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La Cattiva Strada C 7+Ê6('('2&725$7(1&2787(//( 35e6(17e((76287(18(¬/¶81,9(56,7e3$5,628(67 1$17(55( 3DU &$52/,1$)8&&, /$&$77,9$675$'$ /,1*8$**,6&(1$5,(5$335(6(17$=,21,'(//$3527(67$*,29$1,/(75$ 86$('(8523$1(//81*26(66$172772 ',5(&7(85'(7+Ê6( &2',5(&7(85'(7+e6( 0&KULVWRSKH0LOHVFKL 00LUFR'RQGL 8QLYHUVLWp3DULV2XHVW 8QLYHUVLWpGH%RORJQH 6RXWHQXHjO¶8QLYHUVLWp3DULV2XHVW1DQWHUUHOHMXLQ e78'(6,7$/,(11(6 (' La Cattiva Strada C. Fucci Sommario INTRODUZIONE RAGIONI, PROPOSITI E METODI DELLA RICERCA .......................................................... 3 I.1 Presentazione: la materia e i metodi ................................................................................ 3 I.2 Lo stato della ricerca ..................................................................................................... 11 I.3 Periodizzazioni .............................................................................................................. 25 I.4 L'epoca delle molte parole ............................................................................................ 33 I.5 Forme e limiti della protesta .......................................................................................... 44 PARTE PRIMA I UN NUOVO IMMAGINARIO ............................................................................................... 54 I.I.1 Repressione e rivolta. ................................................................................................. 54 I.I.2 Beat, beatnik e hippie. ............................................................................................... 69 I.I.3 We Shall Overcome: la protesta nel folk-revival degli anni Sessanta. ....................... 86 I.I.4 Guitar Army................................................................................................................ 97 I.I.5 Poetiche del dissenso nel cinema hollywoodiano. ................................................... 111 I.I.6 Protesta d’avanguardia. ............................................................................................ 122 II INTERMEZZO OLANDESE .............................................................................................. 133 I.II. Dai Provos ai Kabouters ............................................................................................ 133 III. LA PROTESTA CONTROCULTURALE IN ITALIA .................................................... 146 I.III.1 La lezione del capellone: inquietudini della generazione beat. .............................. 146 I.III.2 La vita insieme: il sogno comunitario. ................................................................... 157 I.III.3 Dalla protesta alla contestazione ............................................................................ 168 I.III.4 Tigri di carta: editoria underground. ...................................................................... 183 PARTE SECONDA I. THERE’S SOMETHING HAPPENING HERE: “LA RIBELLIONE STUDENTESCA È CONTAGIOSA.” ..................................................................................................................... 195 II.I.1 Torwards American Democracy: tra Berkeley e la Kent State. ............................... 195 II.I.2 Let Freedom ring: dai diritti civili al Black Power .................................................. 210 II.I.3 L’altra SDS: l’imperativo morale tedesco. .............................................................. 227 II.I.4 Oltre la cortina. ........................................................................................................ 240 II.I.5 La chienlit et la révolution : il Sessantotto francese ................................................ 250 II.I.6 Moving Times ........................................................................................................... 267 II. TRA MITO E STORIA ....................................................................................................... 279 II.II Lo zio, il dottore, il Comandante e il Timoniere ....................................................... 279 III. IL SESSANTOTTO IN ITALIA ....................................................................................... 292 1 La Cattiva Strada C. Fucci II.III.1 L’obbedienza non è più una virtù: il Sessantotto cattolico ................................... 292 II.III.2 Vecchia e nuova sinistra........................................................................................ 303 II.III.3 Cronache dal mondo dell'istruzione. ..................................................................... 315 II.III.4 L'autunno caldo ..................................................................................................... 329 II.III.5 La protesta nei primi anni Settanta........................................................................ 343 II.III.6 La festa non è finita: la rivolta dell’anno nove ..................................................... 356 RIFLESSIONI FINALI ........................................................................................................... 374 APPENDICE............................................................................................................................ 382 BIBLIOGRAFIA ..................................................................................................................... 383 SITOGRAFIA e RISORSE ONLINE ...................................................................................... 391 Ad Aurora, ad Angelica e ai migliori fra i miei alunni, perché al dio senza fiato non credano mai! 2 La Cattiva Strada C. Fucci INTRODUZIONE RAGIONI, PROPOSITI E METODI DELLA RICERCA I.1 Presentazione: la materia e i metodi “La storia di ieri è un romanzo pieno di fatti che non posso controllare, di giudizi che non posso contestare.” Così scriveva Oriana Fallaci nel 1974, nella ferma convinzione che il giornalismo fosse più rassicurante e obiettivo della storia in quanto “si scrive nell’attimo stesso del suo divenire”1. Questa ricerca nasce appunto dall’esigenza di una verifica personale su un’epoca storica divisiva e controversa, alternativamente osannata e ostracizzata. Rottamazione del vecchio mondo, fine dell’ipocrisia sessuofobica, trionfo dell’irrazionalismo, crisi irreversibile della famiglia, della scuola, delle buone maniere, demolizione del merito, preludio della lotta armata: la memoria collettiva del Sessantotto è scissa tra una mitizzazione acritica e un’avversione viscerale, che hanno finito per appiattirne i contenuti, stravolgendone addirittura il racconto dei fatti2. La distanza temporale, che per la Fallaci implicava impotenza, opacità e settarismo, potrebbe al contrario garantire una comprensione più equilibrata della protesta di fine anni Sessanta, delle sue ragioni e delle sue dinamiche, a patto che non ci si adegui acriticamente al patrimonio di acquisizioni ereditato da destra o da sinistra. Il Sessantotto, in fondo, è un movimento contraddittorio e complesso, dove coesistono istanze antitetiche come il pacifismo della controcultura hippie e il credo nella violenza rivoluzionaria salvifica e necessaria; la critica alla società di massa accompagnato dall'esaltazione di alcune delle sue manifestazioni principali come l'ampliamento della scolarizzazione o della partecipazione alla vita pubblica; o infine il disprezzo della società opulenta affiancato dall'aspirazione ad un'abbondanza garantita per tutti. Per questo motivo, ogni scorciatoia ermeneutica, finalizzata a riproporre i soliti e fragili stereotipi, non arricchisce il dibattito storiografico su quegli anni cruciali. Un dibattito che necessita innanzitutto di uno sguardo d'insieme, attento a riordinare le diverse componenti della contestazione giovanile, senza limitarsi alla dissezione dei singoli ambiti tematici o nazionali, al fine di poter organizzare un inventario per quanto possibile esauriente delle idee chiave di quel periodo. Il bilancio a cui mi accingo, infatti, mira a recuperare in maniera ovviamente sintetica gli impulsi, le atmosfere, gli ideali che i vari movimenti antagonisti fecero propri nel loro epico 1 O. Fallaci, Intervista con la storia , Rizzoli, Milano, 1974, p. 6. 2 Cfr. C. F. Carli che nel suo Architettura e urbanistica. Dieci anni che liquidarono il controllo delle città, definisce la sollevazione di Valle Giulia – avvenuta il primo marzo del '68 – “coda nostrana del ‘Maggio francese’” a dispetto della sua ovvia anteriorità. In Id. et al. Miserabili quegli anni, Tarab, Firenze, 1999, p. 47. 3 La Cattiva Strada C. Fucci “assalto al cielo”, dando il giusto risalto alla narrazione degli eventi1. Volendo precisare, l’obiettivo della ricerca, programmaticamente diacronica, consiste nel comprendere le origini, i metodi e le rappresentazioni del decennio caldo, a partire dai codici e dai media che esso fece propri, con particolare riferimento alle esperienze dei primi gruppi controculturali, del movimento studentesco internazionale e del Settantasette italiano. Tre soggetti che rappresentano tre differenti momenti nella cronologia del ciclo di protesta: contigui i primi due, più lontano nel tempo l’altro, che riconducibile in parte allo spirito underground della seconda metà degli anni Sessanta chiude il cerchio di una specifica avventura espressiva e politica. Se il filo rosso della rivolta esistenziale e delle sperimentazioni avanguardiste collega i due vertici cronologici della contestazione nostrana, il movimento studentesco ne rappresenta una fase diversa in cui rientrano e si ricompongono le tante tessere del mosaico antagonista dell'epoca e da cui germineranno le successive esperienze
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