LEADOFF In dieser Ausgabe Liebe Mitglieder, am 30. April hat Barack Obama 1 Mythos Rommel die 100 Tage-Marke seiner Amts- Maxim Worcester zeit als Präsident der U.S.A. pmg überschritten. Mit sportlichem pmg Tempo und voller Agenda hat er 2 Evaluating the sich auf den Weg gemacht. Das Obama admini- führt auch bei einem „Mythos“ wie ihm zu ganz unterschiedlichen stration's Reaktionen, wie Sie sich in den national security beiden Beiträgen zu seiner Amts- führung überzeugen können. budget and plan- Mit der „54“ erhalten Sie eine „mythische“ Ausgabe der ning process Denkwürdigkeiten – vom Mythos Gordon Adams „Rommel“ zum schon-Mythos „Obama“ zum demnächst-Mythos 3 Please Excuse me „Zuma“, abgerundet durch Korruption und Korruptionsbe- for Apologizing kämpfung in Indien und China. Laurent Murawiec Afrika und Asien stehen Europa und Amerika näher denn je. Räumlich und zeitlich stellen sie 5 South Africa's uns vor umfassende Heraus- next Big Man forderungen. Wer geschichtliche Maxim Worcester und kulturelle Zusammenhänge versteht, kann Zukunft nach- haltiger gestalten (yes we can). 6 ’s Tryst Eine Aufgabe nicht nur für Barack with Corruption Obama. Menace Ralph Thiele, Vorstandsvorsitzender Dr. Sheo Nandan Pandey THEMEN 10 Korruption und Mythos Rommel Militärgeschichte ist in Deutsch- Korruptions- land, im Unterschied zu den an- bekämpfung in gelsächsischen Ländern, eher ein Randgebiet. Dies hat natürlich mit der VR China Journal der der militärischen Katastrophe des Dr. Peter Roell Politisch- Zweiten Weltkriegs und der Ver- strickung der Wehrmacht in die Militärischen Verbrechen des national- sozialistischen Regimes zu tun. Gesellschaft Gerade deshalb ist die Aus- stellung über Rommel im Haus der Geschichte Baden- Württembergs in Stuttgart zu be- grüßen.

Nr. 54 Rommel wurde bewundert – vom Feind wie auch von seinen eigenen Soldaten – wegen seines Mai persönlichen Auftretens, als fairer Kämpfer und fabelhafter Offizier. 2009 Er war ein Sympathieträger und ein Feldherr, der inmitten seiner Soldaten kämpfte, von denen überliefert wurde: Wo Rommel ist, Herausgegeben vom Vorstand ist vorn. der Politisch-Militärischen Gesell- schaft e.V. (pmg) in Berlin Die nationalsozialistische Propa- Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ganda baute Rommel zu einer Art ISSN 1436-3070 (Quelle www.wikipedia..com) Volkshelden auf und Rommel stellte sich der Propaganda be- Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 2 reitwillig zur Verfügung. Er war is probably an incomplete, some did seek and obtain an additional auch ein Mann, der Verbrechen of the administration's action do $10 billion, but those funds cov- ablehnte, aber einem Verbrecher deserve a clear passing grade. ered programs that had previ- diente. Diese Ambivalenz wie ously been funded through sup- auch seine Eitelkeit wird in dieser What are the success stories? plemental budgets. While some in gelungenen Ausstellung klar, die The foreign policy and Congress argued that Defense bis zum 30. August läuft. assistance budget could have been constrained ______even further, this was a clear sig- As a candidate, Barack Obama Maxim Worcester, Berlin nal to the armed services that a promised to double U.S. foreign new sheriff was in town. Maxim Worcester is Senior Manager, Advi- assistance, and while he may not sory Forensic, KPMG International. reach this goal as quickly as he'd Opinions expressed in this contribution are Even more unexpected was the like, the International Affairs those of the author. series of military hardware deci- budget request of $53.8 billion – sions that Gates announced in an increase of about 11% – is a April. For years Defense's modus giant step forward. The details of operandi has been to continue the foreign policy budget won't buying hardware that was out- THEMEN appear until early May, but there moded, underperforming, or un- are signs that it will include at Evaluating the Obama necessary. Gates began to end least a couple of important steps that practice by terminating hardy in strengthening the civilian tool- administration's perennials such as the F-22 kit. fighter, the vehicle portion of the national security Army's Future Combat System, First, it will seek a major increase budget and planning an underperforming Transforma- in personnel for both the State tion Satellite Program, the new process Department and USAID, beefing navy destroyer, and the new up an overstressed staff in both In its first 100 days, the Obama White House helicopter program. organizations. Second, it will fully administration has had to confront Sure, Congress may reverse fund major programs at State and a series of pressing foreign policy some of these decisions; but they USAID, particularly food aid and and national security issues – were clear and decisive and humanitarian assistance. For the North Korean missile launches, a based on strategy and future re- past few years, both have been revamping of the war strategy in quirements, not made randomly. underfunded, with the difference Afghanistan, the Taliban's contin- The forthcoming Quadrennial De- being made up through emer- ued rise in Pakistan, and, of fense Review will tell us whether gency supplemental budget re- course, the Iranian nuclear pro- the long-term defense plan con- quests. But it seems honest gram. As with all new administra- tinues this trend. budgeting has returned to the In- tions, the issues have come ternational Affairs budget re- faster than the Obama admini- In which areas does the ad- quests, and State is asking for stration can cope with them. ministration deserve an incom- what it will realistically need at the Thus, improvisation has been a plete grade? start of the budget process, not major feature of the administra- scrambling for additional funding Supplementals tion's response – especially with later. For eight years, both Defense only part of the team in place. and State abused the supplemen-

The defense budget tal process to request funding for As I've written before, my main things that clearly weren't war re- concern has always been Last September, the military ser- lated – e.g., military hardware that whether or not the administration vices and Joint Chiefs conducted wasn't being lost in Iraq and Af- is putting in place the budgets, a budget drill that led to a "blue ghanistan. It's unclear whether or structures, and processes that will sky wish list" of a base budget for not the administration will con- allow them to escape the siren Defense (outside of war supple- tinue to allow this backdoor fund- song of improvisation and begin mentals). The wish list would ing, which undermines planning to set a course toward longer- have expanded the Defense and budget discipline, to happen. term strategic planning for foreign budget by 14% over fiscal year The intention of transmitting nar- policy and national security. 2009. But the White House de- row, war-focused supplemental cided to hang tough, arguing that has been announced, though it The first 100 days of the Obama "current services" (fiscal year applied incompletely to the fiscal administration have been promis- 2009 plus inflation, or roughly 3% ing, but to paraphrase Death of a growth) was enough. Any further year 2009 supplemental submit- Salesman, “Attention must [con- increases, they reasoned, could ted by the Obama administration tinue to] be paid." await a full strategic review at De- a couple of months ago. War funding for fiscal year 2010, how- fense. ever, will come to Congress with Clearly, 100 days aren't enough the overall budget – a good to answer every question or quell To the surprise of many, Defense precedent. every doubt. And while the most Secretary Robert Gates didn't appropriate grade at the moment fight the administration's edict; he Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 3

Reforming State's budget change." Gates has sent the first THEMEN planning process signal, announcing that he does Former Secretary of State Condo- not intend to seek to put these Please Excuse me leezza Rice began to integrate authorities into Defense's perma- for Apologizing budget planning for all of State's nent legal authorities, pending and USAID's foreign assistance congressional action on State's I spent 2008 harping on the pre- programs, but those changes budget and capabilities. And Sec- diction that Obama would be a need to be strengthened and retary of State Hillary Clinton has complete disaster for the United supported by additional capacity- given voice to the need to return States and the world. Good Lord! building. That means developing State to the position of preemi- I never dreamt to what extent. We a civilian capability to respond nence in foreign and security as- cannot all be Cassandras. quickly to the needs of fragile and sistance policy. failing states and states recover- Obama is apologizing for Amer- ing from civil war and military op- But it isn't yet clear what State ica’s deeds, its past, its present erations. It also means reforming needs to do to become a more and the rest; he is apologizing for the department's staff by recruit- credible steward of these pro- everything. For deteriorating rela- ing, training, incentivizing, and grams. And until it does, Con- tions with Russia, lack of respect promoting a new breed of State gress won't agree to give it the for Islam, bad relations with Iran, official who can plan and adminis- flexibility and funding it needs to squabbles with Europe, lack of ter programs, as well as negotiate do the job. Nor is the first step adulation for Fidel Castro, every them. promising. In the new fiscal year occasion is a pretext to declare 2009 supplemental budget re- America’s repentance. Developing development policy quest for Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, State agreed that De- Here the grade is seriously in- What is more, he is celebrating fense should request $400 million complete. A new USAID adminis- the (totally fictitious) contribution in funding to train Pakistani secu- trator hasn't been named, and the of Islam to America’s ascension, rity forces in counterinsurgency agency is somewhat adrift. Its fu- and does his utmost to bow down operations. If State is to become ture relationship with State also is before the bloody and sectarian the policy steward of these pro- in question and needs to be re- king of Arabia, Abdullah The grams, this was a step in the solved. Similarly, staffing in- Hateful. He cancels the anti- wrong direction. creases should be accompanied missile belt installed in Alaska by a vigorous reform of USAID and proposes a useless nuclear So, in sum, the first 100 days of processes and contracting. The disarmament. The fact that the the Obama administration have agency needs to become the first dictator Putin has, over the last been promising, but to para- responder when tending to fragile ten years, revived Russian hatred phrase Death of a Salesman, "At- and failing states. At the moment, and aggressiveness towards the tention must [continue to] be all of these issues are still in West, attacked neighboring states paid." limbo. by military means, and the United ______States by all other means, do not Gordon Adams, Washington Balancing the military and civil- even mention it! It is, it must be, it ian instruments of statecraft can only be Uncle Sam’s fault. Gordon Adams is professor of international re- As I've noted several times in this lations at American University’s School of In- America’s fault over the last thirty column, Defense has built up a ternational Service, Adams also serves as a distinguished fellow at the Henry L. Stimson years if relations with Islam have substantial portfolio of foreign and Center. His expertise is in U.S. national secu- deteriorated, through lack of security assistance programs that rity policy and budget planning across the American respect. Nasser, the duplicate programs and activities country’s security institutions – the Defense Syrian and Iraqi dictators, Soviet at State. They were developed, Department, State Department, and intelli- gence agencies among them. In 1983, he influence, do not even mention however, because Defense founded the Defense Budget Project (now the them… Guilty by definition. The lacked the faith that State could Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assess- bellicose folly and the hatred of run these programs in an agile or ments), a nonpartisan research center that ana- the West that characterized Aya- responsive way, or that State lyzes defense economics and defense policy. From 1993 to 1997, he worked as the White tollah Khomeini since the forties? could raise the money for them House’s senior national security budget offi- The general conversion of the from the Congress. These doubts cial at the Office of Management and Budget, Iranian intelligentsia to anti- weren't incorrect, but they've cre- where he oversaw all U.S. foreign affairs and imperialist extreme-left thinking? ated a serious imbalance. national security budgeting. Opinions expressed in this contribution are The rescue of millions of Muslims

those of the author. by America in the four corners of Today, the United States faces a First published by Bulletin of Atomic Scien- the earth from the barbarity that is major problem in civil military rela- tists, 28 April 2009, www.thebulletin.org Islam? The rhetorical genuflec- tions. As Chairman of the Joint tions of Bush before “Islam, a re- Chiefs Michael Mullen noted at ligion of peace”? Princeton University on February

5, "You've hear . . . me talk about Europe, frightened by its own our foreign policy being too milita- shadow, hesitant to arm itself rized. I believe that. And it's got to even with a pen-knife (a danger- Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 4 ous arm of aggression), Europe the Harvard graduate – who was tional jurists, juridical NGOs, that demonstrates by the millions a “community organizer” – a judges of international courts. against the “Euromissiles” and noted politician in Chicago. Let us They do not so much want a state Ronald Reagan, and even not forget that Obama’s local po- of law and international law as against Clinton? Once again it is litical career was launched by fa- they want the reign of jurists. ever and always America’s fault. natics who hate America, the ex- They want to place a jurist behind “We do not speak Russian! It is treme left-wing Weatherman ter- each soldier and put war – which your fault”. rorists, in Chicago, who repeat is ultima ratio regis, the king’s ul- and confirm the same ideological timate argument, as was en- But where did Obama learn this refrain. All the aquariums where graved in the cannons of Freder- nonsense! Where does this ac- the tadpole swam are filled with ick the Great of Prussia – outside cumulation of all the world’s dis- the same water. the pale of the law. appointments, these false and de- formed ideas, come from? Where Obama is the manicured version They are the only ones to do so, does this knee-jerk “I apologize” of Wright: he went to Harvard. He while the gangs of assassins come from? We are used to does not eructate, he does not roam the streets and alleys of the Jimmy-Carterism, falling down on slobber, he does not show his fist. megalopolis. They scrutinize the all fours before Khomeini (“a He does not continuously spout least actions of soldiers, intelli- saint”), the USSR, Cuba, the third obscenities like his guru does. He gence agents, the government, world, Muslim terrorism. How is it is elegant, syrupy, but even when and subject them not only to cen- that Obama – governing a repub- they are sugar-coated, the pills sorship but also to sanction, self- lic – bowed his head before the are still full of hot pepper. The disarmament by means of utopia, king of Arabia? heart is the same. Wright insults while the other sides, who could America, Obama apologizes: in not care less, continue with their That is where we need to re- both cases, America is guilty. depredations. member the man who was his Wright is a pastor, Obama is pastor for twenty years, which is a president. That is what is taught at Harvard very long time when you are un- Law School, of which Obama is a der fifty: pastor Jeremiah Wright, Even worse, this deplorable graduate. All action must be regu- of the Chicago Trinity United America has spread disorder and lated by the dictatorship of sub- Church of Christ, from whom evil all over the world. Instead of sections, of the bearers and in- Obama only separated under collaborating multilaterally with terpreters of clauses: lawyers. We constraint, because of his un- all, working for the common good must at all costs find common bearably anti-American and anti- with Putin, Chavez, Ahmadinejad, grounds with all. We must go a Western, delirious and declara- Saddam Hussein, Bachir al- long way with concessions: the tions inspired by conspiracy theo- Assad and Co., horrible Bush other side will end up understand- ries, and which “went over badly” made enemies of them. ing. Kim Jong II, Hugo Chavez, in the electoral campaign. Ayatollah Khomeini, Assad, How shameful! We have to repair Hamas, we will find the compro- For twenty years, Wright was his the damage. America will only mises necessary for a deal with mentor and his Nestor, the one find its redemption in withdrawal, the other side’s lawyers. who introduced him into the cir- penitence, contrition, and a form cles of Chicago’s Black Theology, of disappearance. Submerged in Without an agreement, we fall who initiated him to the ideas of multilateral and international or- back into the errors of shameful this black version of “liberation ganizations, smothered by the America. America, how awful, theology”. And what does it say, UN’s unanimities, harmonized goes so far as to defend its allies what does Wright say? “Not ‘God with Europe, abandoning its own against its enemies. We fight in Bless America,’ but ‘God damn sovereignty in favor of “interna- Vietnam and Korea against the America’”. That America is slav- tional law”, whose judges no aggressions of communism. We ery, that AIDS was “invented” by longer bother with democracy and fight against Soviet communism. the American government to ex- are accountable to none, like the What do you think Obama stated terminate blacks, etc. European Union, that has re- in Berlin, during his electoral pealed democracy and replaced it campaign, not without a degree of Wright hates America with all his by the government of jurists and delirium, that the world won the being, even if he pockets all commissioners. Jeremiah Wright Cold War “by uniting”, as if there imaginable dividends… Black wants apocalypses; Obama were only one side in this war! “liberation” theology is the Ameri- wants to change everything gen- can equivalent of all the worst tly, through attorneys. America must be reduced in its perversions spawned by Castro, aspirations and in its power. The Guevara and Fanon: America is That is why his administration is world must be reduced to a single satanic, and all the others – who crammed with these jurists who camp, that of the peacemakers, are victims of America – are an- look down on and scorn the with which an agreement is al- gelic. Twenty years is enough American constitution, electors, ways possible. There are no time to become steeped in ser- congressmen: their peers are the enemies, there are only misun- mons. It was Wright who made international jet-set of multina- Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 5 derstandings. There can be not in setting up Obama’s con game. THEMEN confrontations, only clarifications. At last! we are no longer bothered by anything else other that short South Africa's next You do not agree? Shut-up! It is term “stability”. you who are the menace, the Big Man trouble-maker, the public enemy. Obama makes no distinction be- The outcome of the vote was You intend to defend yourself? tween black and white, between never in doubt; the only question Who are you to defy the “interna- friend and foe. He gratuitously of- that remained was if the ANC tional community”? The chorus of fended the English by scorning could win an absolute majority liars who promote the official their “special relationship”. He of- and complete a clean sweep of all pseudo-reality will condemn your fended the Japanese by paying provinces. voice and your action. no attention either to them or to the North-Korean missile that flew As things turned out, the ANC The chorus of sycophants is over their territory. He had not a under its charismatic leader, deafening. Just yesterday, for ex- word to say to the Taiwanese ally. Jacob Zuma, won 65.9% of the ample, after the operation of He is relentlessly preparing a cri- vote thus just missing an absolute commandos that liberated the sis with Israel. He has showed majority. It also failed to win the American captain, a hostage of the Czechs and the Poles, with important Western Cape Prov- Somali pirates, The Washington the anti-missile defense issue, ince, where the Democratic Alli- Post titled, on its first page “An that they cannot count on Wash- ance under Helen Zille attained a Early Military Victory for Obama”: ington and that they will be sacri- clear majority. The result is that it was the battle of Lepanto, the ficed on the altar of the “new the ruling ANC will not be able to battle of Jutland, Midway; we start” with Moscow. unilaterally change the Constitu- were plunged in an Epic saga. tion and that it will have a vocal For everyone the lesson is brutal: and able opposition in Parliament. Blowing up a minute police opera- in the Obama era it is better to be tion and turning it into a military an enemy than a friend: if you are South Africa has come a long victory is, obviously, to deceive a friend, you will be cast aside. If way since the dark days of apart- oneself as to what war is and you are an enemy, Washington heid. Its constitution is robust and what military means are. Obama- will bend over backwards to Africans across the continent look ism has created for itself such a please you. to the countries leader as a bea- deformed image of war that it no con of hope. Today South Africa longer distinguishes reality from In geopolitics the Chinese strate- provides more than a third of sub delirious rambling. By confusing a gist Sun Tzu had words of wis- Saharan GDP and is the conti- police raid with war, they mix dom: it is best to avoid the strong nents sole member of the G20 them up. It is not serious in the points and attack the weak ones. group of most influential coun- case of a road accident, but it is The “full” should be avoided, the tries. However the 15 years of un- in the event of a real conflict. “empty” should be invaded. interrupted rule has resulted in Obama creates the empty and the ANC succumbing to a number If it is not just three miserable avoids the full. of vices of one-party states: nepo- good-for-nothings on the Somali tism, corruption and arrogance coast that you have to neutralize, In the coming years we can pre- are rife in South Africa and hardly but North Korea you have to free dict a rush toward the bad guys, a day goes by without some new from Kim Jong II, three marine and the sacrifice of the good scandal emerging. On the posi- commandos will not suffice. And ones. Carter sacrificed the Shah tive side South Africa has the the Iranian mega-rogue? And of Iran, who was no saint, in favor continents only broad based wel- Putin? When you can no longer of the satanic ayatollah. It is the fare state, providing cash benefits distinguish black from white, you model Obama follows. In a West- to the needy and has helped can no longer see anything. You ern I saw an English duke who move people out of the appalling bow down before a despot, you said to a thug from the Far West: slums by building 2.7 million low reassure Islam that you will never “Well sir, we shall fight”. By the cost dwellings. some 80% of the be at war with it (even if Islam is time he took off his coat, the other population have access to clean at war with us). You promise a guy had already kicked him sev- water and electricity. Violent “new start” to the Russian tyrants eral times where he should not crime, high by western standards, who are determined to make have. has also fallen. America an enemy. ______Laurent Murawiec, Since the end of apartheid a new Disorder and confusion are at Washington DC black middle class has emerged. their peak. Obamaland is a land An estimated 2.6 million of South of chaos. We should note, in this Laurent Murawiec, Senior Fellow, Hudson In- Africa’s 39 million blacks now respect, that the fray of foreign stitute, Washington, D.C. Opinions expressed in this contribution are earn at least 6,000 Rand per policy “realists”, who advise get- those of the author. month and go out to restaurants, ting rid of one’s allies in order to First published by Mena Press (Metula News buy cars and the latest fashion. find an agreement with the bad Agency), April 23 2009, www.menapress.com Most of the wealth remains in the guys, are in bliss and participate hands of the whites due to their Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 6 higher skills. In spite of these parliament rules the country. He debate, discourse and decision positive developments, however, will have to live with a robust op- but have lent helping hands as South Africa is today one of the position party and a very able op- agent provocateurs.2 most unequal countries in the position leader in the person of world as the benefits of the Helen Zille. At all cost he must There is literal dearth of micro changes have not reached the prevent South Africa from follow- study to portray all pervasive pic- vast majority. ing the sadly usual route African ture post account of the scenario. It is these people, affected by the countries go under single gov- While conceptually handicapped inequality, who voted for Jacob ernment rule. Thus the failure of in more than one respect, the Zuma and his ANC. the ANC to achieve a absolute Corruption Perception Index majority and the presence of an (CPI), brought out by Transpar- The challenges facing South Af- able opposition is good news for ency International (TI), does cap- rica and her new government are the country. Much also depends ture panoramic view of the mal- daunting. Business confidence is upon how strategically important aise. There is unspoken truth in at its lowest level for 10 years and the West sees South Africa, it the findings that the citizens pay the economy is expected to con- should do so as our trade routes bribes to avail essential public tract ba around 1% this year, fol- to Asia pass by South Africa and services for their survival.3 Of the lowing average growth rates of an instable South Africa cannot two sets of “need based” and around 5%. Mining and manufac- be in the interest of the West. “basic” services, the former has turing are in a free fall as the ______been seen as more corrupt. The global recession reaches South Maxim Worcester, Berlin need based services primarily Africa. The upcoming World Cup cover income tax, police and judi- next year and a government Maxim Worcester is Senior Manager, Advi- ciary. Monopolistic nature provi- stimulus package of 690 billion sory Forensic, KPMG International. sioning of these services stand at Opinions expressed in this contribution are Rand over the next 3 years will those of the author. the root of the problem. Basic ser- boost the economy but unem- vices include health and educa- ployment among the poor and tion. The citizens have choice to unqualified blacks is set to rise. opt out for competitive private owned and run institutions. How- South Africa now has a leader ever, the poor have no choice. who comes from the people. Like THEMEN Notwithstanding, as a large part many of his supporters he has lit- of public spending on welfare and tle if any formal education. He India’s Tryst with development programmes do not does not have the heroic or aris- reach to the target group. Of tocratic traits of Nelson Mandela, Corruption Menace many a manifest outcome of the nor is he in any way like the tech- phenomenon, the low benefit Corruption has come to make nocratic Mbeki. Whites and the quotient of programmes and pro- headlines more often now than educated black middle class are ject have had abiding adverse ever. Political elite acquired noto- worried by his lack of education impacts on the socio-economic riety much before the dawn of in- and his flamboyancy. His track 1 life of the people. dependence. It is not again just record as a politician with integrity the treasury benches. The dy- has suffered as a result of court The paper, in its perspective, de- namics constitutes of power to in- cases in which he was accused of liberates over the institutional re- fluence decisions. It transcends corruption. He also appears to sponse and efficacy of the system gender, social and economic di- have little regard of the status of to handle the problem of corrup- mensions, which is closer to the Constitutional Court which tions. The assumptions include: Gunnar Myrdal’s electrifying de- has on several occasions found First, the phenomenon of corrup- scription of “folklore of corrup- against him. He is also no great tion in Indian public life crept de- tions”. Public perceptions, in its friend of the press which he ac- spite the Indian Statute and the generality, hold bureaucrats, cuses of running a campaign age old social value system business persons, NGOs, and against him. Whilst he speaks of speak against; Second, the out- last but not the least, criminals as removing incompetence from critical perpetrators of the phe- government some see this as a nomenon. There are then strik- 2 way of removing those against A significant number of lawyers, charter ac- ingly rich, articulate and con- him from power. A further worry countants, doctors, management professionals nected set of professionals, who and, of course media have of late come into shared by many of Jacob Zuma’s make, mend and mar every public light for their perverse corrupt acts. Worse that critics is that he has promised to the institutions of their affiliations harp on the much to too many and will not be maxim that Caesar’s wife must be above sus- 1 In 1937, a decade before the Independence, picion without invoking into the fundamentals able to deliver on his promises. no less than the Father of the Nation, Mahatma of Caesar’s wife in their real life. Gandhi lamented on the working of political 3 TI 2005 Survey, covering 10 sectors such as President Zuma must show at an elites who had come to occupy the seat of police, judiciary, land administration, munici- early stage that he does accept power in the interim governments in different pal services, government hospitals, electricity, provinces. In his dismay, he is quoted to have PDS, income tax, water supply, schools and the constitution for which South said, “We seem to have weakened from within. rural financial institutions, shows that the citi- Africa fought for so long and will I would go to the length of giving the whole zens in India pay bribes amounting to Rs. have to accept that not he but Congress a decent burial, rather than put up 210.68 million while availing one or more ser- with corruption that is rampant.” vices. Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 7 growth and sustenance much operating system and procedure, legitimate means, practicing less perpetuation and oblique so- seem to have gone into creating nepotism and securing good jobs cial acceptance of the phenome- aberrations. and business options for their non draw on a variety factors, children and relatives and reaping some of which is universal while Forms of corruptions, taking place other advantages inconsistent others quite exclusive to India; in India, qualify much of what with any standard of purity then Third, the glitch in the organiza- scholarship in the field otherwise constituted common refrain tion and management of public tend to suggest. The phenome- among the deviants. Factors at utility services, law enforcement non, as elsewhere relates to work included a web of restrictive mechanism and check and bal- abuse of “public office for private rules and regulation regime in ance system stand at the back of gains”. In all such events, as the face a general resource and op- much of delinquent behaviour of TI elaborates, the public servants, portunity crunch in the economy different actors in the game; and, be it politicians or civil servants and rise of power brokers, who, at Fourth, a web of visible/invisible undertake improper and unlawful one end, served as necessary watchdogs, operating through means to enrich themselves or link between the system and the and from the sanctum sanctorum those close to them, by virtue of clientele, and thus, bore mantle of of social, cultural and spiritual in- extraordinary power of discretion legitimate go between and on the stitutions in close coordination handed down to them. Arnold J. other end, created system glitch with legal system to instil trans- Heidenheimer spoke of three to transparent transactions. In the parency, integrity and account- types of corrupt behaviour: First, bargain, discretionary powers at ability in the attitude and practices the public office centered; Sec- different ends of power centres, at large hold real and ultimate an- ond, the market centered; and, subject to corruptibility quotient of swer to the menace. The paper, Third, the public power centered. the individual player and ac- in its perspective, sequentially fo- In the case of public centered cor- countability glitch in the system, cuses on: Forms of Corruptions ruptions, the perpetrators ordinar- turned out the fountain head of and the Milieu; Intensity of Cor- ily violated public trust placed in corrupt practices in governances. ruptions and the Intervening Fac- their office. The delinquent be- tors; Control Mechanism and the haviour included bribery, nepo- Indian state and its institutions Slip Points; and, Challenges and tism and misappropriation. In were then in nascent state. How- the Saving Grace. market centered corruptions, the ever, the responses were quite officials look upon their authority straight and stringent. While not Forms of Corruptions and to maximize personal gains by exhaustive, the system response the Milieu dispensing public benefits. Quite to some of the often quoted cor- Strange and yet true that the In- in the same vein, where it related ruption cases of the era such as dian public life is severely in- public power centered corrup- Jeep Scandal (1948), Mudgal fested with the phenomenon of tions, the officials tend to violate case (1951); LIC-Mundhra deals corruption. In his disquiet, the late common interest that provides di- (1957); Partap Singh Kairon case Prime Minister saw rect or indirect benefits to the (1964); and, Biju Patnaik case symptoms of “institutionalization perpetrators in the last go. Pio- (1965) stand testimony. of corruption” as an outcome of neering Indian contributors to the “corrupting of institutions” right in concern add up corrupt business The Jeep Scandal, so to say, re- 1985. “The failure to deal with persons, corrupt non-govern- lated to V.K Krishna Menon, the corruptions”, said he, ”has bred mental organizations (NGOs) and then Indian High Commissioner contempt for the law”. This is criminals in the category of per- UK. The Indian army had placed there despite the age old wisdom sons while are the back of the orders for procurement of 155 of the land and present day statu- phenomenon. As public servants Jeeps worth Rs 8 millions. They tory organizational framework of remain the fountain heads of vio- were to be used in then troubled governance of the nation squarely lations, the Heidenheimer typol- Hyderabad and Kashmir regions. provides for zero tolerance.4 ogy remains sacrosanct. The Indian army had placed ser- However, the new developments vices of a Brigadier, which he by- in the socio-economic organiza- Intensity of Corruptions and passed and instead outsourced tion of the nation, in particular the the Intervening Factors through an agent, Cleminsan. importance of material existence While few and far between, the While the roadworthiness of the and a number of glitches in the instances of one or the other Jeeps in question was certified by kinds of the three sets of corrup- Lloyds, the sulking Indian Army 4 Indian ethos, pervading social, cultural and tions in the Indian public office did made an issue in accepting, and spiritual life of the people at large draws upon come up even during the early the opposition, in particular those the tenets in Indian scriptures such as Ishawa- who were ranged against the then shopnishad, which espouses the truth that the years of independence. A.D Gor- worldly possessions belong to the Isha, the di- wala Report (1951) and Santha- Prime Minister Pt Jawaharlal vine and hence, one had right to use them only nam Committee Report (1964) Nehru blew it out. Even as the as much as it met the bare requirement of exis- pointed fingers at the integrity of Jeeps remained on road for over tence with a heart and mind of giving up the a decade, V.K Krishna Menon, obsessions of holding beyond. Notwithstand- ministers and civil servants. The ing, the country has Central Vigilance Com- reports speak of relative tolerance one of the most austere political mission in position as an apex statutory au- and shielding of the miscreants. people of the time, suffered the thority. There are scores of other legal provi- Enriching themselves through il- insinuation. sions which prescribes stern actions. Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 8

H.G Mudgal, a Member of Par- pivotal role looking into the phe- ments. Shipping magnate Jayant liament, accepted Rs 1000 each nomenon. Dharma Teja took loans worth Rs on two occasions in his dealings 20.2 millions to establish the with Bullion Merchant Associa- Partap Singh Kairon was Chief Jayanti Shipping Company. In tion. On receiving complaints, the Minister of Punjab from 1956 to 1960, the authorities discovered then Prime Minister first ap- 1964. While he is credited for that he was actually siphoning off proached Speaker G.V Mava- much of the developments the money to his own account, after lankar for a thorough parliamen- state achieved, the controversy which Teja fled the country. tary enquiry. A member of Lok about his corrupt actions in pro- Sabha wanted reference of the moting the economic interests of In comparison and contrast, the case to the Privilege Committee. his sons, relatives and cohorts situation, in subsequent decades, The Speaker did not find it transcended beyond the epoch of bear out sea change, in particular workable. The Prime Minister the first Prime Minister of India. In in the mode, scope and end re- moves a resolution for appoint- close contrast to all other cases sults. The political as much civil ment of an Ad-hoc Committee of that found logical end, his assas- servants have literally come to the Parliament to go into the is- sination in February 1965, just operate in a sort of network or- sue, which found his conduct "de- two months after he resigned af- gies in contrast to individual aber- rogatory to the dignity of the ter being indicted by the S.R Das rations during the early years. House and inconsistent with the Commission, closed the chapter.5 There are individual political play- standards of member of Parlia- The case of Orissa Chief Minister ers, in certain cases the political ment”. He was formally expelled Biju Patnaik did not as well have entity of their affiliations, who from the house. logical ends in its entirety. After once vowed to fight pitched politi- long last, charges of corruptions cal battles with no hold barred to LIC-Mundhra deal remains a leg- against him were investigated by expose and eradicate corruptions end by its own right. It was the H.R Khanna Commission. He in high places, carried out and let first financial scandal of inde- was indicted for awarding gov- their kin to pursue the same pendent India. With his connec- ernment contract to his privately course. Much the same could be tions, Haridas Mundhra, a held companies and forced to re- said about the bureaucracy.6 based industrialist and stock sign. Nevertheless, he resur- speculator, got Life Insurance rected in politics once again until For variety of reasons, in 1970’s, Corporation (LIC) to invest Rs. died. despite outcry of a different order, 1.24 crores (US$ 3.2 millions) in the number of corruption cases, the shares of his six troubled There were some lesser known then making headlines in sub- companies such as Richardson cases of corruptions of the kind in stance, were just handful. The Cruddas, Jessops & Company, the early years of independence. case of public sector Indian Oil Smith Stanistreet, Osler Lamps, They included: Cycle Imports Corporation (IOC), which Agnelo Brothers and British India scandal (1951); BHU Funds awarded contracts worth Rs 20.2 Corporation. The investment was scandal (1956); and, Teja Loans millions for supply of petroleum done under governmental pres- case (1960). S.A Venkataraman, products at constant price in an sure and bypassed the LIC’s in- the then Secretary, the Union epoch of falling prices to a Hong vestment committee, which was Ministry of Commerce and Indus- Kong based said to be non- informed of this decision only af- try was proceeded against and existent Kuo Oil Co in 1976. Po- ter the deal had gone through. In later jailed for accepting a bribe in litical storm, nevertheless took the event, LIC lost most of the lieu of granting a cycle import place on couple of other occa- money. The irregularity was quota to a company. BHU fund sions.7 brought to the notice of the Lok scandal was then first of its case Sabha by the ruling party member in an educational institution. The 1980s brought a spate of cases, , also the son-in- employees had misappropriated the major ones were: Antulay law of the then Prime Minister. Rs 5 millions. Once found guilty Trust scandal (1981); Lakhubhai The matter was disposed in re- by the court of laws, the perpetra- Pathak cheating scandal (1983) cord 24 day inquiry by one-man tors had to under go imprison- Bofors Pay-Off (1986); HDW Committee of Justice M.C Chagla. Haridas Mundhra was sentenced to imprisonment. The 5 In his report, submitted on June 11, 1964, 6 Task Force on Vigilance have found three S.R Das added: “The commission is free to sets of persons in the authority: (a) those who Committee found the Finance concede that a father can not legally or mor- are honest under all circumstances; (b) those Minister T.T Krishnamachari con- ally prevent his sons from carrying on busi- who sit on the fence; and, (c) those who are stitutionally responsible. He sub- ness, but exploitation of the influence of the fa- corrupt under all circumstances. 7 sequently resigned. The Commit- ther who happens to be Chief Minister of the Two cases bizarre cases, one Maruti License State can not be permitted to be a business of case and the other V.P Malhotra case were tee recommended trial of Finance …There is no getting away from the fact that then talks of the day. In the former, the propri- Secretary, H.M Patel, along with S. Partap Singh Kairon knew or had more ety of , the youngest son of the two LIC officials, L.S Vaidyana- than ample reason to think that his sons and then PM, was under question for seeking li- than for suspected collusion. The relatives were allegedly exploiting his influ- cense to manufacture small car. In the latter, ence and powers……In view of his inactions in V.P Malhotra, the Chief cashier of the State incident turned harbinger for the the face of the circumstances here in alluded Bank of India, allegedly handed over Rs 6 mil- coming up of statutory Central to, he must be held to have connived at the do- lion to Nagarwala, at a phone call from the Vigilance Commission to play ings of his sons and relatives, his colleagues then PM. It has been inconclusively a whip- and the governments officers.” ping boy. Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 9

Commissions (1987), and St Kitts of control in the transaction of in- notwithstanding, has set up the Forgery (1989). Things were little dividual job. Levels of transpar- Central Vigilance Commission different in 1990’s. Counts went ency figuring respectively nil, (CVC) to advice the government, up 10 exposures: Airbus Scandal least and quite reckonable again government institutions and de- (1990); Solanki Exposé (1992); on the scale of 10, depending on partments in planning, executing Securities Scam (1992); Indian the levels of absoluteness with and reforming their vigilance Bank Rip-off (1992); Hawala quantum of discretions in decision works. The CVC, in turn, has scandal (1993), Sugar Import making go in chartering the or- taken a number of steps including (1994); JMM Bribes (1995); Lak- gies. the task of interfacing with people hubhai Pathak Paper Pulp Con- at large through a website to get tract Bribery (1996); Telcom Framework of the Control to the broad and specifics of the Scam (1996); Urea Deal (1996); Mechanism and the Slip Points inside out to perform its char- 10 and Coffingate (1999). The nota- Discussions, as such, bear out ters. Council for Clean India ble cases during the first decade abiding and ever increasing na- (CFCI), an initiative of the CVC, of the new millennium included: ture of the phenomenon. It also has been in vogue for nearly dec- Tehelka Sting (2001); Stock Mar- speaks of its unmistakable resil- ade to get much of the catalysts ket Scam (2001); Home Trade ience to most, if not all statutory on one platform to work for pre- Scam (2002); Stamp Paper Scam vention of the dreaded evil of cor- and legal safeguards in place. It 11 (2003); Oil-for-Food Scandal is both about the political and bu- ruption. (2005); Cash for Query (2005); reaucratic actors, who tend to MPLADS Scam (2005) Human transgress their oath of honesty The slips in the system, notwith- Trafficking Forged Passport and integrity. It is symptomatic of standing, rule the roost. One of Scam (2007); Cash for Votes multi level chinks in the frame- the discernible symptoms of the Scam (2008) and Satyam Com- work of the control mechanism. In phenomenon constitute of dispro- puters (2008). over all perspectives, it speaks of portionate assets (DA), which, lit- system fragility to face onslaughts erally, goes along as a rule in The list is little comprehensive. of individual as much as organ- proportion to the level of authority They are nor representative of dif- ized orgies. in decision making. The change ferent sets of orgies. There are phenomenon, both in quantitative quite a large number of exposes, The existing check points against and qualitative terms, tend to ex- both in all India and state level political operatives constitute first, emplify a case of one time locale cases, some of which are being the public platform of elections. specific cottage industry of delin- tried inconclusively as matters of The second and subsequent quent action assuming subse- disproportionate assets (DA). check points constitute of provi- quently the form and shape of all Leave aside glaring faults in the sions of mid course intermediate pervasive heavy industry with an- surveys of some of the profes- and final corrections, available cillaries all over the country. The sional bodies in bracketing India with the two respective houses of perpetrators, in particular the po- vis-à-vis different countries in re- the Legislature at the national and litical persons, tend to enact gional and global perspectives on provincial levels. There are then phoenix. Even while indicted and the basis of ill defined corruption scores of statutory independent prosecuted, they hold potentials perception index (CPI), the sweep bodies including the judiciary to to romp back in public life, using of the phenomenon is simply as- call the shots. Notwithstanding, different tantrum. tounding and tend to affect mil- there is in place the institutions of lions of people in their every day Challenges and the 8 Lokpal and Lokayuktas to get to lives. The bureaucratic core to investigate and redress public Saving Grace the phenomenon is much more grievances about corruption, fa- Challenges in the path of stamp- virulent. It figures grand, middle vouritism and official indiscipline ing out the evil of corruptions are or petty on the scale of 10 in dif- in administrative machinery. but formidable. Black money, an ferent set up, depending on levels There impeachment provisions in outright ominous end product of respect of certain set of function- the whole gamut of corruptions, 8 Transparency International and its offshoots, aries as well. has come to account for 40% of bank on normally held perceptions of those the Gross Domestic Products who are most directly confronted with the re- There are then service and/or alities of corruptions. The questions put to sen- ior business people were: How common are profession disciplining authorities bribes to politicians, senior civil servants, and in the case bureaucrats, profes- judges? How significant of an obstacle are the sionals and business persons.9 10 CVC is since a statutory authority under the costs associated for such payments for doing This is besides well set common CVC Ordinance of 1998. Superintendence, as business? The survey listed Courts, Customs, its prime charter extends to vigilance function education System, Political Parties, Police, laws. The Government of India, besides administrative vigilance of the admin- Tax authorities and others and asked: If you istrative works of various government organi- had magic wand and you could eliminate cor- 9 The rules provide for both the cost of unbe- zations, public sector units, and banks. ruptions from one of the following institutions, coming behaviour once proved as well as pro- 11 CFCI meets periodically. It had met for the what would your choice be? Merits of such tection against unnecessary harassments for first time on 02 July 01. It had then secured queries apart in touching upon the heart of the the public servants defined for the purpose. It commitments of CBI, Vigilance Commission- problem, they were at best poised to find out holds good for the central as much as state ers, and Ombudsmen in the banking and insur- the quality of handlers. They can not reflect services. There are regulatory bodies dealing ance sectors besides NGOs to fight the malaise much less pin down the actual level of corrup- with the cases of corrupt practices of different of corruptions hand in hand and shoulder to tions. professional services. shoulder. Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 10

12 (GDP). Unverifiable reports si- THEMEN mein ehemaliger Studienkollege, multaneously suggests that un- Dr. Manuel Vermeer, dieses Be- scrupulous industrialists, scan- Korruption und Kor- ziehungsgeflecht in konzentri- dalous politicians and corrupt offi- schen Kreisen wie folgt dar: cers have since put in about US$ ruptionsbekämpfung 1500 billion in their private foreign in der VR China a) Der innere Zirkel zeigt die accounts, which they have quite überwältigende Bedeutung der necessarily been misappropriat- Als Sinologe ist es mir ein be- Familie. Bereits Konfuzius be- ing from time to time. The worse sonderes Anliegen, Sie zum zeichnete die Familie im 5 that the matter more often than einen mit kulturellen Aspekten Jhdt. v. Chr. als Kern des not languishes on one excuse or vertraut zu machen, die in hohem Staates. Dies bedeutet für the other for unimaginable period, Maße die Korruption im Reich der Chinesen – quasi als morali- which provides uncalled for sanc- Mitte begünstigen, andererseits sche Verpflichtung – sich ge- tuary the perpetrators. One of the bei Betrachtungen des Themas genseitig zu helfen, sei es im hurdles constituted of immunity weitgehend keine Erörterung fin- privaten oder geschäftlichen 13 provisions. One could now see den. Umfeld. silver lining after the “prior sanc- b) Der nächste Zirkel beschreibt Korruption und Guanxi tion provision” under Section 19 die Beziehungen früherer of The Prevention of Corruption Wer durch China reist, wird oft Schulkameraden, Studenten Act – 1988 has been blown away das Wort Guanxi hören. Dies ist oder Beziehungen, die wäh- and Section 197 Cr P C made re- ein geradezu magisches Wort, rend des Militärdienstes ent- dundant. denn es öffnet Türen, von denen standen sind. Wenn man sich

There is saving grace that the man glaubt, sie seien ver- einmal gut kannte, bleibt diese world view of an average Indian is schlossen, Mit Guanxi, was Be- Beziehung erhalten, selbst averse of vices. The broad ziehung, Netzwerk bedeutet, be- wenn man sich über Jahre masses of the people has simple kommt man zum Beispiel in nicht sehen konnte. Guanxi task to ask for transparency, ac- einem völlig überbuchten Flug- kann zu jeder Zeit erneut akti- cept the verdict as the rule of the zeug dennoch einen Sitzplatz viert werden. oder man erhält Zugänge auf game what they otherwise do in c) Der Kreis C symbolisiert Pha- hoher wirtschaftlicher oder the name of their fate, burn the sen, in denen Menschen – real life demon what they do with politischer Ebene. Natürlich trifft auch unter schwierigen Be- the mythological ones and last man auch in Deutschland auf dingungen, wie zum Beispiel but not the least, get to zero tol- private oder geschäftliche Netz- bei Naturkatastrophen in erance for the perpetrators be- werke, aber in der chinesischen China – zusammen trafen und yond all bounds of personal links Kultur geht das Verständnis von sich unterstützten. Dieser and likes. Operational side of the bilateraler Interdependenz viel Personenkreis kann auch campaign calls for making the in- tiefer. später stets aktiviert und um stitutions of democracy efficient. It Hilfe gebeten werden. Wichtig will handle much of the nexus of Chinesen definieren sich selbst – und hier können wir über ihre Beziehungen in der Ge- political, bureaucratic and crimi- Deutsche sehr viel von sellschaft, ihre Beziehungen zu nals. Chinesen lernen – sind die ______anderen Menschen. Abhängig Beziehungen zwischen Dr. Sheo Nandan Pandey, von der Intensität dieser Be- Schülern oder Studenten zu Faridabad, Indien ziehungen fühlen sie sich ver- ihren Lehrern. Der traditionelle pflichtet, sich gegenseitig zu Respekt im Hinblick auf Wis- Dr. Sheo Nandan Pandey served both institu- helfen, mal stärker, mal sen, in Kombination mit dem tions of higher learnings and the bureaucratic schwächer ausgeprägt. Respekt für ältere Menschen, set up as member of Civil Services in India. bewirkt eine intensive Schüler- He speaks several languages including Chi- In seinem Buch: China.de – Er- nese mandarine. In area studies, China is his Lehrer Beziehung, die in kon- folgreich verhandeln mit chinesi- first love. kreten Situationen stets ge- schen Geschäftspartnern14 stellt Opinions expressed in this contribution are nutzt werden kann. those of the author. This analysis has been published by the Insti- 13 d) Schließlich sind die Be- tut für Strategie- Politik- Sicherheits- und Das chinesische Wort Kultur (Wenhua) ziehungen zwischen Freunden Wirtschaftsberatung (ISPSW) in cooperation setzt sich aus dem Schriftzeichen Wen = Lite- etwas ganz Besonderes. with the ETH Zurich, April 9, 2009. ratur und Hua = transformieren, verändern, be- einflussen zusammen. Im Deutschen leitet sich das Wort Kultur vom lateinischen Wort cultus Charakteristisch für das chinesi- ab und bedeutet „sich gut um den Körper küm- sche Guanxi ist, dass diese Ver- mern“, primär aber „sich gut um den Geist pflichtungen zur gegenseitigen 12 N.C Vittal,Corruption and Rule of Law. In- kümmern“. Später Gebrauch im Kontext mit dira Gandhi Institute of Development Re- cultura (Landwirtschaft); heutzutage denkt Hilfe ein ganzes Leben lang be- search (IGIDR) study titled, “India Develop- man beim Wort Kultur eher an Kunst. Kultur stehen bleiben. Dieses System ment Report 1990-2000” earlier estimated the umfasst die Gesamtheit des gesellschaftlichen kann enorme Zugänge, black money under circulation to range around Lebens, beruhend auf Wissen und Über- wirtschaftliche und persönliche 18-21% of the GDP. India’s GDP then stood at zeugungen, auf Gewohnheiten und Rs. 17.70.000 Crores. Unaccounted black moralischen Werten. 14 money under circulation thus ran to whopping Dr. Manuel Vermeer: China.de – Erfolg- partnern; Gabler Verlag Januar 2002, ISBN 3- Rs. 3, 54,000 Crores. reich verhandeln mit chinesischen Geschäfts- 409-11714-8 Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 11

Vorteile verschaffen. Die sundheitswesen, im Haus- und Kadern stellte Staatspräsident Hu traditionellen Verhaltensmuster Wohnungsbau sowie im Be- Jintao am 15. Januar 2008 fest: bieten allerdings auch der reich der Erziehung bei. „Die ungezügelte Korruption kann Korruption in der VR China einen  Die Korruption schädigt west- zur Zerstörung der geradezu idealen Nährboden. Kommunistischen Partei liche Wirtschaftsinteressen, 17 insbesondere die von Aus- führen.“ Kernerkenntnisse der 15 landsinvestoren, die mit Wett- Carnegie Studie bewerbern konkurrieren müs- Die chinesische Bevölkerung ver-  Die Korruption in China kon- sen, die rechtswidrige Prakti- folgt den Kampf gegen die Kor- zentriert sich auf Sektoren, in ken anwenden, um Aufträge ruption mit großer Aufmerksam- denen der Staat erheblich in- zu erhalten. keit und übt hinter vorgehaltener Hand drastische Kritik am Ver- volviert ist, wie Infrastruktur-  Die US-Regierung sollte Mittel halten der Kader. Um herauszu- projekte, Immobilien, Finanz- zur Verfügung stellen, um Kor- finden, ob ein Kader korrekt sei, sektor, Beschaffungswesen. ruptionsfälle in der VR China müsse man sich nur die Tätig-  Seit den 80er Jahren ist im verfolgen zu können. keiten seiner Frau und seiner Rahmen von Korruptions-  Die Kooperation mit China in Kinder ansehen. Um herauszu- skandalen ein enormer An- Rechtsfragen sollte verstärkt finden, ob ein Kader korrupt sei, stieg von Gelddiebstahl zu be- (illegale Migration, Geld- müsse man sich nur Wohn- obachten. Die direkten Kosten wäsche) und auf Umsetzung gegend und Wohnfläche an- der Korruption werden mit chinesischer Gesetze beharrt sehen. Um herauszufinden, ob jährlich 86 Milliarden Dollar werden, ehe Washington ge- ein Kader von übler Natur sei, beziffert. gen flüchtige chinesische müsse man nur sehen, ob er sich  Etwa 10 Prozent aller Regie- Rechtsbrecher in den Ver- am Wochenende und in den rungsausgaben werden bei einigten Staaten vorgeht und Ferien als Gast in exklusiven Verträgen und Transaktionen gestohlene Vermögenswerte Clubs und in einschlägigen Etab- vermutlich für Schmier- und sicherstellt. lissements aufhalte. Bestechungsgelder auf-  Die epidemische Korruption gewandt. unter chinesischen Beamten Die weitgehend staatlich ge-  Obwohl die chinesische Re- einzudämmen, stellt eine der lenkten Medien können ihre gierung mehr als 1.200 Geset- größten Bedrohungen für Chi- Kontrollfunktion allerdings nur ze, Vorschriften und An- nas wirtschaftliche Zukunft bedingt wahrnehmen. Lehnen weisungen zur Korruptionsbe- und die politische Stabilität sich Journalisten bei der Auf- kämpfung erlassen hat, ist die dar.16 klärung von Korruption zu weit Implementierung schleppend aus dem Fenster, müssen sie mit und ineffizient. Stimmen aus China Verhaftung rechnen. Dennoch  Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Wie sehen die chinesische Regie- greift die Zentralregierung Hin- ein korrupter Beamter ins Ge- rung, die Bevölkerung und die weise und Eingaben der Be- fängnis kommt, ist geringer als Medien das Korruptionsproblem völkerung immer dann auf, wenn drei Prozent. Dies macht Kor- in ihrem Land? es der Führungsspitze opportun ruption bei geringem Risiko erscheint. sehr verlockend. Auf einer Pressekonferenz im Die Spielarten der Korruption ha- Das Fehlen eines konkurrie- März 2007 äußerte sich Minister-  ben sich in den vergangenen Jah- renden politischen Prozesses präsident Wen Jiabao wie folgt: Wir müssen zugeben, dass das ren auch verfeinert. Längst wer- und einer freien Presse ma- den Bestechungsgelder nicht nur chen die hoch riskanten Sek- Phänomen Korruption im Rah- in China, sondern auch im Aus- toren empfänglich für Betrug, men der Wirtschaftsentwicklung land gezahlt, sei es für den Kauf Diebstahl, Schmiergelder und in zunehmendem Maße bedroh- von Luxuswohnungen, für die Fi- Bestechung. liche Formen angenommen hat und sogar viele hochrangige Füh- nanzierung von Familien-  Die indirekten Kosten der Kor- rungskräfte involviert sind. Kor- angehörigen, für Luxusreisen und ruption wie Effizienzverluste, rupte Elemente müssen, un- Glücksspiel. Verschwendung, Schädigung abhängig von ihrem Rang, ge- der Umwelt, der Gesundheit, mäß unseren Gesetzen schwer der Erziehung, der Glaubwür- 17 bestraft werden.“ Und in einer Die Zentralkommission für Disziplinar- digkeit und der Moral sind un- Ansprache vor hochrangigen inspektionen kündigte deshalb im Januar 2009 kalkulierbar. erneut verschärfte Maßnahmen gegen Kader  Die Korruption unterminiert die an, die Bestechungsgelder annehmen. Folgen- de Bereiche sollen besonders kontrolliert wer- 16 soziale Stabilität, trägt zum Zu beklagen ist in China, aber auch im den: Nahrungsmittelproduktion, Umwelt- Niedergang der chinesischen Rahmen der internationalen Finanzkrise, der schutz, Landnutzung, Ölpreise, Sonderfonds Umwelt, sozialer Leistungen, Verlust konfuzianischer Werte wie Li = der Regierung, Vorteilnahme seitens der Ehe- steigender Kosten im Ge- Selbstbeherrschung und Rücksichtnahme, wie frauen und Kindern von Kadern, Vorteils- Ren = Mitmenschlichkeit. Der Einzelne muss nahme durch Bestechung im Bauwesen sowie sich seiner gesellschaftlichen Stellung, seiner Überprüfung der Auslandsreisen von Regie- 15 Studie des Chinaexperten Minxin Pei, Rechte und Pflichten bewusst sein und sich rungsbeamten. Ferner sollen das Anti- Direktor des China Programms bei der gegenüber anderen Menschen entsprechend Korruptionssystem und Ausbildungsmaß- Carnegie Stiftung in Washington. verhalten. nahmen verstärkt werden. Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 12

Korruptionsbekämpfung Die Disziplinkontrollkommission wandel, der allerdings auch den Seit Staatspräsident Hu Jintao spricht für das Jahr 2008 von alleinigen Machtanspruch der Mitte 2006 zu einer Intensivierung 4.900 Staatsbediensteten ober- Partei in Frage stellen könnte, des Kampfes gegen Korruption halb der Bezirksebene, die lan- wird sie die Korruption nur an der aufrief, wurden auch Verfahren desweit diszipliniert wurden; da- Oberfläche eindämmen, nicht gegen hochrangige Beamte auf von sollen 801 bestraft worden aber weitgehend beseitigen kön- sein. Dies ist allerdings nur ein nen.20 Provinz- oder Ministerialebene 18 eingeleitet. Einige spektakuläre Tropfen auf dem heißen Stein! Fälle: Bei der Entwicklung un- Wie sieht es nun mit Korruptions- abhängiger Justiz- und Kontroll- Chen Liangyu praktiken ausländischer Konzerne organe, der Verbesserung des Seit 2002 Parteisekretär in in China aus? Rechtssystems, einer ver- Shanghai und Mitglied des Polit- Mit großem Interesse habe ich besserten Ausbildung von büros, Beteiligung an einem der eine aktuelle Analyse (Januar Staatsbediensteten, können wir größten Finanzskandale, Miss- 2009) des indischen Sicherheits- und sollten wir China unter- brauch von Geldern des Shang- experten Dr. Sheo Nandan Pan- stützen. Angst vor einem er- hai Rentenfonds, Haftstrafe: 18 dey mit dem Titel: China – Com- starkenden China sollten wir nicht Jahre, Ausschluss aus der KPCh bating Corruption gelesen. Hierin haben, eher vor einem schwa- 2007. stellt er fest, dass die Siemens chen! Abteilungen Transport Systems Liu Zhihua (TS), Power Transmission and Folgende Hinweise können bei Seit 1999 Vizebürgermeister Bei- Distribution (PTD) und Medical Geschäftskontakten in China jings, zuständig für Olympia- Solutions (MED) Bestechungs- nützlich sein: bauten, Grundstücksvergabe und gelder an chinesische Staatsbe- 1. Aneignung interkultureller Verkehrsbetriebe, Annahme von dienstete und Ärzte im Zeitraum Kompetenz als wichtiges Bestechungsgeldern in Millionen- 2002 bis 2007 in Höhe von 70,4 Element für den persön- höhe, Amtsenthebung und Par- Millionen US-Dollar bezahlt ha- lichen Erfolg und den des teiausschluss 2006. ben sollen. Unternehmens.

2. Überprüfung des Geschäfts- Diese Zahlungen sollen von ei- Zheng Xiaoyu partners und dessen Firma nem ehemaligen Mitarbeiter von Bis 2005 Direktor der Staatlichen vor intensiverem Geschäfts- Siemens PTD über eine Consul- Verwaltung für Arznei- und Le- beginn durch kompetente ting Firma in Dubai und dann bensmittel, Annahme von Be- Wirtschaftsprüfungsge- über verschiedene Persönlich- stechungsgeldern der Pharma- sellschaften etc. industrie in Millionenhöhe, Hin- keiten, die wiederum mit einem 3. Aufbau und Pflege von richtung im Juli 2007. chinesischen Consultant in den GUANXI USA vernetzt waren, der über hochrangige Kontakte verfügt, 4. Genaue Beobachtung des Wang Shouye 19 Vizeadmiral, seit 2001 stv. Kdr. unterstützt worden sein. eigenen Umfelds, da Korrup- der VBA Marine, Veruntreuung tion in China weit verbreitet öffentlicher Gelder in Millionen- Fazit und Handlungs- ist. höhe, Dezember 2006 lebens- empfehlungen 5. Beachtung der Landes- lange Haftstrafe. Die chinesische Führung hat das gesetze. Problem der epidemischen Kor- 6. Lassen Sie sich auf Korrup- Du Shicheng ruption zwar erkannt, bislang aber tion grundsätzlich NICHT Seit 2004 stv. Parteisekretär von einen Kampf gegen Windmühlen ein. Shandong, Machtmissbrauch, geführt. Ohne tief greifende politi- 7. Verzichten Sie auf unseriöse Annahme von Bestechungs- sche Reformen, einen System- Geschäftspraktiken. geldern in Millionenhöhe, 2006 18 Amtsenthebung, April 2007 Par- Transparency International und UNDP 8. Suchen Sie kompetente Be- teiausschluss. würdigen allerdings auch Chinas internationale ratung bei Korruptionsver- Kooperation bei der Korruptionsbekämpfung. dacht. So habe Peking zahlreiche bilaterale Rechts- Einem Bericht an den Nationalen hilfeabkommen in Strafsachen und Aus- 9. Auch in China gibt es red- Volkskongress (März 2008) ist zu lieferungsabkommen mit über 20 Ländern ab- liche Geschäftsleute, die entnehmen, dass in den ver- geschlossen. Etwa 800 verdächtige chinesische Interesse an verlässlichen gangenen 5 Jahren Strafver- Wirtschaftskriminelle haben sich ins Ausland abgesetzt, z.B. in die USA, Kanada, Austra- und nicht korrumpierbaren fahren gegen 35 hochrangige lien, Dubai etc. Sie sollen etwa 70 Mrd. CNY Partnern haben. Staatsbedienstete auf Provinz- veruntreut haben. Monaco betreibt offensiv die und Ministerialebene, 930 auf Gewinnung chinesischer Millionäre für „In- 20 vestitionen“ im Fürstentum. Haupthindernis bleibt das mangelhafte Kommunal- und fast 14.000 auf 19 Städte- oder Bezirksebene wegen Die Kosten des gerichtlichen Vergleichs Kontrollsystem! Die Partei lässt kein un- und der Untersuchungen beliefen sich für Sie- abhängiges Kontrollsystem zu. Ferner gibt es Unterschlagung, Bestechung mens auf etwa 2,5 Mrd. Euro. Das Ausmaß der Kompetenzgerangel zwischen Zentraler Dis- oder dem Missbrauch öffentlicher Korruption war einmalig, aber auch die großen ziplinarkommission, dem Ministerium für Gelder eingeleitet wurden. Anstrengungen des Unternehmens zur Auf- Verwaltungskontrolle und der Volksstaats- arbeitung. Die US-Börsenaufsicht würdigte anwaltschaft. Alle drei unterstehen der diese intensive Aufarbeitung besonders. Führung der Partei. Mai 2009 • pmg Denkwürdigkeiten Nr. 54 • Seite 13

10. In Zeiten der Rezession und der internationalen Finanz- krise sind Sie in China nicht nur der Korruption, sondern auch verstärkter Wett- bewerbs- und Wirtschafts- spionage ausgesetzt. Schützen Sie deshalb Ihr Unternehmen und Ihre Mit- arbeiter! ______Dr. Peter Roell, Berlin

Dr. Peter Roell ist Präsident des Instituts für Strategie- Politik- Sicherheits- und Wirt- schaftsberatung (ISPSW), Berlin. Der Vortrag gibt die persönliche Auffassung des Autors wieder.

Dieser Beitrag ist ein Auszug aus einem Vor- trag des Autors. Erstpublikation: ISPSW/ETH Zürich, 06.04.2009

IMPRESSUM

Denkwürdigkeiten Journal der Politisch-Militärischen Gesellschaft e.V. Herausgeber Der Vorstand der pmg Redaktion Ralph Thiele (V.i.S.d.P.) Tel.: +49 (221) 8875920 E-Mail: [email protected] Webseite: www.pmg-ev.com Die Denkwürdigkeiten erscheinen mehrfach jährlich nach den Ver- anstaltungen der pmg.

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