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Copyright and Citation Considerations for This Thesis/ Dissertation COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyrighted and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. Please include the following information in your citation: Name of author Year of publication, in brackets Title of thesis, in italics Type of degree (e.g. D. Phil.; Ph.D.; M.Sc.; M.A. or M.Ed. …etc.) Name of the University Website Date, accessed Example Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry), M.Sc. (Physics), M.A. (Philosophy), M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). Towards a magmatic ‘barcode’ for the south-easternmost terrane of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa by ASHLEY PAUL GUMSLEY DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER SCIENTAE in GEOLOGY at the FACULTY OF SCIENCE of the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: M.W. KNOPER CO-SUPERVISOR: M.O. DE KOCK May 2013 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation submitted for the Magister Scientae degree to the Faculty of Science at the University of Johannesburg, apart from the help recognised, is my own original work and has not been formally submitted in the past, or is being submitted, for a degree or examination at any other university. A.P. Gumsley i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Any system is the sum of its moving parts, and in this work, there is no difference, no matter how small the part may be; as each bigger part is ultimately composed of a number of equally critical smaller parts” First, I wish to thank my two supervisors, Michael Knoper and Michiel de Kock. My supervisors not only provided me with guidance and patience in my study, but also allowed me the freedom to pursue my thoughts and feelings with regard to my work and what we wished to accomplish. I would also like to thank them for their friendship, thoughts and passion for geology, as well as their constructive criticisms and belief in me while working on my thesis. I am indebted to the Department of Geology at the University of Johannesburg, and more specifically the Palaeoproterozoic Mineralisation Group which provided me with a scholarship. In addition I wish to thank Richard Ernst, Wouter Bleeker and Ulf Söderlund who not only provided finances for doing my U-Pb baddeleyite age dating through the Supercontinent Project (www.supercontinent.org), but also helped with my baddeleyite separation and TIMS age dating, particulary Ulf. The Jim and Gladys Taylor Trust must also be thanked for providing me with living expenses while travelling and staying in Sweden during my analytical work. I would also like to acknowledge Rajesh Harirajan, Johan Olsson, Herman van Niekerk, Bertus Smith, Lauren Blignaut, Nic Beukes, George Belyanin, Jan Kramers, Barbara Cavalazzi, Andrea Agangi, Bryony Richards, Craig McClung, Christian Reinke, Fanie Kruger, Lisborn Mangwane, Baldwin Tshivhiahuvhi, Diana Khoza, Eve Kroukamp, Herwe Wabo and Hennie Jonker who all played a role in assisting me throughout my studies, whether it was through friendship, advice, criticisms or help during my study, I cannot state this enough. Last but not least I wish to thank my parents, without whose love and support I have received over these many years, none of this would have been possible. iii iv ABSTRACT The south-easternmost Kaapvaal Craton is composed of scattered inliers of Archaean basement granitoid-greenstone terrane exposed through Phanerozoic cover successions. In addition, erosional remnants of the supracrustal Mesoarchaean Pongola Supergroup unconformably overlay this granitoid-greenstone terrane in the same inliers. Into this crust a variety of Precambrian intrusions occur. These are comprised of SE-, ENE- and NE-trending dolerite dykes. Also, the Hlagothi Complex intrudes into Pongola strata in the Nkandla region, particularly the quartzites of the basal Mantonga Formation. The whole area, including Phanerozoic strata, has in turn been intruded by Jurassic sills and dykes related to the Karoo Large Igneous Province. All the rocks of the Archaean inliers, with the exception of the Jurassic sills and dykes have been subjected to greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation, with petrographic, Ar-Ar geochronologic and palaeomagnetic studies attesting to this. This metamorphism and deformation is associated with the Mesoproterozoic orogeny from the nearby Namaqua-Natal Mobile Belt located to the south. This orogeny has a decreasing influence with distance from the cratonic margin, and is highly variable from locality to locality. However, it is generally upper greenschist facies up to a metamorphic isograd 50 km from the craton margin. Overprints directions seen within the palaeomagnetic data confirm directions associated with the post-Pongola granitoids across the region and the Namaqua-Natal Mobile Belt. The dolerite dykes consist of several trends and generations. Up to five different generations within the three Precambrian trends have potentially been recognised. SE- trending dykes represent the oldest dyke swarm in the area, being cross-cut by all the other dyke trends. These dykes consist of two possible generations with similar basaltic to basaltic andesite geochemistry. They provide evidence of a geochemically enriched or contaminated magma having been emplaced into the craton. This is similar to SE-trending dolerite dyke swarms across the Barberton-Badplaas region to the north from literature. In northern KwaZulu-Natal the SE-trending dolerite dyke swarms have been geochronologically, geochemically and paleomagnetically linked to either ca. 2.95 or ca. 2.87 Ga magmatic events across the Kaapvaal Craton. v The 2866 ± 2 Ma Hlagothi Complex is composed of a series of layered sills intruding into Nkandla sub-basin quartzites of the Pongola Supergroup. The sills consist of meta-peridotite, pyroxenite and gabbro. At least two distinct pulses of magmatism have been recognised in the sills from their geochemistry. The distinct high-MgO units are compositionally different from the older Dominion Group and Nsuze Group volcanic rocks, as well as younger Ventersdorp volcanic rocks. This resurgence of high-MgO magmatism is similar to komatiitic lithologies seen in the Barberton Greenstone Belt. It is indicative of a more primitive magma source, such as one derived from a mantle plume. A mantle plume would also account for the Hlagothi Complex and the widespread distribution of magmatic events of possible temporal and spatial similarity across the craton. Examples include the layered Thole Complex, gabbroic phases of the ca. 2990 to 2870 Ma Usushwana Complex, and the 2874 ± 2 Ma SE-trending dykes of northern KwaZulu-Natal already described above and dated herein. A generation of NE-trending dolerite dykes in northern KwaZulu-Natal can also be palaeomagnetically linked to this event with either a primary or overprint direction. Flood basalts seen within the upper Witwatersrand and Pongola Supergroups (i.e., Crown, Bird, Tobolsk and Gabela lavas) may also be related. This large, voluminous extent of magmatism allows us to provide evidence for a new Large Igneous Province on the Kaapvaal Craton during the Mesoarchaean. This new Large Igneous Province would encompass all of the above mentioned geological units. It is possible that it could be generated by a short- lived transient mantle plume(s), in several distinct pulses. This plume would also explain the development of unconformities within the Mozaan Group. This is reasoned through thermal uplift from the plume leading to erosion of the underlying strata, culminating in the eruption of flood basalts coeval to the Hlagothi Complex. Marine incursion and sediment deposition would occur during thermal subsidence from the plume into the Witwatersrand-Mozaan basin. This magmatic event also assists in resolving the apparent polar wander path for the Kaapvaal Craton during the Meso- to Neoarchaean. Between existing poles established for the older ca. 2.95 Ga Nsuze event, to poles established for the younger ca. 2.65 Ga Ventersdorp event, a new magnetic component for this ca. 2.87 Ga magmatic event can be shown. This new component has a virtual geographic pole of 23.4° N, 53.4° E and a dp and dm of 8.2° and 11.8° for the Hlagothi Complex, with a similar magnetic direction seen in one generation of NE-trending dolerite dykes in the region. This new ca. 2870 Ma addition to the magmatic barcode of the Kaapvaal Craton allows for comparisons to be made to other vi coeval magmatic units on cratons from around the world. Specific examples include the Millindinna Complex and the Zebra Hills dykes on the Pilbara Craton. Precise age dating and palaeomagnetism on these magmatic units is needed to confirm a temporal and spatial link between all the events. If substantiated, this link would assist in further validating the existence of the Vaalbara supercraton during the Mesoarchaean. After the Hlagothi Complex event, different pulses of magma can be seen associated with the Neoarchaean Ventersdorp event. A generation of NE-trending dolerite dykes in the region was dated herein at 2652 ± 11 Ma. In addition, a primary Ventersdorp virtual geographic pole established in Lubnina et al. (2010) from ENE-trending dolerite dykes was confirmed in this study. This ENE-trending dolerite dyke has a virtual geographic pole of 31.7° S, 13.6° E and a dp and dm of 7.0° and 7.2°. This date and virtual geographic poles from NE- and ENE-trending dolerite dyke swarms in northern KwaZulu-Natal match up with NE- and E-trending palaeostress fields seen in the Neoarchaean Ventersdorp and proto- Transvaal volcanics by Olsson et al. (2010). Both generations of dolerite dykes also demonstrate variable geochemistry. The NE-trending dolerite dyke swarm is tholeiitic, and the ENE dolerite dyke swarm is calc-alkaline. In addition, some of the tholeiitic NE-trending dolerite dykes have a similar magnetic component to NE-trending dolerite dykes much further to the north in the Black Hills area according to Lubnina et al.
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