs and governments with together come
- collabora in consumers, engage directly also can they how shows and producers, and ers
can Governments product. a of cost full the - consum for today exist that challenges the out
assess consumer a help can which instance, for sets booklet This opportunity. and information
eco-labelling, by provided be can chain, supply provide to needs business decisions, informed
its along product, a of sustainability the on tion make to But service. or product a discarding or
- Informa consumption. efficient more a for vate C using, buying, when make they decisions the
- inno to or production, during used been have over care more taking by just society able
materials other or water, energy, much how of - sustain a of creation the towards bution
awareness their increase to opportunity an be - contri significant a make can onsumers
ethical markets in Asia in markets ethical in Asian Green City Index 2011 2011 Index City Green Asian in
(Photo: Januario Rivas III) Rivas Januario (Photo:
Opportunities exist for consumers to experience experience to consumers for exist Opportunities Singapore making a green leap to the first row row first the to leap green a making Singapore
opportunities
hallenges into into hallenges c
urning urning T
72
6
for ethical retail stores retail ethical for
conditioning) ment ‘trade marks’ ‘trade ment
Mark the spot: spot: the Mark lighting, baking, air- baking, lighting, imple-
footprint (refrigeration, (refrigeration, footprint monitoring
report on their carbon carbon their on report training in testing and and testing in training
issues ers can measure and and measure can ers activities and technical technical and activities
consumer protection protection consumer - retail example, for market surveillance surveillance market
Keep track: Keep sation, quality and and quality sation, tainability into practice practice into tainability conduct conduct
Walk the talk: the Walk - standardi promote - sus put “traffic-light” system “traffic-light”
Protect and serve: serve: and Protect
services system such as the the as such system
washing’ practices washing’ offering products and and products offering friendly labelling labelling friendly
ing products or ‘green ‘green or products ing comparability) when when comparability) develop a consumer- a develop
Green means ethical: ethical: means Green - perform bad highlight (clarity, credibility and and credibility (clarity,
Name and shame: shame: and Name of communication communication of trade
Get it across: it Get findings! with 3Cs 3Cs with chasing and on ethical ethical on and chasing
products and publicise publicise and products performance customer service) customer - pur green corporate on
Check and balance: balance: and Check test test of product product of sible (hotline, website, website, (hotline, sible criteria and reporting, reporting, and criteria
how to read labels read to how and credibility credibility and - acces easily formation product sustainability sustainability product
educate consumers on on consumers educate transparency transparency - in services and product develop guidelines on on guidelines develop
emystify labels: emystify D Make it easy: easy: it Make Safeguard sustainability: sustainability: Safeguard
Lack of of Lack make make
approach
through user-integrated user-integrated through
new concepts or designs designs or concepts new
innovation: innovation: R&D for for R&D
Invest in collective collective in Invest ers to ethical products ethical to ers
- consum link and diary hold names hold to enable affordability enable to
- interme not-for-profit - house products ethical tions, low interest rates rates interest low tions,
Agent of change: change: of Agent Build the brand: brand: the Build act as as act make make - exemp reductions, tax
what / ho
cal markets cal affordable prices affordable duce incentives such as as such incentives duce
Use the carrot: the Use - ethi access consumers sustainable products at at products sustainable - intro
enterprises and help help and enterprises access and options to to options and access the trick! trick! the
Offer choices: choices: Offer engage with, social social with, engage facilitate facilitate tion alone does not do do not does alone tion
out: evolve into, and and into, evolve opment - Informa routines. and
Transform and reach reach and Transform - devel brand in criteria consumption patterns patterns consumption
W to buy products on shelves on products blend sustainability sustainability blend recognise habits, local local habits, recognise
Embrace inclusivity: inclusivity: Embrace Know the audience: audience: the Know and encourage green green encourage and
products from markets, markets, from products based messengers based products and labels and products
to weed out unethical unethical out weed to level to harness area- harness to level offering ethical ethical offering
‘supermarket sweeps’ sweeps’ ‘supermarket work at community community at work shops and retailers retailers and shops
Clean-up: Clean-up: Build a local network: network: local a Build carry out out carry provide support to to support provide
Encourage visibility: Encourage trade products products trade offers
and services and where to access fair fair access to where put them next to usual usual to next them put ment
products products materials on how/ on materials ethical products and and products ethical - procure public green
to ethical ethical to develop information information develop provide shelf space for for space shelf provide ple, adopt policies on on policies adopt ple,
Lead and guide: guide: and Lead Invest in visibility: visibility: in Invest Show it: Show Limited access access Limited - exam by lead
ngo business ent m govern hallenge c
ble consumption ble sustaina for opportunities create to action of Courses 1: Table
71
7
services) property to the buyer the to property
facility (products to to (products facility tenance after selling the the selling after tenance
to a common parking parking common a to - main building leasing,
ing various destinations destinations various ing facilitate renting, sharing, sharing, renting, facilitate
- connect service pooling ple, in home ownership, ownership, home in ple,
point. For example, car car example, For point. - exam For offer. service
needs beyond selling selling beyond needs tional product part of the the of part product tional
the extended product product extended the - conven the make and
ice provider supporting supporting provider ice from products to services services to products from
o service: service: o D Move forward: forward: Move - serv a as act evolve evolve Helpline, India Helpline,
the tribunal the value for customer for value National Consumer Consumer National
ernment mechanism, i.e. i.e. mechanism, ernment create added product product added create hotlines such as The The as such hotlines
- gov the supports NGO product life-time and and life-time product national consumer consumer national
Put-up helplines: helplines: Put-up laysia) operated by an an by operated laysia) sales support to extend extend to support sales setup setup
- (Ma Centre Complaint set-up accessible after- accessible set-up liability
tionship management: management: tionship The National Consumer Consumer National The on due diligence and and diligence due on
- rela customer in Invest tate consumer redress. redress. consumer tate develop guidelines guidelines develop
Help complaints: Help Provide guidance: guidance: Provide - facili associations)
producer responsibility producer (through business business (through responsibility (EPR) responsibility
adoption of extended extended of adoption tive after-sales services services after-sales tive extended producer producer extended
responsibility:
push for for push support - innova for initiatives develop policies on on policies develop
Insist on producer producer on Insist Recognition: Recognition: Nurture responsibility: Nurture No after-sales after-sales No award award
metres
impact in use-phase in impact of use such as smart smart as such use of
and services with high high with services and into products on impact impact on products into
to phase-out products products phase-out to ate feedback mechanisms mechanisms feedback ate
Get wired: wired: Get support programme programme support - immedi build
Highlight the bad: bad: the Highlight services refrigerant
products and services services and products local product use support support use product local and HCFC to CFC-free CFC-free to HCFC and
evelop a base: base: a evelop D ly usage or operation of of operation or usage ly build build use phase, such as CFC CFC as such phase, use
- eco-friend on guides op regulators, media, etc. media, regulators, with high impact in the the in impact high with
Help with ‘how’: ‘how’: with Help - devel ers, distributors, retailers, retailers, distributors, ers, phase-out products products phase-out
Change it: it: Change e.g. info materials info e.g. - us manufacturers, clude replace or or replace
sustainable products products sustainable - in can phones mobile products
knowledge centres on on centres knowledge universal chargers for for chargers universal mentally friendly use of of use friendly mentally
ho
Build capacity: capacity: Build develop develop routines. For example, example, For routines. - environ on campaigns
rative consumption rative to tackle habits and and habits tackle to national education education national
W to use
Path the way: way: the Path collective and collabo- and collective cross-sector campaigns campaigns cross-sector launch launch
Involve everyone: Involve steer into sharing, sharing, into steer design design (DTC) marketing (DTC)
Use without owning: owning: without Use tion schemes tion or direct-to-consumer direct-to-consumer or
Me” for 3K Malaysia 3K for Me” - certifica or reductions, false and misleading misleading and false
product use product “Change begins with with begins “Change improvements, emission emission improvements, that target children, or or children, target that
low-impact low-impact behaviour. For example,. example,. For behaviour. ing, targets for product product for targets ing, ple, for advertisements advertisements for ple,
advantage of of advantage to change consumer consumer change to - report voluntary as such - exam For advertising.
concept and and concept for sustainable lifestyles lifestyles sustainable for comply and self-regulate, self-regulate, and comply regulations on product product on regulations
unaware of the the of unaware ise national campaigns campaigns national ise untary agreements to to agreements untary develop guidelines and and guidelines develop
Call for change: change: for Call Get bold: bold: Get Protect consumers: consumers: Protect Consumers are are Consumers - organ - vol adopt
ngo business ent m govern hallenge c
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(Karlikar, 2011) (Karlikar,
floral waste to citizens citizens to waste floral expired drugs expired
fertiliser made out of of out made fertiliser back practices, e.g. for for e.g. practices, back
festival and gives back back gives and festival good nation-wide take take nation-wide good
the Ganesh Chathurti Chathurti Ganesh the encourage and support support and encourage
Pat on the back: back: the on Pat (floral waste) used in in used waste) (floral
(India) collects Nirmalya Nirmalya collects (India) bilities through recycling through bilities rates in Malaysia in rates
Peeth, a NGO in Thane Thane in NGO a Peeth, - possi reduction cost and on housing assessment assessment housing on
Samarth Bharat Vyas Vyas Bharat Samarth resource efficiency gains gains efficiency resource for the 3Rs, e.g. discount discount e.g. 3Rs, the for
Go for more: more: for Go or celebration. E.g. E.g. celebration. or explore explore community initiatives initiatives community
to a specific occasion occasion specific a to return return provide incentives to to incentives provide
Reward the deeds: deeds: the Reward specially created due due created specially Encourage consumers to to consumers Encourage
use of waste that is is that waste of use a consumer product. product. consumer a deposit-refund schemes deposit-refund
Collect and make good good make and Collect the entire lifecycle of of lifecycle entire the re-use obligations or or obligations re-use
Rise to the occasion: occasion: the to Rise Get hooped: hooped: Get manage manage tation on take-back and and take-back on tation
back obligations back liability - implemen of guidelines
Say ‘how’: ‘how’: Say responsibility and take- and responsibility on extended product product extended on develop develop
extended producer producer extended implement regulations regulations implement major product chains product major
Get heard: heard: Get Play it: Play push for for push demand and and demand ducer responsibility for for responsibility ducer
policies and practices and policies systems - pro extended on plans
mechanisms campaign for take-back take-back for campaign back, deposit & returns returns & deposit back, develop national action action national develop
Get them to take: take: to them Get Take it: Take Strike nationwide: nationwide: Strike Few take-back take-back Few adopt take- adopt
how to dis c
initiatives preventing waste preventing
wide take-back, or 3R, 3R, or take-back, wide banning products and and products banning
Follow suit: adopt sector- adopt suit: Follow develop regulations for for regulations develop
Encourage conformity: conformity: Encourage product information product
Plastic Bags Day” Bags Plastic mation on labels and or or and labels on mation agement
or campaign, e.g. “No “No e.g. campaign, or - infor ‘how-to-dispose’ - man waste for ships
o it this way: way: this it o D initiate a 3R activity activity 3R a initiate provide provide - partner public-private
Go into action mode: mode: action into Go Get partners: partners: Get repair’ labels repair’ enter enter ard
waste management waste labels such as ‘easy-to- as such labels structure
Fix it: it: Fix guides on household household on guides adopt voluntary voluntary adopt infra- waste setup
Sort them out: out: them Sort develop develop recycles recycles to reduce, reuse, recycle), recycle), reuse, reduce, to
infrastructure prevention which takes-back and and takes-back which incentives for consumers consumers for incentives
management management for the 3Rs and waste waste and 3Rs the for tion of informal sector sector informal of tion strategies on 3R (provide (provide 3R on strategies
disposal/ disposal/ ness and campaign campaign and ness - institutionalisa support implement national national implement
Educate: Espouse all players: players: all Espouse Close the loop: the Close Lack of waste waste of Lack - aware raise
ngo business ent m govern hallenge c
69
9
Government of West Bengal) West of Government
(Source: Department of Consumers Affairs, Affairs, Consumers of Department (Source:
consumption
messages of sustainable sustainable of messages
Artists use cartoons to carry carry to cartoons use Artists
rea, 2011). rea, into academic courses such as solid waste man- waste solid as such courses academic into
food (Consulate General of the Republic of Ko- of Republic the of General (Consulate food ers International. Recycling could be integrated integrated be could Recycling International. ers
consumption, along with cultural issues around around issues cultural with along consumption, provide support and expertise, such as Consum- as such expertise, and support provide
economic and nutritional factors shaping food food shaping factors nutritional and economic NGOs that have experience and capacity to to capacity and experience have that NGOs
tion of Korean food. They discussed the social, social, the discussed They food. Korean of tion Consumption. Schools can collaborate with with collaborate can Schools Consumption.
sine examining the production and consump- and production the examining sine adopt a syllabus on education for Sustainable Sustainable for education on syllabus a adopt
erig n academic and Learning ol-eond rciinr o Kra cui- Korean of practitioners world-renowned institutions can can institutions
and banquet, included leading scholars and and scholars leading included banquet, and movie Action Replay (Saini, 2010). 2010). (Saini, Replay Action movie
Toronto. The event, an academic conference conference academic an event, The Toronto. shooting of a Holi song in the making of the the of making the in song Holi a of shooting
Consulate General of the Republic of Korea in in Korea of Republic the of General Consulate against using 70-80 tankers of water during during water of tankers 70-80 using against
the University of Toronto and sponsored by the the by sponsored and Toronto of University the Akshay Kumar and director Vipul Shah, decided decided Shah, Vipul director and Kumar Akshay
2011 by the Munk School of Global Affairs at at Affairs Global of School Munk the by 2011 message to the public to conserve water, actor actor water, conserve to public the to message
Its Foods and Foodways was organised in June June in organised was Foodways and Foods Its ours during Holi festival (Saini, 2010). To send a a send To 2010). (Saini, festival Holi during ours
Asian Foodprints 2011: Exploring Korea Through Through Korea Exploring 2011: Foodprints Asian rmtd h ue f c-redy rai col- organic eco-friendly of use the promoted
Other stakeholders can organise joint events. events. joint organise can stakeholders Other festival to save water, and actor Rahul Bose Bose Rahul actor and water, save to festival
gation and disposal (Lakshmikantha, 2010). 2010). (Lakshmikantha, disposal and gation Rai Bachchan, for instance, endorsed a dry Holi Holi dry a endorsed instance, for Bachchan, Rai
Mahanagara Palike is to include garbage segre- garbage include to is Palike Mahanagara cal product use. Bollywood actress Aishwarya Aishwarya actress Bollywood use. product cal
dia, the school syllabus of Bruhat Bangalore Bangalore Bruhat of syllabus school the dia, niomn ad upr ad rmt ethi- promote and support and environment
ists and celebrities and ists and going green (Anonymous, No Year). In In- In Year). No (Anonymous, green going and , too, can do their bit for the the for bit their do can too, ,
Art- recycled items, plus a campaign on recycling recycling on campaign a plus items, recycled radio, television, internet, and newspapers. newspapers. and internet, television, radio,
Media ship and education included media images and and images media included education and ship can reach out to consumers through through consumers to out reach can
ler, No Year). A course in Indonesia on citizen- on Indonesia in course A Year). No ler, product chains. product
and disassembling computers for recycling (Sis- recycling for computers disassembling and environmental and social issues that exist in in exist that issues social and environmental
collecting recycling bins throughout the school school the throughout bins recycling collecting and promote personal benefi ts, as well as the as well as ts, benefi personal promote and
for K12 in Minneapolis (USA) involves students students involves (USA) Minneapolis in K12 for ethical products and services be more visible visible more be services and products ethical
ample, Donna Sisler’s recycling class syllabus syllabus class recycling Sisler’s Donna ample, engage and empower consumers. They can help help can They consumers. empower and engage
learning and academic institutions academic and learning rewarded with marks or good grades. For ex- For grades. good or marks with rewarded to educate, educate, to
ombudsmen, educators, artists, celebrities or or celebrities artists, educators, ombudsmen, recycling bins throughout the school and be be and school the throughout bins recycling
media, media, on recycling could require students to collect collect to students require could recycling on exist for other stakeholders such as the the as such stakeholders other for exist
agement and environmental health. A syllabus syllabus A health. environmental and agement Sustainable consumption opportunities also also opportunities consumption Sustainable
Changing ConsuMer behaviour is a shared Mission shared a is behaviour ConsuMer Changing
Chipping in For sustainable ConsuMption: ConsuMption: sustainable For in Chipping 1: box
promote sustainable consumption (Box 1). They their own interesting and meaningful ways.
te saeodr cn lo e norgd to encouraged be also can stakeholders Other can campaign, educate and raise awareness, in
68
10
chance, and would even be willing to pay more more pay to willing be even would and chance, real incentive for consumers to make an effort to to effort an make to consumers for incentive real
would prefer to buy fair trade products, given the the given products, trade fair buy to prefer would been hard to find, and until recently there was no no was there recently until and find, to hard been
76% of the respondents, India’s urban consumers, consumers, urban India’s respondents, the of 76% But for many consumers, fair trade products have have products trade fair consumers, many for But
In 2009, a survey by MasterCard showed that that showed MasterCard by survey a 2009, In specialty fair trade shops. shops. trade fair specialty
available. have been available in in available been have
fair trade products and making them visible and and visible them making and products trade fair ducts. Some products products Some ducts.
tap this potential by guaranteeing high-quality, high-quality, guaranteeing by potential this tap T u fil tae pro- traded fairly buy
by a tested marketing concept, is beginning to to beginning is concept, marketing tested a by to wanting India in
tween producers, retailers and brands, catalysed catalysed brands, and retailers producers, tween ging middle class class middle ging
- be effort concerted a however, Now, look. and go ee s n emer- an is here ..
hange c or f shopping they’re that
ident ident f on c be an c ers m onsu c here W : india
ase study: study: ase C
India. in artisans and farmers empowers Natural-Agri as products farm eco-friendly and
also trade, fair promoting from apart example, ethical brands Agriculture, in Development
for Change, for Shop The consumption. ethical and Study for Center Cambodian NGO the
about messages conveying while consumers of enterprise social a Net, Nature and Farmers
to products ethical of sources link can NGOs The play. to role a have enterprises Social
! m the t c Conne t use t c produ
al al c lo riendly f o- c e urturing N
www.agro-info.net). (see them buy who
communities and women the empower to also supermarkets. major
serving groups, low-income especially sumers, five Bangkok’s of branches 20 over in cessible
- con local to accessible them makes It Products. - ac are and well displayed are products Their
Pluk-Rak’. ‘Rai brand popular its under products
Nurturing eco-friendly local product use product local eco-friendly Nurturing farm organic sells Company Food Organic Thai
The visibility. good with brands household mon
- com become services and products ethical for
labels and names brand make can Businesses
e to every household household every to e c experien
arket arket m green the bring and Create
es c servi and
ts ts c produ al c ethi to
ess ess cc a prove m i to ow H
‘how’ to buy to ‘how’
hat’ and and hat’ W ‘
67
11
Asia Programme, Muralidharan from HIVOS from Muralidharan Programme, Asia fairer deal. fairer
Manager of Pro Sustain Project of the SWITCH- the of Project Sustain Pro of Manager doing their part to ensure producers are getting a a getting are producers ensure to part their doing
CEO of Shop of Change, Seth, and Project Project and Seth, Change, of Shop of CEO products with the Shop for Change Mark, they are are they Mark, Change for Shop the with products
dle class consumers know that when they choose choose they when that know consumers class dle
- mid Indian means standards the Having itself.
the structure and operations of the organisation organisation the of operations and structure the
producers, these standards must be embedded in in embedded be must standards these producers,
producer organisations that deal directly with with directly deal that organisations producer
environment (see Figure 1). In the case of certified certified of case the In 1). Figure (see environment
ting a fairer deal to care for their families and the the and families their for care to deal fairer a ting
- get are products certified behind producers that
partner brands meet standards which guarantee guarantee which standards meet brands partner
for Change, certified producer organisations and and organisations producer certified Change, for
All along the value chain of products sold by Shop Shop by sold products of chain value the along All
fair be d an there e B
in the future. the in Shop for Change) for Shop
food products and aspires to certify handicrafts handicrafts certify to aspires and products food
(Seth Petchers, CEO of of CEO Petchers, (Seth
Change has already begun work on certifying certifying on work begun already has Change
Mark. Change for hop S the with With an initial focus on cotton textiles, Shop for for Shop textiles, cotton on focus initial an With
raise awareness, particularly among consumers. consumers. among particularly awareness, raise
easy way to do their bit by choosing products products choosing by bit their do to way easy
for retailers and producer organisations; and to to and organisations; producer and retailers for
crowded marketplace, and consumers get an an get consumers and marketplace, crowded productivity; to provide supply chain services services chain supply provide to productivity;
build producer capacity to cut costs and increase increase and costs cut to capacity producer build
deal, brands differentiate their products in a a in products their differentiate brands deal,
organisations and buyers; to create incentives; to to incentives; create to buyers; and organisations
in supply chains, poor producers get a fairer fairer a get producers poor chains, supply in set of objectives: to certify producers, producer producer producers, certify to objectives: of set
trade markets in the US, embarked on a unique unique a on embarked US, the in markets trade
Change Mark to create new value value new create to Mark Change
ers, who brought in-depth experience from fair fair from experience in-depth brought who ers,
hop for for hop S the using y B proposition. - Petch Seth by led team, The Mumbai. in pany
was officially launched as a not-for-profit com- not-for-profit a as launched officially was
hop for Change is a win-win-win win-win-win a is Change for hop S
After two years of set-up work, Shop for Change Change for Shop work, set-up of years two After
way new a creating
sadly act on it, because they see no economic exit exit economic no see they because it, on act sadly
with the constant thought of suicide, and many many and suicide, of thought constant the with
hange C for hop S
daily living. Many Indian farmers like these live live these like farmers Indian Many living. daily
artisans across India who struggle to make a a make to struggle who India across artisans
one involved. one the lives of many poor farmers and handicrafts handicrafts and farmers poor many of lives the
- every for future sustainable more fairer, greener, only useful for consumers, it could literally save save literally could it consumers, for useful only
status quo but in catalysing progress towards a a towards progress catalysing in but quo status became apparent that such an initiative was not not was initiative an such that apparent became
had a pivotal role to play not just in changing the the changing in just not play to role pivotal a had dia’s unique opportunities and challenges. It soon soon It challenges. and opportunities unique dia’s
interested consumers, Shop for Change found it it found Change for Shop consumers, interested - In to relevant Change for Shop make to models
to their poor existence. Linking such producers to to producers such Linking existence. poor their to process carefully built on successful international international successful on built carefully process
dian market, a multi-stakeholder development development multi-stakeholder a market, dian
cashew, and aamla aamla and cashew, - In the to concepts these adapt To responsibility. (Photo: Sourcemap) (Photo:
behind the Shop for Change certified mango, mango, certified Change for Shop the behind tional models of fair trade and corporate social social corporate and trade fair of models tional
A farmer from VAPCOL, the farmer organization organization farmer the VAPCOL, from farmer A - interna on largely based was which idea, nal
- origi the to birth gave project EU-funded An
Change’ set out to speed up. speed to out set Change’
had been a slow process - a process that ‘Shop for for ‘Shop that process a - process slow a been had
demand with easily available fair trade products products trade fair available easily with demand for them. But until now meeting this consumer consumer this meeting now until But them. for
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- compli demonstrating for flexibility of deal great
standards offer producer organisations with a a with organisations producer offer standards sustainable way. way. sustainable
able markets in the past. The Shop for Change Change for Shop The past. the in markets able productivity, and grow in a more environmentally environmentally more a in grow and productivity,
- sustain more alternative, access to able been pacity to meet the standards, cut costs and boost boost and costs cut standards, the meet to pacity
cers and producer organisations that have not not have that organisations producer and cers - ca their build organisations producer and ducers
was to make its standards accessible for produ- for accessible standards its make to was - pro helps that produce certified for paid price the
From the outset, one of Shop for Change’s goals goals Change’s for Shop of one outset, the From Change include a capacity building premium in in premium building capacity a include Change
ing d buil capacity d an ibility x le F ance. Further, buyers who partner with Shop for for Shop with partner who buyers Further, ance.
• footprint taken action CSR
environmental consumers (LOHAS)
• Reduced Sustainability
• cotton) organic and Health of performance awareness Market
• (e.g. comfort Style Life Capturing environmental awareness Benefits
• • more and allergy) brand Improved Environmental
• • no (e.g. benefits in trust Improved building Capacity building
• health Possible portfolio product buyers aaiy capacity- through
• • brand in Trust ethical of visibility with building ship skills Improved
• • • making market Improved relation- Long-term power Bargaining
• • • • • ... decision- Informed value brand Added sales Guaranteed price Fair
Actors in the in Actors Value Chain
Authorities) Public Authorities) Public
(Households, (Households, Retailers) (Traders, (Cooperatives) (Farmers)
Consumers Consumers uyers B organisations roducer P roducers P Value Chain
Stage in
isposal D se U ales S rocessing P roduction P rimary P
producer organisations producer
tion or intermediate buyer intermediate or tion
participatory systems for for systems participatory from a registered farm registered a from
- organisa producer a from
handling, and internal internal and handling, for all produce produce all for
chase of certified produce produce certified of chase
ment, post-harvest post-harvest ment, Production standards standards Production
- pur the for Standards
Standards for procure- for Standards
hop for Change for hop S
Figure 1: The Shop for Change model Change for Shop The 1: Figure
community.
lationship itself between the buyer and the local local the and buyer the between itself lationship profitability
- re the even and complaints, labels, product and and viability their increase to organisations
• must respect standards relating to information information to relating standards respect must producer and producers for building capacity
• retailers, processors, wholesalers or brand owners, owners, brand or wholesalers processors, retailers, fair terms of trade between producers and buyers and producers between trade of terms fair
governance and procurement. And finally, buyers, buyers, finally, And procurement. and governance producers, producer organisations, and buyers and organisations, producer producers,
• registered growers, standards cover areas such as as such areas cover standards growers, registered long-term trade relationships between between relationships trade long-term
• Similarly with producer organisations, and their their and organisations, producer with Similarly public accountability public
• and management (quality of produce) activities. activities. produce) of (quality management and environmentally sustainable practices sustainable environmentally
• ment), environmental (safe use of agrochemicals), agrochemicals), of use (safe environmental ment), fair wages for workers for wages fair
- commit building (capacity economic work), discrimination, harassment and exploitation and harassment discrimination,
• adhere to minimum social requirements (decent (decent requirements social minimum to adhere healthy and safe work environments, free from from free environments, work safe and healthy
for cultivation and post-harvest handling, and and handling, post-harvest and cultivation for cular attention to the most disadvantaged most the to attention cular
• with registered farms should maintain standards standards maintain should farms registered with parti- with people, all for opportunity equal
works at any stage of the value chain. Producers Producers chain. value the of stage any at works business practices including: practices business
ducer organisations, and buyers – anyone who who anyone – buyers and organisations, ducer by a set of core principles for fair production and and production fair for principles core of set a by
- pro producers, for standards in-depth are There The standards and certification system is guided guided is system certification and standards The
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13
(Photo: Chetna Organic) Chetna (Photo:
be supportive. be a fair trade farmer group farmer trade fair a
try of Corporate Affairs seem to to seem Affairs Corporate of try Organic Producer Company, Company, Producer Organic
- Minis the by released Business’ and farmers in AP from Chetna Chetna from AP in farmers and
Economic Responsibilities of of Responsibilities Economic eshpande, his staff, staff, his eshpande, D Ashutosh
on Social, Environmental and and Environmental Social, on and Seth Petchers meet with with meet Petchers Seth and
‘National Voluntary Guidelines Guidelines Voluntary ‘National ongre, Gul Panag, Panag, Gul ongre, D Anita
policy developments like the the like developments policy
ample, could improve policy support. Some recent recent Some support. policy improve could ample, and brands aggressively over the coming year. coming the over aggressively brands and
- ex for textiles, and commerce agriculture, ment, plans to grow its work with food products farmers farmers products food with work its grow to plans
- environ for ministries the efforts, such support farmer-owned brand Vrindavan. Shop for Change Change for Shop Vrindavan. brand farmer-owned
tion and creating transparency in the market. To To market. the in transparency creating and tion mark on food products in collaboration with the the with collaboration in products food on mark
- informa brokering performance, environmental certification its launched now has Change for Shop
by setting standards, calling for better social and and social better for calling standards, setting by terials. After starting its work in cotton textiles, textiles, cotton in work its starting After terials.
agencies provide a voluntary policy instruments instruments policy voluntary a provide agencies - ma promotional in-store on and cotton certified
Many social and environmental certification certification environmental and social Many Shop for Change Mark on garments made with with made garments on Mark Change for Shop
selves as supporters of fair trade by displaying the the displaying by trade fair of supporters as selves
linkages olicy P
- them marketing are businesses Textile ducts.
pro- certified only sell to company Indian first the
ducts. No Nasties, a designer t-shirt company, is is company, t-shirt designer a Nasties, No ducts.
in raising awareness amongst young consumers. consumers. young amongst awareness raising in in all sell ranges of Shop for Change certified pro- certified Change for Shop of ranges sell all in
working sites. More than 75 colleges are involved involved are colleges 75 than More sites. working rt AD Gasot Clr ls ad Celebwear. and Plus, Color Grassroot, AND, pret,
- net and media social theatre, street plays, ities, i. eal rns nt Dnr iees iinter- Timeless, Dongre Anita brands Retail dia.
- activ outreach college through consumers future - In across stores 100 over in and online available
particular, the young are strategically targeted as as targeted strategically are young the particular, Products certified by Shop for Change are already already are Change for Shop by certified Products
es for Fairer Trade to reach out to consumers. In In consumers. to out reach to Trade Fairer for es isibility V
- Resourc International the and India Forum Trade
project, Shop for Change partners with the Fair Fair the with partners Change for Shop project, also set up a suppliers’ network. suppliers’ a up set also
Through the SWITCH-Asia funded Pro-Sustain Pro-Sustain funded SWITCH-Asia the Through of market-quality products, Shop for Change has has Change for Shop products, market-quality of
trade movement to keep messages consistent. consistent. messages keep to movement trade can trade with. To help ensure a consistent supply supply consistent a ensure help To with. trade can
It is important to collaborate with the fair fair the with collaborate to important is It ers, for example, and certified cooperatives they they cooperatives certified and example, for ers,
sumers. sumers. - farm appropriate identify to retailers and brands
- con of range wider a reach to Change for Shop also became a matchmaker of sorts. It now helps helps now It sorts. of matchmaker a became also
cebook and Twitter are also strategically used by by used strategically also are Twitter and cebook In addition to setting standards, Shop for Change Change for Shop standards, setting to addition In
- Fa as such sites networking Social Up. Starting atchmaking M
People Magazine, and ET NOW’s television series series television NOW’s ET and Magazine, People
in Orissa Orissa in including The Times of India, Economic Times, Times, Economic India, of Times The including (Photo: AND Designs) AND (Photo:
Chetna’s adiavasi farmers farmers adiavasi Chetna’s ners, with national print and television coverage coverage television and print national with ners,
with Celebwear.in with by grown cotton certified - part brand its and Change for Shop of coverage
for Change’s collaboration collaboration Change’s for Trade Far Change for Shop The mass media provides has provided extensive extensive provided has provides media mass The
Red FM for the launch of Shop Shop of launch the for FM Red from made outfit wedding A influence to raise the profile of Shop for Change. Change. for Shop of profile the raise to influence
Gupta at Mumbai radio station station radio Mumbai at Gupta 2011: Week, Fashion Lakme at Parvin Dabas, who are using their strong social social strong their using are who Dabas, Parvin
Jackky Bhagnani and Puja Puja and Bhagnani Jackky stopper show ongre’s D Anita and actor and award-winning photographer photographer award-winning and actor and
such as actress and former Miss India Gul Panag, Panag, Gul India Miss former and actress as such
its tactics is working with Bollywood celebrities, celebrities, Bollywood with working is tactics its
class – pushing the concept of fair trade. Amongst Amongst trade. fair of concept the pushing – class
out to consumers – the young and the middle middle the and young the – consumers to out
demand so Shop for Change proactively reaches reaches proactively Change for Shop so demand
Certification alone is not sufficient to create mass mass create to sufficient not is alone Certification
utreach O
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Personal Communication Personal at Anita Dongre Shop in Mumbai, 01 June 2011 June 01 Mumbai, in Shop Dongre Anita at
Personal Communication Communication Personal at No Nasties Shop in Mumbai, 01 June 2011. 2011. June 01 Mumbai, in Shop Nasties No at
Personal Communication Communication Personal with Mr Seth Petchers in Mumbai, 01 June 2011. 2011. June 01 Mumbai, in Petchers Seth Mr with
pro-sustain-fair-trade-india.html pro-sustain-fair-trade-india.html
http://www.switch-asia.eu/switch-projects/project-progress/projects-on-creating-demand-for-better-products/
(2010). SWITCH-Asia Pro Sustain Project Progress Report. Progress Project Sustain Pro
SWITCH-Asia (2011). SWITCH-Asia India Project Field Consultation Notes for Pro Sustain 13-14 June 2011, Mumbai 2011, June 13-14 Sustain Pro for Notes Consultation Field Project India
Shop for Change Fair Trade (2009). (2009). Trade Fair Change for Shop Generic Standards for Agricultural Supply Chains. Version 2009c. Version Chains. Supply Agricultural for Standards Generic
SwitchAsiaNetworkingMeet_Draft2.pdf
asia.eu/fileadmin/content/Colombo_sub_regional_event/consumption_session/CIPresentation_ http://www.switch-
Consumers International (2011). (2011). International Consumers from Accessed Asia. in Challenges Consumption Sustainable
Prosustain_Project_presentation.pdf Prosustain_Project_presentation.pdf
http://www.switch-asia.eu/fileadmin/content/Colombo_sub_regional_event/Project_presentations_day1/
Pro-Sustain (2011). Pro-Sustain from Accessed India. in Consumption Sustainable and Trade Fair Promoting
Pro-Sustain (2010). (2010). Pro-Sustain Taking Fair Trade to Campuses. New Delhi. Delhi. New Campuses. to Trade Fair Taking
REFERENCES
Estimated €1.6 million value of media coverage generated generated coverage media of value million €1.6 Estimated Media •
to Shop for Change partner brands partner Change for Shop to and buyers and
140 tons seed cotton sold by Shop for Change producer organisations organisations producer Change for Shop by sold cotton seed tons 140 Producers Producers •
7 000 farmers registered through Shop for Change producer groups producer Change for Shop through registered farmers 000 7 Farmers •
Estimated €1.1 million in retail sales for Shop for Change certified products certified Change for Shop for sales retail in million €1.1 Estimated •
be purchased along with online channels channels online with along purchased be
Over 100 retail outlets where Shop for Change certified products can can products certified Change for Shop where outlets retail 100 Over •
additional brands planning launched in the coming 6 months 6 coming the in launched planning brands additional
9 partner brands selling Shop for Change certified products, with with products, certified Change for Shop selling brands partner 9 Retailers •
t c pa m i group target
groups target selected on mechanism Change for Shop of Impact 1: Table
tion. While Shop for Change’s market presence is is presence market Change’s for Shop While tion. for Change accredited buyers. buyers. accredited Change for
- certifica Change for Shop following profitability cotton in India has been sold exclusively by Shop Shop by exclusively sold been has India in cotton
ganisations, which have increased their sales and and sales their increased have which ganisations, just being established, to date 140 tons of seed seed of tons 140 date to established, being just
farmers are certified through their producer or- producer their through certified are farmers
are Shop for Change certified Change for Shop are for Change’s 9 partner brands. More than 7 000 000 7 than More brands. partner 9 Change’s for
100 % of T-shirt company No Nasties products products Nasties No company T-shirt of % 100 Shop fop Change certified products from Shop Shop from products certified Change fop Shop
products, with over 100 retail locations selling selling locations retail 100 over with products,
has greatly increased the availability of fair trade trade fair of availability the increased greatly has
retailers and policy-makers (Table 1). The mark mark The 1). (Table policy-makers and retailers
consumers, students, producers, producer groups, groups, producer producers, students, consumers,
for Change concept, including farmers, artisans, artisans, farmers, including concept, Change for
Several target groups will benefit from the Shop Shop the from benefit will groups target Several
? impact the is hat W
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15
ing was a good mitigator of of mitigator good a was ing and experience ethical products ethical experience and products to include other ethical goods ethical other include to products
- farm organic that show to allows farmer members to access access to members farmer allows already reached 20 items, from organic farm organic from items, 20 reached already
of organic food. It also started started also It food. organic of Figure 1: The Cooperative that that Cooperative The 1: Figure expanding their product line, which has has which line, product their expanding •
ronmental and health benefits benefits health and ronmental ethical criteria ethical
- envi the encompass to efforts standards and blending them with their own their with them blending and standards
Net strengthened its marketing marketing its strengthened Net adhering to national and international international and national to adhering
ly products. As a result Green Green result a As products. ly creating a trusted household brand – – brand household trusted a creating •
- friend environmentally as well visits, and organic farmers markets farmers organic and visits,
be keen to support fair trade as as trade fair support to keen be supplying information, consumer-to-farm consumer-to-farm information, supplying
these green consumers would would consumers green these www.greennet.or.th and urban consumers – selling products, products, selling – consumers urban and
1998). It was also clear that that clear also was It 1998). For more information information more For farmers organic between links direct building •
ing was too high (Panyakul, (Panyakul, high too was ing culture Movements (IFOAM). (IFOAM). Movements culture generated
- pay were they price the that - Agri Organic of Federation 1,000 ethical or organic consumers being being consumers organic or ethical 1,000
for at least a year and 58% felt felt 58% and year a least at for as well as the International International the as well as building up its consumer base – with over over with – base consumer its up building •
been buying organic produce produce organic buying been image and creating demand in the market by: market the in demand creating and image Trade Organization (WFTO), (WFTO), Organization Trade
i
consumers in Bangkok had had Bangkok in consumers Green Net is developing an ethically attractive attractive ethically an developing is Net Green of the World Fair Fair World the of
that 70% of the interviewed interviewed the of 70% that example for others to follow. to others for example ative is a member member a is ative
by Green Net survey showed showed survey Net Green by a ‘social business’ with a model it hopes can set an an set can hopes it model a with business’ ‘social a - Cooper Net Green
Nearly 15 years ago, a survey survey a ago, years 15 Nearly campaign has helped to turn the cooperative into into cooperative the turn to helped has campaign
vironmental and climate-friendly goods. goods. climate-friendly and vironmental ethical production. Their ‘Live Fair, Live Organic’ Organic’ Live Fair, ‘Live Their production. ethical
- en into expanding is and too benefits ethical F ing They also made buying organic food a vote for for vote a food organic buying made also They
- sell now is Thailand in cooperative farmer’s farming community, to become green consumers. consumers. green become to community, farming
agriculture and promoting organic food, a a food, organic promoting and agriculture duce, Green Net looked to its own members, the the members, own its to looked Net Green duce,
rom its roots in supporting sustainable sustainable supporting in roots its rom - pro its for market a securing In change. climate
lear lear c value added akes M
arketing m green – al c ethi to c rgani O : thailand
ase study: study: ase C
consumers. urban for as well as areas, rural in bers a is Basket’ Shopping ‘Sustainable SWECHHA’s
- mem farmer for affordable and accessible them sustainably. more shop to them helping and
making by products green of consumption the guides publishing by decision-making their and
promoted and encouraged successfully has ple, consumers help can NGOs informed. better be
- exam for Thailand, Net Green groups. consumer would decisions purchasing their so labels tion
all for products green for market-access improve - nutri food read to taught were children The
to help can communities, trade fair or operatives supermarkets. the from wanted they
for all consumer groups” consumer all for
- co farmer-consumer as such enterprises, social products food any buy to them for dren
and initiatives Community-based worldwide. access for green products products green for access - chil school to money gave Council er
used be can and 2007) (WWF, Index ronmental - Consum Kong’s Hong day, same the On
to improve market- improve to
- Envi Company Paper the and criteria Scorecard children. to marketed food unhealthy
enterprises [...] can help help can [...] enterprises
Paper the on based is one This buying. product ‘clean-up’ to sweep’ ‘supermarket a ing
initiatives and social social and initiatives ethical encouraging NGO an from guide a of ple - hold by countries various in Day Rights
- exam another is Paper Buying to Guide WWF Consumer World marked International “Community-based “Community-based
The Year). No (SWECHHA, Jago’ Grahak ‘Jago Consumers of members 2009, In ucts.
campaign consumer national the of part is and - prod sustainable more for room make to or ity
eco-labels, and goods organic and trade fair ers - accessibil create to way a as products unethical
- cov It consumption. and shopping sustainable using from consumers discourage can NGOs
on tips providing households Indian for guide ts disappear ts c produ al c unethi Make
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(Source: Hermida, 2007) Hermida, (Source:
tea, cotton, etc. cotton, tea, into food processing food into
Vegetables, fruit, rice, rice, fruit, Vegetables, • Exporting organic produce and venturing venturing and produce organic Exporting
products, including products, • Wholesale of organic produce organic of Wholesale s
t
e l organic assorted 20
shops t
u
o COOPERATIVE
and creating an affi liate group of organic organic of group liate affi an creating and
l
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t GREEN NET GREEN
• Linking up with other outlets in Thailand Thailand in outlets other with up Linking
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•
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• Door-to-door delivery of organic products, products, organic of delivery Door-to-door
Figure 2: Green Net’s local market strategy market local Net’s Green 2: Figure
ConsuMers’ kitChens ConsuMers’
green net: working its way into into way its working net: green 1: box Sweden, New Zealand and Canada. Canada. and Zealand New Sweden,
Germany, France, Italy, Austria, the Netherlands, Netherlands, the Austria, Italy, France, Germany,
ucts are now exported to Switzerland, Belgium, Belgium, Switzerland, to exported now are ucts
(Janssen, 2008) and abroad. Over 80% of its prod- its of 80% Over abroad. and 2008) (Janssen, organic certification organic (IFOAM, 2009). (IFOAM,
Loei, Khon Khen and Chachoengsao provinces provinces Chachoengsao and Khen Khon Loei, development of Thai Thai of development to minimise its environmental impact impact environmental its minimise to
cooperatives in Yasothon, Chiang Mai, Uttaradit, Uttaradit, Mai, Chiang Yasothon, in cooperatives contributed to the the to contributed farming, Green Net could eventually help help eventually could Net Green farming,
2 000 tons of organic rice a year to its member member its to year a rice organic of tons 000 2 Figure 3: Green Net Net Green 3: Figure (more than 22%), by promoting organic organic promoting by 22%), than (more
tional certifi cation. Green Net supplies around around supplies Net Green cation. certifi tional tributor of CO2 emissions for Thailand Thailand for emissions CO2 of tributor
a ciei ad ann ntoa ad interna- and national gaining and criteria cal As agriculture is the second highest con- highest second the is agriculture As
t dp sadrs bed te wt ethi- with them blends standards, adopt it Stolze et al, 2000; Haas and Köpke, 1994). 1994). Köpke, and Haas 2000; al, et Stolze
in its 20 products. It has strict quality control; control; quality strict has It products. 20 its in calculations from Europe (Burdick 1994; 1994; (Burdick Europe from calculations
hold brand to strengthen consumer confi dence dence confi consumer strengthen to brand hold tional agriculture, at least according to to according least at agriculture, tional
h coeaie ewr hs rae a house- a created has network cooperative The 48-66% lower, per hectare, than conven- than hectare, per lower, 48-66%
from organic farming are reportedly reportedly are farming organic from
QUALITY ANd QUANTITY ANd QUALITY
mate change. Greenhouse gas emissions emissions gas Greenhouse change. mate
is thought to be helping to mitigate cli- mitigate to helping be to thought is
mented, Green Net supporting organic farming farming organic supporting Net Green mented,
evance of Green Net. Green of evance lhuh h ipc hs e t b fly docu- fully be to yet has impact the Although
ciiis ad nuty as udrie te rel- the underlines also industry, and activities, 2 -eq/yr in annual emission (Smith et al, 2007). 2007). al, et (Smith emission annual in -eq/yr 2
the energy sector, waste utilisation, agricultural agricultural utilisation, waste sector, energy the 2005, with an average increase of about 60 MtCO MtCO 60 about of increase average an with 2005,
Resources and Environment Priority, which covers covers which Priority, Environment and Resources culture had increased by nearly 17% from 1990 to to 1990 from 17% nearly by increased had culture
house Gas Reduction by the Ministry of Natural Natural of Ministry the by Reduction Gas house reported that CH4 and N2O emissions from agri- from emissions N2O and CH4 that reported
iue .Te ainl taei Pa o Green- on Plan Strategic National The 3. Figure 23% of GHG emissions (Figure 4). In 2007, it was was it 2007, In 4). (Figure emissions GHG of 23%
ganic Agriculture Certifi cation Thailand (ACT), see see (ACT), Thailand cation Certifi Agriculture ganic In 2000, agriculture sector contributed around around contributed sector agriculture 2000, In
national organic certifi cation body, now the Or- the now body, cation certifi organic national
CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE land, Green Net is also a founding member of the the of member founding a also is Net Green land,
FARMERS MITIGATING MITIGATING FARMERS Being a pioneer in organic agriculture in Thai- in agriculture organic in pioneer a Being
and production. and
pushing a sustainable approach to consumption consumption to approach sustainable a pushing
Green Net to boost consumer confidence consumer boost to Net Green portant and supportive element for Green Net in in Net Green for element supportive and portant
Ethical compliance and certifications help help certifications and compliance Ethical n hiad n ti hs eoe h ms im- most the become has this and Thailand in
Relations Department’s website) to predominate predominate to website) Department’s Relations
(UNESCAP, 2006; also see the Government Public Public Government the see also 2006; (UNESCAP,
The King has pushed for ‘The Suffi ciency Economy’ Economy’ ciency Suffi ‘The for pushed has King The POLICY LINKAGES POLICY
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http://www.ekh.unep.org/files/SELF%20SUFFICIENCY%20ECONOMY%20IN%20THAILAND.doc http://www.ekh.unep.org/files/SELF%20SUFFICIENCY%20ECONOMY%20IN%20THAILAND.doc
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http://twocircles.net/node/74660. http://twocircles.net/node/74660.
Janssen, P. R. (2008). (2008). R. P. Janssen, Thailand’s Organic Rice Farmers Enjoy Health Benefits. Accessed on 26 July 2011 from from 2011 July 26 on Accessed Benefits. Health Enjoy Farmers Rice Organic Thailand’s
growing_organic/1_arguments_for_oa/environmental_benefits/pdfs/IFOAM-CC-Mitigation-Web.pdf growing_organic/1_arguments_for_oa/environmental_benefits/pdfs/IFOAM-CC-Mitigation-Web.pdf
IFOAM (2009). (2009). IFOAM http://www.ifoam.org/ Group. IFOAM-EU Mitigation. Change Climate of Agriculture Organic of Contribution The
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/mitigatingClimateChange.php http://www.i-sis.org.uk/mitigatingClimateChange.php
ISIS Report. UK: The Institute of Science in Society (ISIS). Accessed on 26 July 2011 from from 2011 July 26 on Accessed (ISIS). Society in Science of Institute The UK: Report. ISIS
Ho, Mae-Wan and Lim, Li Ching (2008). (2008). Ching Li Lim, and Mae-Wan Ho, Mitigating Climate Change through Organic Agriculture and Localised Food Systems. Systems. Food Localised and Agriculture Organic through Change Climate Mitigating
http://asiadhrra.org/wordpress/2007/11/30/green-net-a-trailblazer-in-organic-marketing-in-southeast-asia/ http://asiadhrra.org/wordpress/2007/11/30/green-net-a-trailblazer-in-organic-marketing-in-southeast-asia/
Hermida, J. (2007). (2007). J. Hermida, Green Net: A Trailblazer in Organic Marketing in Southeast Asia. Accessed on 26 July 2011 from from 2011 July 26 on Accessed Asia. Southeast in Marketing Organic in Trailblazer A Net: Green
durch umweltgerechte Landwirtschaft und Erhalt der Wälder. Economica Verlag, Bonn. pp. 92-196. pp. Bonn. Verlag, Economica Wälder. der Erhalt und Landwirtschaft umweltgerechte durch
Klimaschutz Erde Grünen der Schutz (ed.) Bundestages Deutschen des Erdatmosphäre der Schutz Enquète-Kommission
Haas, G., and Köpke, U. (1994). (1994). U. Köpke, and G., Haas, Vergleich der Klimarelevanz ökologischer und koventioneller Landbewirtschaftung. In: In: Landbewirtschaftung. koventioneller und ökologischer Klimarelevanz der Vergleich
http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/marco/marco_gra2010/09_marco_gra_chidthaisong.pdf http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/marco/marco_gra2010/09_marco_gra_chidthaisong.pdf
for Thailand Paddy Fields. Thailand: King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi. Accessed on 25 July 2011 from from 2011 July 25 on Accessed Thonburi. Technology of University Mongkut’s King Thailand: Fields. Paddy Thailand for
Chidthaisong, A., and Towprayoon, S. ( 2010). 2010). ( S. Towprayoon, and A., Chidthaisong, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Mitigation and Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential Potential Sequestration Carbon Soil and Mitigation Emissions, Gas Greenhouse
Burdick, B. (1994). (1994). B. Burdick, Klimaänderung und Landbau – Die Agrarwirtschaft als Täter und Opfer. Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim. Bad Landbau, und Ökologie Opfer. und Täter als Agrarwirtschaft Die – Landbau und Klimaänderung
REFERENCES
5.07 mt / 9.8 % 9.8 / mt 5.07
Manure management Manure
8.26 mt / 15.9 % 15.9 / mt 8.26
fermentation
Enteric Enteric
1.01 mt / 1.9 % 1.9 / mt 1.01
agricultural residues agricultural
Field burning of of burning Field
51.88 mt / 22.6 % 22.6 / mt 51.88
Agriculture
7.6 mt / 14.6 % 14.6 / mt 7.6
Agricultural soils Agricultural
9.32 mt / 4.1 % 4.1 / mt 9.32
Waste 29.94 mt / 57.7 % 57.7 / mt 29.94
Rice cultivation Rice 7.9 mt / 3.4 % 3.4 / mt 7.9
159.39 mt / 69.6 % 69.6 / mt 159.39
Land Use, Land-use Change & Forestry Forestry & Change Land-use Use, Land
Energy 16.39 mt / 7.2 % 7.2 / mt 16.39
Industrial processes Industrial
Units: million tons (mt) of CO2 equivalent/percentage (%) equivalent/percentage CO2 of (mt) tons million Units:
issions in 2000 in issions m e gas greenhouse to ontribution c ated m esti ulture’s c gri A
Adapted from Chidthaisong and Towprayoon, 2010) Towprayoon, and Chidthaisong from Adapted (Source: Figure 4: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture could have a significant impact significant a have could agriculture from emissions gas greenhouse Reducing 4: Figure
60
18
2010). (Barua,
systems home solar the for components duce www.fairtrade-prosustain.in
- pro to businesses encourages also Bangladesh More information: information: More
households. rural many to accessible more them
made have accessories and materials raw panels,
solar on VAT/tax removing Bangladesh, In
3). Box (see country the throughout
accessible more them make to helping retailers,
and distributors producers, CFL involved stance,
- in for (CFL), lamps florescence compact with
bulbs light incandescent replacing on campaign
nationwide a usage: energy reduce to sectors and attracting attention of consumers. of attention attracting and
commercial and housing the supporting by able paign’, which seems to be picking up amongst amongst up picking be to seems which paign’,
- afford and accessible more services and ucts - Cam Trade Fair support ‘I the introduced also
- prod ethical made has Government Thai The cess for sustainable products. The project has has project The products. sustainable for cess
2011). (Henry, - ac greater enable also programme curement
homes their in panels solar using for dents - Pro Corporate the and programme Gifting
- resi to given be can instance, for rebate, 25% relate to and buy. Besides this the Corporate Corporate the this Besides buy. and to relate
A lifestyle. green a adopt or upgrades efficient mon Fair Trade brand, which consumers can can consumers which brand, Trade Fair mon
energy incorporate who residents to RM500 to - com a and products Trade Fair sells and stocks
up of rebates give can council city the Scheme, branded Fair Trade Shops that exclusively exclusively that Shops Trade Fair branded
Assessment Rebate Green Low-carbon Jaya ing initiative. Another initiative is the ‘Umbrella’ ‘Umbrella’ the is initiative Another initiative.
- Petal the Under residents. green-conscious to and stores through the Shop for Change label label Change for Shop the through stores and
assessment in refund) (partial rebates offer to included strategies for entry into retail chains chains retail into entry for strategies included
move the applauded Council City Jaya Petaling port sustainable consumption the project has has project the consumption sustainable port
of jurisdiction the under residents the Malaysia, - sup to consumers bring To products. trade fair
In choices. better make consumers help to ucts consumer demand and to facilitate access to to access facilitate to and demand consumer
- prod green of use the cover to benefits or tions uses government infrastructure to help shift shift help to infrastructure government uses
- reduc tax personal extend can Governments through official programmes and policies, and and policies, and programmes official through
ment to promote fair trade at exhibitions exhibitions at trade fair promote to ment
- Govern the with partners also It campaigns.
trade and business bodies, and web-based web-based and bodies, business and trade (Source: Poonuchaphai, 2010 and Limaye et al., 2009) al., et Limaye and 2010 Poonuchaphai, (Source:
shops. corporate gifting programmes, events with with events programmes, gifting corporate
late-night 7-11 through as such as such channels distribution er households and organises campus events, events, campus organises and households er
• other and retailers distributors, with together working by - consum middle-class upper and colleges 75 at
e.g. price incentive, and and incentive, price e.g. sustainable way) in India. It targets students students targets It India. in way) sustainable
• market a develop to producers CFL private with cooperating a socially, economically, and environmentally environmentally and economically, socially, a
• distributing 800,000 free CFLs, CFLs, free 800,000 distributing products (produced in in (produced products
• advertising in all media, all in advertising a market for fair trade trade fair for market a
And they did it by: by: it did they And Pro-Sustain is creating creating is Pro-Sustain
sions to 700,000 tons/year (equivalent to 240,000 cars/year). cars/year). 240,000 to (equivalent tons/year 700,000 to sions
ustain ustain S ro- P with - emis ofCO2 and WATT/year, Mega 300 to demand electricity
ndia ndia I in ption m onsu c sustainable tion of electricity consumption to 1,500 million units/year, of of units/year, million 1,500 to consumption electricity of tion
sia: Fair trade and and trade Fair sia: A - H C SWIT 2: ox B - reduc a to led This alone. 2007 in made were replacements lion
- mil 3 than More years. 10 than more for ‘5’ of rating efficiency
been promoting compact fluorescence lamps with an energy energy an with lamps fluorescence compact promoting been
The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) has has (EGAT) Thailand of Authority Generating Electricity The 2). (Box place market
the in consumers to accessible and available
hailand hailand T in ption m onsu c services and products ethical making ample
ity ity c tri c ele ing c edu R 3: ox B - ex another is India in project Pro-Sustain The
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19
procurement.html and Lanzhou, to adapt national standards for for standards national adapt to Lanzhou, and
public-procurement/greening-public- centres in the cities of Tianjin, Qinhuangdao Qinhuangdao Tianjin, of cities the in centres
project-progress/projects-on-greening- is working with municipal public procurement procurement public municipal with working is
www.switch-asia.eu/switch-projects/ The Green Public Procurement China project project China Procurement Public Green The
More information: information: More ment can create a market. a create can ment
and using their purchasing power, the Govern- the power, purchasing their using and
computers, paper and vehicles. and paper computers, establishing minimum environmental criteria, criteria, environmental minimum establishing
ter, emissions, and recyclability, are being set for for set being are recyclability, and emissions, ter, 20-30% of products and services consumed. By By consumed. services and products of 20-30%
local use. Criteria for the use of energy and wa- and energy of use the for Criteria use. local In Asia public procurement accounts for about about for accounts procurement public Asia In
switCh-asia: Creating Markets through publiC proCureMent in China in proCureMent publiC through Markets Creating switCh-asia: 5: box
the people (Box 5).
rnig h cnet f re poueet to procurement green of concept the bringing
y dpig re prhsn patcs and practices purchasing green adopting by
in China are helping to develop a green market
of ethical products and services. Municipalities
have a trickle down effect on the market growth
adopting green public procurement. This might
oenet cn lo ed y xml by example by lead also can Governments (Source: Diodes Incorporated) Diodes (Source:
completely lead free product free lead completely
Figure 3: An example of standard label for for label standard of example An 3: Figure
and offered to facilitate the process (Dunais, 2011). (Dunais, process the facilitate to offered and
lition’s proposal towards the establishment of the roundtable, roundtable, the of establishment the towards proposal lition’s tion about the products they purchase including
to the effort. The Head of BLH responded favourably to the Coa- the to favourably responded BLH of Head The effort. the to o onc ues ih vs ary f informa- of array vast a with users connect to
Hidup (BLH) Propinsi Bali), which lent credibility and authority authority and credibility lent which Bali), Propinsi (BLH) Hidup friendly products (Figure 4). ecoScan China aims
the head of the Bali Environmental Agency (Badan Lingkungan Lingkungan (Badan Agency Environmental Bali the of head the nesad h sois eid environment behind stories the understand
from the government. With this in mind, the Coalition met with with met Coalition the mind, in this With government. the from ehooy ht ep cnues o er and learn to consumers helps that technology
bags under control should emanate not from a non-profi t, but but t, non-profi a from not emanate should control under bags ily accessible. For example, ecoScan is a mobile
sian context, it was felt imperative that an effort to bring plastic plastic bring to effort an that imperative felt was it context, sian ky oe n aig rdc ifrain eas- information product making in role key a
impact, they represent a pressure point. Because of the Indone- the of Because point. pressure a represent they impact, in n cmuiain ehooy a play can technology communication and tion
since there is already a growing consumer awareness of their their of awareness consumer growing a already is there since aaiiy Cnue Fcs 20) Informa- 2009). Focus, (Consumer parability
overall environmental impact generated by retailers, however however retailers, by generated impact environmental overall of communication – clarity, credibility and com-
ity. Evidently, plastic bags are the tip of the iceberg in terms of of terms in iceberg the of tip the are bags plastic Evidently, ity. (Figure 3). These can be based on the three ‘C’s
to get the retail sector engaged in a discussion on sustainabil- on discussion a in engaged sector retail the get to evc cnrs o pout ecito labels description product or centres, service
Green program, the Coalition decided to focus on plastic bags bags plastic on focus to decided Coalition the program, Green cessible by having hotlines, websites, customer
tions. Keeping in mind the provincial government’s Clean and and Clean government’s provincial the mind in Keeping tions. uiess a mk pout nomto ac- information product make can Businesses
Make two-way CoMMuniCation easy CoMMuniCation two-way Make pansion and substantial environmental impacts of their opera- their of impacts environmental substantial and pansion
would be the focus of the Coalition’s efforts due to their fast ex- fast their to due efforts Coalition’s the of focus the be would
ed together in 2010. From the onset, it was agreed that retailers retailers that agreed was it onset, the From 2010. in together ed making labels informative.
of communities, individuals and non-profi ts that initially band- initially that ts non-profi and individuals communities, of uiain – sn acsil canl, and channels, accessible using – munications
The Bali Coalition of environmental NGOs is a loose association association loose a is NGOs environmental of Coalition Bali The performance can be improved by effective com-
h transparency and credibility of a product’s The
(bali, indonesia) (bali,
produCt perForManCe produCt responsible retailers roundtable roundtable retailers responsible 4: box
and Credibility oF oF Credibility and
ethical purchases (see Box 4).
transparenCy transparenCy choices and credibility of initiatives encouraging
raig h vsblt o evrnet friendly environment of visibility the creasing
how to iMprove iMprove to how Government support is essential in Asia for in-
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www.greenproduct.mn
More information: More
wards retailers and consumers is planned. planned. is consumers and retailers wards
- to labels and products green of promotion
of green products by manufacturers, general general manufacturers, by products green of
sustainable products, apart from marketing marketing from apart products, sustainable
also on the demand side. In order to promote promote to order In side. demand the on also
only depends on the supply side but largely largely but side supply the on depends only
sales of sustainable Mongolian products not not products Mongolian sustainable of sales (Source: 1MPB) (Source:
Trade, Consumerism and Cooperatives in Malaysia in Cooperatives and Consumerism Trade, lian eco-labelling schemes. Enhancing the the Enhancing schemes. eco-labelling lian
omestic omestic D of Ministry the by initiated platform interactive and - Mongo on seminars capacity-building and
innovative an – portal consumer smart a of example An 5: Figure part in the ‘Green Product Idea Challenge’ Challenge’ Idea Product ‘Green the in part
markets. Manufacturing companies took took companies Manufacturing markets.
tion of the products in the local and national national and local the in products the of tion tips consumer
- posi the strengthen to and efficiency turing • and consumerism on information access
- manufac and quality product the improve to tribunal to go complaints,
project Green Product Development in order order in Development Product Green project • make prices, check – applications SMS use
several partners implement the SWITCH-Asia SWITCH-Asia the implement partners several • Pengguna”) (“Rakan users as register
al Chamber of Commerce and Industry with with Industry and Commerce of Chamber al • chat forum/web a in blog/discuss
- Nation Mongolian The products). textile and • (pricewatch) prices compare
manufactured into consumer goods (e.g. food food (e.g. goods consumer into manufactured to: consumers enables ample,
agriculture, husbandry and forestry and are are and forestry and husbandry agriculture, - ex for 5), (Figure Portal (1MPB) Bijak Pengguna
duced goods. Many goods rely on extensive extensive on rely goods Many goods. duced 1Malaysia The information. exchanging for form
- pro locally of history strong a has Mongolia - plat common a create also can Governments
2010). (CI,
ONGOLIA M IN LABELLING AND claims ethical make to requirements minimum
ENT M DEVELOP T C PRODU GREEN 6: ox B for basis a become could guidelines such time,
same the At self-regulation. or self-declaration
for basis a become could guidelines Such tion. expose to Award Products Bad Annual an has
- administra city or regency the and government International Consumers practices. unethical
provincial the for both used be to were They exposing by public the educate can NGOs
reconstruction. sustainable Aceh’s in use for proved.
2006b) (WWF, Guidelines Policy Reconstruction - im be could production and consumption able
Green the endorsed Indonesia in Darussalam - sustain of standards industry overall and ness
Aceh Nanggroe of Province the for Governor the - aware consumer information, of kind this out
example, For claims’. ethical for requirements seek to consumers encouraging By practices. ity
‘minimum develop and in step also can They - responsibil social corporate and ratings fication
schemes. labelling and certification ronmental - certi green techniques, production sustainable
- envi for legislation developing by confidence
consumer strengthen help can Governments
6). Box (see labelling and development
product green for recommendations friendly
consumer- forward can NGOs addition, In
2007). (CI, water tap cal
- lo as sources same the using admitting despite
Dasani, branded water’ ‘mineral its of marketing
international continued company the where la,
- Coca-Co of washing’ ‘green the discloses award
the example, For trust”. consumer of abuse the (Source: www.ecoscan.info) (Source:
Figure 4: ecoScan system system ecoScan 4: Figure and responsibility corporate of “failings the
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(Source: Sohel et al., 2010) al., et Sohel (Source:
life. and 13% from dung). from 13% and
Shamalia into a viable, more sustainable way of of way sustainable more viable, a into Shamalia residues agricultural from
economic base, to encourage the inhabitants of of inhabitants the encourage to base, economic (36% bamboo and trees
ny with nature and combining it with a sound sound a with it combining and nature with ny from comes requirement
• - harmo in living for approach practical and tive 48 % of the current energy energy current the of % 48
- innova its sharing been has initiative non-profit comes from firewood. from comes
low-impact sustainable living. Nature Alliance, a a Alliance, Nature living. sustainable low-impact consumption fuel biomass
• V tion of their forest thanks to the introduction of of introduction the to thanks forest their of tion annual total of % 63
- degrada rapid less a and income, higher
in bangladesh in desh are now enjoying better health, health, better enjoying now are desh
orest use use orest f - Bangla in village remote a in illagers
t use’ t c produ t c pa m ‘low-i
ers to to ers m onsu c rural ing c ntrodu I together
WORKING AND POULTRY , OOKING C : bangladesh
ase study: study: ase C
environment. on impact the reduce to routines trees. cutting cease to them
and habits products, their improve to linkages motivating and firewood using of habit their
cross-sector adopt also can Businesses html). change villagers helping is which Alliance ture
blogspot.com/2008/09/what-is-jorkoe-ecotrek. - Na of initiative private small a is Bangladesh,
http://huaiheevillage. (see Culture and Life of in Dhaka near Shamalia, of eco-village The
Recovery for Project NGO, environmental Thai bargains. good finding and prices,
the by implemented being and resources tural monitoring by money saving Day’, TV ‘No its on
- cul and natural conserving are projects These television less watching as such behaviour er
visitors. with projects eco-tourism nity-based - consum good encourages campaign The ciently.
- commu sharing for vehicle the is Thailand, Son, - effi more electricity and water as such utilities
Hong Mae in operator tour a EcoTrek, JorKoe use to consumers enable to and behaviour tion
essage m the - consump improve to helps example, for tions,
inating inating m disse or f le c vehi the e m o c e B - Associa Consumers Malaysian of Federation
the from Programme’ ‘3K five-year The paigns.
its? f bene
- cam lifestyle sustainable with consumption
smarter towards consumers guide can NGOs
t use’ and its its and use’ t c produ
machines. washing
t t c pa m ‘low-i understand
with use for green and efficient more tergent
- de their make to company goods’ ‘white a with
ers ers m onsu c an c ow H
work can company detergent a example, For
ow to use’ to ow H ‘
56
22
families three by shared farm poultry The (IDCOL, 2009) and its partners. This programme programme This partners. its and 2009) (IDCOL,
by Infrastructure Development Company Limited Limited Company Development Infrastructure by
and Manure Programme (NDBMP) implemented implemented (NDBMP) Programme Manure and
the country under the National Domestic Biogas Biogas Domestic National the under country the
biogas plants are being set up in different parts of of parts different in up set being are plants biogas
Republic of Bangladesh 2005, 2008). A number of of number A 2008). 2005, Bangladesh of Republic
in the country (The Government of the People’s People’s the of Government (The country the in
force for the development of renewable energy energy renewable of development the for force
the Renewable Energy Policy 2008 are a driving driving a are 2008 Policy Energy Renewable the
fuel. The National Energy Policy (1996/2005) and and (1996/2005) Policy Energy National The fuel.
encouraging the use of biogas as an alternative alternative an as biogas of use the encouraging
In Bangladesh, action at the political level is also also is level political the at action Bangladesh, In
linkages olicy P
Habitat Day. Habitat
ticularly on World Environment Day and World World and Day Environment World on ticularly
during a motivation session with villagers with session motivation a during - par - groups age different for competitions essay
Mr. Mohiuddin Babar of Nature Alliance Alliance Nature of Babar Mohiuddin Mr. community clubs, and holding occasional art and and art occasional holding and clubs, community
tal fairs organised by academic institutions and and institutions academic by organised fairs tal
- environmen at awareness raising also is gramme
- pro The forest. the on dependence their minimise
and use of biogas, and is teaching them how to to how them teaching is and biogas, of use and
training villagers on the eco-friendly production production eco-friendly the on villagers training
niomna Euain Programme Education Environmental 2. is is The
family, and the poultry droppings used as a fuel. a as used droppings poultry the and family,
ing households to reduce the burden for a single single a for burden the reduce to households ing
- neighbour three or two between shared up, set
alternative source of energy. A poultry farm was was farm poultry A energy. of source alternative
to go ahead with a biogas project to give them an an them give to project biogas a with ahead go to
lagers, particularly the womenfolk, they agreed agreed they womenfolk, the particularly lagers,
- vil the with discussions emotional After kg/year.
day where one tree could provide about 140-150 140-150 about provide could tree one where day
ting trees. Each family was using 4-5 kg firewood/ kg 4-5 using was family Each trees. ting
- cut against people the motivate to was Alliance (Photo: Nature Alliance) Nature (Photo:
Cooking with firewood in Bangladesh Bangladesh in firewood with Cooking tity for the community. The first step for Nature Nature for step first The community. the for tity
- iden unique a strengthening while the all beauty,
tation, conserve and improve the local natural natural local the improve and conserve tation,
- sani and waste manage trees, plant to gether
gmn Programme agement - to village the bringing is
- Man Surrounding Natural Participatory 1. The The
cation.
- edu environmental for initiative accompanying
integrated action programme for change, and an an and change, for programme action integrated
in Shamalia village, near Dhaka, and proposed an an proposed and Dhaka, near village, Shamalia in
ture Alliance recognised the potential for change change for potential the recognised Alliance ture
- Na living. low-impact on focus renewed a from It is not just urban consumers who can benefit benefit can who consumers urban just not is It
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23
kitchens as there was no more the soot from from soot the more no was there as kitchens
in a smoky environment. They also had cleaner cleaner had also They environment. smoky a in
joyed by the women as a result of not cooking cooking not of result a as women the by joyed
- en being health better was impact second A
year (Ghimire, 2005). (Ghimire, year
project beneficiary) project
around Taka 5 000 (over US$ 65) per household/ per 65) US$ (over 000 5 Taka around
(Lutfar Chowdhury, Chowdhury, (Lutfar
ing firewood from about 10 trees a year , worth worth , year a trees 10 about from firewood ing
- tak not household each to equivalent is This tions while cooking. while tions
of 9-10 kg of firewood per day by using biogas. biogas. using by day per firewood of kg 9-10 of
- irrita about complain not does wife In Shamalia, three families could save an average average an save could families three Shamalia, In
ow my my ow N homestead.
? impact the is hat W
the lifestyle in the the in lifestyle the
his project is changing is project his T
biogas plant (Alam, 2008). 2008). (Alam, plant biogas
therefore around Taka 12 500 (US$ 170) for every every for 170) (US$ 500 12 Taka around therefore
maintenance. The total investment subsidy is is subsidy investment total The maintenance.
to the agencies responsible for construction and and construction for responsible agencies the to
environmental impact: Cooking with biogas with Cooking impact: environmental subsidy plus a fee of Taka 5,000 (US$ 70) per unit unit per 70) (US$ 5,000 Taka of fee a plus subsidy
Opportunity for new product use with low low with use product new for Opportunity provide Taka 7 500 (US$ 100) as an investment investment an as 100) (US$ 500 7 Taka provide
total plant volume of about 6 m3. NDBMP can can NDBMP m3. 6 about of volume plant total
which can produce almost 3 m3 gas and has a a has and gas m3 3 almost produce can which
25 000-30 000 (US$ 350) is needed for one plant plant one for needed is 350) (US$ 000 000-30 25
NDBMP. In general, a total investment of Taka Taka of investment total a general, In NDBMP.
biogas stoves with the help of subsidies from from subsidies of help the with stoves biogas
People can experience, and have their own, own, their have and experience, can People
biogas plants in the country (Alam, 2008). (Alam, country the in plants biogas
main actor to date for disseminating domestic domestic disseminating for date to actor main
Scientific and Industrial Research) has been the been has Research) Industrial and Scientific
Development (part of the Bangladesh Council of of Council Bangladesh the of (part Development
SNV. However, the Institute for Fuel Research and and Research Fuel for Institute the However, SNV.
was initiated by the Dutch development agency, agency, development Dutch the by initiated was
the local forest office) forest local the
(Abdur Rashid, guard at at guard Rashid, (Abdur
be saved. saved. be
Putting poultry droppings into digester into droppings poultry Putting
his forest will will forest his T forest. the from trees
biogas, no-one will need to cut the the cut to need will no-one biogas,
owever, if all villagers use use villagers all if owever, H source.
his forest has been the only only the been has forest his T wood.
- fire need they – survive to needed
trees from this forest because people people because forest this from trees
then we lost so many many so lost we then
ven ven E trees. cut to not
e always had rules rules had always e W
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24
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2057909/Environmental-Friendly-Biogas-plant-in-Bangladesh http://www.scribd.com/doc/2057909/Environmental-Friendly-Biogas-plant-in-Bangladesh
(Course No: ES 2209). Khulna University, Khulna. Khulna. University, Khulna 2209). ES No: (Course
Tuhin, Md. Mahmud Hasan (2005). (2005). Hasan Mahmud Md. Tuhin, “Environment friendly Biogas Plants”. Course Title: Agriculture and Environment Environment and Agriculture Title: Course Plants”. Biogas friendly “Environment
http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/NE%20(update)-Policy.doc http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/NE%20(update)-Policy.doc
of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources. Accessed on 30 July 2011 from from 2011 July 30 on Accessed Resources. Mineral and Energy Power, of
The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh (2005). (2005). Bangladesh of Republic People’s the of Government The The National Energy Policy (updated in 2005). Dhaka: Ministry Ministry Dhaka: 2005). in (updated Policy Energy National The
http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/65.pdf http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/65.pdf Bangladesh. from Study A Stove: Cooking
010). (2 Akhter Sayma and Rana, Parvez Md. Islam, Shawkat Md. Sohel, Linking Biomass Fuel Consumption and Improve Improve and Consumption Fuel Biomass Linking
http://sapplpp.org/informationhub/files/poultry-workshop-presentations-pdf/05-Presentation-by-Dr-Saleque.pdf http://sapplpp.org/informationhub/files/poultry-workshop-presentations-pdf/05-Presentation-by-Dr-Saleque.pdf
Saleque, Md. A. (No Year). Year). (No A. Md. Saleque, Small scale Poultry Rearing: The Bangladesh Model. Accessed on 2 August 2011 from from 2011 August 2 on Accessed Model. Bangladesh The Rearing: Poultry scale Small
Practice Note. Delhi: South Asia Pro Poor Livestock Policy Programme (SA PPLPP). (SA Programme Policy Livestock Poor Pro Asia South Delhi: Note. Practice
SA PPLPP (2009). (2009). PPLPP SA Code: BDGP04: Lighting up Lives - Biogas from Poultry Litter as a Sustainable Energy Resource. Potential Good Good Potential Resource. Energy Sustainable a as Litter Poultry from Biogas - Lives up Lighting BDGP04: Code:
31: 677-688. 31:
Islam, A. K. M. S., Islam, M. and Rahman, T. (2006). (2006). T. Rahman, and M. Islam, S., M. K. A. Islam, Energy Renewable Bangladesh. in Activities Energy Renewable Effective
http://www.idcol.org/Download/20100105%20Implementation%20Plan%202010_12%20NDBMP%20IDCOL1.pdf http://www.idcol.org/Download/20100105%20Implementation%20Plan%202010_12%20NDBMP%20IDCOL1.pdf
Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), Bangladesh. Accessed on 22 July 2011 from from 2011 July 22 on Accessed Bangladesh. (IDCOL), Limited Company Development Infrastructure
COL (2009). COL D I National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme: Implementation Plan 2010-12 (NDBMP IP 2010-12). 2010-12). IP (NDBMP 2010-12 Plan Implementation Programme: Manure and Biogas Domestic National
http://www.powerbangladesh.com/Renewable_Energy_Policy.pdf http://www.powerbangladesh.com/Renewable_Energy_Policy.pdf
Dhaka: Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources. Accessed on 30 July 2011 from from 2011 July 30 on Accessed Resources. Mineral and Energy Power, of Ministry Dhaka:
008, November 6). November 008, (2 Bangladesh of Republic People’s the of Government (The) (Final). Bangladesh of Policy Energy Renewal
http://www.lged-rein.org/archive_file/newsletter_Final_Survey_Report_Bangladesh.pdf http://www.lged-rein.org/archive_file/newsletter_Final_Survey_Report_Bangladesh.pdf
Ghimire, P. C. (2005). C. P. Ghimire, from 2011 July 30 on Accessed Bangladesh. in Installed Plants Biogas of Study Technical on Report Final
http://www.scribd.com/doc/31663132/Bangladesh-the-Biogas-Way
Bangladesh Biogas Stakeholders Gathering. Bangladesh: IDCOL, SNV and KfW. Accessed on 2 August 2011 from from 2011 August 2 on Accessed KfW. and SNV IDCOL, Bangladesh: Gathering. Stakeholders Biogas Bangladesh
Faisal, Nazmul Haque (2010). (2010). Haque Nazmul Faisal, National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme: Statue, Strategies and Challenges. Challenges. and Strategies Statue, Programme: Manure and Biogas Domestic National
http://www.binbd.com/benjp/iceab10/25.pdf http://www.binbd.com/benjp/iceab10/25.pdf
Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB10). Accessed on 1 August 2011 from from 2011 August 1 on Accessed (ICEAB10). Bangladesh of Aspects Environmental on Conference
of Rural Households in Bangladesh through Appropriate Biogas Technology. Japan: Proceedings of International International of Proceedings Japan: Technology. Biogas Appropriate through Bangladesh in Households Rural of
. M., and Rudra, S. (2010). (2010). S. Rudra, and M., . T A. Hoque, Rafiqul M., B. A. Badruzzaman, M., S. Ashekuzzaman, Demand Energy Supplementing
Al-muyeed, A., and Shadullah, A. M. (2010). M. A. Shadullah, and A., Al-muyeed, Electrification Through Biogas. The Daily Star: Forum (1). Forum Star: Daily The Biogas. Through Electrification
http://www.iim.uni-flensburg.de/sesam/upload/Asiana_Alumni/22.Biogas_Energy_for_Rural_Development-Alam.pdf
Presented at SESAM/ARTES South Asian Regional Workshop, Nepal. 19--23 May 2008. Accessed on 23 July 2011 from from 2011 July 23 on Accessed 2008. May 19--23 Nepal. Workshop, Regional Asian South SESAM/ARTES at Presented
Alam, M. J. (2008). (2008). J. M. Alam, Biogas Energy for Rural Development: Opportunities, Challenges and Lacuna of Implementation. Implementation. of Lacuna and Challenges Opportunities, Development: Rural for Energy Biogas
REFERENCES
ronment Course (ES 2209) (Tuhin, 2005). 2005). (Tuhin, 2209) (ES Course ronment
ping based (Faisal, 2010). (Faisal, based ping
- Envi and Agriculture its under plants gas
- drop poultry being 3000 almost with 2010), al.,
syllabus on environmentally friendly bio- friendly environmentally on syllabus
efits of biogas (SA PPLPP, 2009; Ashekuzzaman et et Ashekuzzaman 2009; PPLPP, (SA biogas of efits
example, has introduced an academic academic an introduced has example,
- ben non-monetary and monetary both enjoyed
The Khulna University (Bangladesh), for for (Bangladesh), University Khulna The
Around 10 000 households in Bangladesh have have Bangladesh in households 000 10 Around
Other stakeholders are getting involved. involved. getting are stakeholders Other
birds in their backyards (Saleque, No Year). No (Saleque, backyards their in birds
75) for 80-90% of rural households keeping 3-10 3-10 keeping households rural of 80-90% for 75)
2006).
an annual income of Taka 2,000-5,000 (US$30- 2,000-5,000 Taka of income annual an
(Al-muyeed & Shadullah, 2010; Islam et al, al, et Islam 2010; Shadullah, & (Al-muyeed
after paying back the loan. This compares with with compares This loan. the back paying after
is a potential demand of up to 4 million million 4 to up of demand potential a is
income of Taka 2 000 (about US$30) per month month per US$30) (about 000 2 Taka of income
plants by 2012 (IDCOL, 2009); though there there though 2009); (IDCOL, 2012 by plants
families in Shamalia now each have an average average an have each now Shamalia in families
construction of over 37 000 quality biogas biogas quality 000 37 over of construction
that by selling eggs and poultry birds, three three birds, poultry and eggs selling by that
The target for NDBMP is to support the the support to is NDBMP for target The
tial for generating income. Nature Alliance shows shows Alliance Nature income. generating for tial
- poten their did so up, go protein of consumption
farms and biogas digesters. biogas and farms
of the poultry farm: not only did the villagers’ villagers’ the did only not farm: poultry the of
to make seed money available for poultry poultry for available money seed make to
The third benefit was through the establishment establishment the through was benefit third The
with banks and other financial institutions institutions financial other and banks with
creasing the use of natural resources even further. even resources natural of use the creasing
During 2011, Nature Alliance is in discussion discussion in is Alliance Nature 2011, During
- in thereby digester biogas the in used were pings
- drop poultry as well as dung Cow wood. burning ? t x ne what
53
25
consumer and guidance, step
step-by- personal or handling
custom as such services, port
- sup customer of fectiveness
- ef the maximise to place in
put be can initiatives other or
agreements Voluntary Year).
No (Chotichanathawewong,
products forest or trees no
use and biodegradable, toxic,
non- free, chlorine friendly,
eco- are which products ware
- table pulp produces Ltd. Co.,
Environment for Packaging
Biodegradable and ronment;
- envi the and end-users serve
to products oil friendly tally
- environmen and quality has (Source: The Road to Change) to Road The (Source:
Traffic congestion in India in congestion Traffic Ltd. Company (Public) leum
- Petro Bangchak Thailand: in
businesses certain for ported
- re been have it of forms some and support www.stevieawards.com). (see
after-sales of lack general a address can (EPR) America in Support Sales After Best for Award
responsibility’ producer ‘extended for Policies Stevie® 2006 the with Corporation Software
es c servi to ts c produ beyond o G Epicor the presented instance, for community,
Awards Business International The support.
ter-sales support ter-sales f a
after-sales innovative with companies ognising
- rec by practices best acknowledge and courage
or or f pportunities O
- en can associations Business centres. complaint
information www.switch.org.my
Interactive and transparent billing billing transparent and Interactive More information: information: More
Nasional Berhad, and National Energy Centre. Energy National and Berhad, Nasional
Water (KeTTHA), Energy Commission, Tenaga Tenaga Commission, Energy (KeTTHA), Water
the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology, and and Technology, Green Energy, of Ministry the
vation. This campaign was also supported by by supported also was campaign This vation.
- conser energy of importance the on awareness
with schools, companies and the media to raise raise to media the and companies schools, with
sociations implemented a national campaign campaign national a implemented sociations
- As Consumers Malaysian of Federation The
alaysia alaysia m in paign m a c awareness energy national the 7: ox B
project The industry. and government by ported
7). (Box usage energy on public the educating - sup effort NGO an of example an is “SWITCH!”,
and charges, billing and use electricity of toring Malaysia, in campaign conservation energy The
- moni interactive through transparency prove NGOs. by initiatives support to assistance cal
- im to services and platform a providing at aims - techni and funds provide can Governments
52
26
(Photo: Premachandra, 2006) Premachandra, (Photo: (Source: www.greenlead.com) (Source:
Making compost from kitchen waste in Sri Lanka Lanka Sri in waste kitchen from compost Making disposal instructions instructions disposal
The symbol carries clear clear carries symbol The
(the ‘Moebius Loop’). Loop’). ‘Moebius (the
symbol ISO 7000-1135 7000-1135 ISO symbol
national recycling recycling national
Figure 6: The inter- The 6: Figure
landfill in problem a become has which styrene,
- poly as such waste, non-degradable the reduce
help to food serve to plates disposable as used
also are leaves Banana food. wrap to Asia out
- through and China, India, in used commonly are
leaves bamboo or banana Green way. Asian the (Photo: Kyspeaks) (Photo:
the Indian culture in Malaysia Malaysia in culture Indian the packaging biodegradable encourage can dors,
Banana leaves as disposable plates embracing embracing plates disposable as leaves Banana - ven street including community Business
recyclers. small-scale
or cottage dealers, waste middle-men, engers,
- scav to incentives providing governments with
institutionalised, be could sector The 2007).
Kumar, and (Visvanathan sector informal the
by taken market collection waste the of share
large the of taken be could advantage More
ast! E ook L
6). (Figure environment the
on impact their reduce and accordingly act can
Consumers disposal. of method standard a for
instructions include can description product A garage from goods second-hand buying wise,
their waste their f o
- Like 2011). Botsman, 2011; Rogers, and (Botsman
ers how or where to dispose to where or how ers m onsu c ell T products used rent or trade barter, swap, share,
to – consumption collaborative of concept the
products. repair and return introduce can or books, or clothes as such goods,
recycle, reuse, reduce, help that policies and ures unwanted their donate or sell to consumers age
- meas preventative using by and systems, ment - encour also can NGOs rattan. or leaves banana
- manage waste informal Asian leveraging by like products natural of use wide makes which
overcome be can challenge this to related Issues culture Asian of uniqueness the into tap to ness
- busi and public the encourage can NGOs
ient ient c i ff insu is m syste
waste. kitchen their with
compost making including waste, own their age
hen the waste disposal disposal waste the hen W
- man to encouraged be can Households sites.
ard’ c dis to ow H ‘
51
27
which was responsible for the legislation. legislation. the for responsible was which
facturers. support of the National Environmental Agency, Agency, Environmental National the of support
materials for marketing to end-user manu- end-user to marketing for materials the beginning and the project benefi ted from the the from ted benefi project the and beginning the
receives, separates and prepares recyclable recyclable prepares and separates receives, Policy-makers were involved in the project from from project the in involved were Policy-makers
facility is a specialized infrastructure that that infrastructure specialized a is facility
POLICY LINKAGES POLICY pronounced as ‘murf’ for materials recovery recovery materials for ‘murf’ as pronounced
i
to clean up completely. MRF MRF completely. up clean to
’palis’, which in Filipino means means Filipino in which ’palis’,
‘ownership’ of the project (DENR et al., 2003). al., et (DENR project the of ‘ownership’ The root word of PaLiSam is is PaLiSam of word root The
the initiative and encouraged residents to take take to residents encouraged and initiative the
was due to community leaders who championed championed who leaders community to due was
management plan and proposed establishing a a establishing proposed and plan management training courses with PaLiSam residents. Success Success residents. PaLiSam with courses training
Development Programme created a solid waste waste solid a created Programme Development process and required series of consultations and and consultations of series required and process
In 2002, households, local businesses and the UN UN the and businesses local households, 2002, In and dispose of waste, properly. It was not an easy easy an not was It properly. waste, of dispose and
partnership (PPP) for solid waste management. management. waste solid for (PPP) partnership 1) and how to segregate, compost, make money money make compost, segregate, to how and 1)
as their fi rst site for developing a public-private public-private a developing for site rst fi their as the hierarchy of waste management (See Figure Figure (See management waste of hierarchy the
responsibility. responsibility. ral Resources decided to take the three districts districts three the take to decided Resources ral Residents have been taught about about taught been have Residents
agement in PaLiSam by making it everyone’s everyone’s it making by PaLiSam in agement so the Department of Environmental and Natu- and Environmental of Department the so
h vnue a rvltoie wse man- waste revolutionised has venture The residents had been alarming the city authorities authorities city the alarming been had residents
A growing number of complaints from PaLiSam PaLiSam from complaints of number growing A women in the area. the in women
sustainable disposal of solid waste. solid of disposal sustainable and fund livelihood training for for training livelihood fund and
ery and to be responsible for the environmentally environmentally the for responsible be to and ery used to sustain MRF operations operations MRF sustain to used
from experience.” from to work with the private sector on service deliv- service on sector private the with work to city government. Proceeds are are Proceeds government. city
beats the strategy of talking talking of strategy the beats Management Act requiring local governments governments local requiring Act Management business association, and the the and association, business
if you’re doing it too. Nothing Nothing too. it doing you’re if government passed the Ecological Solid Waste Waste Solid Ecological the passed government resentative of PaLiSam, a local local a PaLiSam, of resentative
people to manage their waste waste their manage to people of the innermost zones. However, in 2000 the the 2000 in However, zones. innermost the of aae b te epes rep- people’s the by managed
home. “It’s easier to convince convince to easier “It’s home. erratic and poor, especially in the narrow streets streets narrow the in especially poor, and erratic by the three barangays and is is and barangays three the by
how he does segregation at at segregation does he how manage solid waste and garbage collection was was collection garbage and waste solid manage operative. It is wholly owned owned wholly is It operative.
perience.” x e
Barangay Palingon shows us us shows Palingon Barangay the local authority had no real infrastructure to to infrastructure real no had authority local the
oh croain n a co- a and corporation a both the strategy of talking from from talking of strategy the beats Nothing too. it doing you’re if waste
“It’s easier to convince people to manage their their manage to people convince to easier “It’s
segregation at home. home. at segregation
‘Walk the talk’ – a councilor in in councilor a – talk’ the ‘Walk ry day, or 0.6 kg per person (DA, 2005). In the past, past, the In 2005). (DA, person per kg 0.6 or day, ry
principles and operations of of operations and principles
- talk the ‘Walk a councilor in Barangay Palingon shows us how he does does he how us shows Palingon Barangay in councilor a ’
aba, collectively generating 142 tons of waste eve- waste of tons 142 generating collectively aba, PaLiSam MRF combines the the combines MRF PaLiSam
and Sampiruhan ‘barangays’ (villages) of Calam- of (villages) ‘barangays’ Sampiruhan and
WORK? Over 15,600 people live in the Palingon, Lingga Lingga Palingon, the in live people 15,600 Over
HOW dOES IT IT dOES HOW Calamba City (WEPA, No Year). No (WEPA, City Calamba
a serious problem of waste disposal in this part of of part this in disposal waste of problem serious a
thorities joining forces to solve what had become become had what solve to forces joining thorities
thanks to householders, businesses and local au- local and businesses householders, to thanks 2003).
local families, today is no longer a dumping site site dumping a longer no is today families, local in the Philippines (DENR et al., al., et (DENR Philippines the in
country and sustains the livelihoods of so many many so of livelihoods the sustains and country PPP for waste management management waste for PPP
as a result. The lake, which is the largest in the the in largest the is which lake, The result. a as T fi rst ever community-based community-based ever rst fi
ey from it, and are healthier and wealthier wealthier and healthier are and it, from ey Inc.’ was set up and became the the became and up set was Inc.’
ing their waste, managing it, making mon- making it, managing waste, their ing ment it. In 2003, ‘PaLiSam MRF MRF ‘PaLiSam 2003, In it. ment
he people of Laguna Lake are compost- are Lake Laguna of people he separate corporation to imple- to corporation separate
and a Cleaner lake laguna lake Cleaner a and
Means a healthier neighbourhood neighbourhood healthier a Means
philippines: shared responsibility For waste waste For responsibility shared philippines: Case study: study: Case
50
28
http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/cases/philippines.htm
2011: August in Accessed Asia. in Partnership Environment Water City. Calamba
WEPA (No Year). Year). (No WEPA Pubic and Private Sectors Convergence for Solid Waste Co-governance in Urban Poor Communities in in Communities Poor Urban in Co-governance Waste Solid for Convergence Sectors Private and Pubic
http://www.undp.org/pppsd/fi les/Lessons%20Learnt%20new.pdf http://www.undp.org/pppsd/fi Environment.
Urban Service Provision. United Nations Development Programme, Public Private Partnerships for the Urban Urban the for Partnerships Private Public Programme, Development Nations United Provision. Service Urban
UNdP and PPPUE (2004). (2004). PPPUE and UNdP Global Lessons Learned in PPPUE Local Level Initiatives in Support of Pro-Poor Partnerships for Basic for Partnerships Pro-Poor of Support in Initiatives Level Local PPPUE in Learned Lessons Global
http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=7&r=CAL&id=21568&y=2011&mo=03
PIA (2011). (2011). PIA Feature: Calamba ‘BAYWALK’, a Tourist Attraction and a Source Of Livelihood. Philippine Information Agency. Agency. Information Philippine Livelihood. Of Source a and Attraction Tourist a ‘BAYWALK’, Calamba Feature:
United Nations Development Programme, Public Private Partnerships for the Urban Environment. Urban the for Partnerships Private Public Programme, Development Nations United
in Urban Poor Communities Project in Calamba City, Philippines. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Natural and Environment of Department Philippines. City, Calamba in Project Communities Poor Urban in
dENR, UNdP and PPPUE (2003). (2003). PPPUE and UNdP dENR, Project Terminal Report The Public and Private Sectors Convergence for Solid Waste Governance Waste Solid for Convergence Sectors Private and Public The Report Terminal Project
http://ecogovproject.denr.gov.ph/docs/EcoGov%202-TechRep/Policy%20Forum%20on%20ISWM%20Proceedings_FINAL.pdf
Development Alternatives, Inc. Inc. Alternatives, Development
dA (2005). (2005). dA Policy Forum on ISWM: Facilitating Compliance with RA 9003. The Philippine Environmental Governance 2 Project. Project. 2 Governance Environmental Philippine The 9003. RA with Compliance Facilitating ISWM: on Forum Policy
REFERENCES
family affair.’ affair.’ family A moderate estimate showed that this could could this that showed estimate moderate A
constantly remind them. Today, it has become a a become has it Today, them. remind constantly culosis, asthma, and skin disease in every quarter. quarter. every in disease skin and asthma, culosis,
reuse, and recycle. It took weeks of patience to to patience of weeks took It recycle. and reuse, ee, aai, yhi fvr aobai, tuber- amoebiasis, fever, typhoid malaria, fever,
persuade members of my family to segregate, segregate, to family my of members persuade nies improper waste disposal, such as dengue dengue as such disposal, waste improper nies
I was totally convinced. At first, it was hard to to hard was it first, At convinced. totally was I to curb the increase of disease, which accompa- which disease, of increase the curb to
affair.’ family
ded one of your lectures on waste management, management, waste on lectures your of one ded 2005). Interestingly, the project has also helped helped also has project the Interestingly, 2005).
and recycle. It took weeks of patience to constantly remind them. Today, it became a a became it Today, them. remind constantly to patience of weeks took It recycle. and
non-biodegradable wastes.‘The first time I atten- I time first wastes.‘The non-biodegradable could mean a saving of over US$ 130 000 (DA, (DA, 000 130 US$ over of saving a mean could
. At first, it was hard to persuade members of my family to segregate, reuse, reuse, segregate, to family my of members persuade to hard was it first, At . vinced n co
segregated bins (which he made himself) for for himself) made he (which bins segregated roughly US$ 2 200/month. Over fi ve years this this years ve fi Over 200/month. 2 US$ roughly
‘The first time I attended one of your lectures on waste management, I was totally totally was I management, waste on lectures your of one attended I time first ‘The
based in barangay Lingga, proudly shows off his his off shows proudly Lingga, barangay in based
waste a month and saved the city government government city the saved and month a waste biodegradable wastes which he made himself. himself. made he which wastes biodegradable - non for bins segregated his off shows
Mr. Boy Oracion, a member of the NGO Kalikasan Kalikasan NGO the of member a Oracion, Boy Mr. agement service. It has diverted 34.6 tons of solid solid of tons 34.6 diverted has It service. agement Mr. Boy Oracion, a member of the NGO Kalikasan based in barangay Lingga, proudly proudly Lingga, barangay in based Kalikasan NGO the of member a Oracion, Boy Mr.
aagy wt a uitrutd at man- waste uninterrupted an with barangays
The PaLiSam project has been providing the three three the providing been has project PaLiSam The
WHAT IS THE IMPACT? THE IS WHAT
Disposal & PPPUE, 2004). PPPUE, &
potential for replication (UNDP (UNDP replication for potential energy recovery energy
Recycling and and Recycling this substantially increases the the increases substantially this
erning MRFs. Being able to do do to able Being MRFs. erning Reuse
of the environmental law gov- law environmental the of
and refi ning implementation implementation ning refi and Minimisation
bator for further developing developing further for bator
ainl gny ih n incu- an with agency national Prevention
problems, and it provided the the provided it and problems, baywalk (PIA, 2011). (PIA, baywalk
PPP as a way to manage waste waste manage to way a as PPP the bay adjacent to PaLiSam now has a popular popular a has now PaLiSam to adjacent bay the
ments considering setting up a a up setting considering ments restore the Laguna de Bai and the long stretch of of stretch long the and Bai de Laguna the restore
example for other local govern- local other for example days (DA, 2005). Overall, the project has helped to to helped has project the Overall, 2005). (DA, days (Source: UNES-CAP/IGES, 2007) UNES-CAP/IGES, (Source:
Management Management national policy. It became an an became It policy. national 000 in terms of medicines and lost productive productive lost and medicines of terms in 000
Figure 1: Hierarchy of Waste Waste of Hierarchy 1: Figure The project feeds back into into back feeds project The mean an annual direct saving of about US$ 20 20 US$ about of saving direct annual an mean
49
29
potential green demand (Box 8). (Photo: Wikipedia) (Photo:
dabbawalla in Mumbai with tiffin lunch boxes boxes lunch tiffin with Mumbai in dabbawalla ment. Jute bags are now creating another high
potnt fr mr ssanbe replace- sustainable more a for opportunity
banned since 2002, which has triggered another
rdcs I Bnlds, oybg hv been have poly-bags Bangladesh, In products.
lo moe hre fr sn high-impact using for charges impose also
oties a sld at fclte.Te could facilities. They waste solid at containers,
oa o cran tm, uh s ye o plastic or tyres as such items, certain of posal
specifi c substances or products or ban the dis-
oenet cn moe bn n h ue of use the on ban a impose can Governments
Encouraging re-use of plastic bags plastic of re-use Encouraging
‘bayong’ to replace the use of plastic bags (Pena,
pines launched a campaign to revive the use of
In 2008, the city of Pampanga in the Philip-
and delivering home cooked food.
or ‘tiffi ns’ are used more than once for carrying
its effi cient service and operation. Lunch boxes
business model that has gained recognition for
ubi abwla s scesu local successful a is Dabbawalla Mumbai
org). sumers for using plastic bags.
r es ter w bg (www.plasticfreebali. bags own their reuse or this into practice and some have charged con-
they gave out and by encouraging them to bring Indonesia, and Thailand, for instance, have put
reducing the number of single-use plastic bags hs ocp. ay uemres n Malaysia, in supermarkets Many concept. this
their customers about the problem of plastic by aiu onre nAi aebgn to adopt Various countries in Asia have begun
bring your own and use More than onCe than More use and own your bring to plastic shopping bags. They began to educate
in Ubud to start offering affordable alternatives
or ‘Bali Cantik Tanpa Plastic’ prompted retailers www.hbu-inc.webs.com).
itv.Te apin ald‘a N t Plastic’ to No called ‘Say campaign tiative. The able prices in order to support its projects (see
launched a consumer-level waste reduction ini- ble items, and sell them on to the poor at afford-
about the fast build-up of plastic waste in Bali second-hand clothes, bags, toys and other usa-
In 2007, expatriates and local people concerned aaun lio n h hlpie,i to collect the Philippines, is Cabatuan, Iloilo, in
weed out the probleMs the out weed iaa-iuia-sa Ascain n. in Inc. Association Himakas-Binuligay-Uswag
n o te udasn iiitvs f the of initiatives fundraising the of One
ping. less.
le gnrto fr oshl goey shop- grocery household for generation older sales is a great way to buy new clothes and pay
and is commonly used in the Philippines by the ie byn scn-ad od fo garage from goods second-hand buying wise,
ket made from palm, pandan or sea grass leaves, (Botsman and Rogers, 2011; Botsman, 2011). Like-
2008). Bayong is a simple hand-woven fl at bas- share, swap, barter, trade or rent used products
Night market in Chiangmai, Thailand Chiangmai, in market Night
(Image: Earth Every Day) Every Earth (Image:
in the Philippines the in ‘Bayong’ for shopping shopping for ‘Bayong’
48
30
2011). al., et (Akenji (WEEE) equipment
electronic and electrical waste and vehicles life
end-of- include examples Other reused. be easily
can but waste a as harmful only not is mercury
the where thermometers, be could this of ple
- exam An products. certain for obligatory made
be could systems Take-back 2008). Times,
certain products” certain
(India Centres Care Nokia and Dealers ity
obligatory for for obligatory - Prior Nokia at up set bins recycling the of
any at brand, the of regardless handsets, could be made made be could
and chargers as such accessories, and sets
“Take-back systems systems “Take-back
- hand used their of dispose to users phone
mobile encourages Nokia-India landfills. in up
ends otherwise that waste of disposal the age
- man actively to consumers encourage to panies
- com by out carried be can campaigns back Take-
ore waste ore m k c ba aking T
(Photo: Jones, 2010) Jones, (Photo:
E-waste is a mounting problem in Asia Asia in problem mounting a is E-waste
E-waste piling up fast up piling E-waste
practice ethical choices ethical practice
the retail industry enables consumers to to consumers enables industry retail the (Source: Innovision, 2011 and Saha, 2011) Saha, and 2011 Innovision, (Source:
• greater use of jute bags by boutiques and boutiques by bags jute of use greater products. products.
producers producers corporate interest in environmentally friendly friendly environmentally in interest corporate
60 crore brings profits and benefits to to benefits and profits brings crore 60 demand for jute bags is attributed to a growing growing a to attributed is bags jute for demand
Taka to crore 20 Taka from prices in percent and global markets. The strong international international strong The markets. global and
• 300 around of increase estimated an the jute bag is the top selling JDP in the local local the in JDP selling top the is bag jute the
growth in the domestic market: domestic the in growth With more than 60 percent market share, share, market percent 60 than more With
Bangladesh which have immense potential for for potential immense have which Bangladesh domestic market. market. domestic
The ban promotes diversified jute products in in products jute diversified promotes ban The desh have immense potential for growth in the the in growth for potential immense have desh
bags, with China following in 2008 (AFP, 2010). 2010). (AFP, 2008 in following China with bags, - Bangla of (JDP) Products Diversified Jute that
came one of the first countries to ban plastic plastic ban to countries first the of one came vate Ltd on 40 institutional buyers concluded concluded buyers institutional 40 on Ltd vate
- be it 2002, In dustbins. in up ending 10-15% - Pri Consulting Innovision by conducted study A
bags jute bags dumped in the city every day, with only only with day, every city the in dumped bags
ly d frien - eco for growth ponential Ex Bangladesh used to have 9.3 million plastic plastic million 9.3 have to used Bangladesh
angladesh angladesh B in business jute or f and m de boosts c plasti on an B 8: ox B
47
31
waste streams and handling. handling. and streams waste
s mrvn te aaeet ytm fr e- for systems management the improving is
Services and Environment Management (ASEM), (ASEM), Management Environment and Services
ly Recycling (WEEE Recycle), lead by GIZ Advisory Advisory GIZ by lead Recycle), (WEEE Recycling ly
India. - Friend Environment Enhance to Channels Waste
elhi, elhi, D in unit recycling informal operations a SWITCH-Asia project, Establishing E- Establishing project, SWITCH-Asia a operations
Facility during a visit to an an to visit a during Facility To improve the overall situation and formalise formalise and situation overall the improve To
with the SWITCH-Asia Network Network SWITCH-Asia the with ed e-waste openly dumped, are all commonplace. all are dumped, openly e-waste ed
elhi shares his experience experience his shares elhi D in - unsort waste, toxic for used being but standards
the Informal Sector Association Association Sector Informal the ties not meeting occupational health and safety safety and health occupational meeting not ties
Mr. Shashi Bhushan, leader of of leader Bhushan, Shashi Mr. - facili makeshift units, smelting and dismantling
ronment. Emissions from the material, unhealthy unhealthy material, the from Emissions ronment.
- envi the to and themselves both to harmful ten
- in electrical of growth rapid The chain. recycling - of is it e-waste handle workers informal When
from India relating to waste collection and the the and collection waste to relating India from tage industry recyclers (Chaturvedi et al., 2007). al., et (Chaturvedi recyclers industry tage
This is one of many entrepreneurial stories stories entrepreneurial many of one is This - cot and home backyard, of channels informal the
tices, which they will do at their new location. new their at do will they which tices, sions) are generated; 95% of which goes through through goes which of 95% generated; are sions)
- prac friendly environmentally adopt to able ing - televi and phones mobile (computers, e-waste of
- be in hand helping a and status legal both them major disposal challenges. Around 486 000 tons tons 000 486 Around challenges. disposal major
gives This (e-HRWA). Association Welfare Recyclers ally generating more waste and bringing with it it with bringing and waste more generating ally
them to become members of the E-Waste Harit Harit E-Waste the of members become to them - continu is goods electrical obsolete and dustries
an needed to mobilise his network and encourage encourage and network his mobilise to needed an
- Bhush Mr. that push the was This recyclers. waste
and after and et cud ny el -at t rgsee e- registered to e-waste sell only could ments
Informal and formal recycling units – before before – units recycling formal and Informal - depart public that declared Committee Control
One and a half years ago, the Delhi Pollution Pollution Delhi the ago, years half a and One
ed pick-up assistance. pick-up ed
- provid also they and material; his for price going
isfied customers were paying up to five times the the times five to up paying were customers isfied
- sat his business, registered a running not was he
on the components to different buyers. Although Although buyers. different to components the on
ties, and either refurbish it or dismantle it and sell sell and it dismantle or it refurbish either and ties,
- quanti great in auctions at e-waste buy lectors
- col Bhushan’s Mr years. 20 last the over - panies
- com of range wide a and ministries authorities,
up a close relationship with his customers – local local – customers his with relationship close a up
of e-waste collectors based in Delhi and has built built has and Delhi in based collectors e-waste of
Shashi Bhushan. He has a 2000-strong network network 2000-strong a has He Bhushan. Shashi
Recycling has always been a core activity for Mr. Mr. for activity core a been always has Recycling
legislation recycling
by d stimulate
sector informal
for pportunities O
waste c troni c ele f o
ent ent m anage m sound entally m nviron E : india
ase study: study: ase C
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32
ment and Forests and ment operative Societies Act, 1912 Act, Societies operative
by the Ministry of Environ- of Ministry the by Societies under the Co- the under Societies
Leading stakeholder • Handling) Rules 2011 issued 2011 Rules Handling) Registrar of Co-operative of Registrar
E-Waste (Management and (Management E-Waste Registration Act, 1860 Act, Registration
of e-waste) as per the the per as e-waste) of according to the Societies the to according
• Dismantling and Recycling and Dismantling Registrar of Societies Societies of Registrar
(only for those engaged in engaged those for (only Factory Act 1948 Act Factory
• Registration as Recyclers as Registration Companies Act 1956 or the or 1956 Act Companies
authorization authorization establishment (Pvt Ltd.) under the the under Ltd.) (Pvt
• Consent for Operations and Operations for Consent for and operation the Companies Act 1956 / / 1956 Act Companies the
• • Consent for Establishment for Consent both for Consent according to Section 25 of of 25 Section to according
or Pollution Control Committee Control Pollution or or Pollution Control Committee Control Pollution or • Registrar of Companies Companies of Registrar
State Pollution Control Board Board Control Pollution State State Pollution Control Board Board Control Pollution State Service Provider Service
trainings
ness case and and case ness
Making a Busi- a Making •
Steps a recycler a trainings leaders
certificate as as certificate to operate to to establish establish to verification and and verification community community
registration registration certificate certificate certificate certificate process including including process Choosing Choosing •
Acquiring Acquiring Acquiring Acquiring Acquiring Acquiring Formalization Formalization trust Building •
Status of recyclers
Cooperative • registered recycler recycler registered
Society Society • gaining the status of of status the gaining
Private Limited Company Limited Private • Control Board and and Board Control recyclers
registered association registered tion from Pollution Pollution from tion informal e-waste e-waste informal e-waste recyclers e-waste
Gaining new legal status as a a as status legal new Gaining - authoriza Obtaining Operating as as Operating Operating as formal formal as Operating
ur Indian cities Indian ur fo in recycling waste electronic informal of Formalization
ing in India in ing recycl e-waste informal for process Formalisation 1: Figure
der to remain viable. viable. remain to der and refresher courses (on demand) are available. available. are demand) (on courses refresher and
- or in formalise to have will and supplies to access advanced (once the organisation is registered), registered), is organisation the (once advanced
Eventually, informal recyclers will no longer have have longer no will recyclers informal Eventually, toxic waste and recover precious metals. Basic, Basic, metals. precious recover and waste toxic
towards an inclusive, formalised recycling sector. sector. recycling formalised inclusive, an towards look for new opportunities, and how to remove remove to how and opportunities, new for look
consumer action will ultimately lead the way way the lead ultimately will action consumer transition. Courses show participants how to to how participants show Courses transition.
how about where to dispose of their e-waste, e-waste, their of dispose to where about how the process, including building capacity for the the for capacity building including process, the
They hope that with more knowledge and know- and knowledge more with that hope They is taking the lead for initiating and supporting supporting and initiating for lead the taking is
campaign with the Ministry of Consumer Affairs. Affairs. Consumer of Ministry the with campaign each of the four cities a different service provider provider service different a cities four the of each
ment buildings, and is planning to start a public public a start to planning is and buildings, ment Figure 1 shows the formalisation processes. In In processes. formalisation the shows 1 Figure
- govern local in bins collection places schools, in cyclers.
project organises an e-waste calendar campaign campaign calendar e-waste an organises project - re registered to e-waste more send to and (ESM),
For example, in all the four project cities, the the cities, project four the all in example, For promoting environmentally sound management management sound environmentally promoting
and to direct e-waste towards formal channels. channels. formal towards e-waste direct to and ciations, to link up with more formal sectors by by sectors formal more with up link to ciations,
encourage them to use proper collection points points collection proper use to them encourage - asso formal into themselves organise collectors
awareness-raising workshops and campaigns to to campaigns and workshops awareness-raising other project partners is helping informal waste waste informal helping is partners project other
waste management chain. The project organises organises project The chain. management waste Bangalore, Pune and Kolkata, GIZ along with the the with along GIZ Kolkata, and Pune Bangalore,
the project as they sit at the beginning of the e- the of beginning the at sit they as project the mal channels. In these four cities, namely Delhi, Delhi, namely cities, four these In channels. mal
trical goods are an important target group of of group target important an are goods trical - infor through going waste of amount the duce
- elec of Consumers Delhi. and Pune in example - re to cities, different four in leaders, community
that develop City Level e-waste Action Plans, for for Plans, Action e-waste Level City develop that The partners of WEEE Recycle work closely with with closely work Recycle WEEE of partners The
dialogue leading to formation of Core Groups Groups Core of formation to leading dialogue
ers d stakehol ernment officials, including that for a stakeholder stakeholder a for that including officials, ernment
all to alking T
- gov for provided being also is building Capacity
45
33
elhi State Ministry State elhi D the at service) pick-up on
E-waste collection bin (including the information information the (including bin collection E-waste
ance exist. ance
- perform improved for opportunities cycle,
product life cycle. At each stage of the life life the of stage each At cycle. life product
performance throughout all stages of the the of stages all throughout performance
should develop products that have improved improved have that products develop should
ducts from cradle to grave, and therefore, therefore, and grave, to cradle from ducts
i take responsibility for their pro- their for responsibility take
(EPR) means that the producers the that means (EPR)
Extended Producer Responsibility Responsibility Producer Extended
affected, as shown in Table 1. Table in shown as affected, ness-raising campaign using electronic media. In In media. electronic using campaign ness-raising
the project has many target groups that could be be could that groups target many has project the - aware planned its of because particularly project,
ronment friendly manner. Given this overall goal, goal, overall this Given manner. friendly ronment The Ministry of Consumer Affairs supports the the supports Affairs Consumer of Ministry The
- envi an in associations sector informal malized collection and disposal of e-waste. of disposal and collection
- for the by managed is cities four the in generated holders and their roles and responsibilities in safe safe in responsibilities and roles their and holders
The WEEE Recycle goal is that 25% of the e-waste e-waste the of 25% that is goal Recycle WEEE The - stake all address will law The expectations. and
consumers, recyclers etc.), how to enact policy, policy, enact to how etc.), recyclers consumers,
? impact the is hat W
and e-waste (producers, private consumers, bulk bulk consumers, private (producers, e-waste and
the handling of electrical electronic equipment equipment electronic electrical of handling the
requirements for all stakeholders associated with with associated stakeholders all for requirements
producer responsibility (EPR). responsibility producer would enter into force in May 2012. It will cover cover will It 2012. May in force into enter would
policy instruments all aim at fostering extended extended fostering at aim all instruments policy fective implementation of the e-waste rules that that rules e-waste the of implementation fective
to help make consumers use formal recyclers. The The recyclers. formal use consumers make help to - ef for guidelines preparing been also has GIZ
tions, and rely on projects such as WEEE Recycle Recycle WEEE as such projects on rely and tions, from May 2012. 2012. May from
- associa registered newly for e-waste of posal (MoEF) in May 2011 and would become effective effective become would and 2011 May in (MoEF)
- dis safe the for guidelines as such instruments” fied by the Ministry of Environment and Forests Forests and Environment of Ministry the by fied
mechanisms. They provide “information-based “information-based provide They mechanisms. - noti were Rules Handling and Management
trol Committee, implement most legal and policy policy and legal most implement Committee, trol Hazardous Substances (RoHS). The final E-waste E-waste final The (RoHS). Substances Hazardous
- Con Pollution Delhi the as such committees, and Producer Responsibility (EPR) and Restriction of of Restriction and (EPR) Responsibility Producer
The government’s pollution control boards boards control pollution government’s The hensive and based on the principle of Extended Extended of principle the on based and hensive
India. - compre be would that rule e-waste separate a
of Information Technology of the Government of of Government the of Technology Information of During consultation the stakeholders wanted wanted stakeholders the consultation During
products, in collaboration with the Department Department the with collaboration in products, largely on hazardous waste and its management. management. its and waste hazardous on largely
electronic of eco-design the for developed be lines for creating policy, which were focussed focussed were which policy, creating for lines
the future, following the project, a toolkit could could toolkit a project, the following future, the - guide GIZ followed process The policy. on tation
- consul multi-stakeholder a was there 2008, In
sector.
sential for the formalisation of the e-waste recycling recycling e-waste the of formalisation the for sential
- es is it so action, take to consumers motivates
pelling business case for informal recyclers, and and recyclers, informal for case business pelling
- com a creates framework policy strong a Having
makers - policy
involving from
benefits ractical P
44
34
- inves interested other and government let will (Source: Nguyen,2009) (Source:
Reduction of waste generation waste of Reduction • This 9). (Box targets official 3R strategic set has
60% rate: recycle and Reuse • government the Vietnam, In etc). computers, TV,
40% of collection amount collection of 40% disposal: waste Solid • including goods, electronic and plastics as (such
95% waste: solid for rate Collection • waste solid problematic for programmes cling
Target by 2020 (Draft) encapsulates the following national goals: national following the encapsulates (Draft) 2020 by Target - recy and take-back grade to card’ report cling
The Vietnam National Strategy on Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Recycle and Reuse Reduce, on Strategy National Vietnam The - ‘recy a introduce can policy-makers this, of top
On Appliances). Electrical Household Used and
targets R 3 ial c i ff o sets m ietna V ard’: c dis to ow H ‘ 9: ox B Waste of Disposal and Recycling on Regulations
Management of (Draft phones mobile of-life
2009). (Nguyen, industry and eas end- recycle and back take to producers oblige
- ar urban from coming waste solid treating and will that legislation preparing is government
recycling for facilities and systems develop tors Chinese the Directive, WEEE EU the with line In
Personal Communication Communication Personal on policy makers in consultation process with Dr. Lakshmi Raghupathy on 15 June 2011, Delhi 2011, June 15 on Raghupathy Lakshmi Dr. with process consultation in makers policy on
Personal communication communication Personal on policy consultation process with Dr. Lakshmi Raghupathy on 14 June 2011, Delhi 2011, June 14 on Raghupathy Lakshmi Dr. with process consultation policy on
www.switch-asia.eu/switch-projects/project-progress/projects-on-improving-production/e-waste-recycling-weee-recycle.html www.switch-asia.eu/switch-projects/project-progress/projects-on-improving-production/e-waste-recycling-weee-recycle.html
SWITCH-Asia (2010). (2010). SWITCH-Asia Project progress sheet: Establishing e-waste channels to enhance environment friendly recycling recycling friendly environment enhance to channels e-waste Establishing sheet: progress Project
SWITCH-Asia (2011). (2011). SWITCH-Asia WEEE Recycle Project visit notes 14-15 June 2011, Delhi 2011, June 14-15 notes visit Project Recycle WEEE
Chaturvedi, A., Arora, R., Khatter, V., and Kaur, J. (2007). (2007). J. Kaur, and V., Khatter, R., Arora, A., Chaturvedi, E-waste Assessment in India – Specific Focus on Delhi. MAIT-GTZ study MAIT-GTZ Delhi. on Focus Specific – India in Assessment E-waste
REFERENCES
Audits conducted for the two companies in Bangalore by producers as a predecessor a as producers by Bangalore in companies two the for conducted Audits •
Strategies for integration of the formal sector and the informal sector associations sector informal the and sector formal the of integration for Strategies Manufacturers •
Consultations on implementation of EPR and RoHS and EPR of implementation on Consultations Producers/ •
Establishment of e-waste collection centres in four cities four in centres collection e-waste of Establishment •
Establishing contacts with different establishments for outreach and mass awareness mass and outreach for establishments different with contacts Establishing •
Catalogue of e-waste products published for informing stakeholders informing for published products e-waste of Catalogue •
formal e-waste channels and e-waste policy formulation process in India in process formulation policy e-waste and channels e-waste formal
into sector informal mainstreaming on papers conference papers, policy of Publication •
250 000 households receiving professional doorstep collection from informal sector associations associations sector informal from collection doorstep professional receiving households 000 250 Consumers •
Series of awareness workshops for different stakeholders organised stakeholders different for workshops awareness of Series •
Household collection drives initiated in residential areas residential in initiated drives collection Household •
Collection Centres established at various residential areas and technology parks parks technology and areas residential various at established Centres Collection •
infrastructure to improve channelization of e-waste e-waste of channelization improve to infrastructure
15 e-waste collection bins installed at state government offices in Delhi as physical physical as Delhi in offices government state at installed bins collection e-waste 15 •
3 Central Ministries and four State Governments involved in planning and implementation and planning in involved Governments State four and Ministries Central 3 government •
E-Waste (M&H) Rules 2011 entering into force in May 2012 May in force into entering 2011 Rules (M&H) E-Waste Policy-makers and and Policy-makers •
14 training workshops for capacity building and awareness raising conducted raising awareness and building capacity for workshops training 14 •
Waste processed by informal sector aimed to reduce from 95% to 65% to 95% from reduce to aimed sector informal by processed Waste •
7 000 waste pickers organised in Pune for e-waste collection collection e-waste for Pune in organised pickers waste 000 7 •
Two companies, one society received licence from Pollution Control Board Control Pollution from licence received society one companies, Two waste recyclers waste •
6 companies with roots in informal sector registered registered sector informal in roots with companies 6 Producers/Informal Producers/Informal •
t c pa m i group target Table 1: Project impact on target groups target on impact Project 1: Table
43
35
Lanka’. www.fairtradeforum.org
Fair Trade Supply Chain in India, Nepal and Sri Sri and Nepal India, in Chain Supply Trade Fair
Fair Trade and ‘Fair Trade Cotton – Developing Developing – Cotton Trade ‘Fair and Trade Fair
, ‘FairConnect’ to build up wider alliance for for alliance wider up build to ‘FairConnect’ ,
Trade and Sustainable Consumption in India’ India’ in Consumption Sustainable and Trade
present include ‘ProSustain: Promoting Fair Fair Promoting ‘ProSustain: include present
The major projects being taken up by FTF-I at at FTF-I by up taken being projects major The
ing domestic market for Fair Trade in India. India. in Trade Fair for market domestic ing
- develop on emphasis special with services fair
also promotes sustainable consumption and and consumption sustainable promotes also
global network for Fair Trade, in India. FTF-I FTF-I India. in Trade, Fair for network global
WFTO (World Fair Trade Organisation), the the Organisation), Trade Fair (World WFTO
gagement with the Fair Trade. FTF-I represents represents FTF-I Trade. Fair the with gagement
- en greater through businesses their improve
producers including artisans and farmers to to farmers and artisans including producers
more than 100000 grassroots level Fair Trade Trade Fair level grassroots 100000 than more
network for Fair Trade in India that enables enables that India in Trade Fair for network
Promotion of fair trade trade fair of Promotion Fair Trade Forum - India (FTF-I) is the national national the is (FTF-I) India - Forum Trade Fair
Republic of Korea. of Republic www.earthcharterinaction.org
Sustainable Lifestyles in China, Japan and and Japan China, in Lifestyles Sustainable
Education for Sustainable Consumption and and Consumption Sustainable for Education
consumption holders through East Asia Workshops on on Workshops Asia East through holders
education for sustainable sustainable for education - stake relevant to building capacity provide
Workshop series on on series Workshop Members of the Earth Charter Initiative Initiative Charter Earth the of Members
NGO
ore details ore m what and who initiatives the
tives in Asia in tives initia consumption sustainable some – suit to Tailor 2: Table
discard’ . replicated and adopted developed, been have
‘how to to ‘how purple use’ to ‘how green buy’ to and , to , initiatives or programmes ongoing Some life. of
‘what and how to to how and ‘what orange S to refers 2, Table In way a it make help to and consumption tainable
2). (Table programmes consumption sustainable - sus mainstream to contributions notable
other customising and developing for guides making been have Asia in consumption
and references as used be can and successfully, sustainable in shakers and movers ome
ption m onsu c
to sustainable sustainable to
– laying a path path a laying –
sia sia A in tions Ac
42
36
www.consumersinternational.org of SCP in formal curriculum. formal in SCP of
ble Living (PERL) they also work on inclusion inclusion on work also they (PERL) Living ble
- Responsi about Research and Education for
tainable ways of living. With the Partnership Partnership the With living. of ways tainable
- sus more towards change of actors become
empower individuals and social groups to to groups social and individuals empower
ding creating knowledge, values and skills to to skills and values knowledge, creating ding
able consumption and productions inclu- productions and consumption able
sustainable consumption consumption sustainable - sustain to relation in education consumer
Education syllabus for for syllabus Education Consumers International advocates for for advocates International Consumers
www.gpnm.org/e
in Malaysia and the region. the and Malaysia in
green practices and upcoming green events events green upcoming and practices green
products, green technologies, guidelines, guidelines, technologies, green products,
users to search its knowledgebase for eco- for knowledgebase its search to users
is an NGO with portal services that allows allows that services portal with NGO an is
Green Purchasing Green The Green Purchasing Network Malaysia Malaysia Network Purchasing Green The
(www.hivos.com). www.hivos.net
and their ability to respond to the changes changes the to respond to ability their and
the choices available to the small producers producers small the to available choices the
integration of markets, its implications on on implications its markets, of integration
changing nature of markets due to global global to due markets of nature changing
agency in globalised markets” looks at the the at looks markets” globalised in agency
knowledge programme on “small producers producers “small on programme knowledge
for the poor producers poor the for building and green entrepreneurship. The The entrepreneurship. green and building
Access to markets markets to Access Hivos’ main work areas are civil society society civil are areas work main Hivos’
Mumbai (the main business hub of India). of hub business main (the Mumbai www.irft.org
of the corporate head offices are located in in located are offices head corporate the of
tions and corporate procurement as most most as procurement corporate and tions
- communica outreach, college on focused
the SWITCH-Asia Pro-Sustain Project, have have Project, Pro-Sustain SWITCH-Asia the
profit company. Their major initiatives, under under initiatives, major Their company. profit
co-promoted the Shop for Change, a not-for- a Change, for Shop the co-promoted
asked to shop for change. Hence, IRFT/Hivos IRFT/Hivos Hence, change. for shop to asked
to consumers would be easier if they are are they if easier be would consumers to
pointed out that communicating Fair Trade Trade Fair communicating that out pointed
products in the domestic market. The study study The market. domestic the in products
study to strategise for launching Fair Trade Trade Fair launching for strategise to study
Bangalore, carried out the initial consumer consumer initial the out carried Bangalore,
initiative in Mumbai, with the support from Hivos Hivos from support the with Mumbai, in
The domestic Fair Trade Trade Fair domestic The IRFT (International Resources for Fairer Trade) Trade) Fairer for Resources (International IRFT
ore details ore m what and who initiatives the
41
37
www.pbe.org.ph www.pbe.org.ph Eco-Products Fairs. Fairs. Eco-Products
Green Business with Green Procurement and and Procurement Green with Business Green
Program, Recyclables Collection Schemes, Schemes, Collection Recyclables Program,
initiatives are the Industry Waste Exchange Exchange Waste Industry the are initiatives
ate solutions to urban problems. Among its its Among problems. urban to solutions ate
business and with other stakeholders to cre- to stakeholders other with and business
best practices; and builds synergy among among synergy builds and practices; best
action ment (PBE) helps spread knowledge and and knowledge spread helps (PBE) ment
Corporate into green green into Corporate The Philippine Business for the Environ- the for Business Philippine The
www.gshakti.org www.gshakti.org
the remote rural areas of Bangladesh. of areas rural remote the
popularise renewable energy technologies in in technologies energy renewable popularise
for-profi t company to promote, develop, and and develop, promote, to company t for-profi
home family, was incorporated in 1996 as a not- a as 1996 in incorporated was family,
Bringing green energy energy green Bringing Grameen Shakti, a member of the Grameen Grameen the of member a Shakti, Grameen
business
with additional revenue streams. revenue additional with brand.webui?id=128
directly from trash pickers, providing them them providing pickers, trash from directly http://hoopfund.com/
Project purchases some of its raw materials materials raw its of some purchases Project
in trash picker communities. In addition, XS- addition, In communities. picker trash in
PROJECT
educational opportunities for the children children the for opportunities educational
lives changed lives
Proceeds from the sales are used to provide provide to used are sales the from Proceeds
trash transformed trash
non-recyclable waste into unique products. products. unique into waste non-recyclable
pickers and their families by transforming transforming by families their and pickers
in Jakarta, Indonesia that supports trash trash supports that Indonesia Jakarta, in
Closing the loop the Closing XSProject is a non-profi t organization based based organization t non-profi a is XSProject
www.caiindia.org/download.aspx www.caiindia.org/download.aspx makes fi ling complaints easier (and paperless). (and easier complaints ling fi makes
time”. This helps to reduce travel miles and and miles travel reduce to helps This time”.
phone across India, “from any place, any any place, any “from India, across phone
grievances against companies via mobile mobile via companies against grievances
consumer complaints complaints consumer service whereby consumers can fi le their their le fi can consumers whereby service
Green-handling of of Green-handling The Consumers Association of India has a a has India of Association Consumers The
http://b2w-indonesia.or.id nesian cities and becomes more and more. and more becomes and cities nesian
more than 45,000 members in several Indo- several in members 45,000 than more
in 2004 by a small pool of workers, now has has now workers, of pool small a by 2004 in
transportation group in Indonesia. Founded Founded Indonesia. in group transportation
garded as the most high-profi le alternative alternative le high-profi most the as garded
Alternative transport Alternative B2W is a community-based initiative re- initiative community-based a is B2W
More details More what and who initiatives the
40
38
www.aprscp.net
SWITCH-Asia, and the scientific community. scientific the and SWITCH-Asia,
partners including UNIDO, UNEP, UN ESCAP, ESCAP, UN UNEP, UNIDO, including partners
production in the region with implementing implementing with region the in production
of sustainable consumption and cleaner cleaner and consumption sustainable of
stakeholder facility for the promotion promotion the for facility stakeholder
sustainability Consumption and Production is a multi- a is Production and Consumption
Regional forum on on forum Regional The Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable for Roundtable Pacific Asia The
greeningsrilankahotels.org Tourism Partnership Sri Lanka. Sri Partnership Tourism
www. tal Professionals Sri Lanka and Responsible Responsible and Lanka Sri Professionals tal
- Environmen of Institute Lanka, Sri Authority
Travel Foundation UK, Sustainable Energy Energy Sustainable UK, Foundation Travel
The other partners to the project are the the are project the to partners other The
of the Tourist Hotels Association of Sri Lanka. Lanka. Sri of Association Hotels Tourist the of
the European Commission, with the support support the with Commission, European the
of the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce and and Commerce of Chamber Ceylon the of
tive is implemented through the partnership partnership the through implemented is tive
- initia The practices. consuption sustainable
generation by 20% respectively by enhancing enhancing by respectively 20% by generation
and water consumption, as well as waste waste as well as consumption, water and
hotels with the objective of reducing energy energy reducing of objective the with hotels
multi-stakeholder initiative, involving 350 350 involving initiative, multi-stakeholder
Green hospitality hospitality Green The Greening Sri Lanka Hotels Project is a a is Project Hotels Lanka Sri Greening The
catalyzecommunications.com catalyzecommunications.com
www.
nesses in Indonesia and the Asia-Pacific region. Asia-Pacific the and Indonesia in nesses
busi- green-oriented and non-profits mental
nication and marketing services to environ- to services marketing and nication
services - commu provides that agency consulting a is
Green communication communication Green Catalyze Communications in Bali, Indonesia, Indonesia, Bali, in Communications Catalyze
www.pbsp.org.ph www.pbsp.org.ph
environmental sustainability. environmental
tor’s contribution in poverty reduction and and reduction poverty in contribution tor’s
- sec business the of impact the enhance to
and environment and businesses and works with the communities communities the with works and businesses
with communities communities with is a corporate-led foundation that unites unites that foundation corporate-led a is
Bringing businesses businesses Bringing The Philippine Business for Social Progress Progress Social for Business Philippine The
ore details ore m what and who initiatives the
39
39
www.idcol.org
ment Bank and Islamic Development Bank. Development Islamic and Bank ment
- Develop Asian GIZ, KFW, Facility, Environment
financial support from the World Bank, Global Global Bank, World the from support financial
and domestic biogas in Bangladesh with the the with Bangladesh in biogas domestic and
technologies especially solar home system system home solar especially technologies
support for promotion of renewal energy energy renewal of promotion for support
(IDCOL) provided technical and financial financial and technical provided (IDCOL)
Bringing green energy green Bringing Infrastructure Development Company Limited Company Development Infrastructure
ental organisation ental m nter-govern I
www.consumeradvice.in
advice’ for resolution or redress. or resolution for advice’
purchase advice and also offers ‘next-step ‘next-step offers also and advice purchase
provides pre-purchase information, post- information, pre-purchase provides
tions in different states in India. The network network The India. in states different in tions
- organisa consumer voluntary and lines, help
consumer advice centres, state consumer consumer state centres, advice consumer
Consumer empowerment empowerment Consumer The Consumer Advisory Network links links Network Advisory Consumer The
www.saveenergy.gov.my
5-star electrical appliances. electrical 5-star
to RM200 to qualified consumers purchasing purchasing consumers qualified to RM200 to
ficient appliances by providing rebates of up up of rebates providing by appliances ficient
- ef energy of sales encourage time same the
(SAVE) to improve energy efficiency and at at and efficiency energy improve to (SAVE)
Sustainability Achieved via Energy Efficiency Efficiency Energy via Achieved Sustainability
and Water in Malaysia introduced the the introduced Malaysia in Water and
SAVE Programme Programme SAVE The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology Green Energy, of Ministry The
/e/default.asp /e/default.asp
www.consumer.gov.mo
International. International.
and activities, as advocated by Consumers Consumers by advocated as activities, and
estate property, as part of a series of events events of series a of part as property, estate
and a talk show on tips for buying real real buying for tips on show talk a and
exhibition photo exhibition on ’smart consumption’ consumption’ ’smart on exhibition photo
Smart consumption consumption Smart The Macau Consumer Council organised a a organised Council Consumer Macau The
ent m govern
ore details ore m what and who initiatives the
38
40
productsafety.org
www.consumerptrotection- and easy access consumer information. consumer access easy and
consumer behaviour, by providing innovative innovative providing by behaviour, consumer
conscious consumption and sustainable sustainable and consumption conscious
organisations and enterprises to promote promote to enterprises and organisations
Chinese government agencies, consumer consumer agencies, government Chinese
and Development (BMZ), works closely with with closely works (BMZ), Development and
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation Cooperation Economic for Ministry Federal
Programme GmbH in China, commissioned by the the by commissioned China, in GmbH
and Product Safety Safety Product and für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) (GIZ) Zusammenarbeit Internationale für
Consumer Protection Protection Consumer A programme of the Deutsche Gesellschaft Gesellschaft Deutsche the of programme A
www.asemindia.com
sustainable consumer behaviour. consumer sustainable
in urban and industrial areas and promotes promotes and areas industrial and urban in
of the environment and natural resources resources natural and environment the of
ment and Forests, ASEM enhances protection protection enhances ASEM Forests, and ment
Management (ASEM) Management - Environ of Ministry Indian the and GmbH
Environmental Environmental schaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Zusammenarbeit Internationale für schaft
Advisory Services in in Services Advisory A joint programme of the Deutsche Gesell- Deutsche the of programme joint A
publications/psec/index.htm publications/psec/index.htm
www.unescap.org/esd/energy/
the energy cost burden to consumers. to burden cost energy the
gating environmental impacts, and easing easing and impacts, environmental gating
- miti demands, peak easing use, energy cing
countries since 1994, with the aim of redu- of aim the with 1994, since countries
fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in more than 20 20 than more in (CFLs) lamps fluorescent
programme promoting the use of compact compact of use the promoting programme
guidelines large-scale residential energy efficiency efficiency energy residential large-scale
Sustainable consumption consumption Sustainable The World Bank Group has carried out a a out carried has Group Bank World The
www.esmap.org/esmap
burden to consumers. to burden
mental impacts, and easing the energy cost cost energy the easing and impacts, mental
- environ mitigating demands, peak easing
1994, with the aim of reducing energy use, use, energy reducing of aim the with 1994,
lamps (CFLs) in more than 20 countries since since countries 20 than more in (CFLs) lamps
promoting the use of compact fluorescent fluorescent compact of use the promoting
Assistance Program Program Assistance scale residential energy efficiency programme programme efficiency energy residential scale
Energy Sector Management Management Sector Energy The World Bank Group has carried out a large- a out carried has Group Bank World The
ore details ore m what and who initiatives the
37
41
- trans Low-carbon freight. and passengers both
modes (truck, car, motorcycle, bus, train, etc.) for for etc.) train, bus, motorcycle, car, (truck, modes
transport development plan should cover all all cover should plan development transport
affordable to all consumers. A comprehensive comprehensive A consumers. all to affordable
should be made accessible and and accessible made be should
fuel economy programmes programmes economy fuel
Inclusive and comprehensive comprehensive and Inclusive
ransport T
practices.
tion and replication of sustainable consumption consumption sustainable of replication and tion product information, and convenience, etc. convenience, and information, product
- multiplica support further to housing and cial other factors such as affordability, quality, quality, affordability, as such factors other
- commer both for construction new for datory origin, consumers also base their decisions on on decisions their base also consumers origin,
- man made be can Labels Index Building goals. or conventionally farmed, and the source of of source the and farmed, conventionally or
among other sustainability and environmental environmental and sustainability other among information such as whether food is organic organic is food whether as such information
ergy in both residential and commercial sectors, sectors, commercial and residential both in ergy be made available. Apart from environmental environmental from Apart available. made be
- en of use efficient the improve help can policies prints and other ethical information should should information ethical other and prints
Eco-cities and green building programmes or or programmes building green and Eco-cities - foot water footprints, Carbon purchase. of
knowledge and choices, should be integrated. integrated. be should choices, and knowledge iour and the decisions they make at the point point the at make they decisions the and iour
sumption education programmes to enhance enhance to programmes education sumption - behav consumer affect could that information
- con sustainable and energy, save to is purpose specific environmental impact impact environmental specific
As such, energy efficiency programmes whose whose programmes efficiency energy such, As food products should provide provide should products food
the most important domestic use of electricity. electricity. of use domestic important most the Mandatory eco-labelling for for eco-labelling Mandatory
tion. In most developing countries, lighting is is lighting countries, developing most In tion. sector d oo F
- consump energy and water
environmental impact is from from is impact environmental duce congestion. duce
In the housing sector, the main main the sector, housing the In - re to effort an in transport private of use the
ousing H could be coupled with others that discourage discourage that others with coupled be could
develop efficient public transport systems, and and systems, transport public efficient develop
and food sectors (www.greengrowth.org). (www.greengrowth.org). sectors food and and affordable. Policies should encourage and and encourage should Policies affordable. and
low-carbon development in housing, transport transport housing, in development low-carbon product subsidies, should make them accessible accessible them make should subsidies, product
cy responses for fostering a green economy and and economy green a fostering for responses cy or ‘green cars’. Incentives, such as financing and and financing as such Incentives, cars’. ‘green or
- poli understand stakeholders all help to ladesh tory policy for the use of fuel-efficient models models fuel-efficient of use the for policy tory
- Bang and Malaysia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, land, - manda a trigger should cars private of use the
- Thai including countries various in out carried fectively integrated. An increase in demand for for demand in increase An integrated. fectively
Tools for Low Carbon Development have been been have Development Carbon Low for Tools - ef be should travelling, motor-less and port
UNESCAP workshops on Green Growth Policy Policy Growth Green on workshops UNESCAP - trans public efficient including options, port
(Photo: CETDEM) (Photo:
ption m onsu c f o areas and m de three the in ies c poli y c ien c i ff e prehensive m Co 10: ox B
10). (Box sector food and transport housing,
in consumption sustainable for tools and policies various adopt and integrate can Asia in Countries
36
42
• Engage consumers Engage
credibility and comparability and credibility
• • Practice the 3 Cs of communication - clarity, clarity, - communication of Cs 3 the Practice FTC (No Year) (No FTC
• • Put in place consumer friendly labelling systems labelling friendly consumer place in Put Dibb (No Year) Year) (No Dibb
transparent?
• ethical products and services and products ethical Futerra (2010) Futerra
• • on information of accessibility Address CI (2010) CI
• • Address credibility of ethical trade ethical of credibility Address WBCSD (2008) WBCSD Are you Are
• Barbaro-Forleo (2011) Barbaro-Forleo Enhance purchasing of ethical and green products green and ethical of purchasing Enhance
• Laroche, Bergeron & & Bergeron Laroche, network
• • Phillips & Rowley (2011) (2011) Rowley & Phillips Enhance ethical supply chain within local local within chain supply ethical Enhance
visible?
• • Climate Cool et al (2009) al et Cool Climate Identify targeted consumers targeted Identify
• Jackson (2008) Jackson availability, accessibility and affordability and accessibility availability,
• • UNEP (2005) UNEP Address ethical product/services product/services ethical Address Are you Are
guide into look to what uestions q ey K 8
Table 3: Eight Questions to Green Actions Actions Green to Questions Eight 3: Table – driving consumers towards sustainable consumption sustainable towards consumers driving –
culture, tradition and religion in Asia in religion and tradition culture, eight ask we Below organisation. any in occur
Nurturing sustainable consumption around around consumption sustainable Nurturing to changes these for important are values Eight
consumption. sustainable catalyse can ment
- environ the on having are we impact the about
concern where sector non-profit the and ing
- retail manufacturing, policy-making, of worlds
the in change concurrent without behaviour
their change to consumers for difficult is It
nature. with linked turally
- cul and closely are consumers where Asia in life
of way traditional a from far not is This 2009).
(WEF, model loop closed a in of disposed or cled
S
decisions. sound tally - recy and used, purchased, created, are services
- environmen make to able be consumers help and products consumer all where waste
to want who society civil and business ernment, zero with economy low-carbon a ate
- gov in leaders guide help to questions related - cre to help will consumption ustainable
Traffic around Phnom Penh, Cambodia Penh, Phnom around Traffic
sia A or f ption m onsu c
sustainable sustainable
: : UP WRAPPING
35
43
• CI (2010) CI
Ombudsman (2009) Ombudsman
• The Consumer Consumer The
(UNCTAD, 2001) (UNCTAD,
protecting?
• Address issues of ethical trade trade ethical of issues Address Protection Consumer
protection laws and regulations regulations and laws protection Guidelines for for Guidelines
• • environmental and consumer relevant Address Nations United The Are you Are
• • Provide interactive platform for communication for platform interactive Provide Consumer Focus (2009) Focus Consumer
• usage or operation of products and services and products of operation or usage Hicks & Hovenden (2010) Hovenden & Hicks
• eco-friendly on guides and sheets, information Finkbeiner (2008) (2008) Finkbeiner
• • Support knowledge building with materials, materials, with building knowledge Support Mega Carpool Mega
• products and services services and products 1MPB Portal 1MPB
• • low-impact of understanding consumer Address Knights (2000) Knights
building?
sustainable consumption sustainable & Coles (2010) Coles &
• ethical and green products/services and and products/services green and ethical Petruschke, Kotakorpi Kotakorpi Petruschke,
• • on education and awareness consumer Address Li (1997) Li Are you Are
• WEF (2011) WEF
• Wolff & Schönherr (2011) Schönherr & Wolff
• GTZ et al (2006) al et GTZ
• Pairoj-Bariboon (No Year) (No Pairoj-Bariboon
work Malaysia work
• • Enable innovation in public policy policy public in innovation Enable Net- Purchasing Green
• Leverage on Life Cycle Management Management Cycle Life on Leverage Management Organization Organization Management
• consumption consumption Gas Greenhouse Thailand
leading?
• Demonstrate the benefits of sustainable sustainable of benefits the Demonstrate Administrations in China in Administrations
• Keep ahead and innovative innovative and ahead Keep Procurement in Urban Urban in Procurement
• • Lead by example example by Lead Greening Public Public Greening Are you Are
cultures and communities and cultures
• • Dibb (No Year) (No Dibb Asian of boundaries ecological local Recognise
• EIU (2011) (2011) EIU lifestyles easy easy lifestyles
• • Groezinger & Tunçer (2010) (2010) Tunçer & Groezinger Provide alternatives and make sustainable sustainable make and alternatives Provide
• Schrempf & Palazzo (2010) (2010) Palazzo & Schrempf patterns through collective action action collective through patterns
• Coles (2010) Coles Understand local consumption habits and and habits consumption local Understand
• & Kotakorpi Petruschke, norms in Asia Asia in norms
nurturing?
• Shekdar (2006) Shekdar cultural and social based sustainability Embrace
• &. Tanaka Yoshizawa, consumption consumption
• • GTZ (1995) GTZ sustainable for support and incentives Provide Are you Are
guide into look to what uestions q ey K 8
34
44
2011). Schönherr, and (Wolff
impact policy on process evaluation an on guidance step-by-step Follow
et to know: know: to et G 2011). (WEF, dilemma and scenario consumption the Understand
step 1 step
life. of way their as consumption sustainable making for
infrastructure available and options available of informed and educated are
uainted: uainted: cq a et G consumers the particularly stakeholders, relevant All
step 2 step
2008). Finkbeiner, 2011; al., et Southerton 2011; Rowley, and (Phillips policy
living green making in included are material) social, (individual, patterns
et engaged: engaged: et G consumption local and behaviours consumer that
step step 3
2009). (CSCP, consumption
ption m onsu c sustainable exemplifying and engaging enabling,
et set: set: et G
encouraging, is environment that
sustainable sustainable
step step 4
5 steps to to steps 5
consumers. to affordable and
aking the leap: the aking T
accessible available, visible, are
o! o! G products ethical and Green
step step 5
Figure 7: The Steps towards Sustainable Consumption Sustainable towards Steps The 7: Figure
stakeholders stakeholders
• • relevant with (cross-sector) partnership Establish WEF (2011) WEF
• how-to-discard how-to-discard CSCP (2009) CSCP
• • on information with label appropriate Provide WEF (2009) WEF
• collaboration WRAP-UK
looping?
• • Move from life cycle assessment to life cycle cycle life to assessment cycle life from Move Akenji et al. (2011) al. et Akenji
return return (2007)
• • and repair recycle, reduce, reuse, product Address Kumar & Visvanathan Are you Are
• WEF (2011) WEF
Shekdar (2006) Shekdar
• &. Tanaka Yoshizawa,
• Watson (2010) (2010) Watson Address barriers to public-private partnership public-private to barriers Address
accepting?
• • & McKinnon Hansen, Extended producer responsibility producer Extended
• & Coles (2010) Coles & Provide complaint handling mechanisms mechanisms handling complaint Provide
• • Petruschke, Kotakorpi Kotakorpi Petruschke, Address take-back mechanisms mechanisms take-back Address Are you Are
guide into look to what uestions q ey K 8
33
15 45
Muralidharan Thykat, Hivos (Bangalore) Hivos Thykat, Muralidharan
preserving and conserving our socio-cultural identities. socio-cultural our conserving and preserving
Frans Verspeek, SWITCH-Asia Network Facility (Wuppertal) Facility Network SWITCH-Asia Verspeek, Frans
and sustainable, sustainable, and all for fair is that path growth a tread to necessary is It in.
than having adequate sanitation!’ adequate having than
es have ushered ushered have es lifestyl globalised current the that markets food and riculture
‘More people in China have at a present a mobile phone phone mobile a present a at have China in people ‘More
- ag in changes r majo the of face the in prosper and survive can producers scale
in Asia – that not consist any more only of poor people. people. poor of only more any consist not that – Asia in
et inclusion, small- inclusion, et mark through that, expected is It manifestations. different
is a huge challenge to address consumerist values, also also values, consumerist address to challenge huge a is
nd crime in their their in crime nd a unrests to vulnerable be all will we inclusive is growth the
the required resource consumption for it. Therefore it it Therefore it. for consumption resource required the
er, unless unless er, Howev economy. in growth sustained and reasonable a witnessing
time we also have to realize that the world cannot bear bear cannot world the that realize to have also we time
ve been been ve ha India and China especially region Asian the in countries The
Can we deny them these values? No. But at the same same the at But No. values? these them deny we Can
Western countries has taken place very rapidly. rapidly. very place taken has countries Western
life. of way their as consumption sustainable making for
with identical materialistic and consumerist values as in in as values consumerist and materialistic identical with
infrastructure available and options available of informed and educated are
these consumers from low to middle / high class spenders spenders class high / middle to low from consumers these
uainted: uainted: cq a et G consumers the particularly stakeholders, relevant All
even in periods of global financial crisis. The growth of of growth The crisis. financial global of periods in even
Lewis Akenji, IGES (Tokyo) IGES Akenji, Lewis
continuous growth in (basic and luxury) consumer goods goods consumer luxury) and (basic in growth continuous
Sufficiency Economy ... Economy Sufficiency
numbers and purchasing power and thereby driving the the driving thereby and power purchasing and numbers
talking of Gross National Happiness, Thailand prefers a a prefers Thailand Happiness, National Gross of talking
– is the fastest growing consumer class worthwhile in in worthwhile class consumer growing fastest the is –
for the elderly? Good news is there are signs. Bhutan is is Bhutan signs. are there is news Good elderly? the for
The Asian consumer class – especially in China and India India and China in especially – class consumer Asian The
centered living, closeness to nature, sharing, and respect respect and sharing, nature, to closeness living, centered
out of its rich traditions and cultures of community- of cultures and traditions rich its of out
well-being for its people and grandchildren by growing growing by grandchildren and people its for well-being
would guarantee future development. Would Asia find find Asia Would development. future guarantee would
nothing short of a strict diet of natural resource use use resource natural of diet strict a of short nothing
Rajan R. Gandhi, Society in Action Group (Gurgaon) Group Action in Society Gandhi, R. Rajan the per capita bio-capacity of the region is so low that that low so is region the of bio-capacity capita per the
2009). (CSCP, consumption Mahatma. and, indeed, have achieved that to a huge extent. Yet Yet extent. huge a to that achieved have indeed, and,
return of the the of return a perhaps – living sustainable for champion a be would list the
they need economic growth to lift people out of poverty, poverty, of out people lift to growth economic need they sustainable exemplifying and engaging enabling,
erhaps on top of of top on erhaps p made, were sustainability for wish-list a if But needed. is
for a society of polarised lifestyles. Regional leaders say say leaders Regional lifestyles. polarised of society a for
et set: set: et G encouraging, is environment that
fiscal measures measures fiscal and infrastructure public improved children, school-going of for the common objective of sustainable consumption consumption sustainable of objective common the for
h as sensitization sensitization as h suc measures of combination a instead work; not will editing dichotomy of existence makes it hard to balance policies policies balance to hard it makes existence of dichotomy
ption. Choice Choice ption. o only the is sustainability greater towards consumption neling that still dog city neighborhoods and entire villages. This This villages. entire and neighborhoods city dog still that
- Chan future. the in rise to going is consumption aggregate that inevitable
emerging consumer class and the pockets of poverty poverty of pockets the and class consumer emerging consumers. to affordable and
together, it is is it together, Combined young. very also is population India’s China, Unlike
In Asia there is a tension between the flash-cash flash-cash the between tension a is there Asia In
accessible available, visible, are
the middle class. class. middle the joined now have these and poverty of out people million 200
o! o! G products ethical and Green s managed to lift lift to managed s ha India so, or years 15 last the In poor. considered still are
some 400 million million 400 some India In poverty. in living population large a have they but
booklet. this for words final as us with tives f the future future the f o super-powers economic the considered be may India and China
- perspec their shared reviewers our of Some
values. consumerist tering
effective. more be can communication pre-sales - fos avoid consciously and well-being societal to
and purchase of point the beyond consumers contribute communities, of needs core the on cus
with engagement deeper a that conveys now ion - fo fundamentally to need living sustainable for
- opin Leadership sustainably. products of posal services and products of concepts Hence 2011).
- dis and use purchasing, on focuses mainly and (WEF, communities their of part as them seeing
perspective cycle life product a has Programme but whole a as society from consumers dividual
SWITCH-Asia the in consumption sustainable - in disintegrating not i.e. citizen a as consumer
T
of framing The living. of ways sustainable bling the of re-conceptualization mean would This
- ena to products sustainable streaming
- main from shifting recently been has
consumption sustainable of debate he
Consumers International (London) International Consumers
Bjarne Pedersen, Pedersen, Bjarne
rights and responsibilities. responsibilities. and rights
estyles f li life based on sustainable lifestyles, lifestyles, sustainable on based life
to move towards a better quality quality better a towards move to
consumers and citizens – to be able able be to – citizens and consumers
towards sustainable sustainable towards
create the conditions for us all – as as – all us for conditions the create
society organisations. We need to to need We organisations. society
ption ption m onsu c from Government, Business and civil civil and Business Government, from
requires involvement of us all – – all us of involvement requires
tion to more sustainable lifestyles lifestyles sustainable more to tion
sustainable sustainable m ro f
- consump sustainable from Moving
32
46
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