CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) ISSN: 2536-7277 (Print) : 2536-7285 (Online) Volume 2, Number 1, March 2017 http://www.casirmediapublishing.com

Architectural Features for Cultural Sustainability in the Redevelopment of Gombe Urban Market,

Haruna Yakubu Shinga, Joshua Joy Maina and Musa Lawal Sagada

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Designs Ahmadu Bello University, , state, Nigeria Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Marketplaces are attributed to constituents such as the people, spaces, and unique products. It is a cultural place where the glimpse of local lifestyle evolves daily and also grounds where buyers interact with sellers and bargaining services. This is in contrast to the shopping centres and supermarkets where the prices of goods and services are fixed. This paper examines the architectural features of an urban marketplace (spatial layouts) through its spaces and cultural heritage of Gombe urban market. This was done through purposive selection of three cases; Gombe, Yola (Jimeta) and Central Markets all in the North-East geo-political zone of Nigeria. A survey of the structured interview was conducted in the study area from well-informed vendors, stakeholders, and checklists across the three cases. The findings reveal the partial reflection of contemporary urban market features that can sustain a culture in the design of the selected markets. A significant finding is that more than half of Gombe urban marketplace was not formally built and hence, no emphasis on spatial plans. Therefore, the design and planning can be said to have been deserted, and the study concludes that the spaces for cultural participation and the selling of traditional products should be integrated into the redevelopment of Gombe urban market such that the market remains unique and sustains its culture. Keywords: Cultural Sustainability, Features of Architecture, Gombe Urban Market

INTRODUCTION by the traditional causes of decay Built environment is a but also by changing social and representation of the value of the economic conditions or destruction society and aspirations. (Grazuleviciute, 2006).Colonization Architecture, which is part of the and globalization have led to the built environment, is created for destruction of indigenous many reasons which include: architecture resulting in smaller communication of information, the cultures being gradually dissolved establishment of identity, and the and indigenous architecture moving encoding of a value system (Rapoprt, towards disappearance (Adeyemi, 2005). It was necessitated by concern 2008; Odinye & Odinye, 2012). that cultural heritage and natural However, the culture of the locals heritage were increasingly evolves daily in the marketplace as it threatened with destruction not only brings different communities

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3| 143

Architectural Features for Cultural Sustainability in the Redevelopment of Gombe Urban Market, Nigeria together by creating a venue that will appeal to different user groups, PROBLEM STATEMENT through its activities, trading and as The current design a vital place for the community to approaches with their standards, interact (Khalilah & Nur, 2016).The rules, and guidelines fall short with market serves as a historical site and respect to issues relating to the business centre while the gatherings cultural context (Design Education of vendors who sell a variety of Forum of South Africa, 2007). The specialized and generic products market becomes too modernized and contribute to the quaint qualities of looks like a shopping mall or a super- the markets and their culture market diminishing the heritage (Khalilah, Zumahira, & Nur, 2016). values of the place. Gombe urban The scholars added that it is also a market experiences redevelopment place where buyer interacts with the due to the day by day business seller to bargain prices of goods. expansion that results into This is in contrast to the shopping modernization using architectural centres where prices of goods and features of market design that has services are fixed without any not been formally investigated bargain. The influence of cultural giving less regard to spaces for heritage of the people of northern intangible products and a place for part of Nigeria regarding days of the social events of its populace. This week is often marked than a date calls for preservation using without printed calendars or diaries. architectural design principles to It is the weekday that is important achieve cultural sustainability and everywhere; indeed the days of the also serves as a guide to other week are named after the market markets in Nigeria. held on that day (Willerslev, 2004). In the same vein, the event usually AIMS AND OBJECTIVES held within a market square in the The aim of the paper is to settlements and eagerly anticipated examine the architectural features by participants and audience for cultural sustainability in the including the national and design of selected urban market in international audience in the name of Nigeria, through the following sharo (Shadi). The main attraction is objectives: the raw display of endurance. It is 1. To review the context strategies commonly held in an open place like that revives and preserves the a market square, and commencing cultural heritage of people, region or with several forms of entertainment place concerning Gombe urban as well as the maidens dance market. (Leadership, 2015). 2. To identify the tangible and intangible qualities of culture in the design of selected urban markets

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3 | 144

CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) Volume 2, Number 1, March 2017 with regards to sustaining cultural culture, and technological skills of qualities in the future. the localities from which they evolved (Agboola & Zango, 2014). LITERATURE REVIEW However, Adamolekun (2016), before The rich qualities of the the colonial era, buildings traditional marketplace are communicated the culture and attributed to its components, such as tradition of the region and people. the products, people and spaces. The loss of indigenous architecture There is essential need to examine was more worsened with the advent the characteristics of the of globalization which dissolved marketplace and how they contribute indigenous architecture towards to the setting of the market disappearance (Odinye & Odinye, operation, as these shape people’s 2012; Adeyemi, 2008).Hence, there is experiences and to ensure that the a need for a sense of place own by development of traditional urban people, and this trends may lead to marketplace can continue to flourish creative idleness and cultural failure in the future, alongside their cultural and leave the future generation and heritage values (Zulaikha, 2014) without knowledge of their roots (Falola, 2003; Adeyemi, 2008). CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY Culture is the most effective Architectural Features for Cultural sustainable dimension of Sustainability development and creativity is an Architectural conservation enabler for sustainable development; describes the process through which in this light, creativity is an "urban the material, historical, and design upgrader"(Zhou, 2015). Generative integrity of humanity built heritage heritage lies between tangible and are prolonged through carefully intangible heritage, tangible as a planned (Moser, 2011). The resource and intangible as energy. strategies that when used will Duxbury, Gillette& Pepper (2007), preserve essential cultural heritage culture contributes to lively cities features are; giant house approach, and cultural places act as physical use of motifs and depictions, assets for cultural engagement. placement of traditional roof on Places that offer opportunities for modern structure, transforming a cultural participation are cultural jungle into a cultural site, and venues such as museums and reinstating new vernacular theatres, and community places such approaches. However, for the as the library, community parks, purpose of this study, historical marketplaces and festivals (Jackson, features, culture/tradition, Herranz, & Kabwasa-Green, vernacular features and building 2006).In years backed, traditional form will be considered as variables buildings across Nigeria were of this research work. known to have reflected the climate,

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3| 145

Architectural Features for Cultural Sustainability in the Redevelopment of Gombe Urban Market, Nigeria

Historical features building is widely recognised as There is a very weak link being of broad architectural, social, between the historical style and cultural significance. (traditional) and contemporary modern architecture of Nigeria. Cultural / Traditional Features Castlemaine market in Australia To take cognizance of was originally designed to sit cultural heritage and traditions and between two smaller market also adopt the convention for the buildings, Eastern and Western safeguarding of the intangible Market buildings. Although some cultural heritage, the use of motifs features are derived from other along with depictions as a historical Australian market buildings, the feature in public spaces is another combination of design elements approach to be employed in which are unique within Australia energising any cultural heritage (Mount Alexander Shire Council for (Moser, 2011). The use of colours and Tourist Information, 2008). paintings which are known as However, it was converted into a decorative arts also professes the tourist information centre and essence of any culture in society. exhibition space. Today, the market

Plate 1: Recreation of Arab Islamic Urban Heritage, Putrajaya Source: Sarah Moser, summer 2011

Vernacular Features Traditional architecture is Vernacular architecture is an more spontaneous and exposed to area of architectural theory that other stylistic influences often studies the structures made by considered superior (Opoko, empirical builders without the Adeokun, & Oluwantayo, 2016). intervention of professional This tends to evolve over time to architects (Arboleda, 2003). It reflect the environmental, cultural, emanates from the traditional technological, and historical context though conditioned by external in which it exists. It has also often forces that may include socio- been dismissed as crude and political and socio-economic forces. unrefined but also has proponents

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3 | 146

CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) Volume 2, Number 1, March 2017 who highlight its importance in Markets need to be resilient to thrive current design. alongside the modern development; the essential cultural qualities of the Building Form markets have the tendency to fade as Rikko & Qwatau (2011) the markets become modernized than buttressed that different traditional their previous state (Vural, 2015): forms paraded at different regions of Dursun (2009, 2012), space design Nigeria are the resultant effects begins by gaining an understanding pursuit to comfortable people of the living culture, constraints and structures design forms i.e. curve variables of the space, needs of users, linear and rectilinear as influenced their preferences, requirements and by culture, religion, climate, movement patterns. urbanization, and current expertise. The religion or philosophical learning METHODOLOGY AND of each community and their social PROCEDURE order together with culture Three cases were studied; the influenced the forms, grouping of study area Gombe urban market, buildings as well as the process of Yola (Jimeta) modern market and their production. Opoko (2001) Bauchi central market all in the enumerates the factors that led to North-East of Nigeria. The cases the development of methods as were selected based on purposive climate, technology, socio-economic sampling method with the aim to and traditional building materials. examine the architectural features of the urban market that can sustain its Spatial Organisation Urban cultural strength in line with the Marketplace research problem. Each case was The marketplace has been studied in view of the variables recognised as an important economic through visual survey and and cultural place for a city. Iconic observation, followed by an marketplaces that are rich with interview in the study area (Gombe heritage values become significant urban market) from well-informed attractions in urban tourism personnel. This study uses a case (AbdGhapar, Zakariya & Haruna, study and interview approach to 2014). Its dynamic tangible and enable an in-depth investigation intangible qualities make it a vivid towards a specific phenomenon, and inclusive public space for the setting, process and relationships for local community and tourists alike. data collection (Creswell, 2009). However, market redevelopment is a However, the author added that this common process for many markets method could be applied to the built across the globe as change is an environment research because it inevitable part of urbanization which enables the combination of multiple affects the rise and fall of markets factors that include social, physical, (Fava, Guardia, &Oyon, 2010). environmental and economic

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3| 147

Architectural Features for Cultural Sustainability in the Redevelopment of Gombe Urban Market, Nigeria aspects. The interview was based on businessmen. The table-1 shows the peoples’ volunteer to respond. Thus, distribution of interviewed. twenty-four respondents out of which twelve are vendors, four market officials/vendors and eight

Table 1. Distribution of the Interview Respondents

Years of Business Number of Vendors Products

23-26 years 5 vendors Traditional Wears (Dankale) & Artefact

9-38 years 1 vendor Herbs

Leather work of Hats & Horse Seats 32-46 years 3 vendors (Bagariye)

30-44 years 4 vendors Calabash

22-31 years 11 vendors Other businessmen & Market Officials

Source: Author, 2016.

Case Studies Government and opened daily Gombe Urban Market is between the hours; 08am-06:00pm. located along Hirwa-Gana road, The market is known for its rich commercial area Gombe. The market traditional and cultural products was made up of a total of about 5,823 hence, plate 2 to 5 shows some of its numbers of stalls.It was established iconic products; in mid- 1980’s by the State

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3 | 148

CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) Volume 2, Number 1, March 2017

Plate 2.Market Buildings Plate 3.Traditional products Calabash Source: Author 2016 Source: Author 2016

Plate 4.(Matukare)Traditional Cloth Plate 5. Traditional local Plates Source: Author 2016 Source: Author 2016

Gombe urban market is rich road in Nasarawa area of Jimeta. in intangible traditional/local The market was built in 2009 by the products such as crafts, farming state government Ministry of tools, traditional cloths, calabash Commerce with operation hours and decorated leatherwork from open from 08:45 am to 06:00 pm daily. It is stalls and offers a wide range of spatially organised with different products that are architectural features of urban specifically unique to the market market and houses 3600 stalls double such as craft and antique. sided shops. It is also known for it is iconic cultural products as shown in Case II plates 6-9 Yola (Jimeta) modern market is located adjacent Yola Airport, along with Muhammad Mustapha

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3| 149

Architectural Features for Cultural Sustainability in the Redevelopment of Gombe Urban Market, Nigeria

Plate 6. Main Entrance Gate Plate 7. Folk, hunting tools and ritual objects. Source: Arthor 2016 Source: Arthor 2016

Plate 8. Cloths (Matukare), Bow & Arrow. Plate 9. Ornamental Beats and local Wrist ware Source: Author 2016 Source: Author: 2016

The cultural features are drive. It was built in the mid-1990s assortments from large collections of by the state government and folklore instruments, beats, calabash operates from 08:00 am to 06:00 pm and other artefacts that are dated daily. The market was spatially backed on sales. All of these organised with architectural features depicted the cultural heritage of the of vernacular elements of central populace that linked past to present courtyards integrated with design to in expectation to future as it is enhance light and fresh air desired. circulation. Hence, no single traditional cultural products found Case III that defined the heritage of the Bauchi Central market is populace. located adjacent Ahmadu Bello round-about by Shekai and Ali Ajiya

Plate 10. Bauchi Central Market Source: Author (2016

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3 | 150

CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) Volume 2, Number 1, March 2017

Data Collection business for 22-31years. Vendors’ The data collection involved Cultural Experience to Gombe conducting a visual survey via Urban Market aspects comprise of checklist in three cases and a both tangible and intangible forms of structured interview among the culture that took place before and targeted respondents on criteria set present at the market. Based on the for getting information from well- results the market’s appearance is informed individuals/ officials of shaped by its identity as a place Gombe urban market. These criteria where glimpsed of social events take were based on vendors’ age, position, place before in the old market days experienced and those that sells an but nowadays it is not due to low assortment of local products unique participation of traditions. Sharo to Gombe urban market using event and maidens dance were probability sampling strategy. encroached due to its settings except Meanwhile, the checklist was used in rear cases. However, local to determine the architectural products businesses that are unique features of an urban market that can to the urban market represent a sustain cultural heritage. The data distinctive local lifestyle of Gombe collected were analysed to establish people. The leather vendor and the links between traditional calabash vendors expressed their products and marketplace in view to concern that in the oldest day’s reflect cultural features in market market settings, there is space for design to serve as a heritage. social events. Two vendors of traditional wears and market RESULTS AND DISCUSSION officials note that the market is The interview conducted becoming too modernised and looks shows the majority of the like supermarket nowadays. This respondents aged between 20-30 diminishes the heritage values of a (33%), 30-40 (22%), 40-50 (28%) and populace in which prices are fixed gender distribution between male with no bargain. Hence, for them, (82%) and female (18%) of market this kind of interaction cannot be vendors’ and officials. The interview found at the supermarkets. conducted reveals that twelve (12) Therefore, market needs to be inherited the businesses from their resilient to thrive along modern father/ families, three vendors of development without compromising traditional wears and artefacts have its distinctive qualities been into the business for more than (regionalisms). These findings relate 26years and a herbs vendor started products, social interactions and the the business by himself for more atmosphere found in the market as than 36years. Also, three calabash the qualities that shape peoples’ vendors inherited the business for 30- perception of the market and their 44years while others started by experience. Hence, both tangible and them-selves and some inherited the

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3| 151

Architectural Features for Cultural Sustainability in the Redevelopment of Gombe Urban Market, Nigeria intangible qualities of the market can organisation and urban market be regarded for sustaining cultural features that can sustain cultural heritage. vitality from the survey findings. However, this is not true of all the Architectural Features from Three individual variables assessed, Cases cultural features, vernacular features, From the three visited cases building form and urban market of studies, case study II (Jimeta features as shown in plate 11-14 modern market) explored the best below show the existing general application of architectural architectural features in Jimeta Yola features of layout building form and market. hierarchy of spaces based on spatial

Plate 11. Google image of Jimeta modern market Plate 11.Floor plan of Double sided stalls Source: Google earth (2016) modified byAuthor Source: Author 2016

Plate 12.Vehicular Movements & Spy Tower Plate 13. Market Building and Parking Space Source: Author 2016 Source: Author 2016

Facilities found in Jimeta The groupings of sales outlets modern market as seen in plate 13-16 influence the flows and the arrival include the following; point of customers. However, there a) Administrative block b) is no emphasis on butcher’s units. Magistrate Court c) Public Hence, the market is relatively weak Convenience in cultural expression. d) Warehouse e) Spy Tower f) Parking Space g) Delivery Bay h) Case Studies Checklist Findings Security Stations i) Retails and The checklist analysis from Wholesalers’ Stalls j) Fire Service the three cases shows the appearance Station k) Clinics and l) level of variables uses for the Restaurants research in a view to exploring

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3 | 152

CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) Volume 2, Number 1, March 2017 architectural features that can the frequency scores indicated by sustain cultural heritage in the each variable from the three cases market. The results were analysed highlighted areas to place emphasis using bar charts derived from the on in the proposed redevelopment. frequency scores of the three cases as shown in table 2, figure 1. However,

Table 2. Frequency analysis of variables in three cases Historical Cultural Vernacular Building Market Features ` Features Features Form Features Gombe U- 1 3 0 6 6 Market Jimeta M- 3 2 3 9 7 Market Bauchi C- 0 2 4 6 3 Market Source: Researcher (2016).

The variable uses for the computing the results, comparing the research were highlighted in figure 1, features from each three cases and a bar chart was used in studied.

level of application of variables across the three cases 10 8 6 4 2 0 Historical Cultural Vernacular Building Market

level of application of f(v) application level Features ` Features Features Form Features Gombe U- Market 1 3 0 6 6 Jimeta M- Market 3 2 3 9 7 Bauchi C- Market 0 2 4 6 3

Figure 1.level of Variables application across the three Cases Sources: Author 2016 when compared to its local products. The analysis from the That is, it is essential to understand research shows that cultural value of that the built environment influences tangible and intangible heritage can the market’s settings and the be found in the marketplace. sophisticated physical qualities However, the expression of those contribute to it environ. Although to values was not strongly considered position market as a cultural to shape the market’s appearance attraction, it needs a multi-scale

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3| 153

Architectural Features for Cultural Sustainability in the Redevelopment of Gombe Urban Market, Nigeria method in planning and designing wide range of infrastructure that the market spaces. However, goes beyond the market site Dursun (2009) emphasized the role (Zakariya, 2015). Hence, cultural of decodable physical form such as vitality of the market can be scale, geometry in communicating sustained through multi-scale the context of indigenous approaches that are in line with the architecture. The sustainability of contemporary trends. the market’s operation involves a

CONCLUSIONS facilities and expression of cultural The study revealed that there heritage of populace as a basis for are architectural features of culture; the design. The use of space as an tangible and intangible values that architectural feature in markets can be integrated to expressed varies substantially with the type of cultural heritage of populace in function it contains as standards. market design that has not been fully However, the new modern trend incorporated into market designs in should be integrated with an North-Eastern Nigeria. These extension of milk (fura da nono) features are nevertheless limited, and joints in women vendor’s site, the markets structures in the cases provision of space that will enhance studied if not that of Jimeta, were cultural participation of sharo and not built to the standards of modern maiden dance, and stalls that will trend. Therefore, the indigenous promote and enable the production of characters were more evident in local products to flourish. Therefore, cultural products. there is need to achieve optimum relevance to the locals/users and to RECOMMENDATIONS distinctively serve in protecting and From these findings, the preserving the indigenous study recommends integration (regionalism) of the populace in marketplace spaces along with the market design. new trend of modern market

Appendices-1 S/ Application N Variables Checklist Remarks

5 4 3 2 1

Demonstration of the community’s cultural legacy Historical 1 Features Establishment based on past implication

Connection between the past and present

Depiction of community’s cultural heritage

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3 | 154

CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) Volume 2, Number 1, March 2017

Availability and display of artefacts artwork

2 Cultural Feature Provision for persistent production of artwork

Expression of motif and depictions

Significance of colours and building painting

Architectural expression of vernacular features

3 Vernacula r Features Display of traditional decorative design patterns

Availability of vernacular elements

Morphology of the entire building structures

Application of indigenous building materials

Form and complexity of building design

4 Building Form Building concept and architectural expression

Square

Rectangular

Circular

Composition of form in relation to site

Accessibility and vehicular circulation 5 Urban Market Features Security Units

Parking Space

Zoning and spatial organization of functions

Fire Outbreak Mitigation Facilities

Waste Disposal Facilities

Health Care Facilities

Urban Design for Liveable REFERENCES Cities , 1-12. Abd Ghapar, M. H., Zakariya, K., Adeyemi, E. A. (2008). Meaning and & Haruna , N. Z. (2014). Relevance in Nigerian Regeration for Sustainable Traditional Architecture. The Marketplace . International Dialectics of Growth and Conference on Sustainable change(1(21)), 2-33.

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3| 155

Architectural Features for Cultural Sustainability in the Redevelopment of Gombe Urban Market, Nigeria

Agboola, O. P., & Zango, M. S. Traditional Marketplace (2014). Development of Wearing a Modern Suit: The Traditional Architecture in Importance of the Social Nigeria: A Case stuty Fabric in Physical Hausa House Form . Redevelopments. Habitat International Journal of International, 28(1) 143-161. African Society Cultures and Lawson , B. (2005). The Language of Traditions, 61-63. Space. Uk: Architectural Arboleda, G. (2003). what is press. vernacular architecture? Maxwell, F. E., Drew, J., & Ford, Retrieved from H. L. (1959). Retail Markets http://www.vernaculararchite and Planning Guide. The cture.com/ market master plan, 30-35. Arowolo, D. (2010). The Effects of Moser, S. (2011). Constructing Western Civilisation and cultural heritage. The Culture on Africa. Afro Newsletter N0 57, 30-32. Asian Journal of Social Mount Alexander Shire Council for Science, 2-3. Tourist Information. (2008). Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Castlemaine Market. Design, Design Qualitative Australia: Victorian Quantitative and Mixed Heritage Database. Methods Approaches (Vol. Odinye, I., & Odinye, I. (2012). 3rd). Western Influence on Design Education Forum of South Chinese & Nigerian Africa . (2007). DEFSA Cultures, Ogirisi. A New International Design Journal of African Studies, 9, Education Conference . 4-6. Capetown : Cape Peninsula . Opoko, A. P., Adeokun , C. O., & Fava, N., Guardia , M., & Oyon, J. Oluwantayo, A. A. (2016). L. (2010). Public Versus Influences Artistic Private. Barcelona's Market Expression in Traditional System, Planning Domestic Architecture of Perspectives, 5-27. South west Nigeria. Khalilah, Z., Zumahira, K., & Nur, International Journal of Z. H. (2016). Sustaining The Applied Engineering Cultural Vitality Of Urban Research, 4549-4550. Public Market, A Case Rapoprt, A. (2005). Culture Study of Pasar Payang, Architecture and Design. Malaysia. Internal Journal of Lock Science, 2-3. Architectural Research, 228. Vural, A. T. (2015). Developing a Kim, J. I., Lee, C. M., & Ahn , K. Strategic Approach for H. (2004). Dogndaemun, a Managing Sustainable

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3 | 156

CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) Volume 2, Number 1, March 2017

Revitation in World Heritage Sites. Internationa Journal of Architectural Reserach, 9(1), 289-304. Withington, P. (2005). Citizens and Freemen in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . Zakariya, K. (2015). Mapping Kuala Lumpur's Urban Night Markets at Shifting Scales (International Perspectives ed.). (E. &. Seale, Ed.) New York : Routledge. Zhou, F. (2015). International Conference on Culture for Sustainable Cities. Hangzhou Research Center of Cultural and Creative Industry, Urban Planning. China: United Nationas Educational, Science and Cultual Organisation (UNESCO). Zulaikha, e. a. (2014, December 11th- 12th). paces and spatial qualities of traditional urban marketplace: a case study of Pasar Payang. (pp. 52-62). Singapore: IIUM Repositry.

Haruna Yakubu Shinga1, JoshuaJoy Maina2 and Musa Lawal Sagada3| 157