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Magister Título De La Tesis 2 REPÚBLICA DEL ECUADOR INSTITUTO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS NACIONALES UNIVERSIDAD DE POSTGRADO DEL ESTADO 2011-2013 MAESTRIA EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y DIPLOMACIA MAGISTER TÍTULO DE LA TESIS: “PASADO, PRESENTE, Y FUTURO: UNA EXPLORACIÓN DE LAS RELACIONES ENTRE LA REPUBLICA DE ECUADOR CON LA REPÚBLICA DE ARMENIA EN LA GEOPOLITICA CONTEMPORANEA (1990-2014)” Autor: Ana P. Mafla B. Director: Cristián Melo, Phd. Quito, Enero de 2016 3 4 5 6 RESUMEN/ ABSTRACT Este documento parte de la constatación histórica de la independencia de la República de Armenia en 1991 hasta la actualidad, donde la República de Ecuador ha logrado algunos acercamientos básicos con Armenia, para establecer relaciones bilaterales que prevalezcan por encima y a pesar de las coyunturas geopolíticas de la región del Cáucaso, como es el genocidio armenio llevado a cabo por los otomanos en 1915-1917 y el conflicto territorial entre armenios y azeríes sobre la región del Alto Karabaj. Es posible afirmar que el Ecuador coloca a la República de Armenia en su agenda bilateral de política exterior desde el año 2012. Sin embargo, Ecuador pretende profundizar dichos acercamientos a fin de concretar posibles acuerdos y con dicha finalidad esta investigación pretende establecer un perfil de la República de Armenia desde 1990 al 2014, como guía que determine puntos relevantes de interés ecuatoriano para una posible cooperación. Se aspira a hacer un análisis de los principales aspectos en los que Armenia se encuentra inmersa, como son: político, económico y comercial, cultural, seguridad, tecnología, educación, y otras áreas donde exista potencial de cooperación. La presente investigación tiene como meta el desarrollar un perfil de la República de Armenia, con miras a generar una guía donde se establezca los puntos en común que existen entre este país y la República del Ecuador. Este análisis se hace desde la perspectiva teórica del realismo y del liberalismo. Empleamos nociones realistas para estudiar las perspectivas de Armenia como un país en construcción a partir de su independencia de la URSS en 1992. Usamos la perspectiva liberal para la agenda bilateral, por cuanto esta visión teórica ofrece posibles áreas de interacción internacional basada en comercio e intercambio. Para este trabajo exploratorio, partimos del provisto que los gobiernos de los países determinan prioridades en su política exterior, y que estas prioridades no necesariamente coinciden con las de un putativo socio cooperante. En este trabajo, planteamos una visión de Armenia como un socio para Ecuador. 7 ÍNDICE PÁG. Resumen/ Abstract 7 Índice 8 Índice de Figuras 9 Índice de Tablas 10 Siglas 11 Objetivos 16 Introducción 17 CAPITULO I: Marco Teórico 18 CAPITULO II: Diagnóstico País- República de Armenia 43 CAPITULO III: Diagnóstico Comparativo 73 CAPITULO IV: Análisis Geopolítico y de Relaciones Bilaterales 104 Conclusiones 133 Fuentes bibliográficas 137 Anexos 154 8 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Y TABLAS INDICE DE FIGURAS PÁG. Figura 1. Bandera y Escudo de la República de Armenia 43 Figura 2. Mapa de la República de Armenia 43 Figura 3. Armenia, a lo largo de la Historia 44 Figura 4. De la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas a la República 47 Socialista Independiente de Armenia Figura 5. Regiones Armenias 50 Figura 6. Presidente de la República de Armenia 54 Figura 7. Primer Ministro de la Republica de Armenia 55 Figura 8. Presidente de la Asamblea Nacional de la República de Armenia 55 Figura 9. PIB (a USD precios actuales) de la República de Armenia y de la 74 República de Ecuador Figura 10. PIB per cápita a USD precios actuales de la República de Armenia y 75 de la República de Ecuador Figura 11. Crecimiento del PIB (% anual) de la República de Armenia y de la 76 República de Ecuador Figura 12. Indice de GINI de la República de Armenia y de la República de 77 Ecuador Figura 13. INB per cápita, método Atlas (USD$ a precios actuales) de la 78 República de Armenia y de la República de Ecuador Figura 14. Desempleo, total (% de la población activa total) (estimación 78 modelado OIT) de la República de Armenia y de la República de Ecuador Figura 15. Inflación, precios al consumidor (% anual) de la República de Armenia 79 y de la República de Ecuador Figura 16. Balanza Comercial del año 2014 (a USD precios actuales) de la 83 República de Armenia y de la República de Ecuador Figura 17. Documentos de Cooperación Suscritos entre la República de Armenia 121 9 y la República Islámica de Irán Figura 18. Documentos de Cooperación Suscritos entre la República de Armenia 125 y la República Argentina Figura 19. Documentos de Cooperación Suscritos entre la República de Armenia 126 y los Estados Unidos de América Figura 20. Documentos de Cooperación Suscritos entre la República de Armenia 129 y la República Francesa ÍNDICE DE TABLAS PÁG. Tabla 1. Balanza Comercial del año 2014 a USD precios actuales de la República 83 de Armenia y de la República de Ecuador Tabla 2. Índice de tendencias de Desarrollo Humano de la República del Ecuador 100 y la República de Armenia, 2012- 2013 10 SIGLAS ADB: Banco de Desarrollo Asiático AIF: Asociación Internacional de Fomento AIPRG: Armenian International Policy Research Group ANM: Armenian Pan-National Movement/ Pan- Moviemiento Nacional Armenioo ANRF: Assemblé Nationale de la République de France/ Asamblea Nacional de la República Francesa APP: Asociación para la Paz ARFD: Partido Republicano Armenio BERD: Banco Europeo de Reconstrucción y Desarrollo BIRF: Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento BSEC: Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation/ Cooperación Económica del Mar Negro CCTPD: Consultores de Cooperación Técnica entre Países en Desarrollo CD: Comunidad de Democracias CE: Consejo de Europa CECRA: Central Electoral Comission of Republic of Armenia CEEA: La Comunidad Económica Euroasiática CEI: Comunidad de Estados Independientes de la ex Unión Soviética. CEIU: Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Urartu CFI: Corporación Financiera Internacional CIA: Central Intelligence Agency/ Agencia Central de Inteligencia CSS: Cooperación Sur- Sur. CSTO/ OTSC: Organización del Tratado de Seguridad Colectiva 11 CUP: Comité de Unión y Progreso (Turco) DEEU: Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos/ Oficina de Programas de Información Internacional DEUA: Delegation of European Union to Armenia DH: Desarrollo Humano EAPC: Asociación Europea de Cuidados Paliativos EARA: Embajada Argentina en la República de Armenia EEUU: Estados Unidos de Norte América EPFUL: Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas para el Líbano ERAE: Embajada la República de Armenia en España EUM: Estados Unidos Méxicanos FAO: Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y Agricultura FICR: Federación Internacional de la Cruz Roja FIDA: Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola FMI: Fondo Mundial Internacional GCABA: Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires GCTU: La Confederación General de Sindicatos GRA: Government of the Republic of Armenia ICG: International Crisis Group IDH: Índice de Desarrollo Humano INB: Ingreso Nacional Bruto INTERPOL: Organización Policial Internacional ISO: Organización Internacional de Normalización ITSO: Organización Internacional de Telecomunicaciones por Satélite 12 ITU: Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones M: Importaciones MFARA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia/ Ministerio de Asuntos Internacionales de la República de Armenia MIGA: Agencia de Garantía de Inversión Multilateral MRREE: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Ecuador MSYARA: Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs of the Republic of Armenia MTARA: Ministry of Territorial Administration of Republic of Armenia NARA: National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia OACI: Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional OAM: Organización Alianza Militar OBSEC: Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation / Organización de Cooperación Económica del Mar Negro OIEA: Agencia Internacional de Energía Atómica OIF: Organización Internacional de la Francofonía OIM: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones OIT: Organización Internacional del Trabajo OMA: Organización Mundial de Aduanas OMC: Organización Mundial del Comercio OMN: Organización Meteorológica Mundial OMPI: Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual OMS: Organización Mundial de la Salud OMT: Organización Mundial del Turismo ONU: Organización de las Naciones Unidas 13 ONUDI: Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial OPAQ: Organización para la Prohibición de las Armas Químicas OSCE: Organización para la Seguridad y Co-operación en Europa OTAN: Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte PCA: Acuerdo de Asociación y Cooperación PIB: Producto Interno Bruto PM: Populations du Monde/ Pueblos del Mundo PNUD/ UNDP: Programa de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas/ United Nations Development Programme RCNP: Relaciones Comerciales Normales Permanentes entre Estados Unidos y Armenia SENAMI: Secretaría Nacional del Migrante de la República del Ecuador SENPLADES: Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo de la República del Ecuador TIACCRA: Transparency International- anti-corruption Center of the Republic of Armenia/ Centro de Transparencia Internacional- Anticorrupción de la República de Armenia TRACECA: Corredor de Transporte Europa - Cáucaso – Asia UE: Unión Europea UNCOMTRADE: United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database/ Base Estadistica del Comercio de Productos de las Naciones Unidas UNCTAD: Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo UNESCO:
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