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El Estado Los Andes: Ilusiones Del Proyecto De Unidad Política
Presente y Pasado. Revista de Historia. Año 19. Nº 37. Enero-junio, 2014. Escuela de Historia, Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida-Venezuela. ISSN: 1316-1369. ISSN ELECTRÓNICO 2343-5682. DEPÓSITO LEGAL PP 196602ME301. DEPÓSITO LEGAL ELECTRÓNICO PPI 201202ME4038 El Estado Los Andes: ilusiones del proyecto de unidad política. El fracaso de la administración (1881-1899)* Robinzon Meza** esumen: bstract: R Los procesos de integración A The central subject of y disolución del estado Los this article is the integration Andes que agrupó en una misma and dissolution of Los Andes circunscripción administrativa State, which gathered in the same y territorial a Mérida, Táchira y administrative and territorial Trujillo es el tema central de este circumscription the former states artículo. Se hace énfasis en los of Mérida, Táchira and Trujillo. discursos de las elites, expresados We make an emphasis in the study mayoritariamente en la prensa, of the elite´s discourse - mainly para convencer en un principio published by the press- to convince, de las ventajas que conllevaba at fi rst, of the advantages of the la unión, pero también de sus unifi cation, and also to present its cambios de posturas para justifi car stances to justify autonomy and el autonomismo y hacer realidad make of the federation the reality la federación consagrada en las consecrated in the constitutions of Constituciones de la época. that period. Palabras clave: estado Los Andes, Key words: State of Los Andes; Antonio Guzmán Blanco, reformas Guzmán Blanco; Constitutional constitucionales, federalismo. Reforms; Federalism. * Artículo terminado en agosto de 2013. Entregado para su evaluación en septiembre de 2013 y aprobado para su publicación en noviembre de 2013. -
Venezuela February 2021
Venezuela February 2021 UNHCR, 2021 HIGHLIGHTS KEY FIGURES Through the end of February a total of 151,960 individuals (55% female and 45% male) benefited from better access to safe shelter, 24 Cluster partners energy and / or basic equipment in ten states and Distrito Capital. Partner efforts were mostly channelled towards interventions at the community level and included the installation of 23 Refugee Housing People Units (RHUs) in community centres in Apure (3), Falcón (6), Sucre (9) and Táchira (5) states. Other interventions focused on the installation of street solar lamps in host communities and in community centres in Sucre state. During February, the nationwide quarantine was extended, together with movement restrictions, in order to prevent the spread of the COVID-19. According to the Venezuela Ministry of Health, as of the end of February Venezuela had 6,557 active cases and over 139,000 registered cases in total. On 11 February, an ad-hoc meeting was organised with the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) and the Deputy Humanitarian Funding Coordinator updated the members on the advocacy efforts carried out with key relevant Governmental authorities. Based on a request Total funding required: done by the Venezuela Humanitarian Coordinator, cash-based $45.0 M activity modalities in country remained temporarily suspended Funded: 0% through the reporting period. Source: Projects approved HRP The draft Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) 2021 document, which 2021 in HPC.tools / Financial has been already shared with the Venezuelan Ministry of Foreign Tracking Service (FTS) Affairs (MFA) is still under review. Reportedly, spontaneous returnees continue entering Venezuela through non-official crossings in the Colombian-Venezuelan border KEY DATES and the border with Brazil, with most of crossing registered during the flexible weeks. -
Venezuela Self-Rule INSTITUTIONAL DEPTH and POLICY SCOPE Venezuela's Intermediate Governance Consists of Twenty-Three Estados
Venezuela Self-rule INSTITUTIONAL DEPTH AND POLICY SCOPE Venezuela’s intermediate governance consists of twenty-three estados (states) and the Distrito Capital (Capital District, formerly the Distrito Federal), as well as twelve island groupings which make up the dependencias federales (federal dependencies) with 6500 inhabitants, and until 1998, the territorios federales (federal territories), which were dependencies. The three territorios federales were granted the status of estados: Delta Amacuro in 1991, Amazonas in 1992, and Vargas in 1998.1 Estados are divided into statistical regions, which have no administrative life. New constitutions were passed in 1947, 1953, 1961, and 1999 (and revised in 2009). Two distritos metropolitanos (metropolitan districts)-- the Distrito del Alto Apure and Distrito Metropolitano de Caracas--were created in 2001 and 2000, respectively, and abolished late 2017. Venezuela was established as a federation by its first constitution in 1811 (Hernández-Mendible 1998: 2), but is today the most centralized of the four federal states in Latin America (Escobar Lemmon 2003; Lijphart 1999: 190; Levine 1989: 273; Bland 1997: 38, 2002). Estados gained some authority when the 1947 constitution was revised with the onset of democracy in 1961. A significant increase in regional authority also took place in the late eighties and early nineties (Penfold-Becerra 1999). In contrast, the presidency of Hugo Chávez (1999–2013) was centralizing. Article 3 of the 1947 constitution divides the national territory in estados, the Distrito Federal, and the Territorios Federales and Dependencias Federales. Estados were recognized as autonomous entities (Title VI, Art. 120), vested with compe- tences over local police (Art. 93), own institutional set up (Art. -
Brochure Humanitarian Response
UNFPA Humanitarian Response in Venezuela 2019-2020 Humanitarian Response in Venezuela 2019-2020 Presentation of activities of the components: Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) and Gender Based Violence (GBV). Anzoátegui, Apure, Bolívar, Capital District, Miranda, Táchira and Zulia states. The United Nations agency for Sexual and Reproductive Health UNFPA Humanitarian Response in Editorial team Nayra Gutiérrez Venezuela 2019-2020 Dennise Martínez Gabriela Bello Vanessa Massimini Preface Ana Lucia Espinoza Although Venezuelan laws guarantee sexual and reproductive rights and condemn gender-based violence, the gures of adolescent pregnancy in Photo credits the country are among the highest in the region, maternal mortality represents a challenge to achieve the goals of the SDGs and violence against ©UNFPAVenezuela/2020 women, adolescents and girls continues to be highly prevalent. For these reasons, since 2003, UNFPA has worked hand in hand with public institutions Acknowledgements in the country to stop sexually transmitted infections and unwanted This publication wouldn’t have been pregnancies; to promote the access of women and young people to possible without the participation and services and comprehensive education in sexual and reproductive health eort of all the women and men who and to raise awareness and respond to gender-based violence. work at UNFPA every day, ensuring that no one is left behind. UNFPA's work in Venezuela was until recently to promote public policies, We also want to thank our designing care mechanisms, but without providing it directly. Since 2018, in implementing partners: Asociación Civil order to respond to the serious economic crisis that the country is de Planicación Familiar (PLAFAM), experiencing, the model has changed and now UNFPA provides technical Asociación Civil Niña Madre, Aliadas en assistance with closely monitoring and accompaniment on the ground. -
Handicrafts Market
September 2016 Survey by AL&C Consulting Group for the Embassy of India in Caracas- Venezuela Contact email: Alfredo Ordoñez: [email protected] Carlos Longa: [email protected] Luis Angarita: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS PART I: ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA PART II: FEATURES OF THE VENEZUELAN HANDICRAFTS MARKET PART III: THE PRODUCT OF VENEZUELAN HANDICRAFT PART IV: MARKETING OF VENEZUELAN HANDICRAFT PRODUCTS PART V: INVESTMENT IN THE VENEZUELAN HANDICRAFT MARKET Glossary of Terms. Term linked to the Meaning document Aesthetic 1. (adjective) Concerned with beauty and art and the understanding of beautiful things. 2. (adjective) Made in an artistic way and beautiful to look at. Association 1. (noun) A number of persons bound together by common social standards, interests; 2. (noun) A group of people organized for a joint purpose and represented by legal person. Authentic 1. (adjective) Of undisputed origin and not a copy, genuine; 2. (adjective) Made or done in the traditional or original way, or in a way that faithfully resembles an original. Autochthonous 1. (adjective) (Of an inhabitant of a place) indigenous rather than descended from migrants or colonists. Blacksmith’s trade 1. (noun) Make and repair things in iron by hand. Capacity 1. (uncountable noun, countable noun, usually singular) The number of things or people that a container or space can hold; 2. (uncountable noun, countable noun, usually singular) The ability to understand or to do something. Clay 1. (mass noun) A stiff, sticky fine-grained earth that can be moulded when wet, and is dried and baked to make bricks, pottery, and ceramics; 2. -
Venezuela from 2020 to 2021
VENEZUELA FROM 2020 TO 2021: HUMANITARIAN WORK TO HELP THOSE HARDEST HIT BY VIOLENCE AND THE PANDEMIC As 2021 gets under way, humanity is still grappling with one The ICRC coordinated its response with the Venezuelan Red of the greatest challenges it has ever faced: the COVID-19 Cross (VRC) through its volunteers who showed great cou- pandemic. Venezuela is no exception. It has been a time rife rage by continuing their activities to help people, adequately with challenges, concerns, changes and uncertainty, but it protected but putting themselves at risk all the same. Our has also brought huge opportunities to venture into new sincere thanks go to them all, and we remember, in particu- approaches and find creative ways to continue helping those lar, those valued volunteers who have died as a result of this most in need. deadly pandemic. While around the world 2020 will be remembered, above all The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Cres- else, as the year when the novel coronavirus struck, it will cent Societies (International Federation) also contributed also be remembered for the sheer number of changes brou- to strengthening the VRC and assisting those most in need, ght about in such a short space of time. Everyone has had to implementing independent and joint activities as a comple- adapt, according to their own individual circumstances, not mentary part of the work of the International Red Cross and only to survive, but also to face a new and enduring reality Red Crescent Movement in Venezuela. with a positive attitude. In 2021, the COVID-19 emergency will continue to be a major The humanitarian assistance provided by the International factor. -
CHAPTER IV BOLIVAR's FIRST LIBERATION of VENEZUELA— the "WAR to TI4E DEATH" ONTEVERDE Soon Had Good Reason to Regret Having Let Bolivar Escape
CHAPTER IV BOLIVAR'S FIRST LIBERATION OF VENEZUELA— THE "WAR TO TI4E DEATH" ONTEVERDE soon had good reason to regret having let Bolivar escape. The future Liberator 'landed at Curaçao, then M in the possession' of the British, on the 28th August 1812. He was almost penniless, for, owing to informalities in the papers of the ship by which he arrived, all his property on, board was seized by the customs, and Monteverde had sequestrated his Venezuelan possessions. He is said to have talked of going to England to seek employment in the Peninsula under Lord Wellington. Whatver his real intentions, his financial difficulties prevented' any such scheme. At Curaçao he found some of his1 companions who had escaped from La Guaira, and others had accompanied him. It was not long before, having succeeded in borrowing some money in Curaçao, Bolivariwas again off to offer his services to the republican government at Cartagena. He arrived there in the middle of November 1812, and at once set to work at his new ienterprise of inspiring energy amongst the separatists of the republic, and of acquiring a position amongst then which might hereafter enable him to come to the aid of Venezuela. For the moment, the fire of revolution in his own country had been stamped down, though it Was still smouldering. In Cartagena he hoped to fan the flame into a blaze SQ CARTAGENA AND NEW GRANADA 81 involving all the neighbouring provinces. On the 15th December, two days after Labatut had successfully driven the Spaniards from the mouth of the Magdalena, Bolivar, with the approval of the Dictator Torices, by whom he had been well received, issued a manifesto to the inhabi- tants of New Granada. -
Icrcvenezuela 2019Activities.Pdf
VENEZUELA INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS OPERATIONAL REPORT OPERATIONAL CARACAS REGIONAL DELEGATION ACTIVITY REPORT 2019 C. Bastidas/CICR C. In 2019 Venezuela experienced an increase in social tensions, and its economic and social situation deteriorated, giving rise to a shortage of essential goods, health care, and other essential services, which directly affected the most vulnerable. In response, the ICRC expanded its activities to support those most in need, such as those affected by violence, the injured and the sick, detainees and migrants. The ICRC abides by the humanitarian principles of In addition to its humanitarian work in Venezuela, the neutrality, impartiality and independence, and works ICRC supports several activities on the islands of Aruba, in a transparent manner with the authorities, in Bonaire, Curacao and Trinidad and Tobago, where it cooperation with the Venezuelan Red Cross (VRC) and the works to improve the protection of vulnerable groups, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent such as migrants who have been detained or separated Societies (IFRC). from their families. 1 RESTORING FAMILY LINKS The Restoring Family Links (RFL) programme aims to help people who have been separated from their families by providing them with information on the whereabouts of their loved ones and helping them to re-establish contact. RFL also aims to prevent this separation from happening in the first place. This programme, coordinated by the ICRC, is run in close cooperation with the Venezuelan Red Cross and with the active participation of their volunteers. A woman talks to her relative from the Venezuelan Red Cross stand at the bus terminal in San Fernando de Apure. -
ORIGIN and DEVELOPMENT of WHALEWATCHING in the STATE of ARAGUA, VENEZUELA: LAYING the GROUNDWORK for SUSTAINABILITY (Working Paper)
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WHALEWATCHING IN THE STATE OF ARAGUA, VENEZUELA: LAYING THE GROUNDWORK FOR SUSTAINABILITY (Working paper) Jaime Bolaños-Jiménez 1 Auristela Villarroel-Marin 1 , 2 E.C.M. Parsons 3 Naomi A. Rose 4 1 Sociedad Ecológica Venezolana Vida Marina (Sea Vida), A.P. 162, Cagua, Estado Aragua, Venezuela 2122. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador (UPEL), Instituto Universitario Rafael Alberto Escobar Lara, Av. Las Delicias, Departamento de Biología, Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. 3 Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. e-mail: [email protected] 4 Humane Society International, 700 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Whalewatching potential in Venezuelan waters is considered to be “moderate to considerable” by experts. Since 2001, the local non-governmental organization (NGO) Sociedad Ecológica Venezolana Vida Marina (Sea Vida) has been promoting responsible whalewatching in the “Municipio Ocumare de la Costa de Oro”, State of Aragua. Here, we review the origin and development of whalewatching in Ocumare de la Costa de Oro, as detailed below. 1) Scientific research. Research effort dates back to 1996-1998, when researchers of the Ministry of Environment evaluated the status of cetacean populations in this area. Since 2000-2001, research efforts have been accomplished by Sea Vida’s teams and independent researchers. Target species include Atlantic spotted (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) dolphins and Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera edeni). The encounter rate with cetaceans is approximately 70%. 2) Regulatory framework. No specific regulations exist in Venezuela for whalewatching. Currently, a proposal presented by Sea Vida for the enactment of regulations at the national level is being reviewed by the MINAMB. -
That the Capacity of a Plant Species to Adjust Itself, Due to a Change N Environmental Temperature, Is Genetically Controlled
122 that the capacity of a plant species to adjust itself, due to a change n environmental temperature, is genetically controlled. The différences in physiological adjustments among genotypes are P^i'"^'^;^^',^" ,^^^^,f,\P^^'^ of heat acclimation (heat adaptability) rather than ^", \^^\ \"^^^r^^^^^ ^^^î tolerance. This adaptive character, which protects plants against heat stress, works only if the heat adaptability can occur rapidly (J), so that the damage would not occur, which in turn results in better crop performance. References 1. Kigel, J. and M. Ofir. 1981. The morphogenetic processes that determine yield in french bean. Reports to A.R.O., Ministry of Agri., Israel. 2. Chen,\^ii\.M, ii.ii.,H.H., Z.Y.A.. I. oiiciiShen aiiuand r.M.P.H. ui.Li. 1982.• ^^i-» ,^—~^~~Adaptability ___X.__ of crop plants to high temperature stress. Crop Sei., 22:719-725. 3. Shen, Z.Y. and P.H. Li. 1982. Heat adaptability of the tomato. HortSci. 17:924-925. ««»«« INTERNAL CONTAMINATION OF BLACK BEAN SEED LOTS WITH XANTHOMONAS BLIGHT BACTERIA FROM DIFFERENT STATES OF VENEZUELA Nancy Contreras de Velasquez and Gustavo Trujillo Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Agronomía Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay Venezuela To evaluate the internal bacterial contamination in black bean seed lots, a survey was conducted with 176 samples from different classes of seed' such as: genetic, foundation, registered, certified, and harvested from growers and experiments. The survey came from different States of the Country Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Carabobo, Guarico, Lara, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Trujillo and Yaracuy. The samples of 80 g from each lot were weigthed, the surface was sterilized during 2 minutes with 2,6% NaOCl, rinsing twice in sterile wa ter and incubated in a shaker for 48 hr in the following enrichment medium (SEM): 1,0 g yeast extract, 25 mg cycloheximide, 2 mg nitrofurantoin, 1 mg nalidixic acid in 1000 ml 0,01 phosphate buffer pH 7.2. -
UNHCR Venezuela Fact Sheet
FACT SHEET Venezuela January – March 2021 The first quarter of the year has registered an almost complete stop to spontaneous returns from the Colombian side of the border, with very limited returns trickling in from Brazil and a few hundred repatriations through the Government airlift scheme Plan Vuelta a la Patria. At the same time, the numbers of Venezuelans leaving the country has increased gradually to an estimated level of over 2,000 daily exits into Colombia and a few hundred into Brazil. UNHCR and allies have been setting up information and basic relief waystations along the main routes taken by the caminantes heading on foot towards the border. At the same time, especially following the lifting of restrictions for the Carnival celebrations, the levels of contagion from the COVID-19 epidemic have picked up pace, leading the Government to introduce an extended nationwide lockdown beginning mid-March. Official figures on cases and deaths have increased but still depict a relatively reassuring scenario when compared to the situation in neighbouring countries - and are widely believed to underestimate the real extent of the emergency. On March 21, fighting erupted in the western border state of Apure between the Government’s National Bolivarian Armed Forces (FANB) and the dissident guerillas of the FARC 10th Front, leading to the displacement into Colombia of several thousand people from the area of La Victoria - for the most part Venezuelans, but also significant numbers of Colombians who had settled in Venezuela. All humanitarian operations have been suspended in the area, which has been declared a closed security zone. -
Status of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Venezuela
1Figure 1. Incidence rates of pulmonary tuberculosis and of as late mortality in chronic cases, which was delayed deaLths due to tuberculosis per 100,000 population. Costa Rica, but not prevented by the therapy. The ratio (which in 19415-1979. 1965 had been 0.3) continued to fall, which points to an increase in diagnostic coverage and in the quality of the Ro:e treatment of the cases detected. In recent years, the death rate has continued to decline, but the number of cases has increased. which may be due to more intensive case detection. Extrapulmonaryv tuberculosis increased during the course of thc program: in 1945-1949, 10 cases w\ere reported (0.3 per cent) as opposed to 157 cases (7.5 per cent) in 1973-1977. Tuber- culosis incidence fell more rapidly in children under 15 i· ""'., years (from 29.7 per 100.000 population in 1950 to 1.2 b.0i4"· , in 1977) than in the age group 15-44 !ears and in thc agr · - * 'sgroup 45 years and over (137.2 to 24.0 and 119.4 to 40.6 per 100.000 population. respectively). Each year the national control progranm prepares an annual work progranm, quantified hy heiclth scrvice and( by health region (five regions). For 1980, it provides for 1- > 22,000 sputum examinations for the purpose of detecting 119¿0 965 95 80 1945-1,, 1950 1955 1960, 1965 1970, 1975 1980 and treating 639 cases (515 on an outpatient basis). In 1980 short course treatment will be begun, including the Indne.... .....le ooulmono ube,,corlo administration of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazina- .............N.+eDeo'h iii,< mide, with complete supervision in 255 cases.