Chapter 6. Bulk Deformation Processes
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One Company, Many Solutions BC062019 Smart Agriculture & Construction One Company, Many Solutions
Smart Agriculture & Construction Electrification Technology One Company, Many Solutions BC062019 Smart Agriculture & Construction One Company, Many Solutions Thermal Solutions Aavid, Thermal Division of Boyd Corporation, Aavid meets the challenge of thermal control Applications: o Battery Module Cooling o Inverters & DC/DC Converters Integration of Technology o Computer Systems for Agriculture and Construction OEMs Autonomous Farming are integrating more technology o IGBT Cooling features, like communications o Thermal Management for systems, on board processing for Self-driving computers sensor arrays, and system Sensors and LiDAR optimization electronic units. To Navigation address the thermal challenges of Telematics Systems connectivity and electrification, Boyd o LED Lighting designs and manufactures durable thermal solutions & systems for Technologies: high-performance cooling. o Vapor Chambers o Thermal Interface Materials Thermal Management o Heat Pipes By integrating and optimizing a wide o Liquid Cooling Systems range of cooling technologies, Aavid o Heat Shielding engineers develop lighter, more reliable thermal systems to meet your application needs, including power conversion solutions, heat shielding, and LED cooling. Smart Agriculture & Construction One Company, Many Solutions Precision Converting Solutions Boyd is an innovative precision converter with extensive experience in the Agriculture & Construction Industries ranging from display protection and sealing for sensor systems to ergonomic molds for internal cabin control systems. We turn concepts into components. From design to manufacturing to packaging and logistics, Boyd provides full-service solutions that transform your innovative ideas into reality. Applications: Quick-Turn Prototyping o HMI and Display Films Our CNC Laser, Knife, and o Graphite Heat Spreaders for Displays Waterjet die-less prototyping o Screen & Surface Protectors systems, with Flashnesting o Custom Hoses software, allow us to quickly o O-Rings convert drawings to prototype parts without the need of tooling. -
ROLLING of METAL (Auxiliary Operations Used in Connection With
CPC - B21B - 2017.08 B21B ROLLING OF METAL (auxiliary operations used in connection with metal- working operations covered in B21, see B21C; bending by rolling B21D; manufacture of particular objects, e.g. screws, wheels, rings, barrels, balls, by rolling B21H; pressure welding by means of a rolling mill B23K 20/04) Definition statement This place covers: Methods and devices for rolling of metal. Rolling is a metal forming process in which metal is passed through a pair of rotating rolls for plastic deformation of the metall. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. If the temperature of the metal is above its recrystallization temperature, then the process is termed as hot rolling. If the temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is termed as cold rolling. A rolling mill is a machine for plastic deformation of metal between rotating rolls. In a broader sense, a rolling mill is an automatic system or line of machines that performs both rolling and auxiliary operations: transport of the original billet from the stock to the heating furnaces and the mill rolls, transfer of the rolled material from one groove to another, turning, transport of the metal after rolling, cutting into sections, marking or stamping, trimming, packing, and conveyance to the stock of finished product. This subclass includes the following main groups: Rolling of metal in general: • Methods or devices in general B21B 1/00, B21B 11/00 - B21B 13/00 • Control B21B 37/00 • Measuring B21B 38/00 • Operation B21B 35/00, B21B 39/00, B21B 41/00 • Details of rolling mills B21B 27/00, B21B 29/00, B21B 31/00 • Maintenance of rolling rolls B21B 28/00 • Safety devices B21B 33/00 • Cooling beds and accessories B21B 43/00 Rolling of special formats: • tube rolling B21B 17/00, B21B 19/00, B21B 23/00 1 B21B (continued) CPC - B21B - 2017.08 • accessories for tube rolling B21B 25/00 • Extending closed shapes of metal bands B21B 5/00 Rolling of special alloys: B21B 3/00 Rolling of metal under special conditions (e.g. -
Strengthening Mechan
9-17-2014 Wednesday, September 17, 2014 6:50 AM Strengthening mechanisms •stretching is due to plastic deformation •plastic deformation is due to Motion of dislocations • to strengthen Materials, make it harder for dislocations to move. ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 1 Example: Calculate 0 and Ky and estimate YS of a polyxrystalline brass with ASTM number 8 From interactive graph we find: Solve: Use M=1 and n=8, you get N=1.28x106 •It means •So ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 2 ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 3 3)Work hardening, strain hardening, Cold working, more later Effect of cold work on tensile stress-strain curve for low-carbon steel bars. Pasted from <http://www.daldermaterialsconsulting.com/html/materials-engineering.html> ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 4 4)ppt hardening (or Age hardening) more Later. ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 5 Dislocations create Plastic deformation by "slip" "SLIP" occurs as shear in slip system consisting of SLIP PLANE and SLIP DIRECTION. Both SLIP PLANE and SLIP DIRECTION are closed pack. In BCC, SLIP PLANE is (110) and SLIP DIRECTION is [111] In FCC, SLIP PLANE is (111) and SLIP DIRECTION is [110] (6planes)*(2 directions) =12 systems ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 6 Slip system in FCC, (111) and [110) (4 planes)*(3 directions) =12 systems ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 7 Schmid's factor ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 8 ENGR45-strengthening mech Page 9 More on Cold working, Strain Hardening, work hardening. These are all examples of C.W: Rolling Bending Shearing Swaging Angle Tube drawing Slitting Extrusion -
Copper Alloys
THE COPPER ADVANTAGE A Guide to Working With Copper and Copper Alloys www.antimicrobialcopper.com CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................. 3 PREFACE Conductivity .....................................4 Strength ..........................................4 The information in this guide includes an overview of the well- Formability ......................................4 known physical, mechanical and chemical properties of copper, Joining ...........................................4 as well as more recent scientific findings that show copper has Corrosion ........................................4 an intrinsic antimicrobial property. Working and finishing Copper is Antimicrobial ....................... 4 techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so Color ..............................................5 adaptable that they can be used in a multitude of applications Copper Alloy Families .......................... 5 in almost every industry, from door handles to electrical circuitry to heat exchangers. II. Physical Properties ..................... 8 Copper’s malleability, machinability and conductivity have Properties ....................................... 8 made it a longtime favorite metal of manufacturers and Electrical & Thermal Conductivity ........... 8 engineers, but it is its antimicrobial property that will extend that popularity into the future. This guide describes that property and illustrates how it can benefit everything from III. Mechanical -
2.810 Manufacturing Processes and Systems
2.810 manufacturing processes and systems Prof. Tim Gutowski, [email protected] September 4, 2013 Prereq: 2.001, 2.006, 2.008 Hands-on Experience Processes to Systems Today’s Agenda • Business – You – Us – Class/Project • Concepts – Manufacturing Enterprise – Processes – Communication Tools Please fill out information form •Basic information •Experience in shop •Experience in mfg 52 students Pre-registered for 2.810 1. Artiles,Jessica A. 1. Modak,Ashin Pramod 2. Bhadauria,Anubha-Sin 2. Modi,Vrajesh Y 3. Chandar,Arjun Subram 3. Morris,Taylor J. 4. Chang,Woolim 4. Olle,Chase R. 5. Charpentier,Erik Leo 5. Pak,Nikita 6. Chawla,Yugank 6. Pan,Yichao 7. Chiang,Jerry Kao 7. Penalver-Aguila,Llui 8. Churchill,Hugh Edwar 8. Pharr,Vanea Ryann 9. Colucci,Lina Avancin 9. Pombrol,Christopher 10. Garcia,Jose Manuel 10. Puszko,Gregory D. 11. Georgiadis,Vasilis 11. Ramos,Joshua D 12. Ghosh,Sourobh 12. Ranjan,Aditya 13. Graves,Carmen M 13. Reed,Christian R. 14. Guan,Dong 14. Rodrigo,Michael 15. Jain,Sonam 15. Secundo,Rafael Garci 16. Jamerson,Holly M. 16. Sedore,Blake William 17. Jiang,Sheng 17. Shah,Adhvait M. 18. Kimball,Peter Evan 18. Solomon,Brian Richmo 19. Knodel,Philip Clinto 19. Sondej,Nicholas Matt 20. Kuan,Jiun-Yih 20. Sun,Xu 21. Larson,Richard W 21. Swamy,Tushar 22. Llorens - Bonilla,Ba 22. Taylor,David Donald 23. Lopez,Saul 23. Thomas,Dale Arlingto 24. Mangan,Esther Hu 24. Wu,Faye Y 25. Mantzavinou,Aikateri 25. Xu,Ruize 26. McMullin,Nathan Keit 26. deGuzman,Jeremy Erne Bill Buckley [email protected] Basic info can be found on the 2.810 webpage web page: http://web.mit.edu/2.810/www Instructor: Prof. -
Part I. Design Subtypes Part II. Die Varieties
This checklist is my attempt to compile a comprehensive listing of all known variety and error types, subtypes, and associated effects. While the traditional planchet-die-striking method of classification hasn't been completely abandoned, it has been absorbed into a much more detailed and precise taxonomy. This is intended to reflect the numerous steps (and mis- steps) in the minting process that generate the great diversity of anomalies presented here. Many of the categories will be familiar to veteran collectors. Others will perhaps be dimly recalled, while others will be unfamiliar. Many of the more obscure error types have been treated in detail in articles published in Errorscope. These articles are referenced next to the appropriate entry (“ES”). Other treatments can be found in Coin World (“CW”). I have tried to restrict this checklist to basic error/variety types and subtypes. Combination errors have been kept to a minimum. Had I attempted to incorporate all conceivable two-error combinations, this would have generated almost half a million entries. That would have been both unwieldy and unnecessary. This checklist is a continually evolving project. Updated editions are posted on the CONECA website at odd intervals. Thumbnail illustrations are planned for the next edition. The ultimate goal is to use this checklist as the nucleus for a massive encyclopedia. ES=Errorscope CW=Coin World Part I. Design Subtypes Design subtype, e.g. 1817 large cent with 15 stars 1828 half cent with 12 stars Seated Liberty dimes and half dimes, with and without arrows in same year Prototypes and patterns released into circulation 1916 Liberty Head (“Mercury”) dimes 1971 Eisenhower dollar prototype (CW 9/29/08) Minor mid-year design modification, e.g. -
Introduction and Classification of Forging Processes
NPTEL - Mechanical Engineering - Forming Introduction and classification of forging processes 1.1 Introduction: Bulk deformation processes involve shaping of materials to finished products which have small surface area to thickness or surface area to volume ratio. Sheet metal forming produces parts having large surface area to thickness ratio. In sheet metal forming thickness variations are not desirable. Examples for sheet metal forming are: beverage cans, automobile body etc. Bulk forming processes may be primary processes such as rolling of ingot to blooms or billets, in which the cast metal is formed into semi-finished raw material. In secondary forming, the raw materials, such as blooms, billets are converted into finished parts such as gears, wheels, spanners etc. Rolling, forging, extrusion and drawing are bulk forming processes. The present module describes the salient aspects of forging process. 1.2 Forging: In ancient times, people employed forging for making coins, jewelry, weapons, Forging is a deformation processing of materials through compressive stress. It is carried out either hot or cold. Hot forging is done at temperatures above recrystallization temperatures, typically 0.6 Tm, or above, where Tm is melting temperature. Warm forging is done in the temperature range: 0.3 Tm to 0.5 Tm. Cold forging has advantages such as good surface finish, high strength and greater accuracy. Hot forging requires lower loads, because flow stress gets reduced at higher temperatures. Strain rates in hot working may be high – 0.5 to 500 s-1. Strains in hot forging are also high – true strains of 2 to 4. Are common. Typical applications of forging include bolts, disks, gears, turbine disk, crank shaft, connecting rod, valve bodies, small components for hydraulic circuits etc. -
ESAB Glossary of Technical Terms
ESAB Glossary of Technical Terms Last updated 07SEP05 Acceptable Weld - A weld that meets the applicable requirements. Active Fluxes - Active fluxes produce changes in weld metal chemistry when welding is changed. Ac- tive fluxes are restricted to single or minimal multi-pass welding. Actual Throat - The shortest distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld. Aging - Process of holding metals or alloys at room temperature after subjecting them to shaping or heat treatment, for the purpose of increasing dimensional stability or to improve their hardness and strength through structural changes, as by precipitation. Air Carbon Arc Cutting - A carbon arc cutting process variation that removes molten metal with a jet of air. Air Hardening - Characteristic of a steel that it becomes partially or fully hardened (martensitic) when cooled in air from above its critical point. Not necessarily applicable when the object to be hardened has considerable thickness. AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute Allotropic - A material in which the atoms are capable of transforming into two or more crystalline structures at different temperatures. Allotropic Change - Change from one crystal structure of a metal to another that has different physi- cal properties. Alternating - An electrical current which alternately travels in either direction in a Current conductor. In 60 cycles per second (60 Hz) AC, the frequency used in the U.S.A., the current direction reverses 120 times every second. Ampere - Unit of electrical rate of flow. Amperage is commonly referred to as the “current” in an electri- cal circuit. Anneal - The process of heating a metal to a temperature below the critical range, followed by a rela- tively slow cooling cycle to induce softness and remove stresses. -
Enghandbook.Pdf
785.392.3017 FAX 785.392.2845 Box 232, Exit 49 G.L. Huyett Expy Minneapolis, KS 67467 ENGINEERING HANDBOOK TECHNICAL INFORMATION STEELMAKING Basic descriptions of making carbon, alloy, stainless, and tool steel p. 4. METALS & ALLOYS Carbon grades, types, and numbering systems; glossary p. 13. Identification factors and composition standards p. 27. CHEMICAL CONTENT This document and the information contained herein is not Quenching, hardening, and other thermal modifications p. 30. HEAT TREATMENT a design standard, design guide or otherwise, but is here TESTING THE HARDNESS OF METALS Types and comparisons; glossary p. 34. solely for the convenience of our customers. For more Comparisons of ductility, stresses; glossary p.41. design assistance MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL contact our plant or consult the Machinery G.L. Huyett’s distinct capabilities; glossary p. 53. Handbook, published MANUFACTURING PROCESSES by Industrial Press Inc., New York. COATING, PLATING & THE COLORING OF METALS Finishes p. 81. CONVERSION CHARTS Imperial and metric p. 84. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Steelmaking 4 Metals and Alloys 13 Designations for Chemical Content 27 Designations for Heat Treatment 30 Testing the Hardness of Metals 34 Mechanical Properties of Metal 41 Manufacturing Processes 53 Manufacturing Glossary 57 Conversion Coating, Plating, and the Coloring of Metals 81 Conversion Charts 84 Links and Related Sites 89 Index 90 Box 232 • Exit 49 G.L. Huyett Expressway • Minneapolis, Kansas 67467 785-392-3017 • Fax 785-392-2845 • [email protected] • www.huyett.com INTRODUCTION & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was created based on research and experience of Huyett staff. Invaluable technical information, including statistical data contained in the tables, is from the 26th Edition Machinery Handbook, copyrighted and published in 2000 by Industrial Press, Inc. -
Manufacturing Technology I Unit I Metal Casting
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY I UNIT I METAL CASTING PROCESSES Sand casting – Sand moulds - Type of patterns – Pattern materials – Pattern allowances – Types of Moulding sand – Properties – Core making – Methods of Sand testing – Moulding machines – Types of moulding machines - Melting furnaces – Working principle of Special casting processes – Shell – investment casting – Ceramic mould – Lost Wax process – Pressure die casting – Centrifugal casting – CO2 process – Sand Casting defects. UNIT II JOINING PROCESSES Fusion welding processes – Types of Gas welding – Equipments used – Flame characteristics – Filler and Flux materials - Arc welding equipments - Electrodes – Coating and specifications – Principles of Resistance welding – Spot/butt – Seam – Projection welding – Percusion welding – GS metal arc welding – Flux cored – Submerged arc welding – Electro slag welding – TIG welding – Principle and application of special welding processes – Plasma arc welding – Thermit welding – Electron beam welding – Friction welding – Diffusion welding – Weld defects – Brazing – Soldering process – Methods and process capabilities – Filler materials and fluxes – Types of Adhesive bonding. UNIT III BULK DEFORMATION PROCESSES Hot working and cold working of metals – Forging processes – Open impression and closed die forging – Characteristics of the process – Types of Forging Machines – Typical forging operations – Rolling of metals – Types of Rolling mills – Flat strip rolling – Shape rolling operations – Defects in rolled parts – Principle of rod and wire drawing – Tube drawing – Principles of Extrusion – Types of Extrusion – Hot and Cold extrusion – Equipments used. UNIT IV SHEET METAL PROCESSES Sheet metal characteristics – Typical shearing operations – Bending – Drawing operations – Stretch forming operations –– Formability of sheet metal – Test methods – Working principle and application of special forming processes – Hydro forming – Rubber pad forming – Metal spinning – Introduction to Explosive forming – Magnetic pulse forming – Peen forming – Super plastic forming. -
Metal Forming Practise
Metal Forming Practise Processes - Machines - Tools Bearbeitet von Heinz Tschätsch, A Koth 1. Auflage 2006. Buch. xii, 406 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 33216 9 Format (B x L): 17 x 24,2 cm Gewicht: 2230 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Produktionstechnik > Werkzeugbau schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................ V Terms, symbols and units ................................................................................................. 1 Part I Metal forming and shearing processes ................................................................. 3 1 Types of production processes .............................................................................. 5 2 Terms and parameters of metal forming ............................................................. 7 2.1 Plastic (permanent) deformation ............................................................................... 7 2.2 Flow stress................................................................................................................ 8 2.3 Deformation resistance............................................................................................. -
Semantic Organization of Product Lifecycle Information Through a Modular Ontology
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS, SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING Volume 9, 2015 Semantic organization of product lifecycle information through a modular ontology Giulia Bruno exploited by SMEs. Studies estimated that information Abstract—It is known that one of the main reasons of the success retrieval is not efficient and around 50% of the available of manufacturing enterprises is their ability to design and maintain a knowledge is not stored in information systems [5]. coherent structure to represent their knowledge, especially the small In literature, a recent trend about manufacturing knowledge and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), which are not often organized management is the inclusion of semantic models, both to help to manage information efficiently. Several commercial PLM systems have been developed in the last years to help companies in the company in organizing and sharing their data, and to allow organizing their large amount of data, but they are rarely exploited the easy finding of information and its reuse. In fact, mainly due to the high cost and difficult customization. Recent trends ontologies make it possible to integrate information from in literature focused on the development of semantic knowledge different abstraction levels, and they improve knowledge management systems, both to help companies in organizing and capture and reuse [6]. Several ontologies have already been sharing their data and to allow the easy finding of information and its proposed for knowledge management in manufacturing, but reuse. The aim of this paper is to develop a knowledge management system to structure the product lifecycle knowledge of SMEs based they mainly develop semantic models to grant interoperability on a modular ontology.