sustainability Article Spatiotemporal Evolution and the Influencing Factors of Tourism-Based Social-Ecological System Vulnerability in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China Jun Tu 1 , Shiwei Luo 1, Yongfeng Yang 1,*, Puyan Qin 1 , Pengwei Qi 2 and Qiaoqiao Li 1 1 School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China;
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[email protected] (S.L.);
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[email protected]; Tel.: +86-23-653-63472 Abstract: With the rapid development of global tourism, identifying the vulnerability of tourism- based social-ecological systems (SESs) has become an important topic in sustainable development research. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the vulnerability, spatiotemporal evolution char- acteristics, and influencing factors of tourism-based SESs in the counties of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA). A comprehensive evaluation system containing 46 indicators was constructed using a model that combines a social–economic–ecological model and a pressure–state–response model (SEE-PSR). The entropy and composite index methods were used to calculate the vulnerability values of the indicators, and Geodetector was used to explore the factors influencing system vulnerability in the whole study area. The results showed the following: (1) The mean value of the composite Citation: Tu, J.; Luo, S.; Yang, Y.; Qin, vulnerability index of the TGRA from 2010 to 2018 was 0.4849, indicating a moderate vulnerability P.; Qi, P.; Li, Q. Spatiotemporal state.