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Why It Matters Now Texans Fight for Texans’ connection to the South 2 was strengthened during the Confederacy and remains strong the Confederacy today. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA Francis R. Lubbock, Fort 1. Describe Texas’s transition from a Union Texas contributed to Confederate Sumter, Hood’s Texas to a Confederate state. military efforts by supplying soldiers Brigade, draft, John B. 2. Explain why a military draft was needed. to fight in important battles and Magruder, blockade, Battle 3. Identify military campaigns involving defending the Gulf Coast. at Sabine Pass, Richard Texans. Dowling, Battle at Palmito Ranch

After Lincoln’s inauguration in 1861, four more states joined the Confederacy. War soon followed. Lieutenant Elijah P. Petty of Bastrop joined Walker’s Texas Division of the Confederate army. In Camp 5-1/2 miles North of Tyler, September 11th AD 1862 Dear Wife Cheer up, don’t despair or be discouraged. Keep all things right and when I give the infernal Yankees their just desserts I will return home to cheer up your spirits and make Elijah Petty home happy once more but whilst absent remember that I am in the service of my Country fighting for liberty & human rights . . . and that when I do meet the Yanks I will make them drink the bitter waters of dark damnation for forcing me away from the Comforts of home and the loved ones there. . . . Yours Etc., E. P. Petty, Sept 11th 1862 Elijah Petty never made it home. On April 9, 1864, while fighting in the Red River Campaign, he was killed at Pleasant Hill, Louisiana.

Organizing the Confederacy Francis R. Lubbock was elected as Texas’s first Confederate governor under Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Most federal operations, especially post offices, were easily converted to Confederate services. However, there were still 2,700 federal troops stationed in Texas that were considered a danger. Major General David E. Twiggs was asked to surren- Confederate flag, 1861 to 1863 der the troops and forts. Twiggs, a Southerner, agreed with secession but

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was loyal to his military oath. He asked for enough time to retire from service. At first Texans were patient. Finally, Confederate brigadier general Ben McCulloch was ordered to force out the 160 federal soldiers. Twiggs surrendered the soldiers and property without bloodshed. The 11 Confederate states demanded that the Union surrender all federal property, especially mili- tary posts. Many forts were taken over peacefully, giving the Confederates badly needed supplies. ▲ Of the more than 5,000 men who However, troops refused to leave Fort Sumter in Charleston, South fought in Hood’s Brigade during the war, only about 600 remained when Carolina. Fighting broke out on April 12, 1861, beginning the Civil War. the brigade finally surrendered. ● How did General Robert E. Lee feel about Hood’s Texas Brigade? Military Strength of Texas According to the 1860 census, 92,145 white males between the ages of 18 and 45 lived in Texas. Of that number, 60,000 to 70,000 actually served as volunteers or soldiers in military units. Governor Lubbock called for volunteers in 1861, hoping to raise 20 companies. By 1862, 32 companies had been organized. Some of the volunteers, known as the Texas Brigade, were sent to Virginia to fight. They were later called Hood’s Texas Brigade in honor of their first commander, John Bell Hood. Confederate general Robert E. Lee, who respected their courage and military ability, called them “my Texans.” Other units from Texas earned fame during the war. They were Terry’s Texas Rangers, commanded by General Benjamin F. “Frank” Terry, and Ross’s Brigade, commanded by General Lawrence “Sul” Ross. Many Texas soldiers who served in the Civil War fought in the Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of Tennessee, or the Army of the Trans- Mississippi. Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and Ben McCullough led their troops bravely until each fell in battle. Hood’s Brigade battle flag Sending More Troops to Fight Soon all of the men who wanted to volunteer had done so. However, more people were needed to fight for the Confederacy. The Confederate

▲ Terry’s Texas Ranger volunteers were required to bring a shotgun, Colt revolver, Bowie knife, saddle, bridle, and blanket when they reported for duty. ● Why do you think volunteers had to provide their own equipment?

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105˚W 100˚W 95˚W

35˚N Nine Civil War Battles In or Near Texas ARKANSAS

NEW MEXICO TERRITORY INDIAN TERRITORY

Mansfield (Apr. 8, 1864)

Dove Creek (Jan. 8, 1865) TEXAS LOUISIANA

Austin Sabine Pass (Sept. 8, 1863) Image not available 30˚N for use on CD-ROM. CHIHUAHUA Nueces (Aug. 10, 1862) Please refer to the Galveston Is. (Jan. 1, 1863) Capital image in the textbook. COAHUILA Port Lavaca (Oct. 31, 1862) Battle site Corpus Christi (Aug. 16–18, 1862) Laredo (Mar. 19, 1864) 0 200 Miles Gulf of Mexico Palmito Ranch (May 13, 1865) 0 250 Kilometers NUEVO LEÓN TAMAULIPAS

▲ Although most of the fighting during the Civil War took place outside of Texas’s borders, nine battles were fought in or near Texas. ● Geographically, what did these battle sites have in common? Why do you think these battles occurred where they did?

government started a draft requiring men to serve in the army.This angered many people. Soldiers who had volunteered did not trust those who had not. Those who were drafted did not want to serve at all. Also, the law draft the enlisting of persons for made unpopular exceptions. For instance, men who owned 20 or more slaves required service in the armed were allowed to stay at home. The draft also threatened cotton production. forces The state militia was placed under the command of General Paul Octave Hébert (eh•BAIR), commander of the military district of Texas. Hébert angered many Texans by enforcing the draft. He was replaced by General John Bankhead Magruder, who commanded Texas troops for the remainder of the Civil War. Military Affairs in Texas Many Texans expected Confederate soldiers to replace the federal troops guarding the frontier of West Texas. But Confederate command- ers had almost no troops to spare from fighting Union soldiers in the East. In most cases, Texans had to defend the frontier against Native Americans on their own for the first few years of the war. Most of the fighting in Texas centered on Confederate efforts to keep the Gulf Coast ports open. Called the “storehouse of the Confederacy,” Texas provided weapons, food, and horses for the war effort. Although Image not available no major battles were fought in Texas, several important events took for use on CD-ROM. place on the coast or near the state’s borders. In 1861 John R. Baylor Please refer to the led troops into New Mexico to claim it as a Confederate territory. image in the textbook. Then, in early 1862, General H. H. Sibley, with the help of General Tom Green, led another Confederate army into northern New Mexico. They defeated Union soldiers at Valverde but later lost at the Battle of Glorieta. Sibley’s troops could not defeat the Union soldiers, in part because they could not get more supplies so far west. Their defeat returned the New Mexico territory to Union control.

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Another battle occurred at Galveston Island. President Lincoln had blockade action to stop trans- ordered a blockade of Southern ports to stop the shipment of supplies. portation of goods or people into Galveston was one of the most important ports in Texas. Union troops or out of an area captured the island. They hoped to use it as a base to guard the Gulf of Mexico. Confederate General John B. Magruder launched an attack to retake the island on January 1, 1863. One group of soldiers sailed into Galveston Harbor on cottonclads, or flat-bottom boats lined with stacked cotton bales to protect the soldiers from bullets. They attacked Union ships in the harbor. Other troops crossed the railroad bridge from the mainland. Confederate forces took over Galveston Island and remained in control of it until the end of the Civil War. PLACE The coast of Texas is lined Other Military Campaigns with barrier islands, which are made of sand that builds up A significant battle occurred on September 8, 1863, at Sabine Pass, a just offshore. Bays and lagoons narrow channel along the Louisiana border. Union general Nathaniel P. separate the islands from the Banks planned to move troops by ship through the pass. Then he would mainland. When lagoons fill march north to cut off Texas’s railroad connection to Louisiana. However, in, the barrier islands may Lieutenant Richard (Dick) Dowling stationed his Confederate unit along become part of the mainland. Galveston Island is a barrier the narrow channel. As Banks’s ships steamed into the channel, Confed- island. Sabine Pass is a chan- erate troops fired and sank two of them. No other Union ships tried to nel where river water flows past pass through. Confederates, anxious for good news after losses at a barrier island that is con- Gettysburg and Vicksburg, hailed the victory. nected to the mainland. ● Why might Union troops have cho- TEXAS VOICES sen Galveston Island as a base? Thus it will be seen we captured, with 47 men, two gunboats, mounting thirteen guns of the heaviest caliber, and about 350 prisoners. All my men behaved like heroes; not a man flinched from his post. Our motto was “victory or death.” Lieutenant Richard Dowling, report of Sabine Pass

General Banks tried again to invade Texas by sending ships and

troops up the Mississippi River and then the Red River. He planned to ▲ Galveston was one of the most occupy northern Texas. Confederate soldiers from Texas, Louisiana, and important ports in Texas during the Arkansas, and volunteers from Missouri met the Union forces in Civil War, and both the Union and Mansfield, Louisiana, 25 miles east of the Texas border. The smaller the Confederacy wanted to control it. ● Why was control of Galveston Confederate force, led by General Richard Taylor, defeated the Union so important to both sides? soldiers and forced them to retreat. Texas was safe from invasion. The last land battle of the Civil War was fought on May 12, 1865, at Palmito Ranch in South Texas near Brownsville. The Union blockade of Southern ports had forced Confederate troops to find another route to ship cotton out and bring in supplies. Cotton was transported through Brownsville to the Mexican port of Matamoros. There it was loaded onto foreign ships that were not affected by the blockade. Beginning in November 1863, 311 11/18/02 9:45 AM Page 313

Camp Ford as it looked during the war Camp Ford archeological dig

CAMP FORD Located near Tyler, Camp Ford was almost 6,000 prisoners of war. When the Civil War established in 1862 to train Texas soldiers. By 1863 it was ended, the remains of Camp Ford were destroyed by Union a Confederate prison camp. Camp Ford grew into the largest soldiers, and the land was farmed. Later the site was bought Confederate prison camp west of the Mississippi. When the by the Smith County Historical Society. Today, archeolo- prison population increased in 1864, food and shelter were gists are trying to determine how Camp Ford looked and scarce. Some prisoners dug holes in the ground to stay operated during the Civil War. ● Why might food and shel- warm in winter. In operation only two years, Camp Ford held ter have been scarce in the camp?

Union forces occupied Brownsville, trying to enforce the blockade. Confederate forces under the command of John S. “Rip” Ford and Santos Benavides took over the area on July 30, 1864. On May 13, 1865, unaware that General Robert E. Lee had already surrendered, Union forces fought with Confederate troops in a skirmish at Palmito Ranch. Although the Confederates won this battle, they had already lost the war.

2 Terms & Names Organizing Information Which problem do you think Interact with History Identify: Use a diagram like the one had the greatest impact on Review your response to • Fort Sumter shown to list three problems the war? Why? Interact with History in your • Hood’s Texas mentioned in this section Critical Thinking Texas Notebook. What Brigade that the Confederate army happened to the federal • draft experienced in Texas. Next 1. How were federal troops troops stationed in Texas? •blockade to each problem, write the removed from Texas? What measures were taken • Battle at Sabine action taken to solve it. 2. Why was the Confederate in Texas to support the draft important? Pass PROBLEM ACTION Confederacy? • Battle at Palmito 3. What happened at the Ranch Battle of Sabine Pass, and why was a Confederate victory needed?

ACTIVITY The Confederate draft supplied troops for the war, but many Texans opposed it. Create a poster History persuading Texans to support the draft.

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