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Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Micronekton and Benthos

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Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Micronekton and Benthos GROUP 2: PHYTOPLANKTON, ZOOPLANKTON, MICRONEKTON, AND BENTHOS U.S. GLOBEC Northeast Pacific Program: Observations, retrospective studies and model products Hal Batchelder College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 Ocean Administration Bldg., Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] U.S. GLOBEC is supporting oceanographic and The U.S. GLOBEC program in the NEP has a fisheries research in two regions in the northeast limited duration of field observations (ca. 7±2 years) Pacific (NEP): 1) within the eastern boundary of the in both the CGOA and CCS. These two regions in California Current upwelling system (CCS) off the past have had co-varying, but of opposite phase, Oregon and Northern California, and 2) within a salmon and zooplankton population abundances predominantly buoyancy-forced, downwelling through time. Since the program is interested in ecosystem in the coastal domain of the northern Gulf examining the role of climate variability on the of Alaska (CGOA). Within these regions, GLOBEC structure and dynamics of the coastal marine is supporting: (i) retrospective data analysis of ecosystems, and specifically in comparing the existing medium-to-long term data sets spanning responses of these two regional systems, we realized hydrography through lower trophic levels to fish, that a short-duration study (<10 years) would be birds and mammals; (ii) long-term observation insufficient, by itself, to answer questions concerning programs (LTOPs, e.g., “monitoring”) - regular longer-term, larger-scale variation. Thus, U.S. sampling of pre-selected ocean stations for GLOBEC has devoted substantial resources to parameters ranging from physics to higher trophics; retrospective analysis of existing, but perhaps, under- (iii) process-focussed research cruises that estimate exploited data sets, and to the development of biological and physical rate processes, and provide coupled biophysical models. The intent is that detailed survey descriptions of ecosystem state improved models will increase our ability to variables (biomass, size structure, hydrography, integrate biological and physical observations in transports); (iv) moorings deployed at a few sites to coastal ecosystems generally, and specifically, to provide time-series data of hydrographic conditions, provide integrated assessments of the effect of transports, and selected biological fields; (v) drifter environmental variability and climate change on deployments to examine cross-shelf and along-shelf coastal marine ecosystems within the NEP. The data flows, and in a few cases to provide time-series sets assembled and collected within the GLOBEC observations of biological rates; and (vi) nearly NEP program--including historical data, and newly continuous HF radar (CODAR) observations of collected data from LTOP and process studies--will surface currents in selected regions. Complementing provide a comparison to similar observations these research elements are analysis of satellite collected previously and provide a baseline for future derived ocean products (ocean color, SST, and sea data collections and comparisons. level), and modeling of ocean circulation and the coupling of biological processes and state variables The GLOBEC principal investigators have identified with physical processes. Modeling approaches vary a number of historical data sets that should be re- among research groups, ranging from highly evaluated and/or made generally available, and idealized process-oriented biophysical coupled which would be of particular value for the NEP models with simple external forcing to realistic study (Table 1). geometry/bathymetry simulations of ocean circulation in regional models coupled to basin or Data collected within the 5-7 years of the program global-scale models. are numerous and include: 79 1. CCS LTOP Program (5 cruises/year; July 4. Moorings: 1997 – Nov. 2003) (Table 2). 4.1. CCS (3 moorings: Newport, Coos Bay, Rogue River): Hydrography, velocities, 2. CGOA LTOP Program (6-7 cruises/year; backscatter, and fluorescence. Sept. 1997 – Dec. 2003) (Table 3 & Fig. 1). 4.2. CGOA (about 7 moorings; Seward Line, Gore Pt. Line): Hydrography, velocities, 3. Process/Survey Cruises: multi-frequency backscatter, fluorescence, 3.1. CCS (spring and fall cruises, 2000 & 2002) nitrate, and surface meteorology. (Fig. 2) • States: temperature, salinity, fluores- 5. Models: cence, zooplankton biomass and 5.1. Physics composition, fish, birds, and mammals; • Idealized Process-Oriented: Spectral • Rates: transports, zooplankton vital Element Ocean Model (SEOM) rates, feeding rates; and fish vital rates. • Realistic Geometry & Bathymetry: 3.2. CGOA (late-winter, spring, summer Regional Ocean Modeling System cruises, 2001 & 2003) (Figs. 3 and 4) (ROMS) • States: temperature, salinity, fluores- 5.2. Biology – Plankton cence, zooplankton biomass, and • NPZ and NPZ+ models composition, fish, and birds; • Individual Based Models (IBMs) • Rates: transports, zooplankton vital 5.3. Biology rates, feeding rates; fish vital rates. • Fish: Individual Based Models 5.4. Ecosystem, esp. for higher trophics • ECOPATH • Numerical Simulation Models Table 1 Data base availability and needs for the U.S. GLOBEC NEP program. DATA SET AREA PERIOD SOURCE Upwelling Index West Coast 1946- (mo) PFEG 1967-(6 h; daily) Freshwater Gulf of Alaska 1931-(mo) Tom Royer (ODU) Pacific NW SST No. Pacific 1946-O Various SST-GAK1 GAK1 1970-(mo) Tom Royer (ODU) Coastal Sea Level West Coast 1945-(mo) NOAA Sea Level Pressure Sitka, AK 1899-(mo) Tom Royer (ODU) Sea Level Pressure Other West Coast Air Temperature CalCOFI Hydrography/Chl-a So. Calif Bight 1980’s?- SIO/MLRG CalCOFI ZP Biomass So. Calif Bight 1951-(qtr) Ohman/SIO CalCOFI ZP Composition So. Calif Bight Spring; Reg, Avgs. Ohman/Reb stock/SIO MicroZP abund/comp Line P 1987-88; 93-99; 2-3X/yr Strom/WWU ZP Biomass Line P 1940-1981; intermittent since Canadians ZP Biomass No. Pacific Before and after 76 regime shift Brodeur Satellite Color CZCS CCS 78-83; 10-d composites; mo Andy Thomas/Maine Sea WiFS Baja-50N Sept. 97- (10-d composites) Andy Thomas/Maine MODIS ? ? Abbott/Letelier/OSU Satellite Altimetry No. Pacific Ted Strub/OSU Satellite SST West Coast 1992- (<day) Ted Strub/OSU Gridded Ocean Fields COADS No. Pacific 1945-(mo; seasonal climatologies) PFEG 80 Table 2 GLOBEC long-term observation program in the California Current System. 81 82 Fig. 1 Coastal Gulf of Alaska long-term observation program. (CTD, ADCP, nutrients, chlorophyll, zooplankton biomass, species composition, multi-frequency acoustics, fish abundance, composition, diet, along-track data: S, T, F, winds, etc.). Fig. 2 A priori cruise lines for California Current mesoscale survey. Table 3 U.S. GLOBEC long-term observation program in the Gulf of Alaska. Year 97 98 99 00 Month=> 10 3 4 5 7 10 12 3 4 5 8 10 12 3 4 5 8 10 12 Seward X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Fairfield X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Cleare X X X X X X X X X X Hinchenbrook X X X X X X X Clear SW X X X X X Fig. 3 Proposed sampling lines for a May 2001 cruise in the Coastal Gulf of Alaska. Squares (Seward Line) and triangles (Gore Pt. Line) are the proposed locations of moorings to be deployed on the shelf in May 2001. Transect lines parallel to the Seward line will be occupied for CTD and plankton sampling. The grid of transect lines in Amatouli Trough will be occupied for CTD and plankton sampling. Satellite tracked drifters will be released from locations in the vicinity of the moorings. Fig. 4 GLOBEC 2000: Gulf of Alaska juvenile salmon distribution transects (Helle, Cokelet, Farley, Hollowed and Stabeno). 83 Table 4 Satellite data sets. Primary Data Sets Other Data Sets Available NOW To be ADDED AVHRR SST SeaWiFS Surface Pigments in California Current • Pathfinder, 9-km SST, 18-63°N, 108-170°W, Sept 1997-present; 8-day composites from Andrew 1992-98, will be continued Thomas (Marine); single images from Scott Pegau • 1-km and 3-km pixel SST, 18-55°N (Calif. (OSU) Current), all available data 1982-present; Altimeter SSH Fields from TOPEX and ERS-2 (on 1982-1992: sparse temporal coverage; 1992- request from Ted Strub, OSU) present: 2-4 images/day QuikScat wind stress fields from Dudley Chelton, • http://coho.oce.orst.edu: get data using OSU (Feb.-Sept. 2000); anonymous FTP anonymous FTP The Continuous Plankton Recorder survey of the North Pacific Sonia D. Batten1 and David W. Welch2 1 Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, 1 Walker Terrace, Plymouth, UK. PL1 3BN E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. V9R 5K6 E-mail: [email protected] Two years of funding were approved to operate a Table 5 Taxonomic entities separately CPR survey in the North Pacific during 2000 and enumerated on the first 4 deployments of 2000, 2001. The resources were allocated so that the 137 distinct taxa were recorded. route from Alaska to California was sampled 5 times throughout the spring and summer of 2000, Zooplankton and the route from Vancouver west towards Japan Atlanta spp. Harpacticoida was operated once in summer (Fig. 5). The same Bryozoan larvae Hyperiidea sampling plan will operate in 2001 and perhaps Cephalopoda larvae Lamellibranch larvae into the future if further funding can be obtained. Chaetognatha Larvacea Cirripede larvae Ostracoda The CPR is towed behind merchant ‘ships of Cladocera Polychaete larvae opportunity’ (in this case a crude oil carrier and a Clione spp. Radiolaria container ship) at a fixed depth of about 7 m. The *Copepods Sergestidae filtering mesh within the CPR is 270 µm and each – 38 species/genera sample is equivalent to 18 km and about 3 m3 of Decapod larvae Siphonophora seawater filtered. Echinoderm larvae Thecosomes Euphausiidea *Tintinnids - 4 genera 1135 samples were collected during 2000, of Fish eggs/larvae Tomopteris which about 450 have been, or will be, fully Foraminifera processed.
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