E EPISCOPAL CHURCHPEOPLE for a FREE SOUTHERN AFRICA c 339 lafayette Street, New York,' N.Y. ,0012·2725 s (21 2} 4 n .aoaa rAX : c212 > 9 '9 -1 o1 3 A founded Z2 June Z956 #175 30 Augu_st 1996 ANC admits abuses but 'fought just war'

MARY BRAID course of the just war of national "Of course. there is a world Cape Town liberation do not constitute of difference between the vio­ 'gross violations of human lence of the oppressor and the The African National Congress rights' as defined by the act es­ oppressed," said Dr Boraine. yesterday made its fullest con­ tablishing and mandating the "The Dutch resistance fighters fession of human rights viola­ TRC," he said. Even "neck­ to Nazi occupation knifed and tionsbutarguedthatthere~ lacing", he said, had to be seen killed but they were heroes no moral equivalency between against the background of in­ against an abhorrent system. its acts of violence and those of stitutionalised state violence. The fact is this commission is the apartheid government. The ANC had adopted the not about justice. It is about Thabo Mbeki, the country's .armed struggle only after truth and reconciliation and president-in-waiting, presented decades of futile peaceful lob­ national healing. Any other ap­ the Truth and Reconciliation bying. It was "a last, rather than proach would have split this Commission (TRC), the body first, resort", he said. The or­ country in half." which was created to heal the ganisation had always resisted He said the commission nation by Jaying bare the abus­ could only be understood es of the apartheid years, with against the background of a ne­ a 100-page report which in­ gotiated settlement. "If the cluded a list of 34 members who struggle had been won on the were executed by the ANC in battlefield there would have Angolan training camps and an been a victor and vanquished admission that some cadres and the victor would have dic­ were killed after being falsely ac­ tated terms." cused of spying. Dr Boraine said that in spite After Mr Mbeki's three-hour of yesterday's testimony Mr testimony, Archbishop Des­ Mbeki understood that vacating mond Tutu, the Commission's the moral high ground was the chairman, congratulated the price the ANC had paid for the ANC on being the first party to peaceful transition of power. use the word "sorry". The Yesterday the ANC said it ac­ ANC's evidence came the day af­ cepted "collective responsibil­ ter FW de Klerk, the former ity" for the violence it had president and leader of the Na­ Mbekl: Armed struggle was a orchestrated. This contrasted tionalist Party (NP), offered a 'last, rather than first, resort' sharply with Mr de Klerk's re­ qualified apology to the nation fusal to take responsibility for for apartheid and past mistakes. internal pressure to target murders carried out by the se­ The NP submission~ short "soft" civilian targets. curity forces although he ad­ on detail. Mr de Klerk denied Mr Mbek.i's bid for recogni­ mitted the NP had created the aJJ knowledge of State-backed hit tion of the ANC's moral high conditions which allowed them squads, and preferred to focus ground flies in the face of the to take place. on the "terrorist" bombings and act which established the com­ While its view that ANC vi­ attacks carried out by the AN C. mission, and which was the olence had no special legitimacy Yesterday Mr Mbeki said that cornerstone of the deal bro­ may go unchallenged, the NP the commission's investigation kered by the NP and the ANC can expect some tough ques­ into human rights abuses must to end white minority rule. tioning on the limits of re­ take into account that apartheid Dr Alex Boraine, deputy sponsibility when the political was "one of the most odious and chairman of the commission parties return to the commission vicious political systems of the said that the act made no dis­ later this year. Yesterday Mr Bo­ 20th century''; a system judged tinction between the violence raine warned that he could not by the United Nations to be a from either side. He and other accept Mr de Klerk's distinction crime against humanity. commissioners had no choice between the government and its "The oveJWhelming majori­ but to suppress their sympathy functionaries. "They were as ty of actions carried out in the with Mr Mbeki's point of view. one," he said.

THE INDEPENDENT • FRIDAY 23 AUGUST 1996 -t Priest testifies on bombing

Bl jOH~YELD him to SUI'\~ve those bleak, soon after coming lo Lesotho and painful weeks after the attack. for some time headed the ANC When the anf\Uished memories Father Lapsley came to a halt, unit at the University of Lesotho, be..-ome too painful and tears well temporarily choked by emotion. where mr invoiYernl'llt ron­ uncontrollablr in their eyes, mam· Durinj:\ hi> testimom; Lapsler remed education, pastoral and sur..-irors tesiifl·ing to ·th,, Truth described in p;raphic detail the ter­ theological matters. and Reconciliation Commission rible ordeal that followed the "When I applied for member­ reach for the box of tis.,ues placed bomb blast in Harare in April ship of the ANC, it symbolically thoughtfully on the table in front 1990. Ordained in Australia, he represented taking citizenship of of them. became a member of the Anglican a South Abica which we were still But what do you do if vou religious order, the Society of the fighting for." have a set of brighi stainles.<-steel Sacred Mission. After being sent During 1979 and 1980 he was claw> instead of hands - hands by the order to study at the Uni­ "dernonised" bv articles in The blown off in a horror letter-bomb versitY of Natal in 1973, he Gtizen newspaf>er and the right­ attack that also left you blind in beanie national chaplain for wing Aida Parker Newsletter, one eve? Anglican studl'!lts in 1976. Lapsley said. In December 1982 other disfif\UTed \~ctims and "Although I was aware of the he was visiting his family in New SUI'\~vors have alreadr testified to evils of apartheid and was part Zealand and fortuitously the commission's hUman rights of anti-racist activity in Aus­ escaped the SADF raid on SUIVJVOR: Michael JJzpsley testifying in Kimbrrley /a,t week. violations conunittee during its tralia, I was a convinced pacifist Maseru in which a number of dt­ "I regarded myself as part of the struggle against apartheid" first half-dozen public hearings, when I came to South Africa," he izensdied. and more will surely follow in the said. "On my return to Lesotho, the tralia and spent another three "It is part of mr \ictor\' to months to come. "I soon discovered, however, church authorities argued that I mooths recuperating at the Prinre have been able to retUrn to sOuth I But none has brought home that it is not pa1Sib1e to be neutr.d:l had probably been a target of the of Wales Hospital in Sydney. Africa and to live my life as full, ·1 more forcefully the appalling mini;;tered to students from all attack and expressed fear that if I During November 1990, and as joyfully as possible The , le~acv of violenre that engulfed backgrounds and realised that if remained in Lesotho, there could approximately seven months grare of God and the heir of pt'('- ! Sout), Africa in recent decades you were whill' and did nothing be further SADF raids and afll'r the attack. he returned to pie of faith and good"ill ha; · than maimed Anglican priest to change the situation. you in fact attacks. I was therefore effectively HMare. After being granted enabled me not to become a pn;­ Michael Lapsley during his testi­ became a functionary of compelled to leave Lesotho for indemnity, hevisill'd South Africa oner of hatred but rather to grow mom· in Kimberle\' this week_ apartheid. this reason." for six weeks during the middle in my faith. compassion and com­ Highly articuiate and out­ '1 was not involved in any In 1983 Lapsley settled in of the following year and moved mitment to justice." wardlr calm. the New Zealand­ political organisation but regard­ Harare, where he remained until permanently to this country in When he had completed his born ·priest recalled the broad ed myself as part of the struggle the explosion in 1990. '1 remained Februaty 1992. testimon\', conunission chainnan events of his life to the point against apartheid." ronscious throughout and experi­ Since Februruy 1993 he has An:hbisliop Desmond Tutu said where the letter bomb-OJilCmied Because of his particular theo­ enced excruciating pain. Friends been chaplain to the Trauma Cen­ "He has been an icon ... a li\in~ in a religious magazine- explod­ logical leanings and teachings, took me to hospital." tre for Victims of Violence and example of the kind ot thing ed in his hands as he opened his Lapsley inrurred the wrath of the After treatment at a private Torture in Woodstock. Lapsley we're lr}ing tc> help be incarnated post. South Abican authorities and was clinic he was transferred to told the conunission he regarded in our counlr}. I'm very d""rh But when he recalled how it served with a deportation order. Harare's main hospital, where he himself as a "victor over humbled and proud that ~1ichaei had been the overwhelming sup­ He went to Lesotho, where he underwent operations through­ apartheid" and not simply as a is no.,.. a priest in m\' dioet>se, and port of his family, both personal trained priests for the Anglican out the night. After about a month victim or- the preferred word for a priest of whom I'm d""pl~ and religious, that had enabled diocese there. '1 joined the ANC in Harare he was flown to Aus- many people-a sun~vor. proud."

I, the undersigned Samuel Solomon Pholotho residing at 1179 Mapetla AFFIDAVIT Village in Soweto do hereby make oath and say:

I was detained in tbe early hours of Monday the 5th May, 1969 under the Terrorism Act

At the time of the detention aforesaid, I was banned and restricted under the Suppression of Communism Act 44 of 1950 on the 31/5/65. My trade union activities and employment with the Transvaal Metal \Vorkers Union were ended. I was forced to turn to hawking soft goods to take care of my wife and 3 minor children born in 1952,1958 and 1961.

a) No human contact only your interrogators; b) Your isolation increased in a windowless cell. Details of Torture: c) Held for 4 days and nights without food & water. d) Made to stand on uneven bricks intended for you to fall. e) Fell and hurt myself- found myself dripping in cold water. They had attempted to revive me. f) I had not sat down for the 4 days/nights. g) I was handcuffed to the rafters. Endless pain. h) Punched on both sides of my ribs by the police officers. I) I was held in isolation from Monday 7.45am to Thursday 5.30pm. j) My feet were so swollen I could not keep my shoes on. h) My anxiety about my family was endless torture. 'Kleenex' truth 1nqu1ry• • starts big clean-up

Two major developments should .! dramatically alter the way the truth commission works, reports Eddie Koch AleX Boraine: Getting tough with those who refuse tO offer evidence PHOTO: HENNER FRANKE.'"-IFELD truth commission's announce­ their submissions to the commission. The mitted because of political motivation. :'vfost nt this week that it Will sub­ political party submissions have been kept importantly. these state that the "propor­ poena suspects in some of the most under tight wraps and have not even been tionality" principle - that crimes can only rominent political atrocities of the sent to the commission In advance. in case be forgiven if they were carried out in partheid era comes on the eve of they are leaked to the media. proportion to the political ideal that was TItwo other major developments that could First off Will be the Freedom Front on being fought for at the time - be used to dramatically alter the way the body has oper­ Monday. followed by the African Christian decide if perpetrators should be granted ated. Democratic Party. The Pan Africanist Con­ amnesty. The truth process has so far been domi­ gress appears on Tuesday. while the Truth commission spokesman .John Allen nated by public hearings of the human rights National Party will talk on Wednesday. The said the bodv was not seriouslv concerned violations committee -causing some right­ African National Congress will deliver its pre­ about media coverage that depicted it as a wing circles to parody it as the Kleenex com­ sentation on Thursday. toothless bodv unable to force "dirtv trtcks' mission - while the body's amnesty hear­ The Mail & Guardian has established that agents into coming clean about their role in ings and judgments. which involve more the NP's account of the 1980s is some 25 maintaining white domination. complex and legalistic procedures, have pages long and deals with a broad set of "It would be natural for perpetrators to lagged behind. strategies adopted to deal with what its wait for the amnesty committee to indicate So far 1. 750 people have applied for members perceived to be the "total how it \\!ill a:pply the ~orgaard Principles amnesty from the commission. But the vast onslaught". The ANC's document is "volumi­ before making a decision about whether they majority of these are people already con­ nous" and deals quite frankly with abuses should submit applications.· he said. victed and serving sentences for their crimes that were carried out by its members In the - the commission's records show that only notorious detention centres. e noted the deadline for making 95 non-prisoners have so far offered to tell all However. thousands of agents who com­ anmesty applications is December 15 in return for immunity from prosecution. mitted political murder and human rights Hand the commission expected a t1ood of Next week political parties Will present abuses in those turbulent years will be 'much requests from perpetrators who are cur­ public accounts of why their members more Interested in the first judgment of the rently adopting a wait-and-see approach engaged in human rights abuse during the truth commission's amnesty committee. towards the end of the vear. apartheid period. The amnesty committee This will be a test of how the committee will Commission vice-chauman Alex Boraine has announced its first judgment Is Immi­ interpret its powers to grant immunity in announced this week that suspected perpe­ nent. exchange for full confessions about past mis­ trators of past political crimes will be issued Official participation by political parties in deeds. It will provide crucial guidelines for with subpoenas to appear before the truth the truth process next week could open the perpetrators who are still weighing up body if they refuse to offer e\idence volun- way for co-operation by perpetrators who whether it is worth their while to apply for tarily. belong to some of the right-wing groups amnesty. The new get-tough approach will form part which have a tradition of folloWing the exam­ The truth commission legislation states of a strategy that involves a series of probes ple set by their leadership. that the Norgaard Principles should be used by the commission's investigative unit into The major political parties drew lots to to decide whether a perpetrator be granted some of the worst atrocities committed dur­ determine the order in which they wUI make 4rununity from prosecution for crimes com- ing the apartheid era. I Cape joumos work in fear,

Journalists covering hopes journalists and photographers Pagad's campaign "wt11 not bow to the demands of mill­ tantsw, but "wt11 uphold the trndltlons against gangsters 11 r:A their craft and continue to report 1n have fol.nd themselves an accurate and balanced manner. staring down the •Hopefully the community wlll respect journalists as observers barrels d QWlS, reports doing their professional jobs.· .-....~ Louw says It Is entirely up to reporters to decide whether they are going to~ a particular story and OURfMLISTS are once ~thelriM:s. again being targeted. the as However, he says. It is •easy to pon­ war in the Cape Flats con­ tificate from an armchair", while tinues between the Muslim reporters and photographers are out community group, People on the frontline. Jagainst Gangsterism and Drugs (Pagad) and gangs. •1 respect their bravery out on the. frontline as they perform their duty by In the 12 days following the shoot­ getting the sloly to the general public. w ing and torching of Hard Livings Cape 7lmes photographer Benny gangster leader, Rashaad Staggie, GooL whose ptiotqvaphs of the torch­ one reporter and four photographers Ing of the s~ twin were splashed have been injured. across the front pages of several A reporter from Dfe Burger in Cape natlonal newspapers, Is k~ a low Town suffered a gunshot wound in his protlle. He refused to speak to the M.W arm and the newspaper's photogra­ tor fear of his Hfe and that of his family. pher suffered shrapnel wounds to his suffered by journalists. he says. lowing the lynching ofS~. There ate clatms, hclwever. that the lower leg. The other two photogra­ · Reuters television senior producer ·u is a popular perception and an National Intelllgence Agency (NIAJ has phers are freelancers and details of and cameraman Jtml Matthews says easy way out to put the blame on cam­ Informed Gool that a prtce has been their injutit'S are unknown. . the threats to journalists' lives are eramen. We are then told by Pagad not put on his head, but It Is unclear Several journalists. photographers "disturbing, but not unexpected. to sell our photographs and video whether It is the Hard Uvings gang­ and cameramen claim to have been "It Is common that at scenes of con­ material to the gangsters. This Is sters or Pagad members who want to openly threatened at a press confer­ flict journalists become targets. espe­ insulting to journalists who will never assassinate him. ence hosted by Pagad. Some Muslim cially when rtval groups are frustrated. Implicate themselves in such a ludi­ The Cape 1lmes reporter who cov­ journalists have also allegedly received What Is definitely scary ts the open crous manner; Matthews says. ered the story alongside Gool has anonymous phone calls from people threats of violence against reporters, He claims that cameramen and apparently been pulled olf the sloly by who purport to be Pagad members. photographers and cameramen who photographers are the focus of the newspaper's editor. warning them about stortes they have are out there with no motive other Pagad's attention as there is a miscon­ Cape Tfmes editor Moegsten written or are planning to write. than to do their jobs. It ts disconcert­ ception that the cameramen and pho­ Williams could not be reached for Says one South African Broadcast­ tng when guns are being waved at one tographers are either assisting the comment at the ttme ofgoing to press. Ing Corporation journalist, who in an effort to intimidate all reporters, w gangsters and/or the pollee. Some journalists clatm that their col­ refused to be named for fear of her life: says Matthews Matthews's claims have been sup­ leagues often resort to sensationalism "I beliew they will do it. Pagad will not He says there exists a mlsoonceplion ported by several joumallsts the Mall by misconstruing the community's hesltatr In shooting us. We were of the role and function of the media by &. Guan1lan approached. efforts. Says one journalist: "It is not openly told at a Pagad press confer­ the general publlc. "People often want only the Muslims that are ~ttng the ence that lfwe didn't do stories which to dictate to journalists what they ne reporter from a foreign drug~. but there are several Chris­ were favourable and sympathetic must write. People forget that journal­ news agency says reporters, tians and people of different rellgtous towards their cause, then we better Ists only report what they see and are 0 photographers and camera­ persuasions that support what Pagad watch out. We were told that we will be not commissioned to do a story men have all come under enormous Is dotng. It is sometimes unfortunate regarded as part of the crtrninals and because It allows them to take sides. pressure, but admits there is a •mJs• that when Muslims stand up. they are will be targeted. w Journalists aim at writing balanced understanding"" that the death ofRyk­ seen as Islam1c fundamentalists. w Another SABC cam- reports. while photogra­ lief was as a result of an Identification Earlier this week. Pagad threatened eraman had a gun held phers and cameramen from photographs and video footage. to call in the support of two militant to his head. but refused get the picture or footage "Photographers and cameramen Middle Eastern organisations - the to speak to the MaU &. requlred.w seem to have the blame laid at their feet Iranian-backed Hezbollah and the GuwtUan. His coDeague Matthews says It's as people asswne It is soley owing to Palestinian Hamas organisations. says she finds It "dis­ .nd no one, but no harder for photo­ their material that Rykllef was killed.· The support of the organisations turbing"" that neither the graphers and camera­ There have been allegations by a would be sought unless the govern­ government or any one has come out men to blend in with the reporter that durtng his interview with ment and the pollee rtd the Cape Flats press unions have spo­ against this" crowd as cameras are the brother of the assassinated Hard ofgangsters and drug barons. said the ken out against the ·very visible". He says Uvtngs gang leader, Rashled Staggte, organisation's leader. Muhammed Ali groups targeting jour- rumours. Implicating he saw him rummaging through pho­ •Phantom• Parker. nalists. "For days the media have been photographers and cameramen with tographs which presumably were Many journalists admit to being under death threat and no one, but no last week's assassination oftaxl drtver smuggled out of the Aigus llbr.uy. acared, with some deciding to forfeit a one has come out against this. w Faizel Ryklief, are circulating. ·u was scary because there he was good story and get out while they are South Mrlcan Union of Journalists According to Matthews, there are flipping through photographs which still ahead. Others have decided to (SAUJ) national organlser Dudley allegations that Rykllers assassina­ were stamped: Argus Company. It ts hang ln. because they feel they have to Molol says the union was not informed tion followed his Identification from difficult to say how he got the photo­ see the story through to the end. But of the death threats against journalists video footage and/or photographs. graphs. but anyone could have smug­ none of the journalists, photographers and has. therefore, made no state­ Ryklief. allegedly a Pagad member. g1ed the phot~ out ;w he said. or cameramen have expressed a ment. However. the SAUJ Is planning is believed to have been the target of a Chilirman of the Freedom of Expres­ gung-ho attitude; Instead they are just to make a statement about the injurtes revenge attack by the gangsters. fol- sion Institute. Raymond Louw. says he attempting to do their Jobs. , . MAIL a QUARDIAH i Auguat 2 to 8 18116 Call fof--3d0ctors' truth commission ~: ~~ ~·. :: ...· _;:,; Doctors, heal your profession, is the call as pressure mounts on the medical profession to hold its own truth commission. Rehana Rossouw reports

SAAC RANI was tortured for three "self-glortficatlon". · days by security pollee after they However. the previous minis­ arrested him in the Sixties for ter of health, Dr Rina Venter. "Masa's apology is not under­ ,.I t is outside the scope of the pinned by concrete documentation of lea\ing South Africa for military exonerated Gluckman. In an me to tease out the sub­ what It needed to apologise for. It training. On the third day. he was attempt to desegregate hospi­ tle, institutional ways in I\isited by a district surgeon while he tals. Venter discovered there does not tell us when abuse stopped. which the security forces found An apology does not Identify what the lav in his cell vomiting blood. Rant were no laws on the statute support outside their own failings were in the past and how we told a Truth and Reconciliation Com­ books which forced them to care ranks for what they did. are going to prevent it in the future. It mission ('TRC) hearing the doctor said for white patients separately "In South Africa there are is almost like a self-declared there 'WaS nothing that could be done from blacks. examples of this. There are doc­ amnesty," said London. to help him. he would be dead soon. It appeared that the medical tors who participated directly by Commission imrestigarors, after profession Itself had Instituted falsifying medical records. There e-said the medical should listenin!( to e\;dence like this at these rules - not only in state me must be more cases than Steve be public and send a strong countlesS hearings on gross human hospitals, but in countless pri­ Biko - people who did not have message that the transgression ri"hts violations. are hard at work vate practitioners' surgeries H publicity ar.d expensive advo­ of human rights would not occur proof of the torture and which had separate waiting cates at their inquests." ~covering again in the South African medical the names of the pollee involved. But rooms for white and black Rayner said the situation was profession. The r.ommission could thev will not necessarily attempt to patients. - not onlv of academic interest as make recommendations at its con­ discover whv the unnamed doctor In 1995, Masa finally apolo­ abuse "was still occurring in clusion to upgrade ethical edu~tion did not insist Rani be taken to hospi­ South Africa. The "unref:>rmed" gised for its silence on race­ in health sciences and improve tal for treatment. or that his torture based policies affecting the med­ police force was still torturing reporting mechanisms in places of people by electric shock and be stopped immediately. ical profession. Without listing detention. There are doctors who are con­ the issues for which it was apol­ suffocation. Masa's manager of medical ethics cerned by the mounting evidence ogislng, the association admit­ People entering the medical Gavin Darnster said he believed it that their colleagues were involved in ted "persons 'Within and outside profession needed information was unnecessary to duplicate the human rtghts abuses either by omis­ might. about where the traps lay. They the medical profession In functions of the multimillion rand sion or commission. They are clam­ needed to learn the small and the past. have been hurt or which it supported. ouring for a medical to uncover offended bv acts of omission or me. passive ways doctors could par­ me "We have asked all of our members the past and prevent such violations commission on Masa's part". ticipate in human rights abuses. to go to the if they have been in the future. me "District surgeons embarking The most successful challenge involved In gross human rights viola- Some of the abuse is already well to the medical profession came on their careers won't know how to conduct themselves if documented and infa..nous around in 1985 from a young Port Eliza­ tions. This has been an issue of con­ the world. The conduct of the two dis­ beth district surgeon Dr Wendy they don't know what happened cern to Masa even before the TRC in the past." Rayner said. trict surgeons who attended to dying Orr. She brought a supreme was up and running.· Damster said. activist Steve Biko. led to the Medical court Interdict against the The Interim South African "We are prepared to criticise our Medical and Dental Council's Association·of South Africa's (Masa) prison authorities to stop them members who are not performing resignation from the World Medical from assaulting her patients. registrar. Nic Prinsloo. said his and this practice has always been organisation did not discuss the Association. The case won her Instant there. Doctors involved have been The Biko affair focused the interna­ infamy in government circles call for a medical me and he sent bv Masa to the Medical and could thus not comment on it. tional spotlight on South Africa's doc­ and she Was effectively stopped Dental" Council.· Damster admitted tors and their ethical stance in an from performing her clinical He pointed out that the organisa­ that manv doctors working v.ith the tion replaced the SAMDC and could apartheid system. It highlighted the duties. Today, Orr is a commis­ police and prisons believed they had failures of the Medical Association of sioner on the me and attends not be accountable for what it had a dual responsibility to the state and done in the past. Although Prinsloo South Africa and the South African its hearings where victims of their patients. He suggested this Medical and Dental Council (SAMDCJ pollee brutality often highlight had served on the SA.\1DC, he was dilemma be investigated in a similar not prepared to discuss how to to censure - or protect - doctors the failure of doctors to protect manner to the British Medical and address its failings . when their ethics were questioned. them from assaults from the security Dental Association, which published Dr Judith van Heerden. of UCTs One of the Biko doctors. Dr Ben­ forces. a report on state doctors called Medi­ Department of Primary Health Care. jamin Tucker. was a Masa member. Victim after victim has told the me cine BetrayecL sent a direct challenge to Masa and When the association refused to can­ how district surgeons treated them In Dr Mary Rayner of Amnesty Inter­ the SAMDC to organise a parallel cel his membership or disassociate the presence of the security forces, national. said the problems high­ medical truth commission._ itself from the SA..\IIDC's fmdings, how some gave the go-ahead for fur· lighted in Medicine Betrayed sup­ Writing in the June issue of the several prominent members resigned ther interrogations despite their ported the call for a medical The me. South African Medical Journal. Van and formed the National Medical and patients showing obvious signs of investigation had shown how orcli­ Heerden said South Africa's past v.as Dental Association (Namda). mistreatment and how inquest docu- nary men and women became unwit­ littered with incidents where doctors One Masa mem- mentation did not tingly involved in systematic human neglected their caring duty. "Collu­ ber did attempt to match the wounds rights abuses. sion with the state \\aS regarded as highlight the dilem· 'Our experience has relatives had seen in "'ur experience around the world patriotic duty by some of them." she mas which the med­ shown there are all state mortuaries. has shown that there are all sorts of said. ical profession faced sorts of reasons why In Cape Town this reasons why medical practitioners in South Africa. The week. the medical "The pain and remorse of this medical practitioners process will be ffiing proof as a com­ late Dr Jonathan profession debated working in a prison or army Gluckman, aMasa working in a prison or the call for a medical mitment to ensure that what hap­ anny barracks can barracks can fail In their duty to pened to Steve Biko should ne\'er be office-bearer who TRC. At a panel dis­ their patients." Rayner said. worked closely with fail in their duty to­ cussion organised by allowed to happen in any country "They can accept the security that regards itself as Ci\'illsed." she families of detainees, their patients' the Trauma Centre force's ideology and motives. spoke out about the for Victims of Vio- quoted from a South African Medical they cap be affected by the Journal editorial of 1991. problems of segre- lence and Torture. social milieu In which they mix gated health tare. speakenl spoke of the need to uncover In daily life, they could be con­ Gluckman went .up against former and document the stns of the past cerned about their careers or be minister of law and order Hernus Dr Leslie London of the Depart­ subject to direct threats. Over Kriel, whom he accused of conduct­ ment of Community Health at the time they can be drawn Into a ing a fraudulent investigation Into University of Cape Town (UCO. said situation of complicity In which the treatment of detainees. Krtel the case for a medical truth comml.s­ the detainee suffers grossly. responded by accusing Gluckman of slon was compelling. National service for all graduates punted ;;~;;;;: .. Will the health The rrYN aver extended doctors' training is bringing pressure for other students to do comrrunity service. Philippa Garson and JosiUI Ana.,aclhi report system cope? XTENDING community are resistanCe. resentment and infe­ Philippa Garson the .tadenta haft~ with senice for postgraduates of ncr semces. • he says. eerloaa reuona..,. will relook at it,• an disdplines. including the But In some fields, the idea ofcom­ cloctora abould get 8he Aid, denJlnl tUt the COUDcil medical profession. could munity service still meets with resis­ rainhlf and gi·..e bad been pre18ured bJ UIJOile. help alleviate the funding tance. Wits University engineering rrice to society at Price u.ld the Joa1stk:a of Imple­ Ecrisis in tertiarY education. ·Professor Hu Hanrahan said he the ume time Ia Je.ID dispute thaD mentation •need to be carefully A furious debate developed this doubted whether sufficient job whether the country-and the lta­ 1PIXbcl oat•.llddiug. "'ftbe quality al week around plans by the Interim opportunities for engineering com­ deata- 11ft ready 1m it. t:niniq Ia DOt atisfjtc:tory I will with­ ~ational Medical Council to add a munity service existed in the state. "I The Interim Natloaallledk:al and draw my IUppOrt oftbe .,.._.. compulsory. two-year period of com­ donl think communi~ service is as Dental Ccnmcil hu been crlticiaecl ~Datd. Sanden, dlrectaral munitv service to the seven years· pract1calln engineering as it is in the fDr im.plementlllg radical c:haDges to tbe Uniftralty al tlle Wstem c.pe•a traiilii1g required for qualificatiOn as heahh service. It will siphon the engi­ the profeuion before the legwork pubUc health programme, uid: a doctor. neers out of the market and that will hu been done aDd without firinf "beryone ..-there Ollfb.t to be But the controversy has raised impact on the GDP," he said. · meclical audents clue wamln&· eome kiDd of~ ad thlt gradu­ questions as to why the concept While the notion is popular in Cleariy, where 40% of women ue ate~~ do eome 1PIIIk In tbe pabUc -=t« should be limited to doctors and to some law faculties which Point to the gtrillg birth without mecUc:a1 nper­ iD peri-mban ud rural ueu where teachers - who have long repaid need for legal services in rural areas, 'rision, fDr eumple, there is a cryiDg there .. greueat oeed. Bat-Ge IIIIo their training loans by state service. practical steps at introducing com­ aeecllar more doc:ton Ill rural areas. aupd8ed at tlle .-ce it-iut&uclucecl. What of other professions like law munity service have yet to be taken. But -e health profeuionals ue with DO pepuatJou In pUce. • . and engtneertng? But the idea ofvoluntary service is aaJdDg whether the~~e trainee doc­ SaDden aid there--amald­ While the state ploughs billions now taking root on campuses. says ton wm 111mp1y wor1t without nper­ iltributioa aldocton than a abarQge. into tertiary education only a frac­ Professor Cbristof Heyns. acting Q~Km u a short-term cure Ill a col­ with a c:oocentratlun aldocton in-­ tion is paid back in student fees - director of Pretoria University's Cen­ tap.IDg bealt.b system. demic baapitaiL "The cbaiiellge .. to and only by some students. Given tre for Human Rights. Heyns helped Qaeationa ue a1ao being ralaed rdocate - al u-e people ., the the crisis around univm!ity financ­ found the Southern African student about the councU'aindependence academic complez becomea much ing. many are asking whether the Volunteers three years ago, an from the government. The councU bra.derat reglaaa1 and dlatrict JeftiL. time has come for a more effective organlsatiOn based on 22 lDlMrSity Ignored the recommendation of ita tertiary financing system that allows and technikon campuses which own •apert team· which propueecl Junior Doctora' ~ students to pay back the money it sends students during holidays to one year of enra atudy, and went South Africa hu objected to costs to educate them by doing com­ needy areas to help upgrade schools with the Health Department'• pro­ TIcreuing the tn1niDg period munity service in the public sector. and cll:nics. poeal of two yeara IDatead. from aeveJl to nine yeara and called Wits University dean of Health Sci­ "We get seven times more applica­ University of the Witwatenrand for the curricalum to be ahortened ences Professor Max Price suggests a tions than we can access. It's defi­ dean of Health Sciencea Profeuor instead. student-loan system whereby stu­ nitely becoming more popular.· But Max Price crlticiaed the council for Many atadenta beUeve that the dents pay back the bulk of their loans Heyns says black students are far tlda bat aid be wwJd keep aD "open council'• clec:laloll to ezteud doctors' bv service-as in the United States. keener on the programmes than mind" untO it came up with ita training by two yean is a way of -'The government should gtYe them their white countelparts who make detafled plan on available fadlltiea introducing "community aerrice• a loan to pay the entire cost and up only 10% of the volunteer force. aad aaperriaion Ill October. through tbe bM:k door. to DOid poe­ should then write this off In return Counc:D president Plufwu Sora­ dlle battlea Oil the c:outltutioaali for community service. nus is not a SouthAcncanStudents' Con­ mini Kalllchurum Mid two yean' of compulaary service. dictatorial phenomenon. It's done In gress backs the idea of COIIDDU­ training would be more beneflclal if But the Health Depertment'a Tim most industrial countries.· nnity service, which ·augurs well atudenta were CiYen a cllploma.. "If WU.Oa, chief cllrector of academic Such a scheme should apply to an with the splrlt of nation-building professions. not just teachers and enshrined In the RDP", says depuzy doctors. "It would make it clear that sea:etuy genmd Kmny Dlseko. "We taxpaym;; are making a majcr ~­ are in support of such a policy because it balances the ool1on oC the ment in individuals educatiOn. 1be Mmptezea ..,.. the department hu WUaon Mid the Health Depart­ state aiXI society is entitled to a return brain drain. Some people are selfish. decllned in the put to Implement ment had not puhed the councU on that lnve;tment.• says Pr1ce. Students should feel obliged to do compulaory aerrice and that 't'OC&· into any decialona. "I have great Community service has been pro­ community service as a contributicn tloDal training will achieve the IllUDe to the country.· respect 1m the memben of council. posed by the National Coun:tdssUl m objecttvea. wtUJe allowing docton to ANC Youth LeagUe general secre­ They are not UJr.ely to be ateam­ Higher Education (NCHE) as me way JIID blpqna)fft,.HoM 1be depart· tary Febe Potgleter says her organi­ rollered Into a cledakm •• he u.lcl. of paying back the state's contribu­ ment lalooldng to fin 1 000 poats In Wllaon polnted out that the tion their studies. sation supports the idea of youth tawaros the ftrat year of implementation, cbaage wUl only affect the 30% of Howe"M", the concept has not been service programmes In tertJary insti­ 1998. IIDd 300 in tbe -=oad. mecllcal graduatea who don't ape­ developed in any real way and the tutions. MThere la an a ..umptlon that claliae, and who wUl have to atay NCHE. whose final rqot Is due this '"Ihere Is a need to see that every­ everyone wm be aent to cllatant rural longer in the publlc ~- Thoae month. has not. thus far rome up wUh one wtth state assistance must gtve ueu. But if there Ia no supervision, who apeclallae wUl probably not be solutions to the funding crisis In the something back.· The National Youth Commission returned we won't aend people; Wl1aon u.lcl. affected. They wUl have to do u tertiaiy sectoc. The department hopea, with nell­ recently from a trip to the United eztra :pear but the council hu yet to John Gear, director of the Wits caDy revised aalary acalea, to pull Rural Facility. backs the idea of States armed with new ideas on make propoula on this. more docton Into the pablk: service Contrary to the atereotype of incentiVe- Zurich,. Switzerland. He ing to those who worked within the the new government intends to tty and clear· out. He refused to elaborate, ~~tying it was "a was Wouter Hasson, aformer~cal doctor programme, cine 'l!f the prime:tatgets' of the up some of the mysterious deaths arid ill­ particularly difficult and intricate exercise" attached to Knobel's Seven Medical Bat­ poisOn deVelopment~: lt.Was 'hoped he nesses of anti-apartheid activists. · because of the seJJBitivitiea involved. talion. Hasson, who rose eventually to the could either'·tie poilion~a:or ·that a ·car­ Another 'death which has been· at­ The chemical weapons programme was, rank of brigadier, had Special Forces train­ cin!)genic i:hamica.\ .inb:riduce·d intQ his food tributed tO poiaonillg was that of ANC cadre acc;ording to the former government, te~­ ing and connections, as did a number of woUld e\reJit~y give li.im cmcer. . and Umkhonto we Sizwe CoDIDUinder Thami minated in 1993, after South Africa signed others involved in the covert chemical . 'Thia.t:nlde'typeofp~Was ooninion Zulu, who fell ill and died in Lusaka. US · the international conventions banDing the programmes. to tlie security forces in tlie ht)yday of the use of such wea})Ona. Significantly, Basson was part of a "total cii:lalSught" yearS, but it appears that intelligence sow:cea subsequently said they , The Office for Serious Economic Offen­ delegation .from transport parastatal sanity •returned in th~ ·late 1980fl, wh~n it believed Zulu was poisoned by a SA agent ces (OSEO) is investigating the privatiaation Transnet which went to Libya in 1994 to bealme ob:vio~8'to all tchat Mandela would who bad infiltrated ANC rankain exile. of at least two of the companies involved in discuas business poSsibilities. His presence play a ·insjor,r6le: in· the future of the The latest reports give the lie to the projects in the 1990s-Delta G Research in the delegation -- which was there to talk countrY: Inaeed LphVBicilinil 'who attended repeated claims by SA National Defence and Roodeplaat Research· Laboratories about pollliible railway projects -- greatly him when: he·.-~· ·impriSOned on:· Robben Force Chief General Georg Meiring, and the (RRL). . alarmed the United States and British lslaild;r,later at roUsmoor pnaon outalil.e head of the SA Medical Services, The assets ofboth companies, which had governments; ·Cape Town and· then Vi~r·Verster·prison Lieutenant-General Niel Knobel, that the been bought by the government with secret Libya has been repeatedly accused of 11.ear P~l:llr.e·said tlie authorities were chemical weapons programmes were solely funds to start the chemical weapons embarking on a massive programme to make careful alriloat to the poili~ ofparanoia about defensive in nature and in response to the prognunme, were tranarerred to the direc­ chemical weapons. · drugs which w.:re·adniinistererl to him. · belief that Angolan and Cuban forces pos­ tors in what Meiring said was . a move OSEO is also investigating the payment While Manciela'laimself niiiy have been sessed chemical and biological agents during authorised by the former Defence and ofUS $1.6-m (R6.9-m) into a bank account in ~en otr tht~ target list; 'the p(liaoners con­ the bitter bush war battles in Angola. Finance Ministers in the previous National Croatia, according to its chief investigator, tinued to f~·on oth:e'r prominent anti­ An unresolved incident in the late 1980s, Party governmept. · Jan Swanepoel. Meirlng told· the accounts apartheid activists.· ·· , : .. . '-'' when a nWDber of Mozambican soldiers fell At the time of. the privatisation, General committee hf: ..believed the payment would mysteriously ill after a "black cloud" drij\.ed Magnus Malan had the Defence portfolio have been authorised by the ·SA Reserve over their camp from the SA border, could Bank but that he was not privy to what it was · He said he understood that, following well be re~investigated.lfit.isprovedchemi­ andBarend du Pleasiawas~ce Minister. used for. the "Information Scail.dal", when millions of cal agents from SA were responsible, the Newspaper. reports showed that the rands of government slush funds were PretOria authorities could well have the directors ofRRL w~ed away with R17.9-m Allegations of amounts paid from RRL to misappropriated on newspaper alid inforlna­ mo•·i!l oblig&:ion to pay compenaation to ($4.2-m) between them after the company a chemical company in· Switzerland have tion projects, former Prime Minister and those aflli.cted.. · was liquidated in 1994 and 1995. The been levelled by one of RRL's .former emp­ later State President Pieter W Botha· ar­ General Meiring could also face tough original share CIIPital of the privatiaed firm loyees, who received nothing in the liquida­ ranged for a senior partner in an accounting gril.ling on the detaila of the programmes, wasamereR00,000($11,600). A large chunk tion and has challenged. the ,whole and· auditing firm to oversee a number of which were known varioualy as "Project B", of the assets of RRL consisted .of mvest­ liquidation proceeding." covert projects to ensure that state funds "Jota" and "Project Coas~", when he ments from a "non-distributable reserve" of The man, Dr Schalk Van Rensburg, were not diverted or stolen. returns to· Cape Tov,'D. to spin face the par­ more than R30-m ($7-m), which came claimed in papers sent to the.Master of the RRL· company records show that its liamentary ~mmittce on pub!ic accounts. originslly from a "cancellation pajment" Supreme Court that he did not believe any senior staffimd researchers, who were work- . The oommittee. has been invl!stiaating the after C one of the most charismat­ "Terror" Lekota Is losing the from those discussions have been worried about his future, ic Internal leaders whose Integrity fight for his political life, referred to the national working but are themselves trying and honesty were regarded as piv­ having been abandoned by committee. He saJd the political sit­ to keep their heads down otal to the UDF"s political successes. the African National Con- uatlon tn the ANC Free State.is re­ to avoid any kind of media He was first elected to the ANC's Fgress leadership in his battle with ceiving the ongoing attention ofANC attention or controversy. national executive In 199: . party rivals tn the province. structures with a v1ew to findtng an There Is a feeling In As pressure mounts to oust him ~amicable" solution. some UDF circles that from his position, there were tndlca- . In terms of the Constitution, a Lekota's troubles are part Endangered species: Free Shte tlons this week that the ANC leader- premier can only be removed from of a wider political up­ Premier Patrick 'Terror' Lekota ship were not backing him In his office by a vote of no confidence tn heaval centering on has fallen out with those in fight against alleged · his legislature. But prov1ncial leaders who provincial and national ANC corruption In the Lekota's former com- are Involved In trying structures province -leaving him Some of Lekota's rades from the United to root out corrup­ to the fate of bitter ene- fonner UDF Democratic Front tion. mles who have taken comrades are (UDF), which he served control of the provtnclal themselves trying as publicity secretary party machinery. • In the 1980s, are con- Lekota saJd this week to keep their cemed that their gen- he had decided not to heads down eration does not enjoy speak to the media, but much support In the his political alltes con- ANC's national firmed that he Is ex- structures. tremely worried about his future. The Free State legislature Is The premier Is embroiled tn a row to hear a report this month with the ANC In his prov1nce following from Its provincial standing his suspension of senior government committee on trade and In­ officials on allegations of fraud. Leko- dustry whether Lekota's tawas not re-elected to the ANC's suspensions. of the offl­ provlnclal working committee last clals were accord­ weekend after It met In his absence. The ANC's national working com­ mittee Is to hear a report from a del­ egation sent to the prov1nce by Its national executive committee meet­ Ing. Sports Minister Steve Tshwete, ANC chief whip Arnold Stolile and security boss Joe Nhlanhla recently v1slted !he prov1nce to discuss the tensions between Lekota and prov1ncial ANC members. ANC spokesman Ronnie SUMMER 1996 CULTURAL SURVIVAL QUARTERLY Nyae, for a schematic representation of and implementation of the developmenr this and other structures of the NNFC.) program wer~ rarely sought. Visits by the DEMOCRACY: The basis of this structure was the Managemenr Committee members to Representative Council. It was decided the n.'oresi had become all but non­ Indicators from Ju/'hoan Bushmen in Namibia that each of the n!oresi would choose existent by early 1995. Interviews in and he represented by two individuals, January 1995 revealed that most commu­ by Barbara Wyckoff-Baird one male and one female. The members nity members were not aware of the of the Representative Council, in turn, Management Committee's current activi­ amibia, formally called Southwest from about a dozen people to as many as body over the wildlife and tourism elected a Chairperson, a Secretary and ties. Community members expressed dis­ N Africa, was once a colony of both 150. In collaboration with the NNDFN, resources. As stated in the policy, the one representative from each quarter of satisfaction with the Management Germany and Britain and then part of the Nyae Nyae Farmers Cooperative committee should, "consist of elected or Nyae Nyae (at the time there were three) Committee, frequently stating that the South Africa until 1990. With (NNFC) implements activities ranging appointed representatives of the commu­ to form the five-person Management members should be replaced. Independence, the incoming majority­ from a village school program to health nity. The MET [Ministry of Environ­ Committee. The Committee became responsible for the day-to-day manage­ rule government faced a stiff challenge of promotion, from running a shop to nat­ ment and Tourism] must be satisfied that Interviews also revealed that, while a ment of the development program and establishing new democratic relations of ural resource management. the members of the conservancy council representative structure might be in services provided to and on behalf of the power from the complex colonial legacy The Jul'hoansi face both the chal­ are sufficiently representative of the com­ place, the changes in culture and social of racial and ethnic stratification. The lenge and the opportunity of engaging in munity served by the conservancy." This community, funded largely by interna­ organization necessary to make the struc­ tional donors. Jul'hoansi (!Kung, Ju!Wasi) Bushmen are the new political process. Central to this also raises the question of who is best ture effective had not occurred. a population of Khoisan-speaking former challenge is how indigenous social orga­ suited to judge the representation of the Megan Biesele characterizes the new Community members who were inter­ representative structures as coming not hunter-gathers residing in northeastern nization can adapt itself to the recently Conservancy Committee that is required viewed continued to believe that no one from the peo.ple themselves, but as Namibia and the northwestern Kalahari independent nation of Namibia and, in by the government in order to grant to could speak on their behalf. Several Desert region of Botswana. the long-term, the wider global society. indigenous people the rights to benefit imported models and expectations. respondents during interviews in January Traditionally, the Jul'hoansi were from tourism and wildlife. Taken a step further, the early approach 1995 said that they had not "chosen" organized as bands of individuals sup­ focused on the products of democratiza­ their representative to the Councilor and ported by the resources of a n!orr, the tion (i.e., creating representative institu­ that ther had no sense of one person Traditionally, the Ju/'hoansi Evolution of the Nyae tions) rather than on the process of Jul'hoansi word meaning, "the place to having been selected to perform a repre­ democratization (i.e., indigenous people which you belong." In 1970, were organized as bands · Nyae Farmers Cooperative sentative role on the Council. Several defining and achieving their own appro­ Bushmanland was established by the n.'omi reported that a different individual of individuals supported (NNFC) priate models). This is not to say that Government of South Africa as the attended almost every meeting. The Ju!Wa Farmers Union, renamed international models of democracy and homeland for the Jul'hoan and orher by the resources of a Furthermore, the roles and responsi­ the Nyae Nyae Farmers Cooperative representative institutions as the products Bushmen. For the Jul'hoansi, "it meant bilities of the various parties in a repre­ n.'ore, the Ju/'hoansi word (NNFC) in 1990, was first constituted in of that democracy are necessarily bad. the loss of 90% of their traditional land sentative structure were not clearly 1986. The individuals in the Ju/Wa Rather. when such structures are imposed of Nyae Nyae, and all but one of their meaning, "the place to understood. Community membe.rs did Farmers Union did not speak for others on indigenous people, the very process of permanent waterholes," according to nor see themselves as having rights to which you belong." in the community; rather, they facilitated democratization is ignored and local peo­ Meg~n Biesele. As part of this process, demand information and accountability communication and decision-making by ple are denied the opportunity to develop many Jul'hoansi moved to the adminis­ providing information within the com­ their models for adapting traditional from their representatives. In discus­ trative center .of Tjum!kui where the The Jul'hoan culture of equality and tol­ munity, maintaining "official'' contacts ways to a modern world. sions with ten members of the · Government of South Africa provided a erance has always underplayed individ­ with outsiders (e.g: government represen­ Representative Council, all agreed that school. a clinic, a few jobs and a liquor ual, elected leadership in favor of partici­ tatives; technicians; donors) and commu­ they were not sure how to perform their store. By the late 1970s, Tjum!kui had pation of all sectors of the population in nicating the opinions and ideas of the Early 1995: roles and that they required training in become a rural slum and was referred to consensus decision-making. Yet the local residents. The traditional egalitari­ Institutional Dilemmas m representative governance. by the J u/'hoansi as "the place of death." Ju' /hoansi are now faced with the neces­ anism and tolerance inherent in the A number of factors have been N~·ae During the 1980s, the Nyae Nyae sity of selecting leaders, forming new }u/'hoan system mitigated against indi­ Nyae instrumental in the council's evolution. Development Foundation of Namibia structures and participating in a repre­ viduals accruing power or authority. \X'hile the NNFC constitution and Rapid growth in population size (due to (NNDFN) was formed to aid Jul'hoan sentative system if they are going to par­ In 1988-89, it became necessary to other documentation describes the exrer­ the return to the area of Jul'hoan efforts at self-reliance. It supported a ticipate in the new politics and compete formalize the organizational strucrure nalh·-based leadership structures and Bushmen from administrative centers "back to the land movement" by which with other segments of Namibian society and leadership system of the ju/Wa communication roles, the reality on the and farms) and expansion of the scope the Juf'hoansi would leave Tjum!kui to for a share of national resources. The Farmers Union as the number of n!oresi ground has continued to e\·oh-c. Between of the activities of the NNFC have cre­ return to their n.1oresi (villages). Today, most immediate example is a recent gov­ was rapidly increasing. There was also a I')') I and I ')95, the Management ated enormous challenges for effective there are some 37 decentralized commu­ ernment policy which aims to rerum to need to facilitate an application for legal Cornmirree became an isolated decision­ communication and participatory deci­ nitie~ in Nyae Nyae, each with a water indigenous people the rights of manage­ recognition in the soon to he indepen­ making hody. often speaking on behalf of sion-making. Reaching the entire source, usually a borehole with a wind­ ment and benefit from tourism and dent Namibia. The Union drafrt·d a set thl' community, making decisions for Jul'hoan population of about 2,000 mill, kraals

REGION: •planning to attack us," says Modise. SA defence minister calls for "'n other words, there is no visible threat, but we must be arms build-up in region prepared, because ifwe are not prepared, we will not get a second chance.. We will be totally destroyed and colonised ~thAfrica's Def~~ Minister Joe Modiee has pub­ again." . licly snubbed N81Dlb18 and given his support to Bot­ After it was pointed out to Modise that there was concern awana'srapidarms build-up. He has also repeated his among his own generals about the military build-up in call for other countries in the region to build up their Botswana, he described such concern as groundless. armies, warning that SA alone cannot bear the bur­ :'If ~ere are generals who are concerned, then they are den of defending a region rich in mineral wealth. uusgwded. Those generals still do not understand the pur­ The advice flies in the face not just oflocal politicians and pose ofthe Interstate Defence and Security Committee. The analysts who say the region faces no external threat and is purpose ofthat body is to defend the region. I think that those not likely·to, but goes against the strictures of the'World generals o~t to be pleased that Botswana, Zambia, and I Bank and International Monetazy Fund (IMF) who are hope Namib~ and all the others (countries) should equip laying down the economic rules for most of the region and themselves m such a manner that we can jointly defend who want military spending sharply cut. ourselves. This is one region with massive mineral wealth. Modise, as chairman of Southern African Development wealth that should be protected: Modise said. Comm~ty (SADC) Inter-State Defence and Security Commtttee gave his backing in Windhoek to Botswana's Tanks decision arms drive. The decision to buy second hand Leopard tanks The Botswana Defence Force, meanwhile, has said it has and F -5 ~te: bom~rs from Canada has been harshly not been officially informed that the German government attacked m netghbourmg Namibia as the beginnings of a would not agree to .the Netherlands exporting 50 German­ region~~ drive (SouthScan v11127 p215; v11124 p191). made Leopard tanks to Botswana. ~~e sencouragementofa military build-up, and South When the proposed deSI was first reported, Botswana Africa s welcoming of the massive arms purchases by Bot­ Defence Force commander Lt-Gen. Ian Khama said if Bot­ swana, came after talks behind closed doors with his Na­ swana did not get the.tanks from the Dutch, it would get mibian counterpart Phillemon Maiima. them from elsewhere. Namibian Prime Minister Hage Geingob had earlier de­ Khama last week said he had bought from Nato before. nounced the arms purchases, saying that Africa should not "The block is initiated by other countries who have pleaded s~nd its money on an arms race while its people go hungry. with Germany to assist them: he said. I Gemgob made the remark during the visit of the German Namibia has been particularly critical of the deal and dep~ty speaker, Burkhard Hirsch, and a senior German another in which Botswana bought 13 F-5 fighter-bombers parliamentary delegation, who announced that Germany from Canada. would prevent the Netherlands from selling the German- During the last three months, Namibia has on three · made Leopard tanks to Botswana. · occasions accused Botswana of a military build-up over the ~odise's remarks immediately elicited sharp rebukes in ownership ofan island in the Chobe river and moving troops Wmdhoek, and Namibia's opposition party, the Democratic tocontrolthemovementofdiseasedcattleacrosstheNamibis­ Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), appealed to the international Botswana border. community to dissuade South Africa from its "insane ideas". "Namibia would be better The DTA said that Modise's appeal seriously threatened off raising any objections in SA's military role . democracy in the Southern African region. the regional Joint Commis­ The future role ofSA's own military and defence industry Modise said the strengthening of military capabilities by sion on Defence and Security, is still being hotly debated within the countiy, and Modise's individual SADC members ought to be welcomed because of which it is a member," statement is bound to raise future arms spending issues the ~gion, rich in mineral wealth, can never be assured of Khamasaid. again. In March Modise announced a "huge programme of las~mg peace. He said that the defence capabilities of the Khama said the arms pur­ replacement" for the country's armed forces over the next ten reg10n should not rest only on South Africa's shoulders. chases were part of a plan to years (SouthScan v11113). South Africa did not view Botswana's intended purchases build up the BDF. Formed in However, he faces opposition from inside the parliamen­ as a threat, he said. 1977 from scratch, the army tary defence committee, where intended purchases have . "No, o~ th7 contrary. I encourage it. Ifit does not happen, had no colonial inheritance of been challenged as a diversion of much needed funds away ifour reg10ms attacked, we are expected to take joint action." men, nor of equipment. from reconstruction and development. He, however, could not give any indication about the "Eleven years after our in­ j Armssalee~now~monitoredbyanothercommittee nat~re or source of any military threat to Botswana, South dependence, we did not have , ,under the chairmanship of Water Affairs Minister Kader Africa or Southern Africa as a whole. . the advantage of other coun­ Asmal. But privately military analysts complain that the . "Noonec~predictwherethethreatlies.Anycountrythat tries in the region who, when arms sales industry is still insufficiently checked. at~c~ us wtll not n?tify ~prior to the attack. What we are they became independent, The Church has weighed in to the debate and last week domgm our country 1S keepmg a reserve force, which enables took over long-standing ar­ Anglican church representative Terry Crawford-Browne, an I us to defend ourselves if we are attacked and we are also mies," he said. adviser to Archbishop Desmond Tutu, called for the dis­ b~lding u~ military capabilities if the need exists. I think it mantling of the local arms exporting industry. . will be a mtstake to say that this country or that country is I> JaM's Defence Weelly correspondent Helmut Romer­ I Heitman repondedthatwithin20yearsthebalanceofpower looked set to alter Tadic:ally with nations such as India Br&zii, Argentina, China, Japan, Indonesia and a unified Korea emerging as regional or even superpowers "ready like schoolchildren in a schoolyard to search for playgrounds." South Africa needed to act as a deterrent by retaining its ability to police its waters as well as those of states as far north as Kenya and Angola. I He said submarines were also essential to prevent illegal foreign fishing. Ttt: Sw & SA TWfS ~ AwJsr71996 SPORT • On'\IPICS: SA comes Thugwane strikes gold of age with:

BY GAilY lDncE 111 finishers, pid tribute to their five medals I 1emuna1e. "He's a realiDUg!W." llllid '11tys. "When we were in lhe South Africa's reputation as a pU withCeronand Fiz (lhe two IJy SEAN BADENHOIIST nation ol maralhone!s was ~ fawudlel) I rouid !11!1! reslored on Sunday in sensational they weren't~ to 'Ihlg­ Allanta-Ja;ia Thugwane's victo- fashion when Ja;ia 11tugwane wiii'I!s smges. I knew from tlie 1}' in the men's marathon on Sun­ destroyed lhe best field in :nan made that he would win." day capped a sucre;sful Olympic Olympic hScry to 6ft lhe gold Thugwane. wOO finished full Games visit for South Africa, with mt'dal. ol~~~dcqa the learn taking· three gold. one They calllhugwane. lhe ~ victory pg and geturing just silver and one bronze medal y&l'Oid Belhal mine employee. before lhe line for someone to homellxlay. TIS - Tough Utile 5.. - and on hand him a South African llag. The haniware haul was well Sunday lhe 1.58m, 45lcg runner was all1!lisk!nt throughout lhe up on the 1992 tally when the showed exactly why. race. ffi; 5km splits read 15-.35 (5- learn brought back two silver He toya1 with a field that lllan~ 15:48 (:!)-25km~ 15-.l) (25- medals from Barcelona. included world d1ampion Martin :nm~ 15:11 ~)and 15-33 Star swimmer Penny Heyns Fiz, Dionicio Ceron. tl\e rno&t (35-«

BY SlUAKr KEu.Y Included in the leam are sev­ swinnner and world record hold­ "\'k're disabled, dromled and eral sportsmen and women who er Tadhg Slattery. He is deaf and disgusted," Scott said in an inleT­ The Olympic Games may be over have world titles to defend - as suffers from cerebral palsy. but view. Their angry stand certainly but South Africans will have more many as nine ll)entbers of lhe SA that doesn't seem to stop him worked. Nocsa quickly exlell<:kd a sporting excitement to look for­ squad are world record holders. from rompeling with able-bodied helping hand when the Nalinnal ward to in Atlanta as the national Fanie I.ombaard, disabled in a swimmers. For the squad, the bat- Paralympic Commitlre bt.>gan the paralympic squad left this week rugby game, went on to represent .tie began even before selectiom. task of looking for money to send a for their version ol the Olympics. SoUth Africa in the shot, discus Having to deal with people such learn to Atlanta. Eilen big busine$ Far from the madding auwds and jaVI!Iin events, in whidl he as a former South African televi­ is taking them seriously. Merredes which have rome to symtJo1ise now boasts tremendous sucress. sion executive who dEscribed dis- · SA has sponsored !he learn to the the A~ event. ~ 1e111!r For him. the Atlanta Paralympics abled sport as "unsightly", lhe tune of R500 lXXI. known but perhaps greater bleed rould prove the crowning glory. battle for aedibility was even Although lagging behind of heroes look lilcely to bring "' wouldn't bet against his taken up with NOCSA when it other countries in our attitude home far more medals than lhe coming back with three world appeared as if Sam Ramsamyhad towards disabled sport. where South African Olympic learn ever records and three gold medals,." omlooked an invitation to send a just about every meeting exlmds , dreamed of. said Andy Scott, spokesman for disabled squad lo lhe demonsba­ an invitation to aQtelile disabled While African Airwayff South lhe SA Paralympics squad. tioni!WIIIsatlheCommonwealth team. there l• every ml.'iOil lo "Ndizani" brought the Olympic Amther in his dass is Michael \.ames in VICtoria. bdieve that things may change. athlete; home from Atlanta, a Louwrens. He SI11IEhed !he discus Especially as SA's l'aralympic team of 41 athletes romprising world record inhisdassinaSouth squad's medals tally will be diffi­ eight swimmers, 12 bowlers, 18 African learn which won eight sil­ rult lo ignore. 111e alTilmitlee track and field athletes. two shot­ ver and eight bronze medals at the <'Vm ~~ dislincti~ ~.-a but­ lists and an an:her were on their world athletic; championships in IL>rfly. It '" symboliC, · ,;.11d a>m­ way to the Paralympic Games Berlin two years ago. mitlt.'<' pn'Sidmtl'l'ler Gnldhawk. wliidl begin this Sunday. Among the greatest hopes is