Chereponi District

CHEREPONI DISTRICT

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

No meaningful developmental activity can be undertaken without taking into account the characteristics of the population for whom the activity is targeted. The size of the population and its spatial distribution, growth and change over time, in addition to its socio-economic characteristics are all important in development planning. A population census is the most important source of data on the size, composition, growth and distribution of a country’s population at the national and sub-national levels. Data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) will serve as reference for equitable distribution of national resources and government services, including the allocation of government funds among various regions, districts and other sub-national populations to education, health and other social services. The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) is delighted to provide data users, especially the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies, with district-level analytical reports based on the 2010 PHC data to facilitate their planning and decision-making. The District Analytical Report for the Chereponi District is one of the 216 district census reports aimed at making data available to planners and decision makers at the district level. In addition to presenting the district profile, the report discusses the social and economic dimensions of demographic variables and their implications for policy formulation, planning and interventions. The conclusions and recommendations drawn from the district report are expected to serve as a basis for improving the quality of life of Ghanaians through evidence- based decision-making, monitoring and evaluation of developmental goals and intervention programmes. For ease of accessibility to the census data, the district report and other census reports produced by the GSS will be disseminated widely in both print and electronic formats. The report will also be posted on the GSS website: www.statsghana.gov.gh. The GSS wishes to express its profound gratitude to the Government of Ghana for providing the required resources for the conduct of the 2010 PHC. While appreciating the contribution of our Development Partners (DPs) towards the successful implementation of the Census, we wish to specifically acknowledge the Department for Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD) formerly the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) for providing resources for the preparation of all the 216 district reports. Our gratitude also goes to the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies, the Ministry of Local Government, Consultant Guides, Consultant Editors, Project Steering Committee members and their respective institutions for their invaluable support during the report writing exercise. Finally, we wish to thank all the report writers, including the GSS staff who contributed to the preparation of the reports, for their dedication and diligence in ensuring the timely and successful completion of the district census reports.

Dr. Philomena Nyarko Government Statistician

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii LIST OF TABLES ...... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Physical Features ...... 1 1.3 Political and Administrative Structure ...... 3 1.4 Social and Cultural Structure ...... 3 1.5 Economy ...... 4 1.6 Census Methodology and Definition of Concepts ...... 4 1.7 Organization of the Report...... 14 CHAPTER TWO: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 15 2.1 Introduction ...... 15 2.2 Population Size and Distribution ...... 15 2.3 Age-Sex Structure, Sex Ratio ...... 15 2.4 Fertility, Mortality and Migration ...... 18 CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 25 3.1 Introduction ...... 25 3.2 Household Size, Composition and Structure ...... 25 3.3 Marital Status ...... 27 3.4 Nationality...... 32 3.5 Religious Affiliation ...... 32 3.6 Literacy and Education ...... 33 CHAPTER FOUR: ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 37 4.1 Introduction ...... 37 4.2 Economic Activity Status ...... 37 4.3 Occupation ...... 40 4.4 Industry ...... 40 4.5 Employment Status ...... 42 4.6 Employment Sector ...... 42 4.7 Employment Status ...... 42 CHAPTER FIVE: INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ...... 44 5.1 Introduction ...... 44 5.2 Ownership and Usage of Mobile Phones ...... 44 5.3 Household Ownership of Desktop or Laptop Computer ...... 45 CHAPTER SIX: DISABILITY ...... 46 6.1 Introduction ...... 46 6.2 Type of Disability ...... 46 6.3 Population with Disability ...... 47 6.4 Disability and Activity ...... 48 6.5 Disability, Education and Literacy ...... 49

CHAPTER SEVEN: AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ...... 51 7.1 Introduction ...... 51 7.2 Households in Agriculture ...... 51 CHAPTER EIGHT: CHAPTER EIGHT ...... 53 HOUSING CONDITIONS ...... 53 8.1 Introduction ...... 53 8.2 Housing Stock ...... 53 8.3 Type of Dwelling, Holding and Tenancy Arrangement ...... 54 8.4 Type of Dwelling ...... 54 8.5 Construction Materials ...... 57 8.6 Room Occupancy ...... 59 8.7 Access to Utilities and Household Facilities ...... 59 8.8 Main Source of Water for Drinking ...... 60 8.9 Bathing and Toilet Facilities ...... 63 8.10 Method of Waste Disposal ...... 64 CHAPTER NINE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS ...... 66 9.1 Summary of Findings ...... 66 9.2 Conclusions ...... 68 9.3 Policy Implications ...... 69 REFERENCES ...... 71 APPENDICES ...... 72 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ...... 79

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Population by age and sex ...... 16 Table 2.2: Age dependency ratio by locality ...... 17 Table 2.3: Reported total fertility rate, general fertility rate and crude birth rate by districts 19 Table 2.4: Female population 12 years and older by age, children ever born, children surviving and sex of child ...... 20 Table 2.5: Total population, deaths in households and crude death rate ...... 21 Table 2.6: The cause of death due to accident, violence, homicide and suicide ...... 22 Table 2.7: Birthplace by duration of residence of migrants ...... 24 Table 3.1: Household size by locality of residence ...... 26 Table 3.2: Household population by composition and sex ...... 26 Table 3.3: Household population by structure and sex ...... 27 Table 3.4: Persons 12 years and older by sex, age-group and marital status ...... 29 Table 3.5: Persons 12 years and older by sex and level of education ...... 30 Table 3.6: Marital status of persons 12 years and older by sex and economic activity status ...... 31 Table 3.7: Population by nationality and sex ...... 32 Table 3.8: Population by religion and sex ...... 33 Table 3.9: Age distribution by literacy and education ...... 34 Table 3.10:Population three years and older by level of education, school attendance ...... 36 Table 4.1: Population 15 years and older by activity status and sex ...... 38 Table 4.2: Persons 15 years and older by age economic activity status and sex ...... 39 Table 4.3: Employed population 15 years and older by occupation and sex ...... 40 Table 4.4: Employed population 15 years and older by industry and sex ...... 41 Table 4.5: Employment sector of the economically active population 15 years and older...... 42 Table 4.6: Employment status of the economically active population 15 years and older by sex ...... 43 Table 5.1: Population 12 years and older by mobile phone ownership, internet facility usage and sex ...... 44 Table 5.2: Households having desktop/laptop computers and sex of head ...... 45 Table 6.1: Disability status of population by locality and sex ...... 47 Table 6.2: Persons 15 years and older with disability by sex and economic status ...... 48 Table 6.3: Population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education ...... 50 Table 7.1: Households by agricultural activities and locality ...... 51 Table 7.2: Distribution of livestock, other animals and keepers...... 52 Table 8.1: Stock of houses and household by type of locality ...... 54 Table 8.2: Ownership status of dwelling by sex of household head and type ...... 55 Table 8.3: Type of occupied dwelling unit by sex of household head and type of locality .... 56 Table 8.4: Main construction materials for outer walls of dwelling units by type of locality ...... 57 Table 8.5: Main construction material for the floor of dwelling unit by type of locality ...... 58 Table 8.6: Main construction material for roofing of dwelling unit by type of locality ...... 58 Table 8.7: Household size and number of sleeping rooms occupied in dwelling unit ...... 59 Table 8.8: Main source of lighting of dwelling units by type of locality ...... 60 Table 8.9: Main source of drinking water for household...... 61 Table 8.10: Main source of water for other domestic use of household ...... 62

Table 8.11: Main source of cooking fuel, and cooking space used by households ...... 62 Table 8.12: Type of toilet facility and bathing facility used by household by type of locality ...... 64 Table 8.13: Method of solid and liquid waste disposal by type of locality ...... 65 Table A1: Household composition by type of locality ...... 72 Table A2: Population three years and older by sex, disability type and level of education ...... 73 Table A3: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged ...... 75 Table A4: Population by sex, number of households and houses in the 20 largest communities ...... 77 Table A5: Population by age group in the largest communities ...... 78

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: District map of Chereponi ...... 2 Figure 2.1: Population distribution by locality ...... 15 Figure 2.2: Population pyramid ...... 17 Figure 2.3: Sex ratio ...... 18 Figure 2.4: Reported age specific death rate by sex ...... 23 Figure 3.1: Marital status of persons 12 years and older ...... 28 Figure 3.2: School attendance by sex ...... 35 Figure 4.1: Economic activity ...... 37 Figure 6.1: Type of disability...... 46

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AGI Association of Ghanaian Industries AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange CBR Crude Birth Rate CDR Crude death Rate CEB Children Ever Born CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CS Children Surviving CEDAW Convention on Elimination of All forms of Discrimination CERSCIS Centre for remote and Geographical Information Systems CHPS Community-based Health Planning Services CWIQ Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire DA District Assembly DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DCD District Coordinating Director DCE District Chief Executive DFID Department for International Development DPCU District Planning and Coordinating Unit ECOWAS Economic Commission of West African States EMIS Education Management Information System EA Enumeration Area EU European Union fCUBE Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education GA General Assembly GETFund Ghana Education Trust Fund GREDA Ghana Real Estate Developers Association GDP Gross Domestic Product GFR General Fertility Rate GSS Ghana Statistical Service GSDP Ghana Statistics Development Plan GPS Global Positioning System GPRTU Ghana Private Road Transport Union GES Ghana Education Service GDHS Ghana Demography Health Survey GYEEDA Ghana Youth Employment and Entrepreneurial Development Agency HIV Human Immune Virus ISCO International Standard Classification of Occupation ISIC International Standard Classification of Industry ICU International Communication Union ICT Information Communication Technology ISSER Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research JSS Junior Secondary School JHS Junior High School SSS Senior Secondary School SHS Senior High School LEAP Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty

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LESDEP Local Enterprise and Skills Development MMDAs Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies MDAs Ministries, Department and Agencies MDGs Millennium Development Goals MER Migration Effectiveness Ratio MOE Ministry of Education MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture MOTI Ministry of Trade and Industry NCA National Communication Authority NCTA National Census Technical Advisory Committee NHIS National Health Insurance Scheme NDPC National Development Planning Commission NGOs Non-governmental Organisations OIC Opportunities Industrialisation Centres PDA Portable Digital Device PHC Population and Housing Census PPP Public-Private Partnerships PNDC Provisional National Defense Council PAS Population Analysis Spread sheet PWDs Persons with Disabilities PASEX Population Analysis System PES Post Enumeration Survey PWDs People Living with Disabilities SADA Savannah Accelerated Development Authority SAP Structural Adjustment Programme SHEP Self Help Electrification Project SHC Senior High School SSS Senior Secondary School SMAM Singulate Mean Age at Marriage TBAs Trained Birth Attendants/Traditional Birth Attendants UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Education Fund UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund WHO World Health Organization W.C Water Closet

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction The district census report is the first of its kind since the first post-independence census was conducted in 1960. The report provides basic information about the district. It gives a brief background of the district, describing its physical features, political and administrative structure, socio-cultural structure and economy. Using data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census (2010 PHC), the report discusses the population characteristics of the district, fertility, mortality, migration, marital status, literacy and education, economic activity status, occupation, employment; Information Communication Technology (ICT), disability, agricultural activities and housing conditions of the district. The key findings of the analysis are as follows (references are to the relevant sections of the report): Population size, structure and composition The population of Chereponi District, according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, is 53,394 representing 5.2 percent of the region’s total population. Female population constitutes 50.9 percent and that of males represents 49.1 percent. Eighty five percent of the population live in rural localities. The district has a sex ratio of 96.4. The population of the district is youthful (50.3% of persons below 15 years old) depicting a broad base population pyramid which tapers off with a small proportion (5.6%) of elderly persons (60 years and older). The total age dependency ratio for the District is 118.7. The age dependency ratio for rural localities is higher (126.4) compared to that for urban localities (83.2) of the district. Fertility, mortality and migration The district has a Total Fertility Rate of 4.3. The General Fertility Rate is 128.3 births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years which is the second highest among the districts in Northern region. The Crude Birth Rate death rate is 28.0 while crude death rate is 5.4 deaths per 1000 of the population. Accident/violence/homicide/suicide account for 8.7 percent of all deaths while other causes contribute to 91.3 percent of deaths in the district. Majority of migrants (54.1 percent) living in the district were born elsewhere in another region while 45.9 percent were born elsewhere in the Northern Region. For migrants born in elsewhere in another region, those born outside Ghana make up the highest proportion (62.0%), followed by those born in the Volta region (12.2%). Household size, composition and structure The district has a household population of 53,170 in a total number of 7,116 households. The average household size in the district is about 8 persons per household just as that for the region. Children constitute the largest proportion of the household accounting for 55.7 percent of all household population in the district. Non-relatives constitute less than one percent in of the household population. The proportion of household population found in extended (head, spouse(s), children and head’s relatives) household structures is the highest (63.3%), followed by nuclear households (head, spouse(s) and children) which constitute 24.5 percent of the total household population in the district. Marital status About six in ten (56.0%) of the population aged 12 years and older in the district are married, 37.0 percent have never married, one percent are in consensual unions, 5.0 percent are

x widowed and one percent are either divorced or separated. By age 25-29 years, 88.0 percent of females are married compared to a 53.7 percent of males who are married by that age. At age 65 and above, widowed females account for as high as 56.5 percent while widowed males account for only 5.6 percent of population 12 years and older. . Among the married, 88.1 percent have no education while about 43.0 percent of the unmarried have never had education. A large majority of the married population (85.3%) are employed, 3.5 percent are unemployed and 11.2 percent are economically not active. A little more than half (51.5%) of those who have never married are economically not active and a 2.3 percent of them are unemployed. Nationality The proportion of Ghanaians by birth in the district is 93.3 percent. Those who have naturalised constitute 1.1 percent and the non-Ghanaian population in the district is 3.2 percent of the total population.

Literacy and education Of the population 11 years and above, 70.5 percent are non-literates and 29.5 percent are literates. The proportion of literate males (36.2%) is higher than that of females (23.5). Two out of ten people (24.6%) indicated they could read and write both English and Ghanaian languages. Of the population aged 3 years and above in the district, 60.6 percent has never attended school, 33.0 percent are currently attending and 6.4 percent have attended in the past. Economic activity status About 77.3 percent of the population aged 15 years and older are economically active while 23.7 percent are economically not active. Of the economically active population, 95.6 percent are employed while 4.4 percent are unemployed. For those who are economically not active, larger percentages (46.6) of them are students, 24.3% perform household duties and 4.1 percent are disabled or too sick to work. Seven out of ten (70.6%) unemployed are seeking work for the first time. Occupation Of the employed population, a greater percentage (87.4) are engaged as skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers, compared to any other category of occupation in the district. About five percent are engaged in service and sales, 3.8 percent in craft and related trade, and 2.5 percent are engaged as managers, professionals, and technicians. Employment status and sector Of the population 15 years and older 61.2 percent are self-employed without employees, 32.3 percent are contributing family workers, 0.4 percent are casual workers and 0.7 percent are domestic employees (house helps). Generally, men constitute the highest proportions in terms of the numbers engaged as employees, self-employed without employees, self-employed with employees, and casual workers. Females only tend to have higher proportions than males in contributing family workers, apprentice, domestic employees and others. The private informal sector is the largest employer in the district, employing 96.6 percent of the population followed by the public sector with 2.2 percent.

Information Communication Technology Of the population 12 years and above, 11 percent have mobile phones. A higher percentage (16.6) of males own mobile phones compared to 5.9 percent of females. Less than one percent (0.6) of the population 12 years and older use internet facilities in the district. Only 63 households, representing 0.9 percent of the total households in the district own desktop/laptop computers. Disability About 3.3 percent of the district’s total population has one form of disability or the other. The proportion of the male population with disability is slightly higher (3.5%) than females (3.2%). The various types of disabilities in the district include sight, hearing, speech, physical, intellect, and emotion. Persons with emotional disability constituted 28.5 percent of the disabled population while other disabilities not specified affected a higher proportion of 33.7 than any specified form of disability. Almost 17 percent of the disable population suffer sight disability. About 1.6 percent of the population with disability are in the urban localities. There are more males with sight and speech disabilities in both rural and urban areas than females. On the other hand, more females suffer emotional and intellectual disabilities in both rural and urban areas than males. Sixty seven percent of the population with disabilities in the district are employed and one percent unemployed. Of the population disabled, 69.8 percent have never been to school. Agriculture As high as 91.0 percent of households in the district are engaged in agriculture. In the rural localities, nine out of ten households (98.3%) are agricultural households while in the urban localities, six out of ten (59.7%) of households are into agriculture. Most households in the district (97.7%) are involved in crop farming. Poultry keeping (chicken) is the dominant animal rearing activity in the district

Housing The housing stock of Chereponi District is 4,558 representing 1.8 percent of the total number of houses in the Northern Region. The average number of persons per house is 7.5. Type, tenancy arrangement and ownership of dwelling units Over half (69.4%) of all dwelling units in the district are compound houses; 15.9 percent are separate houses and 2.5 percent are huts (different compounds) houses. A large majority (87.3%) of the dwelling units in the district are owned by members of the household; 3.5 percent are owned by private individuals; 6.9 percent are owned by a relative who is not a member of the household and only 1.1 percent are owned by public or government. Only one percent of the dwelling units are owned through mortgage schemes. Material for construction of outer wall, floor and roof The main construction material for outer walls of dwelling units in the district is mud/mud bricks or earth accounting for a higher proportion (87.2%) than the regional figure of 72.9%. Cement/concrete constitutes 6.8 percent of outer walls of dwelling units in the district. Cement (84.1%) and mud/earth (14.0%) are the two main materials used in the construction of floors of dwelling units in the district. Metal sheets are the commonest main roofing material (53.6 %) for dwelling units in the district. The second commonest material is thatch/palm leaf or raffia which accounts for 42.5 percent of roofing materials used.

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Room occupancy One sleeping room occupancy is the common with households of various sizes in the district, especially between one to four member households. About 80.0 percent of one member households occupy dwelling units with one sleeping room and 14.8 percent of four member households in the district occupy dwelling units with one sleeping room. About 0.5 percent of households with 10 or more members occupy dwelling units with single rooms. Utilities and household facilities The three main sources of lighting in dwelling units in the district are kerosene lamp (59.8%), electricity (20.3%) and flashlight/torch (16.0%). The main source of fuel for cooking for most households in the district is wood (87.9%). The proportion for rural localities (97.4%) is higher than that of urban (46.8%). The four main sources of drinking water in the district are borehole, river stream, dugout/pond/dam/lake and protected wells. Almost half of households (48.9%) drink water from boreholes. The commonest toilet facility used in the district is public toilet (WC, KVIP, Pit, Pan), used by 9.3 percent followed by KVIP which is used by 2.0 percent of households. About 86.6 percent of the population in the district has no toilet facility. A third of households (30.7%) in the district share separate bathrooms in the same house while 55.3 percent own bathrooms for their exclusive use. Waste disposal The most widely method of solid waste disposal is by indiscriminate dumping, accounting for the highest percentage (42.6) of households. About 17.6 percent of households dump their solid waste in public dump (open space), 12.9 dump in public dump (container). House to house waste collection accounts for 9.6 percent. For liquid waste disposal, throwing waste onto the street/outside (56.0%) and onto the compound (36.5%) are the two most common methods used by households in the district.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background As far back as 1969, the Government of Ghana recognized that the “Population of Ghana is the nation’s greatest resource. It is both the instrument and objective of national development. The protection and enhancement of its welfare is the Government’s first responsibility”. (Government of Ghana, 1969) Government also explicitly recognized the reciprocal relationship between population and development (i.e. population affects development even as development affects population.). In all these, the population and its characteristics are of primary importance because development is by people, for people and of people. An understanding of the population, its characteristics and dynamics, is therefore crucial for realistic development planning. The Government therefore realized the need to create more Districts which led to the carving out of the Chereponi District from the then Saboba/Chereponi District in October 2007 under Executive Instrument Eleven (E.I 11). It was inaugurated on Friday, 29th February, 2008. Chereponi District is one of the twenty-six administrative Districts created in the Northern Region of Ghana.

1.2 Physical Features The physical features of the Chereponi District is made up of natural environment namely location and size, climate, vegetation, relief and drainage, the social and cultural environment in which the people live. The physical features are therefore essential elements or factors affecting the socio-economic development of the Municipality. 1.2.1 Location and area The Chereponi District is located between latitudes 100 10” and 100 20” N eastwards and longitude 100 10” N and 100 201 northwards. It shares boundaries with four Districts: Gushegu District to the West; Bunkpurugu -Yunyoo District to the North; Saboba and Yendi Districts to the South-West and The Republic of Togo. To the East is bordered by River Oti. It has a total land area of approximately 1,374.7 Sq. km. 1.2.2 Relief and drainage The topography of the District is basically undulating with few hills, which provide a good flow for run-off water. The District is underlain by voltaian rocks normally suitable for boreholes for rural water supply. Alluvial valleys suitable for rice production exist in some areas of the District. There is considerable soil erosion in the District due to bad farming practices. During the rainy season, water normally drains into the Oti River, as well as dams and streams in the District along the road sides, washing the roads and making them not accessible to motor.

Figure 1.1: District map of Chereponi

Source: Ghana Statistical Service: (GIS)

1.2.3 Climate and vegetation The District is located in the savannah ecological zone. The climate is characterized by wet and dry seasons of equal lengths of six months. Annual rainfall ranges between 1000mm to 4000mm or less, falling between May and October. A long dry period follows the end of the rainy season from November to April. Temperature is generally high throughout the year and ranges between 210 C and 410 C. 1.2.4 Vegetation Vegetation in the District is the guinea savannah type which is mostly grass interspersed with drought resistant trees. The common tree species are the “dawadawa” and shea trees. The vegetation is greenish only in the rainy season and very dry in the harmattan period. Agriculture is the mainstay of the people. About 40 percent of the land area is used for agricultural purposes. However, a greater portion is left uncultivated and farming is mostly done on subsistence basis with small farm holdings which averages about two acres. Farmers cultivate large areas of maize, yam and rice for commercial purposes. Acquisition of land for farming is not a problem in the District. The District is known for its production of soya beans.

1.3 Political and Administrative Structure Politically, Chereponi District is made up of one town and five area Councils. The town Council is Chereponi while the area councils are Wenchiki, Tombo, Tambong, Nansoni and Wonjuga. The Chereponi District in total has about 169 settlements, 25 unit committees, 12 electoral areas, 33 Assembly members, (20 elected, 11 Government appointees, DCE and an MP) and one Constituency (Chereponi). The political and executive head of the assembly administration is the District Chief Executive.

1.4 Social and Cultural Structure The culture of a people can influence their behavior, beliefs, dressing and other attributes of life that can have direct influence on their socio-economic development. The District is inhabited by two main tribal groups - Konkomba and Anufor with different cultural values and practices. 1.4.1 Traditional administration Some cultural beliefs and practices are constraints to development. For instance, among the Anufor and Konkomba tribes children are not allowed to eat eggs because it is believed that they grow to become thieves. The Anufor tribe has two major festivals celebrated every year (Krubi and Fire Festivals). Festivals observed by the Konkomba are Yam Festival, Pito Festival and the Fire Festival. The dominant religions in the District are Islam, Christianity and African Traditional Religion. Traditional African Religion is still practiced among many people even though they either belong to Islam or Christian religions. Superstition and soothsaying surround all festival and funeral performances.

1.5 Economy Agriculture plays a very important role in the economic development of the District. The District’s economy is purely rural and the dominant economic activity is agriculture. Other economic activities of importance are commerce and agro-based small-scale industries. Agriculture is predominantly small-scale and farmers’ farm holdings do not exceed two acres. These farmers produce primary commodities mainly for home consumption. The main crops produced include millet, sorghum, beans, maize, rice, and groundnuts. Other food crops cultivated in the area include cassava, yam and vegetables (okro, tomatoes and pepper). The cultivation of some industrial crops in the District is entirely a new phenomenon. Some principal industrial crops grown extensively in the District are cotton, groundnuts, soya-bean and tomatoes. 1.5.1 Tourism The District has several sites of historic, scientific and aesthetic importance, which have the potential for serving as tourist attraction spots. These include: The River Oti, Ruins of German Bridge Linking Ghana and Togo during World War II, Annual Krubi Festival which is celebrated the day after Ramadan, Mingali Dance and Fire Festival However, these various tourist sites are not well developed. The main tourist attraction spot in the District is the River Oti. For tourism services to be fully developed there is the need to improve physical accessibility to attract more tourist and private investors into the District. 1.6 Census Methodology and Definition of Concepts 1.6.1 Application of UN Principles and recommendations Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) was guided by the principle of international comparability and the need to obtain accurate information in the 2010 Population and Housing Census (2010 PHC). The Census was, therefore, conducted using all the essential features of a modern census as contained in the United Nations Principles and Recommendations for countries taking part in the 2010 Round of Population and Housing Censuses. Experience from previous post independence censuses of Ghana (1960, 1970, 1984 and 2000) was taken into consideration in developing the methodologies for conducting the 2010 PHC. The primary objective of the 2010 PHC was to provide information on the number, distribution and social, economic and demographic characteristics of the population of Ghana necessary to facilitate the socio-economic development of the country. 1.6.2 Development of census project document and work plans A large scale statistical operation, such as the 2010 Population and Housing Census required meticulous planning for its successful implementation. A working group of the Ghana Statistical Service prepared the census project document with the assistance of two consultants. The document contains the rationale and objectives of the census, census organization, a work plan as well as a budget. The project document was launched in November 2008 as part of the Ghana Statistics Development Plan (GSDP) and reviewed in November 2009.

1.6.3 Census secretariat and committees A well-structured management and supervisory framework that outlines the responsibilities of the various stakeholders is essential for the effective implementation of a population and housing census. To implement the 2010 PHC, a National Census Secretariat was set up in January 2008 and comprised professional and technical staff of GSS as well as staff of other Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) seconded to GSS. The Census Secretariat was primarily responsible for the day-to-day planning and implementation of the census activities. The Secretariat had seven units, namely; census administration, cartography, recruitment and training, publicity and education, field operations and logistics management, data processing, and data analysis and dissemination. The Census Secretariat was initially headed by an acting Census Coordinator engaged by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in 2008 to support GSS in the planning of the Census. In 2009, the Census Secretariat was re-organized with the Government Statistician as the National Chief Census Officer and overall Coordinator, assisted by a Census Management Team and a Census Coordinating Team. The Census Management Team had oversight responsibility for the implementation of the Census. It also had the responsibility of taking critical decisions on the census in consultation with other national committees. The Census Coordinating Team, on the other hand, was responsible for the day-to-day implementation of the Census programme. A number of census committees were also set up at both national and sub-national levels to provide guidance and assistance with respect to resource mobilization and technical advice. At the national level, the committees were the National Census Steering Committee (NCSC), the National Census Technical Advisory Committee (NCTAC) and the National Census Publicity and Education Committee (NCPEC). At the regional and district levels, the committees were the Regional Census Implementation Committee and the District Census Implementation Committee, respectively. The Regional and District Census Implementation Committees were inter-sectorial in their composition. Members of the Committees were mainly from decentralized departments with the Regional and District Coordinating Directors chairing the Regional Census Implementation Committee and District Census Implementation Committee, respectively. The Committees contributed to the planning of district, community and locality level activities in areas of publicity and field operations. They supported the Regional and District Census Officers in the recruitment and training of field personnel (enumerators and supervisors), as well as mobilizing logistical support for the census. 1.6.4 Selection of Census topics The topics selected for the 2010 Population and Housing Census were based on recommendations contained in the UN Principles and Recommendations for 2010 Round of Population and Housing Censuses and the African Addendum to that document as well as the needs of data users. All the core topics recommended at the global level, i.e., geographical and internal migration characteristics, international migration, household characteristics, demographic and social characteristics such as age, date of birth, sex, and marital status, fertility and mortality, educational and economic characteristics, issues relating to disability and housing conditions and amenities were included in the census. Some topics that were not considered core by the UN recommendations but which were found to be of great interest and importance to Ghana and were, therefore, included in the

2010 PHC are religion, ethnicity, employment sector and place of work, agricultural activity, as well as housing topics, such as, type of dwelling, materials for outer wall, floor and roof, tenure/holding arrangement, number of sleeping rooms, cooking fuel, cooking space and Information Communication Technology (ICT). 1.6.5 Census mapping A timely and well implemented census mapping is pivotal to the success of any population and housing census. Mapping delineates the country into enumeration areas to facilitate smooth enumeration of the population. The updating of the 2000 Census Enumeration Area (EA) maps started in the last quarter of 2007 with the acquisition of topographic sheets of all indices from the Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission. In addition, digital sheets were also procured for the Geographical Information System Unit. The Cartography Unit of the Census Secretariat collaborated with the Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission and the Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services (CERSGIS) of the Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, to determine the viability of migrating from analog to digital mapping for the 2010 PHC, as recommended in the 2000 PHC Administrative Report. Field cartographic work started in March 2008 and was completed in February 2010. 1.6.6 Development of questionnaire and manuals For effective data collection, there is the need to design appropriate documents to solicit the required information from respondents. GSS consulted widely with main data users in the process of the questionnaire development. Data users including MDAs, research institutions, civil society organizations and development partners were given the opportunity to indicate the type of questions they wanted to be included in the census questionnaire. Documents developed for the census included the questionnaire manuals, and field operation documents. The field operation documents included Enumerator’s Visitation Record Book, Supervisor’s Record Book, and other operational control forms. These record books served as operational and quality control tools to assist enumerators and supervisors to control and monitor their field duties respectively. 1.6.7 Pre-tests and trial census It is internationally recognized that an essential element in census planning is the pre-testing of the questionnaire and related instructions. The objective of the pre-test is to test the questionnaire, the definition of concepts and the instructions for filling out the questionnaire. The census questionnaire was pre-tested twice in the course of its development. The first pre- test was carried out in March 2009 to find out the suitability of the questions and the instructions provided. It also tested the adequacy and completeness of the responses and how respondents understood the questions. The second pre-test was done in 10 selected enumeration areas in August, 2009. The objective of the second pre-test was to examine the sequence of the questions, test the new questions, such as, date of birth and migration, and assess how the introduction of ‘date of birth’ could help to reduce ‘age heaping’. With regard to questions on fertility, the pre-tests sought to find out the difference, if any, between proxy responses and responses by the respondents themselves. Both pre-tests were carried in the Greater Accra Region. Experience from the pre-tests was used to improve the final census questionnaire.

A trial census which is a dress rehearsal of all the activities and procedures that are planned for the main census was carried out in October/November 2009. These included recruitment and training, distribution of census materials, administration of the questionnaire and other census forms, enumeration of the various categories of the population (household, institutional and floating population), and data processing. The trial census was held in six selected districts across the country namely; Saboba (Northern Region), Chereponi (Northern Region), Sene (Brong Ahafo Region), Bia (Western Region), Awutu Senya (Central Region), and Osu Klottey Sub-Metro (Greater Accra Region). A number of factors were considered in selecting the trial census districts. These included: administrative boundary issues, ecological zone and accessibility, enumeration of floating population/outdoor- sleepers, fast growing areas, institutional population, and enumeration areas with scattered settlements. The trial census provided GSS with an opportunity to assess its plans and procedures as well as the state of preparedness for the conduct of the 2010 PHC. The common errors found during editing of the completed questionnaires resulted in modifications to the census questionnaire, enumerator manuals and other documents. The results of the trial census assisted GSS to arrive at technically sound decisions on the ideal number of persons per questionnaire, number of persons in the household roster, migration questions, placement of the mortality question, serial numbering of houses/housing structures and method of collection of information on community facilities. Lessons learnt from the trial census also guided the planning of the recruitment process, the procedures for training of census field staff and the publicity and education interventions. 1.6.8 Method of census enumeration and field work All post-independence censuses (1960, 1970, 1984, and 2000) conducted in Ghana used the de facto method of enumeration where people are enumerated at where they were on census night and not where they usually reside. The same method was adopted for the 2010 PHC. The de facto count is preferred because it provides a simple and straight forward way of counting the population since it is based on a physical fact of presence and can hardly be misinterpreted. It is thought that the method also minimizes the risks of under-enumeration and over enumeration. The canvasser method, which involves trained field personnel visiting houses and households identified in their respective enumeration areas, was adopted for the 2010 PHC. The main census enumeration involved the canvassing of all categories of the population by trained enumerators, using questionnaires prepared and tested during the pre-enumeration phase. Specific arrangements were made for the coverage of special population groups, such as the homeless and the floating population. The fieldwork began on 21st September 2010 with the identification of EA boundaries, listing of structures, enumeration of institutional population and floating population. The week preceding the Census Night was used by field personnel to list houses and other structures in their enumeration areas. Enumerators were also mobilized to enumerate residents/inmates of institutions, such as, schools and prisons. They returned to the institutions during the enumeration period to reconcile the information they obtained from individuals and also to cross out names of those who were absent from the institutions on Census Night.

Enumeration of the household population started on Monday, 27th September, 2010. Enumerators visited houses, compounds and structures in their enumeration areas and started enumerating all households including visitors who spent the Census Night in the households. Enumeration was carried out in the order in which houses/structures were listed and where the members of the household were absent, the enumerator left a call-back-card indicating when he/she would come back to enumerate the household. The enumeration process took off smoothly with enumerators poised on completing their assignments on schedule since many of them were teachers and had to return to school. However, many enumerators ran short of questionnaires after a few days’ work. Enumeration resumed in all districts when the questionnaire shortage was resolved and by 17th October, 2010, enumeration was completed in most districts. Enumerators who had finished their work were mobilized to assist in the enumeration of localities that were yet to be enumerated in some regional capitals and other fast growing areas. Flooded areas and other inaccessible localities were also enumerated after the end of the official enumeration period. Because some enumeration areas in fast growing cities and towns, such as, Accra Metropolitan Area, Kumasi, Kasoa and Techiman were not properly demarcated and some were characterized by large EAs, some enumerators were unable to complete their assigned tasks within the stipulated time. 1.6.9 Post Enumeration Survey In line with United Nations recommendations, GSS conducted a Post Enumeration Survey (PES) in April, 2011 to check content and coverage error. The PES was also to serve as an important tool in providing feedback regarding operational matters such as concepts and procedures in order to help improve future census operations. The PES field work was carried out for 21 days in April 2011 and was closely monitored and supervised to ensure quality output. The main findings of the PES were that:

 97.0 percent of all household residents who were in the country on Census Night (26th September, 2010) were enumerated.

 1.3 percent of the population was erroneously included in the census.

 Regional differentials are observed. Upper East region recorded the highest coverage rate of 98.2 percent while the Volta region had the lowest coverage rate of 95.7 percent.

 Males (3.3%) were more likely than females (2.8%) to be omitted in the census. The coverage rate for males was 96.7 percent and the coverage rate for females was 97.2 percent. Also, the coverage rates (94.1%) for those within the 20-29 and 30-39 age groups are relatively lower compared to the coverage rates of the other age groups.

 There was a high rate of agreement between the 2010 PHC data and the PES data for sex (98.8%), marital status (94.6%), relationship to head of household (90.5%) and age (83.0%). 1.6.10 Release and dissemination of results The provisional results of the census were released in February 2011 and the final results in May 2012. A National Analytical report, six thematic reports, a Census Atlas, 10 Regional Reports and a report on Demographic, Social, Economic and Housing were prepared and disseminated in 2013. 8

1.6.11 Definition of concepts Introduction The 2010 Population and Housing Census of Ghana followed the essential concepts and definitions of a modern Population and Housing Census as recommended by the United Nations (UN). It is important that the concepts, definitions and recommendations are adhered to since they form the basis upon which Ghana could compare her data with that of other countries. The concepts and definitions in this report cover all sections of the 2010 Population and Housing Census questionnaires (PHC1A and PHC1B). The sections were: geographical location of the population, Household and Non-household population, Literacy and Education, Emigration, Demographic and Economic Characteristics, Disability, Information Communication Technology (ICT), Fertility, Mortality, Agricultural Activity and Housing Conditions. The concepts and definitions are provided to facilitate understanding and use of the data presented in this report. Users are therefore advised to use the results of the census within the context of these concepts and definitions. Region There were ten (10) administrative regions in Ghana during the 2010 Population and Housing Census as they were in 1984 and 2000. District In 1988, Ghana changed from the local authority system of administration to the district assembly system. In that year, the then existing 140 local authorities were demarcated into 110 districts. In 2004, 28 new districts were created; this increased the number of districts in the country to 138. In 2008, 32 additional districts were created bringing the total number of districts to 170. The 2010 Population and Housing Census was conducted in these 170 administrative districts (these are made-up of 164 districts/municipals and 6 metropolitan areas). In 2012, 46 new districts were created to bring the total number of districts to 216. There was urgent need for data for the 46 newly created districts for planning and decision- making. To meet this demand, the 2010 Census data was re-programmed into 216 districts after carrying out additional fieldwork and consultations with stakeholders in the districts affected by the creation of the new districts. Locality A locality was defined as a distinct population cluster (also designated as inhabited place, populated centre, settlement) which has a NAME or LOCALLY RECOGNISED STATUS. It included fishing hamlets, mining camps, ranches, farms, market towns, villages, towns, cities and many other types of population clusters, which meet the above criteria. There were two main types of localities, rural and urban. As in previous censuses, the classification of localities into ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ was based on population size. Localities with 5,000 or more persons were classified as urban while localities with less than 5,000 persons were classified as rural.

Population The 2010 Census was a “de facto” count and each person present in Ghana, irrespective of nationality, was enumerated at the place where he/she spent the midnight of 26th September 2010. Household A household was defined as a person or a group of persons, who lived together in the same house or compound and shared the same house-keeping arrangements. In general, a household consisted of a man, his wife, children and some other relatives or a house help who may be living with them. However, it is important to remember that members of a household are not necessarily related (by blood or marriage) because non-relatives (e.g. house helps) may form part of a household. Head of household The household head was defined as a male or female member of the household recognised as such by the other household members. The head of household is generally the person who has economic and social responsibility for the household. All relationships are defined with reference to the head. Household and non-household population Household population comprised of all persons who spent the census night in a household setting. All persons who did not spend the census night in a household setting (except otherwise stated) were classified as non-household population. Persons who spent census night in any of the under listed institutions and locations were classified as non-household population: (a) Educational Institutions (b) Children's and Old People’s Homes (c) Hospitals and Healing Centres (d) Hotels (e) Prisons (f) Service Barracks (g) Soldiers on field exercise (h) Floating Population: The following are examples of persons in this category: i. All persons who slept in lorry parks, markets, in front of stores and offices, public bathrooms, petrol filling stations, railway stations, verandas, pavements, and all such places which are not houses or compounds. ii. Hunting and fishing camps. iii. Beggars and vagrants (mentally sick or otherwise).

Age The age of every person was recorded in completed years disregarding fractions of days and months. For those persons who did not know their birthdays, the enumerator estimated their ages using a list of district, regional and national historical events. Nationality Nationality is defined as the country to which a person belongs. A distinction is made between Ghanaians and other nationals. Ghanaian nationals are grouped into Ghanaian by birth, Ghanaian with dual nationality and Ghanaian by naturalization. Other nationals are grouped into ECOWAS nationals, Africans other than ECOWAS nationals, and non- Africans. Ethnicity Ethnicity refers to the ethnic group that a person belonged to. This information is collected only from Ghanaians by birth and Ghanaians with dual nationality. The classification of ethnic groups in Ghana is that officially provided by the Bureau of Ghana Languages and which has been in use since the 1960 census. Birthplace The birthplace of a person refers to the locality of usual residence of the mother at the time of birth. If after delivery a mother stayed outside her locality of usual residence for six months or more or had the intention of staying in the new place for six or more months, then the actual town/village of physical birth becomes the birthplace of the child. Duration of residence Duration of residence refers to the number of years a person has lived in a particular place. This question is only asked of persons not born in the place where enumeration took place. Breaks in duration of residence lasting less than 12 months are disregarded. The duration of residence of persons who made multiple movements of one (1) year or more is assumed to be the number of years lived in the locality (town or village) since the last movement. Religion Religion refers to the individual’s religious affiliation as reported by the respondent, irrespective of the religion of the household head or the head’s spouse or the name of the person. No attempt was made to find out if respondents actually practiced the faith they professed. Marital status Marital status refers to the respondent’s marital status as at Census Night. The question on marital status was asked only of persons 12 years and older. The selection of the age limit of 12 years was based on the average age at menarche and also on the practice in some parts of the country where girls as young as 12 years old could be given in marriage. Literacy The question on literacy referred to the respondent's ability to read and write in any language. A person was considered literate if he/she could read and write a simple statement with understanding. The question on literacy was asked only of persons 11 years and older.

Education School Attendance Data was collected on school attendance for all persons three (3) years and older. School attendance refers to whether a person has ever attended, was currently attending or has never attended school. In the census, school meant an educational institution where a person received at least four hours of formal education. Although the lower age limit of formal education is six years for primary one, eligibility for the school attendance question was lowered to three years because pre-school education has become an important phenomenon in the country. Level of Education Level of education refers to the highest level of formal school that a person ever attended or was attending. This information was obtained for persons 3 years and older. Activity status Activity status refers to economic or non-economic activity of respondents during the 7 days preceding census night. Information on type of activity was collected on persons 5 years and older. A person was regarded as economically active if he/she: a. Worked for pay or profit or family gain for at least 1 hour within the 7 days preceding Census Night. This included persons who were in paid employment or self- employment or contributing family workers. b. Did not work, but had jobs to return to. c. Were unemployed. The economically not active were persons who did not work and were not seeking for work. They were classified by reasons for not being economically active. Economically not active persons included homemakers, students, retired persons, the disabled and persons who were unable to work due to their age or ill-health. Occupation This referred to the type of work the person was engaged in at the establishment where he/she worked. This was asked only of persons 5 years and older who worked 7 days before the census night, and those who did not work but had a job to return to as well as those unemployed who had worked before. All persons who worked during the 7 days before the census night were classified by the kind of work they were engaged in. The emphasis was on the work the person did during the reference period and not what he/she was trained to do. For those who did not work but had a job to return to, their occupation was the job they would go back to after the period of absence. Also, for persons who had worked before and were seeking for work and available for work, their occupation was on the last work they did before becoming unemployed. If a person was engaged in more than one occupation, only the main one was considered.

Industry Industry referred to the type of product produced or service rendered at the respondent’s work place. Information was collected only on the main product produced or service rendered in the establishment during the reference period. Employment status Employment status refers to the status of a person in the establishment where he/she currently works or previously worked. Eight employment status categories were provided: employee, self-employed without employees, self-employed with employees, casual worker, contributing family worker, apprentice, domestic employee (house help). Persons who could not be classified under any of the above categories were classified as “other”. Employment sector This refers to the sector in which a person worked. The employment sectors covered in the census were public, private formal, private informal, semi-public/parastatal, NGOs and international organizations. Disability Persons with disability were defined as those who were unable to or were restricted in the performance of specific tasks/activities due to loss of function of some part of the body as a result of impairment or malformation. Information was collected on persons with visual/sight impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, emotional or behavioural disorders and other physical challenges. Information Communication Technology (ICT) ICT questions were asked for both individuals and households. Persons having mobile phones refer to respondents 12 years and older who owned mobile phones (irrespective of the number of mobile phones owned by each person). Persons using internet facility refers to those who had access to internet facility at home, internet cafe, on mobile phone or other mobile device. Internet access is assumed to be not only via computer, but also by mobile phones, PDA, game machine and digital television. Households having Personal Computers/Laptops refer to households who own desktops/laptop computers. The fixed telephone line refers to a telephone line connecting a customer’s terminal equipment (e.g. telephone set, facsimile machine) to the public switch telephone network. Fertility Two types of fertility data were collected: lifetime fertility and current fertility. Lifetime fertility refers to the total number of live births that females 12 years and older had ever had during their life time. Current fertility refers to the number of live births that females 12-54 years old had in the 12 months preceding the Census Night. Mortality Mortality refers to all deaths that occurred in the household during the 12 months preceding the Census Night. The report presents information on deaths due to accidents, violence, homicide and suicide. In addition, data were collected on pregnancy-related deaths of females 12-54 years.

Agriculture The census sought information on household members who are engaged in agricultural activities, including the cultivation of crops or tree planting, rearing of livestock or breeding of fish for sale or family consumption. Information was also collected on their farms, types of crops and number and type of livestock. Housing conditions and facilities The UN recommended definition of a house as “a structurally separate and independent place of abode such that a person or group of persons can isolate themselves from the hazards of climate such as storms and the sun’’ was adopted. The definition, therefore, covered any type of shelter used as living quarters, such as separate houses, semi-detached houses, flats/apartments, compound houses, huts, tents, kiosks and containers. Living quarters or dwelling units refer to a specific area or space occupied by a particular household and therefore need not necessarily be the same as the house of which the dwelling unit may be a part. Information collected on housing conditions included the type of dwelling unit, main construction materials for walls, floor and roof, holding/tenure arrangement, ownership type, type of lighting, source of water supply and toilet facilities. Data was also collected on method of disposal of solid and liquid waste.

1.7 Organization of the Report The report consists of nine chapters. Chapter one provides basic information about the district. It gives a brief background of the district, describing its physical features, political and administrative structure, social and cultural structure, economy and the methodology and concepts used in the report. Chapter two discusses the population size, composition and age structure. It further discusses the migratory pattern in the district as well as fertility and mortality. In chapter three, the focus is on household size, composition and headship as well as the marital characteristics and nationality of the inhabitants of the district. The chapter also discusses the religious affiliations and the educational statuses of the members of the district. Chapter four focuses on economic characteristics such as economic activity status, occupation, industries and the employment status and sectors that the people are employed. Information Communication Technology (ICT) is discussed in chapter five. It analyses mobile phone ownership, internet use and ownership of desktop/laptop computers while chapter six is devoted to Persons living with disabilities (PWDs) and their socio-demographic characteristics. Chapter seven concentrates on the agricultural activities of the households, describing the types of farming activities, livestock rearing and numbers of livestock reared. In chapter eight, housing conditions such as housing stock, type of dwelling and construction materials, room occupancy, holding and tenancy, lighting and cooking facilities, bathing and toilet facilities, waste disposal and source of water for drinking or for other domestic use in the district are discussed and analyzed in detail. The final chapter, Chapter nine presents the summary of findings and conclusions. It also discusses the policy implications of the findings for the district.

CHAPTER TWO DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Introduction The dynamism of every population is largely influenced by some major elements such as migration, fertility and mortality. For the purpose of national, regional and District planning purposes, the population distribution is very key and as such, the age-sex structure and dependency ratio are vital in policy formulation and decision-making in the country. The objective of this chapter is to analysis size, composition, age and sex structure of the 2010 Census in Chereponi District by distribution in terms of urban-rural analysis and the three critical factors that influence population; fertility mortality and migration.

2.2 Population Size and Distribution The classification of a locality as urban or rural is based on population size. Localities with population of 5,000 or more are classified as urban. Figure 2.1 presents population distribution of Chereponi District by type of locality in which they live. The share of the population among urban and rural localities are 7,968 (14.9%) and 45,426 (85.1%) respectively. This shows that majority of the population in the District reside in rural communities. Figure 2.1: Population distribution by locality

Urban 14.9%

Rural 85.1%

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

2.3 Age-Sex Structure, Sex Ratio Age and sex are the most basic characteristics of a population. Every population has a different age and sex composition, that is, the number and proportion of males and females in each age group. This structure can have considerable impacts on the population’s current and future social and economic situation.

2.3.1 Age-sex structure Persons within the age group of 75-79 years constituted the least population of 292. There are more females (27,188) than males (26,206) in the District. As shown in Table 2.1, the total population of the District according to the 2010 PHC is 53,394. Out of this figure, 26,206 (49.1%) are males while the remaining (50.9%) are females. The sex composition of the population in the District indicates that females are more than males. Across the age groups, the case is however is different. From 0-19 years, the proportion had consistently been higher for males than females. This is prominent in the age group 15-19 with a sex ratio of 113.9. The age group with the highest population is the 0-4 with a percentage of 19.5. The dominant population can be found between the 0-14 age groups. The population begins to dwindle from the 40-44 up to 95 and above. This indicates that the population is youthful and more people die with increasing age. Table 2.1: Population by age and sex Sex Both Sexes Male Female Sex Age group Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent ratio All Ages 53,394 100.0 26,206 49.1 27,188 50.9 96.4 0 - 4 10,388 19.5 5,229 50.3 5,159 49.7 101.4 5-9 9,634 18.0 4,996 51.9 4,638 48.1 107.7 10-14 6,830 12.8 3,580 52.4 3,250 47.6 110.2 15 - 19 5,192 9.7 2,765 53.3 2,427 46.7 113.9 20 - 24 3,818 7.2 1,683 44.1 2,135 55.9 78.8 25 - 29 3,475 6.5 1,375 39.6 2,100 60.4 65.5 30 - 34 3,008 5.6 1,229 40.9 1,779 59.1 69.1 35 - 39 2,577 4.8 1,167 45.3 1,410 54.7 82.8 40 - 44 2,062 3.9 975 47.3 1,087 52.7 89.7 45 - 49 1,500 2.8 786 52.4 714 47.6 110.1 50 - 54 1,251 2.3 648 51.8 603 48.2 107.5 55 - 59 692 1.3 385 55.6 307 44.4 125.4 60 - 64 838 1.6 370 44.2 468 55.8 79.1 65 - 69 476 0.9 226 47.5 250 52.5 90.4 70 - 74 626 1.2 300 47.9 326 52.1 92.0 75 - 79 292 0.5 146 50.0 146 50.0 100.0 80 - 84 343 0.6 157 45.8 186 54.2 84.4 85+ 392 0.7 189 146.7 203 153.3 288.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 2.3.2 Population pyramid A population pyramid is a graphical representation of age and sex data. Two prominent features emerge from the population pyramid of PHC 2010. Figure 2.2 presents the age-sex structure of the Chereponi District. Firstly, the population pyramid as usual, depict a typical scenario in developing countries, with broad base denoting a youthful population, and a narrow apex, indicating fewer aged persons.

Figure 2.2: Population pyramid

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 2.3.3 Age dependency ratio by locality The relationship between the populations aged 0-14 years and 65 years and above and the working-age population (15-64 years) constitute age dependency, measured per 100 populations. The age-dependency ratio is an indicator that measures the welfare of the people. Countries with very high birth rates usually have the high age-dependency ratios because of the large proportion of children in the population. The data in Table 2.2 indicates that, the age-dependency ratio for the District is 118.7, which means, that for every 100 population of the working-age group (15-64), there are about 119 persons in the inactive age groups (0-14 and 65+) to cater for. The Table further shows that, the dependency ratio is almost the same in the rural area (117). However, urban area is (77.0). The data also indicates that, there are more children who depend (110) on the working population than those in the old age (8.7). Table 2.2: Age dependency ratio by locality Age group/ratio Total Urban Rural All Ages 53,394 7,968 45,426 0 - 14 26,852 3,349 23,503 15 - 64 24,413 4,350 20,063 65+ 2129 269 1860 Old Age dependency ratio 8.7 6.2 9.3 Child dependency ratio 110 77 117.1 Total dependency ratio 118.7 83.2 126.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

2.3.4 Sex ratio Sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. The District recorded a sex ratio of 96 as presented in Figure 2.3. This means that to every 100 females in the District there are 96 males. This pattern is reflected in all the age groups except from age 0-14 which is 105 indicating that from 0-15, for every 100 females, there are 105 males. The 55-59 years age category recorded the highest sex ratio of about 125 whilst the least sex ratio of 66 is recorded by the 25-29 age category as presented in Table 2.1. Figure 2.3: Sex ratio

Sex Ratio 120.0 105.8 96.4 91.6 100.0 87.4 80.0

60.0 Sex Ratio 40.0

20.0

- All Ages 0-14 15-64 65+

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

2.4 Fertility, Mortality and Migration Fertility, mortality and migration are factors that influence population growth at a particular point in time. Data on these three components are critical for planning the overall socio- economic development of the Municipality. 2.4.1 Fertility Fertility refers to the number of live births women have, while mortality refers to deaths that occur within a population;Age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) are expressed as the number of births per thousand women in a specified age group and represent a valuable measure for assessing the current age pattern of childbearing. Total fertility rate (TFR) is defined as the total number of births a woman would have by the end of her childbearing period if she were to pass through those years bearing children at the currently observed age-specific fertility rates. General fertility rate (GFR) is the number of live births occurring during a specified period per 1,000 women. Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per 1,000 populations during a specified period. Table 2.3 presents the Total Fertility Rate, General Fertility Rates and the crude birth rate by Districts in the Northern Region. The Chereponi District recorded the lowest numbers of females aged 15-49 years in the region (11,652) and hence the least number of births in the last 12 months preceding the survey. Total fertility rate for the Chereponi District is 4.30, the

18 general fertility rate is 128.3 and the crude birth rate for the District is 28.0. All these rates are higher than the regional rates. Table 2.3: Reported total fertility rate, general fertility rate and crude birth rate by districts Number Number of women of births Total *General **Crude 15-49 in last 12 Fertility Fertility Birth District Population years months Rate Rate Rate All Districts 2,479,461 582,897 59,391 3.54 101.9 24 Bole 61,593 14,471 1,663 3.82 114.9 27 Sawla-Tuna-Kalba 99,863 22,207 2,230 3.65 100.4 22.3 West Gonja 84,727 19,741 2,273 4.3 115.1 26.8 Gonja Central 87,877 20,555 2,086 3.58 101.5 23.7 East Gonja 135,450 31,216 3,071 3.61 98.4 22.7 Kpandai 108,816 24,066 2,959 4.33 123 27.2 Nanumba South 93,464 21,210 2,542 4.2 119.8 27.2 Nanumba North 141,584 32,246 3,143 3.38 97.5 22.2 Zabzugu Tatali 123,854 29,699 2,323 2.88 78.2 18.8 Yendi Municipal 199,592 46,498 4,290 3.18 92.3 21.5 Tamale Metropolis 371,351 97,889 8,322 2.97 85 22.4 Tolon Kumbugu 112,331 25,879 2,505 3.34 96.8 22.3 Savelugu Nanton 139,283 33,942 4,300 4.33 126.7 30.9 Karaga 77,706 18,666 1,621 2.9 86.8 20.9 Gushiegu 111,259 26,349 2,868 3.67 108.8 25.8 Saboba 65,706 14,519 1,871 4.21 128.9 28.5 Chereponi 53,394 11,652 1,495 4.3 128.3 28 Bunkpurugu Yonyo 122,591 26,725 2,893 3.77 108.3 23.6 Mamprusi East 121,009 27,145 2,785 3.64 102.6 23 Mamprusi West 168,011 38,222 4,151 3.7 108.6 24.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Note: * Number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 years ** Number of live births per 1,000 population

Child ever born and child survival Table 2.4 shows that the total number of females 12 years and older in the District are 15,834. The total number of children ever born to these women is 49,928. The 60 plus years age groups recorded the highest number of children ever born (9,285) whereas the least population of children ever born to the 12-14 years age group is eleven children. The total number of children surviving is 40,754. The age group of 60 plus years recorded the highest number of their children surviving (6,767) and the age group of 12-14 recorded the least number of their children surviving (5). By sex specifications, females within the age group of 60 plus years the highest number of male and female children ever born. Again, the same females in that age group recorded the highest number of male and female children surviving in the District.

Table 2.4: Female population 12 years and older by age, children ever born, children surviving and sex of child Children Ever Born Children Surviving Number Both Both Age of Female Sexes Male Female Sexes Male Female All Ages 15,834 49,928 25,706 24,222 40,754 20,870 19,884 10-14 1,693 11 7 4 5 3 2 15 - 19 2,427 438 231 207 379 201 178 20 - 24 2,135 2,689 1,355 1,334 2,403 1,200 1,203 25 - 29 2,100 5,947 3,016 2,931 5,177 2,602 2,575 30 - 34 1,779 7,673 4,042 3,631 6,585 3,436 3,149 35 - 39 1,410 7,110 3,711 3,399 6,057 3,122 2,935 40 - 44 1,087 6,564 3,403 3,161 5,389 2,774 2,615 45 - 49 714 4,389 2,232 2,157 3,514 1,815 1,699 50 - 54 603 3,947 1,988 1,959 3,016 1,533 1,483 55 - 59 307 1,875 957 918 1,462 747 715 60+ 1,579 9,285 4,764 4,521 6,767 3,437 3,330 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 2.4.2 Mortality Mortality, as one of the three components of population growth, plays an important role in determining the growth of a population. The level and pattern of mortality is a reflection of the health status of a population. Thus, indices of mortality have been used as indicators of socio-economic development. Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a population, scaled to the size of that population per unit of time. Mortality during the 2010 PHC took into consideration crude death rates, age specific death rate and the cause of death in the Chereponi District. Deaths in the household Table 2.5 presents the total population who died in the households and the crude death rates by Districts. The Chereponi District’s record of the number of deaths in households is 288. It has a crude death rate of 5.39. This means that for every 1000 population in the District, approximately 5 persons die. This figure shows that the rate of death in the Chereponi District is slightly lower than that of the Northern Region of 6 persons dying per 1,000 populations.

Table 2.5: Total population, deaths in households and crude death rate *Crude death rate Total Deaths in (per 1,000) District population Households population) All Districts 2,479,461 14,715 5.93 Bole 61,593 450 7.31 Sawla-Tuna-Kalba 99,863 722 7.23 West Gonja 84,727 444 5.24 Central Gonja 87,877 334 3.80 East Gonja 135,450 761 5.62 Kpandai 108,816 554 5.09 Nanumba South 93,464 542 5.80 Nanumba North 141,584 653 4.61 Zabzugu-Tatale 123,854 406 3.28 Yendi 199,592 1,293 6.48 Tamale Metropolis 371,351 2,104 5.67 Tolon Kumbugu 112,331 845 7.52 Savelugu Nanton 139,283 1,413 10.14 Karaga 77,706 501 6.45 Gushiegu 111,259 744 6.69 Saboba 65,706 235 3.58 Chereponi 53,394 288 5.39 Bunkpurugu Yunyoo 122,591 575 4.69 East Mamprusi 121,009 619 5.12 West Mamprusi 168,011 1,232 7.33 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Note: * Deaths per 1,000 population

Distribution on causes of death The 2010 PHC collected information on causes of death in the District and the whole country. Data on Table 2.6 shows that, 9.7 percent and 8.7 percent of the causes of death in the Northern region and Chereponi District respectively are through accident, violence, homicide or suicide. The percentages for all other causes of deaths are 90.3 percent and 91.3 percent in the region and district respectively.

Table 2.6: The cause of death due to accident, violence, homicide and suicide Death due to Total Accident/ deaths violent/homicide/suicide All other causes Region/District Number Number Percent Number Percent Region 14,715 1,434 9.7 13,281 90.3 Bole 450 29 6.4 421 93.6 Sawla-Tuna-Kalba 722 65 9.0 657 91.0 West Gonja 197 21 10.7 176 89.3 Gonja Central 334 44 13.2 290 86.8 East Gonja 761 77 10.1 684 89.9 Kpandai 554 124 22.4 430 77.6 Nanumba South 542 49 9.0 493 91.0 Nanumba North 653 62 9.5 591 90.5 Zabzugu 196 25 12.8 171 87.2 Yendi Municipal 738 97 13.1 641 86.9 Tamale Metropolis 1,257 119 9.5 1,138 90.5 Tamale South 384 31 8.1 353 91.9 Tamale Central 873 88 10.1 785 89.9 Tolon 503 33 6.6 470 93.4 Savelugu Nanton 1,413 139 9.8 1,274 90.2 Karaga 501 67 13.4 434 86.6 Gushiegu 744 31 4.2 713 95.8 Saboba 235 23 9.8 212 90.2 Chereponi 288 25 8.7 263 91.3 Bunkpurugu Yonyo 575 62 10.8 513 89.2 Mamprusi East 619 59 9.5 560 90.5 Mamprusi West 955 74 7.7 881 92.3 North Gonja 247 36 14.6 211 85.4 Kumbumgu 342 14 4.1 328 95.9 Sagnerigu Municipal 847 62 7.3 785 92.7 Mion 555 52 9.4 503 90.6 Tatale 210 28 13.3 182 86.7 Mamprugu Moagduri 277 17 6.1 260 93.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Age-specific death rates (ASDRS) In describing population phenomenon like mortality, rates are often calculated for specific age groups of the population to gain a more sophisticated picture of how the population is changing over time. This is especially important for gauging the efficacy of health interventions that are targeted at specific segments of the population such as children or the elderly. They are usually expressed per 1000 persons. Age-specific death rate by sex is the number of deaths per age group by male and female populations. Figure 2.4 shows a line graph of death rate of the various age-groups by sex in the Chereponi District. From the Figure, the ASDRS for the District is 5.5 for males and less than one for females. This means for every 1000 males, about 6 people die. The rate for age 0-4 is 13.9 for males and 13.6 for females. This shows that there are almost the same number of boys and girls dying (14 children) per 1000 children in the age group 0-4 years. Likewise, both male and female have their highest death rates at age group 65-69 years (17.7 and 16.0 respectively). However, more males die comparing to their female counterpart at this age. 22

Significantly, almost 16 per 1000 males (15.6) die in the 55-59 age group with almost no woman dying in the District. Again, males have their lowest death rates of 0.8 and 0.4 occurring at age-groups 30-34. On the other hand, females have their lowest death rates of 0.1 and no deaths occurring at age- groups 20-24 and 55-59 respectively. Figure 2.4: Reported age specific death rate by sex

20.00

18.00

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00 Male 8.00 Deaths /1000 Deaths Female 6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00

Age Group Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

2.4.3 Migration Migration is the movement of people from one geographical location to another either to stay temporally or permanently. The birth place of a person is defined as the locality of usual residence of the mother at the time of birth. Table 2.7 indicates that the total population of in- migrants in the Chereponi District is 2,995 of which, 1,376 are born in the Northern region. The highest proportion of the in-migrant population (27.1%) has stay in the District between 1-4 years whilst 22.5 percent has stayed between 10-19 years. The regions in Ghana other than Northern with highest in-migrants to the District are Volta (197) and Ashanti (147). Western region and Greater Accra region are regions with the least migrants of 11 and 12 respectively in the District. The Table also shows that a majority (1,004) of migrants to the District are from outside Ghana. These international migrants (28.7%) have stayed in the District between 1 to 4 years, followed by 27 percent who have stayed for 5-9 years. Migrants with the longest duration of residence (20 or more years) in the District are from Western and Volta, Greater Accra and Upper West.

Table 2.7: Birthplace by duration of residence of migrants

Duration of residence (%) Less than 1 1-4 5-9 10-19 20+ Birthplace Number year years years years years Total 2,995 14.9 27.1 16.9 22.5 18.7 Born elsewhere in the region 1,376 17.2 26.2 12.4 23.1 21.1 Born elsewhere in another region: Western 11 27.3 18.2 18.2 9.1 27.3 Central 23 39.1 30.4 0.0 17.4 13.0 Greater Accra 12 16.7 33.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 Volta 197 21.8 22.8 11.7 18.3 25.4 Eastern 53 43.4 32.1 5.7 7.5 11.3 Ashanti 147 25.9 25.2 12.9 19.7 16.3 Brong Ahafo 77 32.5 35.1 9.1 11.7 11.7 Northern - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Upper East 35 14.3 42.9 17.1 11.4 14.3 Upper west 60 10.0 13.3 6.7 45.0 25.0 Outside Ghana 1,004 5.4 28.7 27.0 23.8 15.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER THREE SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 Introduction Knowledge of household structure, constitute important units in social and economic planning for goods and services. In Ghana for instance, some social intervention programmes are targeted at the household level. Some of these interventions include cash transfers to the extremely poor and the vulnerable, i.e., the Livelihood Empowerment. The two major types of family ties that inform household formation are the nuclear and extended family systems. The nuclear family is made up of the father, mother and children (adopted and/or biological). The extended family consists of the nuclear family, parents, siblings, and other relatives (Nukunya, 2003). To understand the dynamics of household is fundamental to the understanding of the characteristics of a country’s population and its characteristics which largely is a reflection of what pertains within households. Households are also central to the study of income, maintenance, economic dependency, savings, fertility, migration and social welfare. This chapter analyses the social characteristics of the Chereponi District by the size of household, composition, headship, marital status, nationality, religious affiliation, literacy and education.

3.2 Household Size, Composition and Structure Households constitute important units in planning for goods and services. Knowledge of household structure therefore, constitutes important units in social and economic planning for goods and services. The size of a nation’s population is mainly an aggregation of individual household members in the nation. The size, composition, and structure of households are influenced by socio-economic, and demographic factors such as age at first marriage and birth, length of time spent in school, cultural practices, occupation, material or financial abilities, capabilities of parents and couples, fertility and mortality rates, and migration. 3.2.1 Household size Household size refers to the total number of persons in a household irrespective of age, sex, or residential status. Household formation and distribution can form the basis for planning for economic and social services needed by the population. The demand for housing units, for instance, will have to be based on location and distribution of size of households. The distribution of households by urban-rural in each region also provides a useful information on how urbanized or ‘ruralized’ a region is becoming, for planning purposes Table 3.1 shows that there are 2,445,061 total household population in Northern Region with 53,170 in Chereponi District. There are 7,116 households in the District comprising 1,346 (18.9%) households in the urban locality and 5,770 (81.9%) households in the rural localities. The average household size in the rural areas is 7.8 persons per household compared with 5.9 persons per household in urban areas in 2010.

Table 3.1: Household size by locality of residence Total Categories country Region District Urban Rural Total population 24,658,823 2,479,461 53,394 7,968 45,426 Total household population 24,076,327 2,445,061 53,170 7,941 45,229 Number of households 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 1,346 5,770 Average households per house 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 Average household size 4.4 7.7 7.5 5.9 7.8 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 3.2.2 Household composition Table 3.2 presents data on household population by composition and sex. The District has a total of 7,116 household heads with 25 percent male household heads and 2.1 percent female household heads. There are 61.1 percent sons and 50.5 percent daughters, all children of the head. Considering the district as whole, the children of the heads of household constitute the highest of 55.7 percent, followed by the heads of about 13.5 percent. Other relatives of 4,389 and brother/sister household constitute 2,418. Table 3.2: Household population by composition and sex Total Male Female Household composition Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 53,170 100.0 26,083 100.0 27,087 100.0 Head 7,116 13.4 6,543 25.1 573 2.1 Spouse (wife/husband) 5,965 11.2 72 0.3 5,893 21.8 Child (son/daughter) 29,616 55.7 15,935 61.1 13,681 50.5 Parent/Parent in-law 1,177 2.2 135 0.5 1,042 3.9 Son/daughter in-law 240 0.5 19 0.1 221 0.8 Grandchild 1,119 2.1 550 2.1 569 2.1 Brother/Sister 2,418 4.6 1,455 5.6 963 3.6 Step child 703 1.3 363 1.4 340 1.3 Adopted/foster child 335 0.6 180 0.7 155 0.6 Other relative 4,389 8.3 786 3.0 3,603 13.3 Non-relative 92 0.2 45 0.2 47 0.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 3.2.3 Household structure and sex Table 3.3 shows the household structure of the District. The extended family system consisting of a head, spouse(s), children and the heads relatives recorded the highest household structure in the District (33,631) and the nuclear family consisting of a head, spouse (s) and children recorded 13,029. The least family structure in the District is the single parent extended plus non relative (74).

Table 3.3: Household population by structure and sex

Total Male Female Household structure Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 53,170 100.0 26,083 100.0 27,087 100.0 Head only 235 0.4 179 0.7 56 0.2 Head and a spouse only 266 0.5 135 0.5 131 0.5 Nuclear (head, spouse(s) and children) 13,029 24.5 6,898 26.5 6,131 22.6 Extended (head, spouse(s), children and head's relatives) 33,631 63.3 16,062 61.6 17,569 64.9 Extended + non relatives 408 0.8 192 0.7 216 0.8 Head, spouse(s) and other composition 787 1.5 378 1.5 409 1.5 Single parent nuclear 1,381 2.6 629 2.4 752 2.8 Single parent extended 2,106 4.0 961 3.7 1,145 4.2 Single parent extended + non relative 74 0.1 35 0.1 39 0.1 Head and other composition but no spouse 1,253 2.4 614 2.4 639 2.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.3 Marital Status Marital status is an important factor in population because it particularly affects fertility. Marriage in Ghana is based on legal contractual relations between a man and a woman. Three systems of marriage are formally acknowledged in Ghana. These are the Customary, Ordinance and the Islamic marriages. There are also informal co-habiting unions with no legal binding. The 2010 PHC collected data on marital status for persons aged 12 years and older. The data are classified into ‘never married’, ‘consensual union’, ‘married’, separated’, ‘divorced’ and ‘widowed’. Ordinarily, Ordinance Marriage is often preceded by the performance of all the stipulated rites of a customary law marriage. As shown in Figure 3.1, the District recorded a total of 30,061 persons who are 12 years and older. Out of which a greater number 16,749 (56%) are married, the number of those never married is 11,090 (37%), those separated or divorced are 396 (1%) and those widowed are 1,523 (5%).

Figure 3.1: Marital status of persons 12 years and older

5% 1%

37% Never married

Informal/ Consensual union/Living together Married

Separated/Divorced

Widowed

56% 1%

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.3.1 Age specific marital status, age and sex Data in Table 3.4 indicates that with respect to the district, almost 2 out of every 5 are never married while 55.7 percent are married. Higher percentages are recorded at the younger age groups for never married and declines as the age advances. It can also be observed that, at age group of 12-14 years, the percentage of never married is about 94 percent and falls continuously as age advances to as low as about five percent at age 65 and older. For the married population, the percentage of persons married is lower at the younger age groups and increases as age advances. It is interesting to note that about six percent of persons in age 12-14 years are married. As expected, about nine out of every ten persons aged 35-39 years is married. For the divorced category, the rate of female divorce is higher within the age groups of 45-49 years and 65 years and older than their male counterparts. Females within 40-44 years and older up to the 65 years plus category recorded higher widowed rates than their male counterparts. This implies that males within those age groups die more than their female counterparts.

Table 3.4: Persons 12 years and older by sex, age-group and marital status Informal/ consensual Sex/Age- Never union/living group Number Total married together Married Separated Divorced Widowed Both Sexes Total 30,061 100.0 36.9 0.9 55.7 0.6 0.8 5.1 10-14 3,519 100.0 94.0 0.1 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 5,192 100.0 86.5 0.7 12.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 20 - 24 3,818 100.0 50.4 2.0 46.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 25 - 29 3,475 100.0 22.3 1.7 74.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 30 - 34 3,008 100.0 9.6 1.1 86.0 0.9 1.4 1.0 35 - 39 2,577 100.0 3.8 0.9 91.3 0.7 1.4 1.9 40 - 44 2,062 100.0 2.2 0.5 89.1 1.3 1.5 5.3 45 - 49 1,500 100.0 1.4 1.2 87.8 0.7 1.5 7.5 50 - 54 1,251 100.0 1.2 0.6 82.3 1.0 1.4 13.4 55 - 59 692 100.0 1.0 0.3 80.1 1.3 1.6 15.8 60 - 64 838 100.0 2.3 0.1 68.6 0.7 1.9 26.4 65+ 2,129 100.0 4.6 0.2 60.5 1.4 1.2 32.2 Male Total 14,227 100.0 46.9 0.8 50.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 10-14 1,826 100.0 94.2 0.2 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 2,765 100.0 94.1 0.3 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 20 - 24 1,683 100.0 79.2 1.5 18.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 25 - 29 1,375 100.0 43.9 1.6 53.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 30 - 34 1,229 100.0 18.7 1.5 77.5 0.6 1.1 0.5 35 - 39 1,167 100.0 5.7 0.9 91.2 0.6 0.9 0.7 40 - 44 975 100.0 3.1 0.6 93.1 1.0 1.7 0.4 45 - 49 786 100.0 1.7 1.7 94.8 0.3 0.6 1.0 50 - 54 648 100.0 1.7 0.8 92.7 0.8 0.8 3.2 55 - 59 385 100.0 0.5 0.3 95.3 1.3 1.6 1.0 60 - 64 370 100.0 2.2 0.0 93.2 0.3 0.8 3.5 65+ 1,018 100.0 5.8 0.3 86.1 1.4 0.8 5.6 Female Total 15,834 100.0 27.9 1.0 60.5 0.8 1.0 8.8 10-14 1,693 100.0 93.8 0.1 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 2,427 100.0 77.7 1.1 20.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 20 - 24 2,135 100.0 27.6 2.5 67.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 25 - 29 2,100 100.0 8.1 1.7 88.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 30 - 34 1,779 100.0 3.4 0.8 91.8 1.2 1.5 1.3 35 - 39 1,410 100.0 2.3 0.8 91.5 0.8 1.7 2.9 40 - 44 1,087 100.0 1.5 0.5 85.5 1.6 1.3 9.8 45 - 49 714 100.0 1.1 0.7 80.1 1.1 2.4 14.6 50 - 54 603 100.0 0.7 0.5 71.1 1.2 2.2 24.4 55 - 59 307 100.0 1.6 0.3 60.9 1.3 1.6 34.2 60 - 64 468 100.0 2.4 0.2 49.1 1.1 2.8 44.4 65+ 1,111 100.0 3.5 0.2 36.9 1.4 1.5 56.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.3.2 Marital status and level of education Table 3.5 shows the distribution of the population 12 years and older by marital status and level of education. The District recorded a total of 11,090 of never married persons, out of which about 43 percent have no education, about 45 percent have basic education, and about 11 percent have secondary education. For the married persons, the District recorded a total

29 population of 16,749 of which about 88 percent have no education, about eight percent have basic education, and about two percent have secondary education In terms of sex distribution, the Table further shows that the District has a total of 6,679 never married males of which about 43 percent have no education, about 43 percent have basic education and 12 percent have secondary education. There are 7,168 married males out of which a greater percentage of about 85 percent have no education. On the other hand, there are 4,411 never married females of which about 43 percent have no education, about 47 percent have basic education and about nine percent have basic education with less than one percent has the other levels of education. Also for the married females, about 91 percent have no education, seven percent have basic education, about one percent have secondary education with less than one percent has the other levels of education specified in the table. Table 3.5: Persons 12 years and older by sex and level of education Post middle/ Voc/ secondary All No Secon- Tech/ certificate/ Sex/marital status Number levels Education Basic1 dary2 Comm diploma3 Tertiary4 Both sexes Total 30,061 100.0 71.5 21.5 5.5 0.2 1.1 0.2 Never married 11,090 100.0 43.0 44.6 10.9 0.2 1.0 0.2 Informal/consensual union/living together 276 100.0 68.1 15.9 11.2 0.7 3.3 0.7 Married 16,749 100.0 88.1 8.1 2.3 0.2 1.1 0.2 Separated 185 100.0 76.8 13.5 4.9 0.0 4.3 0.5 Divorced 238 100.0 88.7 6.7 2.5 0.4 1.7 0.0 Widowed 1,523 100.0 94.3 5.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1

Male Total 14,227 100.0 64.9 25.1 7.6 0.2 1.8 0.4 Never married 6,679 100.0 43.2 43.0 12.0 0.1 1.4 0.4 Informal/consensual union/living together 117 100.0 66.7 16.2 10.3 0.0 5.1 1.7 Married 7,168 100.0 84.5 9.2 3.6 0.2 2.1 0.5 Separated 62 100.0 67.7 16.1 4.8 0.0 9.7 1.6 Divorced 76 100.0 78.9 11.8 3.9 0.0 5.3 0.0 Widowed 125 100.0 92.8 4.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Female 100.0 3.6 Total 15,834 77.5 18.2 0.2 0.5 0.0 Never married 4,411 100.0 42.8 46.9 9.4 0.3 0.6 0.0 Informal/consensual union/living together 159 100.0 69.2 15.7 11.9 1.3 1.9 0.0 Married 9,581 100.0 90.8 7.3 1.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 Separated 123 100.0 81.3 12.2 4.9 0.0 1.6 0.0 Divorced 162 100.0 93.2 4.3 1.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 Widowed 1,398 100.0 94.4 5.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 3.3.3 Marital status and economic activity Data in Table 3.6 shows that, a total of 30,091persons 12 years and older almost 72 percent are economically active with 68.9 percent persons employed. Among the never married, the majority (51.5%) are economically not active. Among the married population 88.9 percent

30 are economically act with 85.3 percent employed. As it is expected, majority of the widowed are economically not active (48.4%). Within the sex male distribution, more than 3 out of 4 persons are economically active with 69.5 percent employed. Of the never married 5.5 are economically active with 49.1 percent employed With respect to the Females distribution, in total, 71.3 percent are economically active with 68.3 percent employed. Considering the married women, in the District, 86.5 percent are economically active with 82.9 percent employed. Surprisingly, 4 out of every 5 of the females who are into informal or consensual union or living with a man are economically active, with 78 percent of them employed. Table 3.6: Marital status of persons 12 years and older by sex and economic activity status Economically not All status Employed Unemployed active Sex/marital status Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Both Sexes Total 30,061 100.0 20,699 68.9 888 3.0 8,474 28.2 Never married 11,090 100.0 5,132 46.3 251 2.3 5,707 51.5 Informal/consensual union/living together 276 100.0 219 79.3 7 2.5 50 18.1 Married 16,749 100.0 14,286 85.3 584 3.5 1,879 11.2 Separated 185 100.0 134 72.4 5 2.7 46 24.9 Divorced 238 100.0 175 73.5 8 3.4 55 23.1 Widowed 1,523 100.0 753 49.4 33 2.2 737 48.4

Male Total 14,227 100.0 9,892 69.5 411 2.9 3,924 27.6 Never married 6,679 100.0 3,278 49.1 160 2.4 3,241 48.5 Informal/consensual union/living together 117 100.0 95 81.2 4 3.4 18 15.4 Married 7,168 100.0 6,347 88.5 240 3.3 581 8.1 Separated 62 100.0 49 79.0 2 3.2 11 17.7 Divorced 76 100.0 54 71.1 3 3.9 19 25.0 Widowed 125 100.0 69 55.2 2 1.6 54 43.2

Female Total 15,834 100.0 10,807 68.3 477 3.0 4,550 28.7 Never married 4,411 100.0 1,854 42.0 91 2.1 2,466 55.9 Informal/consensual union/living together 159 100.0 124 78.0 3 1.9 32 20.1 Married 9,581 100.0 7,939 82.9 344 3.6 1,298 13.5 Separated 123 100.0 85 69.1 3 2.4 35 28.5 Divorced 162 100.0 121 74.7 5 3.1 36 22.2 Widowed 1,398 100.0 684 48.9 31 2.2 683 48.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.4 Nationality Nationality is defined as the country to which a person belongs. Ghanaian nationals are grouped into Ghanaian by birth, Ghanaian by dual nationality and Ghanaian by naturalization. Table 3.7 presents the nationality of the population of the District by sex. The population who are Ghanaian by birth are 49,831, representing 93.3 percent of the entire population of the District. The male population of Ghanaians by birth is 24,430 representing 93.2 percent and the female population of Ghanaians by birth is 25,401 representing 93.4 percent. The total population of people with dual nationality is 1,300, representing about two percent of the total population of the District. Male population with dual nationality is 595, representing about two percent whereas the female population recorded 705, representing about three percent in the Chereponi District. A total population of 566 is Ghanaian by naturalization, representing about one percent of the entire population of the District of which, both males and females constitute about one percent. ECOWAS nationals are 1,237, representing about 2.3 percent of the population in the District. With respect to the male population, majority of males are Ghanaian by birth (93.25) with the rest ranging between 0.3 and 2.5 percent for the rest of the categories. Within the female population, also the same pattern can be observed with the majority of the females (93.4%) being Ghanaian by birth. Table 3.7: Population by nationality and sex Both sexes Male Female Nationality Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 53,394 100.0 26,206 100.0 27,188 100.0 Ghanaian by birth 49,831 93.3 24,430 93.2 25,401 93.4 Dual Nationality 1,300 2.4 595 2.3 705 2.6 Ghanaian by naturalization 566 1.1 283 1.1 283 1.0 ECOWAS 1,237 2.3 666 2.5 571 2.1 Africa other than ECOWAS 303 0.6 157 0.6 146 0.5 Other 157 0.3 75 0.3 82 0.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.5 Religious Affiliation As shown in Table 3.8, there are three main religious groups in the District. Islam, Christianity and Traditional Religion. The data indicates that the largest religious denomination is Islam (58.8%) of the population. The second largest is traditional region which is 17.3 percent. Within the mala population, the same pattern is observed with the majority religion in Islam followed by the traditional religion. As will be expected the same pattern is observed with the female population with 57.6 female in the Islam religion and 17.6 percent in the traditional religion.

Table 3.8: Population by religion and sex Both Sexes Male Female Religion Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 53,394 100.0 26,206 100.0 27,188 100.0 No Religion 1,257 2.4 597 2.3 660 2.4 Catholic 4,375 8.2 2,019 7.7 2,356 8.7 Protestant (Anglican, Lutheran etc.) 2,781 5.2 1,283 4.9 1,498 5.5 Pentecostal/Charismatic 3,847 7.2 1,841 7.0 2,006 7.4 Other Christians 427 0.8 207 0.8 220 0.8 Islam 31,386 58.8 15,726 60.0 15,660 57.6 Traditionalist 9,253 17.3 4,501 17.2 4,752 17.5 Other (Specify) 68 0.1 32 0.1 36 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.6 Literacy and Education Education is an important aspect of societal development. It is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values and attitudes to fully develop individual capacities for societal well- being. There is a relationship between education, human resource development and economic growth. Countries therefore place emphasis on educational policies in designing their plans to accelerate development. Education is also one of the three variables used for the calculation of the Human Development Index (HDI) (UNDP, 2010). It is for this reason that of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) one of the goals (MDG 2) is achieving universal primary education by 2015 (United Nations Development Programme, 2010). Two indicators used to track MDG 2 are Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) in primary education and proportion of people starting grade1 who reach the last grade of primary education. In addition, one of the indicators for MDG 3 is the ratio of boys to girls in primary, secondary and tertiary education. The 2010 PHC, included questions on education for persons 3 years and older. The questions were on full time educational (past and present) level and highest educational level completed/attended in the past or currently attending. 3.6.1 Literacy Literacy in this analysis refers to person 11 years and older who could speak and understand English language only, Ghanaian language only, English and Ghanaian language, English and French and English, French and Ghanaian language. Data in Table 3.9 shows that, there are 9,198 people 11 years and older in Chereponi District who are literates in English only and one out every four are literates in English and Ghanaian language. Small proportions of the population are also literates in Ghanaian only (3.3%). Most literates in the District are in the younger age groups of 11-14 age group (78.8%) are literate in English only and 17.8 percent literate in Ghanaian Language and English, 15-19 age group literate are literate in English only (75.5%) with 21 percent literate in Ghanaian Language and English.

Table 3.9: Age distribution by literacy and education English, English French None Ghanaian and English and (not English language Ghanaian and Ghanaian Sex/age group literate) Literate Total only only language French language Both sexes Total 21,952 9,198 100.0 71.6 3.3 24.6 0.3 0.2 10-14 1,821 2,787 100.0 78.8 3.3 17.8 0.1 0.0 15-19 2,412 2,780 100.0 75.5 3.2 21.0 0.4 0.0 20-24 2,456 1,362 100.0 69.2 2.0 28.3 0.4 0.1 25-29 2,724 751 100.0 61.7 2.1 34.6 0.8 0.8 30-34 2,560 448 100.0 59.6 3.8 36.4 0.0 0.2 35-39 2,290 287 100.0 59.2 6.3 32.4 0.3 1.7 40-44 1,883 179 100.0 56.4 5.0 35.2 1.1 2.2 45-49 1,389 111 100.0 44.1 9.9 43.2 2.7 0.0 50-54 1,134 117 100.0 59.8 1.7 36.8 0.9 0.9 55-59 604 88 100.0 52.3 4.5 43.2 0.0 0.0 60-64 755 83 100.0 50.6 10.8 38.6 0.0 0.0 65+ 1,924 205 100.0 67.8 4.4 27.3 0.5 0.0 Male Total 9,466 5,364 100.0 69.7 3.2 26.5 0.3 0.3 10-14 931 1,498 100.0 79.3 3.3 17.2 0.1 0.0 15-19 1,179 1,586 100.0 74.6 2.6 22.4 0.4 0.0 20-24 850 833 100.0 67.6 1.9 30.0 0.4 0.1 25-29 907 468 100.0 60.5 1.7 36.1 0.4 1.3 30-34 935 294 100.0 56.1 4.1 39.5 0.0- 0.3 35-39 978 189 100.0 54.5 6.9 36.0 0.5 2.1 40-44 862 113 100.0 53.1 3.5 40.7 0.9 1.8 45-49 715 71 100.0 42.3 5.6 49.3 2.8 0.0 50-54 559 89 100.0 57.3 2.2 38.2 1.1 1.1 55-59 322 63 100.0 46.0 6.3 47.6 0.0 0.0 60-64 318 52 100.0 38.5 15.4 46.2 0.0 0.0 65+ 910 108 100.0 58.3 7.4 34.3 0.0 0.0 Female Total 12,486 3,834 100.0 74.3 3.4 21.8 0.4 0.1 11-14 890 1,289 100.0 78.2 3.3 18.5 0.1 - 15-19 1,233 1,194 100.0 76.7 3.9 19.0 0.3 - 20-24 1,606 529 100.0 71.8 2.1 25.5 0.4 0.2 25-29 1,817 283 100.0 63.6 2.8 32.2 1.4 - 30-34 1,625 154 100.0 66.2 3.2 30.5 - - 35-39 1,312 98 100.0 68.4 5.1 25.5 - 1.0 40-44 1,021 66 100.0 62.1 7.6 25.8 1.5 3.0 45-49 674 40 100.0 47.5 17.5 32.5 2.5 - 50-54 575 28 100.0 67.9 - 32.1 - - 55-59 282 25 100.0 68.0 - 32.0 - - 60-64 437 31 100.0 71.0 3.2 25.8 - - 65+ 1,014 97 100.0 78.4 1.0 19.6 1.0 - Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Considering the male population, the same pattern is observed with increasing age and decreasing number of literate population. Male literates (5,364) in the District are also greater than the female literate population (3,834). Majority of both male and female literates are within the age groups (11-14) and (15-19).

3.6.2 Education Figure 3.2 presents the status of education among the population 3 years and older by sex and by school attendance. There are 15,733 persons aged 3 years and older who are either in school or have ever attended school in the District. The data shows that, the district has a population of 33 percent of the total population currently attending school. This is made up of 36.6 percent male and 29.6 percent female. The Table also shows that, 6.4 percent of the total district population 3 years and older have attended school in the past. This is made up of 7.8 percent males and 5 percent females. Figure 3.2: School attendance by sex

70 65.4 60.6 60 55.6

40 36.6 Never 33 29.6 Now 30 Past 20 7.8 10 6.4 5

0 Total Male Female Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 3.6.3 Level of education and school attendance Table 3.10 presents the population 3 years and older by school attendance and level of education by sex. Out of 15,733 persons aged 3 years and older who are either in school or have ever attended school in the District. 2.213 representing 14.1 percent are in the Nursery, 56.9 percent in primary and 14 percent in JSS/JHS. SSS/SHS has about 5.7 percent. Within the male population, the majority of them currently school are in Primary school (56.6%), with only 15 percent in JSS or JHS. Considering the female population, 57.3 percent of female are in primary school in the District. With respect to the people who have attended school in the past, the majority of the population who had been to school completed only primary school (39.2%). The Table also shows that of the persons who attended school in the past, none attended either Nursery or Kindergarten due to the fact that it is not part of the then educational structure. Within the male population of people who have attended school in the past, majority also reached primary level. Again, with consideration with the female population, the same observation is seen. Most of the female also got to only primary level.

Table 3.10: Population three years and older by level of education, school attendance Currently attending Attended in the past Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Level of education Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 15,733 100.0 8,531 100.0 7,202 100.0 3,046 100.0 1,817 100.0 1,229 100.0 Nursery 2,213 14.1 1,121 13.1 1,092 15.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Kindergarten 1,352 8.6 673 7.9 679 9.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Primary 8,953 56.9 4,826 56.6 4,127 57.3 1,193 39.2 570 31.4 623 50.7 JSS/JHS 2,210 14.0 1,282 15.0 928 12.9 525 17.2 276 15.2 249 20.3 Middle - 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 236 7.7 179 9.9 57 4.6 SSS/SHS 901 5.7 546 6.4 355 4.9 637 20.9 449 24.7 188 15.3 Secondary - 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 112 3.7 84 4.6 28 2.3 Vocational/Technical/Commercial 16 0.1 8 0.1 8 0.1 36 1.2 18 1.0 18 1.5 Post middle/secondary certificate 31 0.2 26 0.3 5 0.1 119 3.9 84 4.6 35 2.8 Tertiary 57 0.4 49 0.6 8 0.1 188 6.2 157 8.6 31 2.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER FOUR ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

4.1 Introduction The overall development of a District is based on the production of goods and services. Critical to the production process is the human capital of the District. Although all persons irrespective of age and sex consume goods and services produced, only a section of the total population produces them: the working population often referred to as the “employed’. The type of economic activity pursued is influenced by the nature of the economy and level of socio-economic development (Hull, 2009). In the Chereponi District, over the years, agriculture has been the main occupation and economic activity. This chapter discusses the economic characteristics of Chereponi District with regard to the economic activity status, occupation, industry, and employment status and employment sector.

4.2 Economic Activity Status Economic activity population in this context refers to people 15 years and older who are working currently or have jobs to go back to (employed) and those who do not have jobs, but actively searching for jobs to engage in (unemployed). On the other hand, economically not active population refers to people 15 years and older who are not engaged in any form of economic activity and they are not making any effort to find one. The situation is normally caused by one or more of the following: full time education, pensioner/retired, disabled/sick, too old/young, etc. Figure 4.1 shows a graphical representation of economic activity status of population 15 years and older who are employed, unemployed and economically not active in the Chereponi District. Over seventy percent (76.3%) of the population are economically active, with 77.3 percent representing males and 75.4 percent representing females. Economically active population is 95.6 percent of the employed with male (95.7%) and female (95.5%). With the economically active, 4.4 percent of the unemployed of male representing 4.3 percent and female, 4.5 percent. Figure 4.1: Economic activity status

120 95.7 100 77.3 80

60 Total 95.6 95.5 Male 40 76.3 75.4 22.7 Female 20 23.7 24.6 4.44.34.5 0 Economically Economically Employed Unemployed active not active

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 4.2.1 Population 15 years and older by activity status Table 4.1 shows the population 15 years and older by activity status and sex in Chereponi District. The District has a total economically active population of 20,249 (76.3%). With 95.6 percent employed. Of those who are unemployed majority of them, 70.6 percent had worked before, seeking work and available for job with 46.6 percent in full time education. Within the male population, 77.3 percent of them are economically active with 95.7 percent of them employed. Of the proportion who are unemployed, 66.5 percent worked before, are seeking job and available le to work. About 63 percent are in full time education. Also, considering the female population, about75.4 percent are economically active with 95.5 percent employed. Again, of the population who are unemployed, 74.1 percent who had worked before, seeking job and are available for job. The Table further shows that, only 33.5 percent of them female population are in full time education.

Table 4.1: Population 15 years and older by activity status and sex Total Male Female Activity status Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 26,542 100.0 12,401 100.0 14,141 100.0 Economically active 20,249 76.3 9,588 77.3 10,661 75.4 Employed 19,365 95.6 9,179 95.7 10,186 95.5 Worked 19,045 98.3 9,029 98.4 10,016 98.3 Did not work but had job to go back to 245 1.3 115 1.3 130 1.3 Did voluntary work without pay 75 0.4 35 0.4 40 0.4 Unemployed 884 4.4 409 4.3 475 4.5 Worked before, seeking work and 624 70.6 272 66.5 352 74.1 available Seeking work for the first time and 260 29.4 137 33.5 123 25.9 available Economically not active 6,293 23.7 2,813 22.7 3,480 24.6 Did home duties (household chore) 1,530 24.3 405 14.4 1,125 32.3 Full time education 2,931 46.6 1,765 62.7 1,166 33.5 Pensioner/Retired 44 0.7 24 0.9 20 0.6 Disabled/sick 258 4.1 115 4.1 143 4.1 Too old/young 1,279 20.3 372 13.2 907 26.1 Other 251 4.0 132 4.7 119 3.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 4.2.2 Economic activity status by age According to Table 4.2 information on population 15 years and older by sex, age group and economic activity status, reveals that, majority of the economically active population who are employed fall under the age group 45-49 with a proportion of 91.1 percent. The age cohort (15-19) years recorded 49.2 percent of economically active population with 46.6 percent employed. 87.1 percent of the age group 45-49 is employed while the youthful age group 15-19 represents 46.6 percent as the least employed. Population who are economically not active 15 years and older recorded an overall percent of 30.8 with age group 15-19 recording the highest of 50.8 percent, this situation is attributed to the fact that most of them will be in school. The lowest proportion (5.3%) of economically inactive is recorded by aged group 40-44. Persons 65 years and older recorded 48.8 percent as economically not active simply because population within this age group will be on retirement and incapacitated to engage in any economic activity.

With respect to the male population, the majority that is economically active fall in the age groups 45-49 (94.7%). This is followed by 40-44 age groups of 93.8 percent. Again the economically not active population is highest in the 65 years and above age group with 33.4 percent.

Table 4.2: Persons 15 years and older by age economic activity status and sex Economically not Sex/age All status Employed Unemployed active group Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Both Sexes Total 26,542 100.0 19,365 73.0 884 3.3 6,293 23.7 15-19 5,192 100.0 2,421 46.6 133 2.6 2,638 50.8 20-24 3,818 100.0 2,543 66.6 147 3.9 1,128 29.5 25-29 3,475 100.0 2,855 82.2 139 4.0 481 13.8 30-34 3,008 100.0 2,651 88.1 116 3.9 241 8.0 35-39 2,577 100.0 2,337 90.7 101 3.9 139 5.4 40-44 2,062 100.0 1,879 91.1 74 3.6 109 5.3 45-49 1,500 100.0 1,367 91.1 45 3.0 88 5.9 50-54 1,251 100.0 1,082 86.5 37 3.0 132 10.6 55-59 692 100.0 574 82.9 25 3.6 93 13.4 60-64 838 100.0 580 69.2 53 6.3 205 24.5 65+ 2,129 100.0 1,076 50.5 14 0.7 1,039 48.8 Male Total 12,401 100.0 9,179 74.0 409 3.3 2,813 22.7 15-19 2,765 100.0 1,288 46.6 62 2.2 1,415 51.2 20-24 1,683 100.0 994 59.1 72 4.3 617 36.7 25-29 1,375 100.0 1,119 81.4 58 4.2 198 14.4 30-34 1,229 100.0 1,115 90.7 47 3.8 67 5.5 35-39 1,167 100.0 1,081 92.6 50 4.3 36 3.1 40-44 975 100.0 915 93.8 36 3.7 24 2.5 45-49 786 100.0 744 94.7 22 2.8 20 2.5 50-54 648 100.0 597 92.1 15 2.3 36 5.6 55-59 385 100.0 353 91.7 14 3.6 18 4.7 60-64 370 100.0 302 81.6 26 7.0 42 11.4 65+ 1,018 100.0 671 65.9 7 0.7 340 33.4 Female Total 14,141 100.0 10,186 72.0 475 3.4 3,480 24.6 15-19 2,427 100.0 1,133 46.7 71 2.9 1,223 50.4 20-24 2,135 100.0 1,549 72.6 75 3.5 511 23.9 25-29 2,100 100.0 1,736 82.7 81 3.9 283 13.5 30-34 1,779 100.0 1,536 86.3 69 3.9 174 9.8 35-39 1,410 100.0 1,256 89.1 51 3.6 103 7.3 40-44 1,087 100.0 964 88.7 38 3.5 85 7.8 45-49 714 100.0 623 87.3 23 3.2 68 9.5 50-54 603 100.0 485 80.4 22 3.6 96 15.9 55-59 307 100.0 221 72.0 11 3.6 75 24.4 60-64 468 100.0 278 59.4 27 5.8 163 34.8 65+ 1,111 100.0 405 36.5 7 0.6 699 62.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Again, the Table shows that with the distribution in the female population, 3 out of 4 females (75.4%) are economically active with 72 percent employed. The age group with the highest proportion in employment is 35-39 (89.1%). This is followed by Age group 40-44 with 88.7 percent. As is expected the 65 years and above recorded the least of 36.5 percent.

4.3 Occupation Occupation refers to the type of work the person is engaged in at the establishment where the person works. In the census, this is asked only of persons who worked for at least one hour during the seven days before census night and those who did not work but had a job to return to as well as those who are unemployed but had worked before. Also, for persons who worked, Table 4.3 presents information on employed persons 15 years and older by occupation and sex. The Table shows that, as high as about 87 percent of persons 15 years and older in the District are employed as skilled agricultural forestry and fishery workers, 5 percent are service and sales workers and about 4 percent are craft and related trades workers. Considering occupation by sex distribution, the Table shows that, there is a total of 89 percent of males aged 15 years and older who are engage as skilled agricultural, forestry and fishing workers. The District recorded the lowest percentage of about less than one percent in two occupations - managers and clerical support workers. With respect to the females 15 years and older in the District, 86 percent is recorded for women skilled agricultural, forestry and fishing workers. There is also a lower proportion of about less than one percent in four occupations; technicians and associate professionals, clerical support workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers and managers for the female workers. Table 4.3: Employed population 15 years and older by occupation and sex Both sexes Male Female Occupation Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 19,365 100.0 9,179 100.0 10,186 100.0 Managers 73 0.4 36 0.4 37 0.4 Professionals 354 1.8 248 2.7 106 1.0 Technicians and associate professionals 56 0.3 45 0.5 11 0.1 Clerical support workers 32 0.2 24 0.3 8 0.1 Service and sales workers 920 4.8 211 2.3 709 7.0 Skilled agricultural forestry and fishery workers 16,922 87.4 8,173 89.0 8,749 85.9 Craft and related trades workers 728 3.8 241 2.6 487 4.8 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 96 0.5 94 1.0 2 0.0 Elementary occupations 184 1.0 107 1.2 77 0.8 Other occupations 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.4 Industry Industry refers to the type of product produced or services rendered at the respondent’s workplace. Information is collected only on the main product produced or service rendered in the establishment during the reference period. Table 4.4 presents the employed population 15 years and older by industry and sex. Data in the Total shows that, a total number of 19,365 people are employed comprising 9,179 males and 10,186 females. The information shows that, the sector with the highest population of workers is the agricultural or forestry and fishing industry with 86.7 percent. This is followed by wholesale and retail, and repair of motor vehicles.

Within the male distribution, the industry that has engage more males is the agricultural or forestry and fishing sector with 88.5 percent, followed by the wholesale and retail; repair of motor vehicles of 3.5 percent and 2.4 percent in education. Considering the female population, the agricultural, forestry and fishing industry have engaged the majority with 85.1 percent of them and the manufacturing industry has 3.9 percent of them with less than one percent in the educational field. Table 4.4: Employed population 15 years and older by industry and sex Both sexes Male Female Industry Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 19,365 100.0 9,179 100.0 10,186 100.0 Agriculture forestry and fishing 16,790 86.7 8,125 88.5 8,665 85.1 Mining and quarrying 7 0.0 4 0.0 3 0.0 Manufacturing 571 2.9 172 1.9 399 3.9 Electricity gas stream and air 1 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 conditioning supply Water supply; sewerage waste management and remediation 7 0.0 5 0.1 2 0.0 activities Construction 45 0.2 45 0.5 0 0.0 Wholesale and retail; repair of motor 936 4.8 325 3.5 611 6.0 vehicles and motorcycles Transportation and storage 71 0.4 70 0.8 1 0.0 Accommodation and food service 303 1.6 21 0.2 282 2.8 activities Information and communication 15 0.1 10 0.1 5 0.0 Financial and insurance activities 3 0.0 3 0.0 0 0.0 Real estate activities 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Professional scientific and technical 21 0.1 15 0.2 6 0.1 activities Administrative and support service 24 0.1 14 0.2 10 0.1 activities Public administration and defence; 70 0.4 63 0.7 7 0.1 compulsory social security Education 306 1.6 219 2.4 87 0.9 Human health and social work 54 0.3 30 0.3 24 0.2 activities Arts entertainment and recreation 2 0.0 2 0.0 0 0.0 Other service activities 113 0.6 45 0.5 68 0.7 Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods - 24 0.1 8 0.1 16 0.2 and services - producing activities of households for own use Activities of extraterritorial 2 0.0 2 0.0 0 0.0 organizations and bodies Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.5 Employment Status Table 4.5 presents Chereponi District’s employed population 15 years and older by employment status and sex. The total employment status stands at 19,365 for employees, self- employed without employees, self-employed with employee, casual workers, contribution family workers, apprentice, domestic employees (house-help) and others. In the District, the self-employed without employees constitute the highest of 11,771 persons and casual workers forming the least with 59 persons. With regards to the male employed population 15 years and older by employment status, self- employed without employee(s) has the greater percentage of about 72 percent and casual workers and apprentices all recorded less than one percent. Female employed population 15 years and older is dominated by self-employed without employees with the highest percentage of about 51 percent and casual workers recorded the least with less than one percentage.

4.6 Employment Sector Employment sector refers to the sector in which a person works. The following sectors are covered in the census: Public, Private formal, Private informal, Semi-public/parastatal, NGOs and International organizations. Table 4.5 presents information on the District’s employed population 15 years and older by employment sector and sex. The highest employment sector in the District is the private informal sector, which employs about 97 percent of the population of persons 15 years and older. The private informal sector employs about 95 percent of males and about 98 percent of females in the District. The least employment sector for the population 15 years and older in the District are the semi-public/parastatal and other international organization sectors, which employs less than one percent of the 15 years and older population of the District. Table 4.5: Employment sector of the economically active population 15 years and older

Total Male Female Employment status Total Percent Male Percent Female Percent Total 19,989 100.0 9,451 100.0 10,538 100.0 Public (Government) 448 2.2 340 3.6 108 1.0 Private/Formal 125 0.6 57 0.6 68 0.6 Private/Informal 19,314 96.6 9,011 95.3 10,303 97.8 Semi-Public/Parastatal 9 0.0 5 0.1 4 0.0 NGOs (Local and International) 92 0.5 38 0.4 54 0.5 Other International Organisations 1 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.7 Employment Status Table 4.6 presents information on the employed population 15 years and older by their employment status and sex. From the Table, mark differences exist in male and female distribution. With the male population, contributing family worker (19.8%) constitute the second largest category after own accounts worker (72.3%), whereas with the female population, contributing family worker (43.5%) are the second most populous group after own accounts workers (51.1%). In addition, the proportion of employees in the male population (4.9%) is higher than in females (1.8%). In contrast, the proportion of contributing 42 family workers in female population (51.1%) is much higher than that in male population (19.8%). Again, female dominate in the self-employed with employees and apprentice workers categories with 1.3 percent and 0.8 percent respectively. On the other hand, the males also dominate in the casual workers category (0.4%). Table 4.6: Employment status of the economically active population 15 years and older by sex

Total Male Female Employment status Total Percent Male Percent Female Percent Total 19,989 100.0 9,451 100.0 10,538 100.0 Employee 660 3.3 467 4.9 193 1.8 Self-employed without employee(s) 12,225 61.2 6,835 72.3 5,390 51.1 Self-employed with employee(s) 248 1.2 115 1.2 133 1.3 Casual worker 72 0.4 39 0.4 33 0.3 Contributing family worker 6,462 32.3 1,876 19.8 4,586 43.5 Apprentice 122 0.6 33 0.3 89 0.8 Domestic employee (house help) 135 0.7 58 0.6 77 0.7 Other 65 0.3 28 0.3 37 0.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER FIVE INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

5.1 Introduction Information Communication Technologies (ICT) have become important tools in today’s knowledge-based information society and economy. The role of ICT has been widely recognized at various levels. The recognition is reflected in actions such as the development and deployment of a national ICT infrastructure, institutional and regulatory framework for managing the sector, promoting the use of ICT in all sectors of the economy, implementing e- governance in all government institutions, the construction of a National Data Centre as well as Regional Innovation Centres and government interventions such as the provision of laptops to schools and students to promote ICT learning in schools. This chapter analyzes the state of information communication technology in the Chereponi District with questions that are asked during the census with regard to the ownership of mobile phones, use of internet, household ownership of fixed telephone lines and household ownership of desktop or laptop computers.

5.2 Ownership and Usage of Mobile Phones Data from the 2010 PHC shows that, the Chereponi District has a total population of 30,061 aged 12 years and above with 14,227 (47.3%) males and 15,834 (52.7%) females. Out of the total population of the 12 years and older, 11 percent have mobile phones and 0.6 percent use the internet facility Within the male population, 17 percent have phones and only 1 percent use the internet facility. The same pattern is observed in the female population of the 12 years old and above. Out of the female population, only 6 percent have mobile phone and 0.3 percent use the internet facility. Table 5.1: Population 12 years and older by mobile phone ownership, internet facility usage and sex

Population 12 Population having Population using years and older mobile phone internet facility

Sex Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total 30,061 100.0 3,301 11.0 191 0.60

Male 14,227 100.0 2,362 16.6 145 1.00

Female 15,834 100.0 939 5.9 46 0.30 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

5.3 Household Ownership of Desktop or Laptop Computer The distribution of households with Desktop or Laptop in the District is shown in Table 5.2. According to the Table, a total of 63 households own laptop or desktop computers, comprising of 56 male headed household and 7 female headed household. The overall percentage of households having desktop or laptop computers is about one percent of the total population. Table 5.2: Households having desktop/laptop computers and sex of head

Households having Number of households desktop/laptop computers

Sex Number Percent Number Percent

Total 7,116 100.0 63 0.9

Male 6,543 100.0 56 0.9

Female 573 100.0 7 1.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER SIX DISABILITY

6.1 Introduction Persons with disabilities (PWD) have been defined as those who are unable to or are restricted in the performance of specific tasks/activities due to loss of function of some part of the body as a result of impairment or malformation (Ghana Statistical Service, 2012). As a result, PWDs face a wide range of life challenges because disability, in whatever form or type, can reduce an individual’s ability to function to his/her full potential. Disability can limit an individual’s full participation in a number of activities in life. Estimates from the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that there are more than 600 million PWDs in the world, of which approximately 80 percent live in low-income countries (Ayiku, 2012).

Disability is now considered a societal development issue because of its direct relationship to poverty. The development of a nation depends on the important contributions of not only a segment of the population but on the collective contributions of every individual, including PWDs. To this extent, government and civil society organizations in recent years have made progress in addressing disability issues, resulting in some positive gains in improving the lives of PWDs in Ghana. Notable among these is the Persons with Disability Act, 2006, (Act 715). The Act deals with issues such as rights, employment, education, transportation, housing facilities, effective health care, adequate medical rehabilitation services, generation and dissemination of relevant information and participation of PWDs in cultural activities. The chapter analyzes data on disability for the Chereponi District. The analysis captures the population with disability, type of disability, distribution by type of locality, disability and activity and disability, education and literacy.

6.2 Type of Disability In the District, persons with emotion disability constituted the highest with a percentage of about 29 and persons with speech disability recording the lowest percentage of about eight persons. The males in the District recorded the highest persons with disability (915) and females recorded the lowest persons (869). Females recorded the highest number of persons with emotional disability (259) and males recorded (250). The disability type with the lowest number of persons is speech of 64 females and 78 males. Figure 6.1: Type of disability

33.7 16.7

12.4 Sight Hearing 8 Speech Physical Intellect 16 28.5 Emotion 14.5 Other Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

6.3 Population with Disability Speech disability and Intellectual disability are highly related and are often grouped under the Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Autism is a developmental disorder that appears in the first three years of life and affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. Children or persons with autism need special care giving or attention to unearth their full potential in educational participation. Autism is a physical condition linked to abnormal biology and chemistry in the brain. The exact causes of these abnormalities remain unknown, but this is a very active area of research. There are probably several combinations of factors that lead to autism. Genetic factors seem to be important. For example, identical twins are much more likely than fraternal twins or siblings to both have autism. Similarly, language abnormalities are more common in relatives of autistic children. Chromosomal abnormalities and other nervous system (neurological) problems are also more common in families with autism. Autism now occurs in one in 100 child births and affects four males for every one female (August, Raz, & Baird, 1985). Table 6.1: Disability status of population by locality and sex Both sexes Male Female Disability type Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent All localities Total 53,394 100.0 26,206 100.0 27,188 100.0 Without disability 51,610 96.7 25,291 96.5 26,319 96.8 With disability 1,784 3.3 915 3.5 869 3.2 Sight 298 16.7 158 17.3 140 16.1 Hearing 222 12.4 124 13.6 98 11.3 Speech 142 8.0 78 8.5 64 7.4 Physical 286 16.0 163 17.8 123 14.2 Intellect 259 14.5 116 12.7 143 16.5 Emotion 509 28.5 250 27.3 259 29.8 Other 602 33.7 299 32.7 303 34.9 Urban Total 7,968 100.0 3,850 100.0 4,118 100.0 Without disability 7,841 98.4 3,782 98.2 4,059 98.6 With disability 127 1.6 68 1.8 59 1.4 Sight 40 31.5 22 32.4 18 30.5 Hearing 24 18.9 11 16.2 13 22.0 Speech 22 17.3 16 23.5 6 10.2 Physical 38 29.9 19 27.9 19 32.2 Intellect 11 8.7 3 4.4 8 13.6 Emotion 13 10.2 9 13.2 4 6.8 Other 13 10.2 6 8.8 7 11.9 Rural Total 45,426 100.0 22,356 100.0 23,070 100.0 Without disability 43,769 96.4 21,509 96.2 22,260 96.5 With disability 1,657 3.6 847 3.8 810 3.5 Sight 258 15.6 136 16.1 122 15.1 Hearing 198 11.9 113 13.3 85 10.5 Speech 120 7.2 62 7.3 58 7.2 Physical 248 15.0 144 17.0 104 12.8 Intellect 248 15.0 113 13.3 135 16.7 Emotion 496 29.9 241 28.5 255 31.5 Other 589 35.5 293 34.6 296 36.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table 6.1 presents the information on PWDs by locality and sex. The Table indicates that majority of the people in the District have disability in emotional but those who reported to suffer from other types of disability other than the ones outlined are the highest with 33.7 percent. The same pattern is seen within the male population with those who responded to having other form of disability the highest (32.7%) and also highest within the female population (34.9%). Considering the situation at locality level, persons with disability in the urban areas recorded disability in sight as the highest form (32.4%) of disability and mostly affects males. This is followed by the physically disable people (27.9%) and speech disability (23.55). Still considering the urban areas, the common form of disability affecting females is physical disability. Again, the data shows that, the situation in the rural areas is not different with 35.5 percent of the proportion with disability in other forms of disability, followed by emotional disability. Both males and females in the rural areas mostly suffer from emotional form of disability with 28.5 percent and 31.5 percent respectively.

6.4 Disability and Activity Table 6.2 shows that, persons 15 years and above with various forms of disability in the Chereponi District is 1,050. Out of this number, 717 (68.2%) are economically active with 67.2 percent PWDs employed. Table 6.2: Persons 15 years and older with disability by sex and economic status Economically not Sex/disability All status Employed Unemployed active type Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 26,542 100.0 19,365 73.0 884 3.3 6,293 23.7 No disability 25,492 100.0 18,659 73.2 873 3.4 5,960 23.4 With a disability 1,050 100.0 706 67.2 11 1.0 333 31.7 Sight 238 100.0 123 51.7 3 1.3 112 47.1 Hearing 129 100.0 86 66.7 4 3.1 39 30.2 Speech 62 100.0 37 59.7 0 0.0 25 40.3 Physical 204 100.0 115 56.4 3 1.5 86 42.2 Intellectual 146 100.0 89 61.0 1 0.7 56 38.4 Emotional 263 100.0 190 72.2 1 0.4 72 27.4 Other 310 100.0 251 81.0 0 0.0 59 19.0 Male Total 12,401 100.0 9,179 74.0 409 3.3 2,813 22.7 No disability 11,871 100.0 8,793 74.1 403 3.4 2,675 22.5 With a disability 530 100.0 386 72.8 6 1.1 138 26.0 Sight 131 100.0 84 64.1 2 1.5 45 34.4 Hearing 74 100.0 56 75.7 2 2.7 16 21.6 Speech 35 100.0 21 60.0 0 0.0 14 40.0 Physical 112 100.0 69 61.6 2 1.8 41 36.6 Intellectual 63 100.0 41 65.1 0 0.0 22 34.9 Emotional 128 100.0 97 75.8 0 0.0 31 24.2 Other 144 100.0 119 82.6 0 0.0 25 17.4

Table 6.2: Persons 15 years and older with disability by sex and economic status (cont’d) Economically not All status Employed Unemployed active Sex/disability type Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Female Total 14,141 100.0 10,186 72.0 475 3.4 3,480 24.6 No disability 13,621 100.0 9,866 72.4 470 3.5 3,285 24.1 With a disability 520 100.0 320 61.5 5 1.0 195 37.5 Sight 107 100.0 39 36.4 1 0.9 67 62.6 Hearing 55 100.0 30 54.5 2 3.6 23 41.8 Speech 27 100.0 16 59.3 0 0.0 11 40.7 Physical 92 100.0 46 50.0 1 1.1 45 48.9 Intellectual 83 100.0 48 57.8 1 1.2 34 41.0 Emotional 135 100.0 93 68.9 1 0.7 41 30.4 Other 166 100.0 132 79.5 0 0.0 34 20.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census With respect to the economic status of the PWDs, those with other forms of disability recorded the highest (81.0%) and emotional disability (72.2%) as being employed. Unemployed disabled in the District range between 0.4 to 3.0 percent, which is very low compared to those employed. The total population of males with disability and economically active is about 74 percent with 72.8 percent employed. Worth noting is the fact that, majority of the male PWDs are employed, ranging from 60-80 percent. The same pattern is observed with the female PWDs having between 50 and 80 percent. However employment for sight form of disability recorded the lowest of 36.4 percent

6.5 Disability, Education and Literacy As indicated in Table 6.3, Chereponi District has a total of 1,649 persons with disability of which 1,151 (60.3%) have never attained any level of education, 7out of those who attended school, the majority of them (27.7%) completed only basic school.

Table 6.3: Population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education Number Percent Sec/SHS Sec/SHS Sex/disability and Pre- and type Total Never Pre-Prim Basic higher Total Never Prim Basic higher Both Sexes Total 47,652 28,873 3,565 13,117 2,097 100.0 60.6 7.5 27.5 4.4 No disability 46,003 27,722 3,493 12,743 2,045 100.0 60.3 7.6 27.7 4.4 With a disability 1,649 1,151 72 374 52 100.0 69.8 4.4 22.7 3.2 Sight 283 238 2 35 8 100.0 84.1 0.7 12.4 2.8 Hearing 208 160 10 33 5 100.0 76.9 4.8 15.9 2.4 Speech 129 83 7 35 4 100.0 64.3 5.4 27.1 3.1 Physical 266 203 8 41 14 100.0 76.3 3.0 15.4 5.3 Intellectual 238 164 15 50 9 100.0 68.9 6.3 21.0 3.8 Emotional 468 301 25 130 12 100.0 64.3 5.3 27.8 2.6 Other 542 339 28 161 14 100.0 62.5 5.2 29.7 2.6 Male Total 23,292 12,944 1,794 7,133 1,421 100.0 55.6 7.7 30.6 6.1 No disability 22,451 12,391 1,759 6,921 1,380 100.0 55.2 7.8 30.8 6.1 With a disability 841 553 35 212 41 100.0 65.8 4.2 25.2 4.9 Sight 151 120 2 22 7 100.0 79.5 1.3 14.6 4.6 Hearing 116 90 3 18 5 100.0 77.6 2.6 15.5 4.3 Speech 72 43 5 20 4 100.0 59.7 6.9 27.8 5.6 Physical 151 112 6 22 11 100.0 74.2 4.0 14.6 7.3 Intellectual 108 72 6 24 6 100.0 66.7 5.6 22.2 5.6 Emotional 228 143 10 68 7 100.0 62.7 4.4 29.8 3.1 Other 263 144 16 91 12 100.0 54.8 6.1 34.6 4.6 Female Total 24,360 15,929 1,771 5,984 676 100.0 65.4 7.3 24.6 2.8 No disability 23,552 15,331 1,734 5,822 665 100.0 65.1 7.4 24.7 2.8 With a disability 808 598 37 162 11 100.0 74.0 4.6 20.0 1.4 Sight 132 118 0 13 1 100.0 89.4 0.0 9.8 0.8 Hearing 92 70 7 15 0 100.0 76.1 7.6 16.3 0.0 Speech 57 40 2 15 0 100.0 70.2 3.5 26.3 0.0 Physical 115 91 2 19 3 100.0 79.1 1.7 16.5 2.6 Intellectual 130 92 9 26 3 100.0 70.8 6.9 20.0 2.3 Emotional 240 158 15 62 5 100.0 65.8 6.3 25.8 2.1 Other 279 195 12 70 2 100.0 69.9 4.3 25.1 0.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

The PWDs with sight disability recorded the highest of 84 percent who have never been to school. Surprisingly, the PWDs with physical form of disability recorded the highest (5.35) as having secondary school or higher education. Considering the male distribution of PWDs, most of them with other forms of disability (34.6%) have basic education, followed by those with emotional (29.8%) and then speech form of disability (27.8%) all attaining basic education. Worth noting is the fact that majority (7.3%) of the males with physical form of disability have attained secondary or higher education.

CHAPTER SEVEN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

7.1 Introduction Ghana’s economy is regarded as agrarian, largely due to the sector’s contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and foreign exchange earnings. The contribution of agriculture to foreign exchange earnings averaged 45 percent in the 1990s but dropped to 40 percent in the 2000s. The sector’s contribution to GDP also declined from over 40 percent in the 1990s to 30 percent in the 2000s. The objective of this chapter is to analyse the number of households that are engaged in agricultural activities and type of farming activities by type of locality in the Chereponi District The District can be regarded as agrarian, due to the fact that the District’s population is predominately engaged in agriculture activities. Between 40-50 percent of land area is used for agriculture purposes. Farming is however mainly on subsistence basis with small holdings. Few farmers cultivate large areas of maize, yam and rice for commercial purposes. Acquisition of land for farming purposes is not a problem in the District. The District is known for the production of soya beans.

7.2 Households in Agriculture Table 7.1 shows that the District has a total of 7,116 households. About 91 percent of these households are engaged in agriculture. The dominant agriculture activities are crop farming (98%) and livestock rearing (81%) and the least agriculture activities being fish farming (0.8%) and tree planting (0.9%). Table 7.1: Households by agricultural activities and locality

Total Urban Rural Agriculture activities Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total Households 7,116 100.0 1,346 100.0 5,770 100.0 Households engages in agriculture 6,474 91.0 803 59.7 5,671 98.3 Crop farming 6,323 97.7 721 89.8 5,602 98.8 Tree planting 59 0.9 5 0.6 54 1.0 Livestock rearing 5,215 80.6 381 47.4 4,834 85.2 Fish farming 53 0.8 1 0.1 52 0.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

7.2.1 Distribution of livestock and keepers From Table 7.2, the total number of livestock in the District is 216,123 and the total numbers of livestock keepers are 14,072, with an average of 15 animals per keeper. Most livestock keepers (2,851) are into chicken rearing (65,076). There are significant number of keepers in sheep rearing of 3,583, goat rearing, 3,626 and guinea fowl 1493.

Table 7.2: Distribution of livestock, other animals and keepers

Average Number of Number of Animal per Type of livestock Animals keepers Keeper All livestock 216,123 14,072 15 Beehives 793 67 12 Cattle 27,371 1,732 16 Chicken 65,076 2,851 23 Dove 998 19 53 Duck 1,570 119 13 Goat 36,148 3,626 10 Grass-cutter 345 24 14 Guinea fowl 32,176 1,493 22 Ostrich 656 32 21 Pig 4,675 459 10 Rabbit 338 28 12 Sheep 44,256 3,583 12 Silk worm 32 3 11 Snail 0 0 0 Turkey 6 2 3 Other 123 23 5 Fish farming 143 3 48 Inland fishing 785 5 157 Marine fishing 632 3 211 Other 123 23 5 Marine fishing 632 3 211 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER EIGHT HOUSING CONDITIONS

8.1 Introduction In 2010, the policy framework of the Government of Ghana, the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda, emphasized the need for increased access of the population to safe, adequate and affordable housing and shelter (National Development Planning Commission, 2010). Earlier frameworks also underscored the important role of housing in social development. For example, in the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (2003 - 2005) policy framework, housing interventions were prescribed implicitly within the context of social development objectives (National Development Planning Commission, 2002). The achievement of health objectives is linked, among others, to the provision of safe water supply and sewerage, improved housing, and well planned settlements. The provision of periodic information on housing and housing conditions is therefore important both to assess what has been achieved and to plan ahead. This chapter thereby presents a description of housing conditions in the Chereponi District. More specifically, the chapter discusses housing stock, type of dwelling, holding and tenancy arrangement, construction materials, room occupancy, access to utilities and household facilities

8.2 Housing Stock The Chereponi District according to Table 8.1 had a total population of 53,394 of which 7,968 are in the urban areas and 45,426 rural areas. The District also have a total household population of 53,170 of which the urban households are 7,941 and rural are 45,229 households population. The Table further shows that, there are a total of 4,558 houses in the District with 960 in the urban areas and 3,598 rural areas. The total number of households in the District is 7,116 of which 1,346 are urban and 5,770 rural households. The average number of households per house in the District is 1.6. This is not significantly different from the regional figure of 1.2 and national figure of 1.6. In terms of locality, the average household per house is 1.4 for urban localities and 1.6 for rural localities. Also, the population per house in the District is about 12 compared to the regional figure of about 10 and national figure of about 7.The population per house in terms of locality is about 8 for the urban locality and about 13 for the rural localities. Again, Table 8.1 shows the average household size for the District is about eight as compared to the regional and national figures of about eight and four respectively. The urban localities have an average household size of about six whereas that of the rural locality is about eight.

Table 8.1: Stock of houses and household by type of locality

Categories Country Region District Urban Rural Total population 24,658,823 2,479,461 53,394 7,968 45,426 Total household population 24,076,327 2,445,061 53,170 7,941 45,229 Number of houses 3,392,745 257,311 4,558 960 3,598 Number of households 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 1,346 5,770 Average households per house 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 Population per house* 7.1 9.5 11.2 8.3 12.6 Average household size 4.4 7.7 7.5 5.9 7.8 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.3 Type of Dwelling, Holding and Tenancy Arrangement Table 8.2 shows there are 7116 dwelling units of various ownership statuses in the District. About 87 percent of the dwelling units are owned by a member of the household. Nearly seven percent of the dwelling units are owned by a relative not a household member and about four percent of the dwellings are owned by other private individuals. The ownership status of the remaining two percent of dwellings is made of dwellings being purchased, owned by private employer and public/government. In the rural localities, most dwelling (91.2%) are owned by household members and the same pertains in the urban localities (70.7%). 8.3.1 Ownership status Table 8.2 presents information on ownership of dwelling unit by sex of household head and type of locality. The Table indicates that the majority of the households (75%) in Chereponi District is owned by household members.. This is followed by the other private individual (12.6%) and relative not a household member (9.2%). The Table further shows that 88.4 percent of male headed households own their dwelling units whilst 75 percent of female headed households also own their dwelling units. With respect to the locality distribution, there are more households in the rural areas (91.2%) that own their own houses than there are in the urban areas with 70.7 percent. However, there higher proportion of houses own by other private individuals (17.8%) than in the rural areas with only 0.1 percent. This means that most of the people living in the urban areas of the District have migrated from their places of descent and therefore live in rented places.

8.4 Type of Dwelling Table 8.3 presents information on type of dwelling unit by sex of household head and type of locality. The Table shows that majority of the households in the Chereponi District live in compound houses (69.4%) followed by separate houses (15.9%). The dwelling unit that accommodates the least households in the District is improvised type of dwelling, that is those in kiosk or containers which is almost with insignificant number. Again, Table 8.3 indicates that, compound houses have the high percentages for both female headed households (63.0%) and male headed households (70.0%). The same pattern is observed in the locality distribution with rural. This is the same for Northern Region. However in the urban areas, separate houses (19.5%) also have a lot of the household dwelling type after compound houses. In the rural area, only 15 percent of households live in separate houses.

Table 8.2: Ownership status of dwelling by sex of household head and type

District

Total Male Female Ownership status Country Region Number Percent headed headed Urban Rural

Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Owned by household member 2,883,236 267,538 6,213 87.3 88.4 75.0 70.7 91.2

Being purchased (e.g. mortgage) 45,630 1,352 69 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0

Relative not a household member 851,630 16,460 489 6.9 6.7 9.2 7.0 6.8

Other private individual 1,439,021 24,310 247 3.5 2.7 12.6 17.8 0.1

Private employer 83,610 1,248 9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.0

Other private agency 21,123 431 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Public/Government ownership 118,804 5,863 77 1.1 1.0 1.7 2.9 0.7

Other 24,000 917 9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table 8.3: Type of occupied dwelling unit by sex of household head and type of locality District Total Male Female Type of dwelling Country Region Number Percent headed headed Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Separate house 1,471,391 51,622 1,130 15.9 15.3 23.0 19.5 15.0 Semi-detached house 391,548 12,761 108 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.6 Flat/apartment 256,355 3,360 27 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.2 0.2 Compound house (rooms) 2,942,147 208,934 4,941 69.4 70.0 63.0 75.3 68.1 Huts/buildings (same compound) 170,957 34,405 684 9.6 9.6 10.3 1.3 11.5 Huts/buildings (different compound) 36,410 3,374 179 2.5 2.6 1.2 0.2 3.1 Tent 10,343 818 17 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 Improvised home (kiosk/container etc.) 90,934 404 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Living quarters attached to office/shop 20,499 619 10 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 Uncompleted building 66,624 1,428 12 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.0 Other 9,846 394 6 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.5 Construction Materials This section looks at the main type of materials that used in constructing houses in the Chereponi District. The areas that are looked at are the outer wall, floor and roof. 8.5.1 Main construction material for outer wall Table 8.4 shows that the Chereponi District recorded a total of 7,255 dwelling units. For majority of the dwellings (87%), the outer walls are made up of mud bricks or earth, and about seven percent are made up of cement blocks or concrete. For the rural localities, a greater proportion of about 91 percent of outer walls of dwelling units are made of mud brick/earth compared to a proportion of about 70 percent in the urban localities. The use of cement blocks/concrete for the outer walls recorded a proportion of about 25 percent in the urban localities and about three percent in the rural localities. Table 8.4: Main construction materials for outer walls of dwelling units by type of locality

District Total Material for outer wall Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,817,607 339,874 7,255 100.0 100.0 100.0 Mud brick/earth 1,991,540 247,754 6,327 87.2 70.4 91.3 Wood 200,594 5,389 177 2.4 0.6 2.9 Metal sheet/slate/asbestos 43,708 1,984 14 0.2 0.1 0.2 Stone 11,330 1,077 11 0.2 0.0 0.2 Burnt bricks 38,237 647 2 0.0 0.1 0.0 Cement blocks/concrete 3,342,462 64,863 494 6.8 24.6 2.5 Landcrete 104,270 10,609 112 1.5 3.6 1.0 Bamboo 8,206 285 3 0.0 0.0 0.1 Palm leaf/thatch (grass)/raffia 38,054 5,894 88 1.2 0.3 1.4 Other 39,206 1,372 27 0.4 0.4 0.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.5.2 Main construction material for floor The type of materials used for the floor of a house affects the appearance, quality and health status of a house. Some floors are easily contaminated and therefore have health implications. Table 8.5, shows that the material used dominantly for the floors of dwellings in the District is cement or concrete (5,981), followed by earth or mud (1,043). The least material used for floors in the District is burnt brick. Table 8.5: Main construction material for the floor of dwelling unit by type of locality District Total Materials for the floor Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 Earth/mud 872,161 97,678 1,043 14.7 14.0 14.8 Cement/concrete 4,255,611 214,535 5,981 84.1 84.0 84.1 Stone 32,817 1,358 13 0.2 0.3 0.2 Burnt brick 6,537 277 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 Wood 52,856 195 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vinyl tiles 57,032 510 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ceramic/porcelain/granite/marble tiles 88,500 2,091 57 0.8 1.6 0.6 Terrazzo/terrazzo tiles 85,973 365 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 15,567 1,110 17 0.2 0.0 0.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.5.3 Main material for roofing Table 8.6 presents the main materials for roofing of dwelling units by type of locality in the Chereponi District. Materials used for roofing of dwelling units are mud or mud, bricks or earth, wood, metal sheet, state or asbestos, cement or concrete, roofing title, bamboo, thatch or palm leaf and raffia. The most common roofing material used for the dwelling in the District is metal sheet (3,892). The second most used material for roofing is thatch, palm leaf or raffia with 3,082 dwelling units usage, with the least usage of roofing material for dwelling units in the District is of slate or asbestos (3 dwelling units). In the urban areas, a high proportion of the dwellings (88.7%) have metal sheets as their roofing compared to about 45 percent in the rural areas. A little over half of the dwellings units (51 percent) in the rural areas have thatch or palm leafs or raffia as roofing materials, followed by mud brick/earth of about two percent. Table 8.6: Main construction material for roofing of dwelling unit by type of locality District Total Main Roofing material Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,817,607 339,874 7,255 100.0 100.0 100.0 Mud/Mud bricks/earth 80,644 16,434 117 1.6 0.4 1.9 Wood 45,547 3,740 63 0.9 0.7 0.9 Metal sheet 4,152,259 192,412 3,892 53.6 88.7 45.1 Slate/Asbestos 759,039 2,091 3 0.0 0.0 0.1 Cement/concrete 141,072 1,429 15 0.2 0.0 0.3 Roofing tile 31,456 761 33 0.5 0.3 0.5 Bamboo 71,049 1,137 12 0.2 0.2 0.2 Thatch/palm leaf or raffia 500,606 118,517 3,082 42.5 9.4 50.5 Other 35,935 3,353 38 0.5 0.3 0.6 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.6 Room Occupancy The relationship between the number of rooms and the number of persons in a room, give the space available per person. Table 8.7 presents the household size and number of sleeping rooms occupied in dwelling units in Chereponi District. The total number of households in Chereponi District is 7,116. For a one member household, a higher proportion (79.6%) uses one sleeping room. An average proportion of about 46 percent of between 2-5 household size use two sleeping rooms. For households sizes of 6-8, an average proportion of about 35 percent occupy three sleeping rooms Table 8.7: Household size and number of sleeping rooms occupied in dwelling unit

Number of sleeping rooms Total Nine House- rooms hold One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight or size Number Percent room rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms more Total 7,116 100.0 9.3 24.3 24.7 18.0 9.6 6.1 3.0 1.8 3.2 1 235 100.0 79.6 9.4 3.4 1.3 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.0 2.6 2 285 100.0 39.3 41.8 4.6 4.9 0.4 3.2 1.8 1.4 2.8 3 496 100.0 24.6 49.6 14.7 3.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 3.2 4 609 100.0 14.8 48.3 19.5 7.7 3.8 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.8 5 725 100.0 7.7 42.6 28.6 12.0 3.0 1.2 1.5 1.1 2.2 6 795 100.0 6.0 33.2 33.0 16.2 4.2 4.0 0.9 0.9 1.6 7 752 100.0 2.4 27.1 36.8 20.5 6.6 2.9 1.2 1.1 1.3 8 709 100.0 2.4 15.9 35.0 24.5 9.4 5.9 2.3 1.4 3.1 9 555 100.0 1.1 11.9 29.5 29.5 15.1 5.9 3.1 0.5 3.2 10+ 1,955 100.0 0.5 4.8 19.9 25.2 20.1 13.5 6.6 3.8 5.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 8.7 Access to Utilities and Household Facilities Nature of the source of household facilities is one of the indicators of quality of life. As the society improves the source shifts from use of low quality sources such as fuel wood for lighting to more efficient ones such as electricity. 8.6.1 Main source of lighting of dwelling unit Table 8.8 presents information on the main source of lighting of dwelling units by type of locality in the Chereponi District as electricity (main), electricity (private generator), kerosene lamp gas lamp, solar energy, candle, flash light or torch, firewood, crop residue and others. A proportion of about 60 percent of dwelling units use kerosene in the District, about 20 percent of dwelling units use electricity and a proportion of about 16 percent use flashlight/torch.

Table 8.8: Main source of lighting of dwelling units by type of locality District Total Main source of light Number Percent Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity (mains) 3,511,065 114,889 1,447 20.3 88.4 4.5 Electricity (private generator) 36,142 2,219 42 0.6 0.1 0.7 Kerosene lamp 971,807 134,656 4,252 59.8 10.5 71.2 Gas lamp 9,378 860 11 0.2 0.0 0.2 Solar energy 9,194 1,048 22 0.3 0.0 0.4 Candle 41,214 488 3 0.0 0.0 0.1 Flashlight/Torch 858,651 60,518 1,139 16.0 1.0 19.5 Firewood 13,241 2,257 157 2.2 0.0 2.7 Crop residue 4,623 759 42 0.6 0.0 0.7 Other 11,739 425 1 0.0 0.1 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

The remaining dwelling units use generators (0.6%), gas lamps (0.2%), fuel wood (2.2%) and crop residue (0.6%). In the urban areas a high proportion of dwellings (88.4%) use electricity and about 71 percent in the rural dwellings use electricity.

8.8 Main Source of Water for Drinking The availability of and accessibility to improved drinking water is an important aspect of the health of household members. The UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Seven aimed to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015 based on 1990 levels. The source of water supply particularly for drinking has a tremendous effect on burden of diseases. For instance, one of the main health benefits of clean drinking water supply is a reduction in diarrhea. From Table 8.9, the occupied households are 7,116 in the Chereponi District. The main sources of water for drinking and other domestic purposes in the Chereponi District are pipe- borne inside dwelling, pipe-borne outside dwelling, public tap/stand pipe, borehole/pump/ tube well, protected spring bottled water, sachet water, tanker supply/vendor provided, unprotected well, unprotected spring; river/streams, dugout/pond/lake/dam/canal and others. Other sources of water for other domestic use are: pipe-borne inside dwelling, pipe-borne outside dwelling, public tap/stand pipe, borehole/pump/tube well, protected well rain water, protected spring, tanker supply/vendor provided, unprotected well, unprotected spring, river/stream, dugout/pond/lake/dam/canal and other. The sources of drinking water for households in the Chereponi District are many, but the main source used by majority of the people in the Districts is bore-hole/pump/tube well which recorded about 49 percent. The use of river/streams and dugout/pond/lake/dam/canal in the District recorded about 19 percent and 17 percent respectively. The main source of drinking water in rural localities of the District is bore-hole/pump/tube well which recorded about 54 percent and the main source of drinking water in the urban localities of the District is dugout/pond/lake/dam/canal which recorded about 60 percent.

Table 8.9: Main source of drinking water for household District Total Sources of water Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 Pipe-borne inside dwelling 790,493 27,811 10 0.1 0.3 0.1 Pipe-borne outside dwelling 1,039,667 38,852 82 1.2 2.8 0.8 Public tap/Standpipe 712,375 21,798 71 1.0 1.9 0.8 Bore-hole/pump/tube well 1,267,688 111,650 3,462 48.7 26.4 53.8 Protected well 321,091 17,933 440 6.2 2.1 7.1 Rain water 39,438 2,066 24 0.3 0.1 0.4 Protected spring 19,345 1,008 18 0.3 0.1 0.3 Bottled water 20,261 233 2 0.0 0.1 0.0 Sachet water 490,283 1,187 7 0.1 0.4 0.0 Tanker supply/vendor provided 58,400 942 4 0.1 0.2 0.0 Unprotected well 112,567 13,517 369 5.2 0.5 6.3 Unprotected spring 12,222 1,109 9 0.1 0.4 0.1 River/Stream 502,804 55,470 1,370 19.3 2.1 23.3 Dugout/pond/lake/dam/canal 76,448 24,308 1,210 17.0 59.9 7.0 Other 3,972 235 38 0.5 2.8 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Water sources are often classified as ‘improved’ or ‘unimproved’: Sources considered as improved are piped public water into homes, public standpipe, borehole, protected (lined) dug well, protected spring, and rainwater collection; unimproved are unprotected wells and springs, vendors, and tanker-trucks (WHO and UNICEF, 2000). Figure 8.2 indicates that the main source of drinking water for the Chereponi District is Pipe-borne outside dwelling (37.3%). 17.3% of households also use Pipe-borne inside dwelling. 16.1 percent of households use public tap/standpipe whilst 8.8 percent also use sachet water for drinking.

8.7.3 Source of water for other domestic use The main sources of water for domestic use in the Chereponi District are also presented in Table 8.10. Water for domestic use by households is considered from six main sources. The main source of water used for domestic sources is pipe-borne outside dwelling (38.3%), 18.7 percent of households use pipe-borne outside dwelling and a considerable proportion of households also use public tap/standpipe (15.7%) for domestic purposes. A significant proportion of households also use bore-hole/pump/Tube well (5.7%) and river/stream (5.6%) for domestic purposes. Again, Table 8.10 shows that majority of households in both urban and rural areas in the Chereponi District use pipe-borne water outside the dwelling and pipe-borne water inside the dwelling for their domestic activities. The least used by urban households for domestic purposes is unprotected spring whereas that of rural households is tanker supply/vendor provided.

Table 8.10: Main source of water for other domestic use of household District Total Sources of water Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 Pipe-borne inside dwelling 905,566 27,698 10 0.1 0.4 0.1 Pipe-borne outside dwelling 1,089,030 37,432 84 1.2 2.6 0.8 Public tap/standpipe 704,293 19,390 59 0.8 1.9 0.6 Bore-hole/pump/tube well 1,280,465 101,815 3,095 43.5 24.1 48.0 Protected well 465,775 19,715 424 6.0 2.2 6.8 Rain water 39,916 2,182 16 0.2 0.1 0.2 Protected spring 18,854 927 16 0.2 0.1 0.3 Tanker supply/vendor provided 100,048 1,214 3 0.0 0.1 0.0 Unprotected well 152,055 13,349 334 4.7 0.4 5.7 Unprotected spring 15,738 1,002 5 0.1 0.0 0.1 River/stream 588,590 63,445 1,588 22.3 2.5 26.9 Dugout/pond/lake/dam/canal 96,422 29,210 1,472 20.7 65.6 10.2 Other 10,302 740 10 0.1 0.1 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

From Table 8.11, the three main sources of energy for cooking in 2010 are main sources of cooking fuel used by households by type of locality in Chereponi District are wood, gas, electricity, kerosene, charcoal, crop residue, sawdust and animal waste. The main source of cooking fuel in the District is wood (88%), followed by charcoal (8.4%). The other sources recorded less than one percent. The main source of cooking fuel for the communities is 47 percent and 97 percent for wood in urban and rural areas respectively. About half of all households in the District have separated rooms for cooking. And about 30 percent cook in the open space and five percent cook in verandas. About 41 percent are those who cook in separated rooms at the urban locality and about 53 percent cook in open spaces in the rural locality. Cooking in the open space recorded about 28 percent in the urban locality and about 29 percent in the rural locality. Table 8.11: Main source of cooking fuel, and cooking space used by households District Total Source of cooking fuel/cooking space Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Main source of cooking fuel for household Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 None no cooking 306,118 6,713 97 1.4 5.6 0.4 Wood 2,197,083 243,314 6,252 87.9 46.8 97.4 Gas 996,518 10,584 48 0.7 2.2 0.3 Electricity 29,794 1,396 12 0.2 0.2 0.2 Kerosene 29,868 1,116 19 0.3 0.4 0.2 Charcoal 1,844,290 52,124 595 8.4 40.5 0.9 Crop residue 45,292 1,804 38 0.5 0.2 0.6 Saw dust 8,000 515 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Animal waste 2,332 84 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 7,759 469 54 0.8 4.0 0.0

Table 8.11: Main source of cooking fuel, and cooking space used by households (Cont’d)

District Total Source of cooking fuel/cooking space Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Cooking space used by household Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 No cooking space 386,883 10,910 280 3.9 6.5 3.3 Separate room for exclusive use of household 1,817,018 82,024 3,647 51.3 41.5 53.5 Separate room shared with other household(s) 410,765 10,877 259 3.6 3.6 3.6 Enclosure without roof 117,614 11,245 186 2.6 1.5 2.9 Structure with roof but without walls 349,832 11,055 198 2.8 1.0 3.2 Bedroom/Hall/Living room) 74,525 1,403 137 1.9 0.7 2.2 Verandah 1,173,946 34,131 351 4.9 16.9 2.1 Open space in compound 1,115,464 155,651 2,048 28.8 28.1 28.9 Other 21,007 823 10 0.1 0.1 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.9 Bathing and Toilet Facilities Bathing facilities available in dwelling units can be categorised primarily into four main types: bathroom for exclusive use, shared bathroom in the same house, shared open bathing cubicle and others. Table 8.13 shows the toilet and bathing facilities by type of locality of households in the Chereponi District. With regard to toilet facilities, majority of households use Public toilet (WC/KVIP/Pit/Pan) (30.0%). 21.1 percent use pit latrine, 8.9 percent use WC whilst a further 8.2 percent use KVIP. Households that do not have any toilet facility and therefore defecate in bushes form 31.2 percent of the households in the District. This has serious environmental and sanitation implications. Majority of households in the urban areas in the District use Public toilet (WC/KVIP/Pit/Pan) (53.9%) whilst 16.6 percent also use pit latrine. 12.4 percent of households however use W.C. 7.1 percent of urban households do not have toilet facilities and therefore resort to bushes. The bucket/pan is hardly used in the urban areas. It is sad to say that almost half (39.6%) of households in rural areas do not have a toilet facility. 22.7 percent however use pit latrine whilst a further 21.6 percent use Public toilet (WC/KVIP/Pit/Pan). 7.6 percent of rural households also use W.C. The Chereponi District authorities should ensure that households provide their own toilet facilities to eliminate the canker of indiscriminate defecating. With regards to bathing facilities, able 8.12 also shows that majority of households in the Chereponi District use ‘shared open cubicle’ (29.9%). 27.3 percent of households use ‘own bathroom for exclusive use’ whilst 18.4 percent use shared separate bathroom in same house. 8.5 percent of households do not have a bathing facility and therefore bath in open space

63 around house. 2.9 percent of households in the District use bathroom in another house whilst 1.4 percent use public bath house. Again, Table 8.12 shows that majority of households in both urban areas use shared open cubicle (45.2%). 27.5 percent use ‘shared separate bathroom in the same house whilst 12.9 percent of households use own bathroom for exclusive use. 7.3 percent use private open cubicle and 3.7 percent also use open space around house. Majority of households in rural areas use own bathroom for exclusive use (32.2%). This is very impressive and must be encouraged. 24.4 percent also use shared open cubicle whilst 15.2 percent use shared separate bathroom in same house. 11.2 percent use private open cubicle while 10.1 percent also use open space around house. Table 8.12: Type of toilet facility and bathing facility used by household by type of locality District Total Toilet facility/bathing facility Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Toilet facility Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 No facilities (bush/beach/field) 1,056,382 230,852 6,164 86.6 41.6 97.1 W.C. 839,611 7,736 17 0.2 1.0 0.1 Pit latrine 1,040,883 9,218 112 1.6 5.1 0.7 KVIP 572,824 14,587 140 2.0 6.8 0.8 Bucket/pan 40,678 1,248 3 0.0 0.1 0.0 Public toilet (WC/KVIP/Pit Pan etc.) 1,893,291 52,704 662 9.3 44.9 1.0 Other 23,385 1,774 18 0.3 0.4 0.2 Bathing facility used by household Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 Own bathroom for exclusive use 1,535,392 108,283 3,933 55.3 28.4 61.5 Shared separate bathroom in the same house 1,818,522 95,261 2,183 30.7 51.2 25.9 Private open cubicle 381,979 22,044 172 2.4 6.5 1.5 Shared open cubicle 1,000,257 48,531 359 5.0 7.3 4.5 Public bath house 140,501 12,409 193 2.7 3.4 2.5 Bathroom in another house 187,337 2,646 21 0.3 0.0 0.4 Open space around house 372,556 27,210 239 3.4 2.8 3.5 River/pond/lake/dam 14,234 1,001 7 0.1 0.1 0.1 Other 16,276 734 9 0.1 0.2 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.10 Method of Waste Disposal An efficient and hygienic method of human waste disposal available in a dwelling unit is a critical indicator of the sanitary condition of the unit and is an indirect measure of the socio- economic status of a household. One of most intractable challenges of both urban and rural areas in Ghana is adopting modern and hygienic solid waste disposal systems. Acceptable waste management helps to prevent the spread of some types of infections and improves the quality of the environment. Table 8.13 shows the methods of disposal of solid and liquid waste by households by type of locality. Majority of households (34.6%) dispose of their solid waste through the burned by household method. 31.2 percent of households also use the public dump (open space) method. 13.5 percent of households also use public dump (refuse container) whilst 10.5 percent dump their solid waste indiscriminately. 5.5 percent of households however have their solid waste collected. The most used solid disposal method in

64 urban households (42.8%) is public dump (open space). 26 percent of urban households also use the burned by household method whilst 19.8 percent also use public dump container method. The indiscriminate dumping of refuse is quite reduced in urban areas as compared to rural areas. Most rural households use the burned by households method (37.7%). However, indiscriminate dumping of solid refuse is high in rural areas. Environmental sanitation in the District should be improved. Again, the Table shows that, most of the households in the District (42.6%) dump their solid waste indiscriminately, followed by 17.6 percent who use open space (public dump). About sixteen percent of households burn their solid and about 13 percent use public dump (container). In the District only 10 percent of households have their solid waste being collected. Table 8.13: Method of solid and liquid waste disposal by type of locality District Total Method of waste disposal Country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Solid waste Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 Collected 785,889 19,674 686 9.6 1.5 11.5 Burned by household 584,820 34,594 1,092 15.3 3.6 18.1 Public dump (container) 1,299,654 47,222 920 12.9 64.6 0.9 Public dump (open space) 2,061,403 123,188 1,255 17.6 5.0 20.6 Dumped indiscriminately 498,868 83,889 3,033 42.6 25.0 46.7 Buried by household 182,615 7,140 105 1.5 0.4 1.7 Other 53,805 2,412 25 0.4 0.0 0.4 Liquid waste Total 5,467,054 318,119 7,116 100.0 100.0 100.0 Through the sewerage system 183,169 6,636 137 1.9 1.0 2.1 Through drainage system into a gutter 594,404 13,949 27 0.4 0.6 0.3 Through drainage into a pit (soak away) 167,555 16,152 146 2.1 4.5 1.5 Thrown onto the street/outside 1,538,550 178,671 3,988 56.0 65.7 53.8 Thrown into gutter 1,020,096 19,931 205 2.9 2.2 3.1 Thrown onto compound 1,924,986 81,195 2,594 36.5 25.2 39.1 Other 38,294 1,585 19 0.3 0.9 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

In the urban areas about 65 percent of households dump their solid waste at public dump (container) followed by 25 percent who dump their solid waste indiscriminately. The data further shows that in the rural areas about 47 percent of households dump their solid waste indiscriminately followed by 21 percent who use public dump (open space). The most used method in disposing liquid waste in the District is through throwing it onto the street/outside (56%). The proportions that dispose of their liquid waste into the gutters and through drainage into a pit (soak away) are only about three percent and two percent respectively. Only about two percent dispose their liquid waste through a drainage sewage system.

CHAPTER NINE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

9.1 Summary of Findings 9.1.1 Population size and distribution The District has a total population of 53,394 out of which about 40 percent are males and about 51 percent are females. Most villages are located in the interior sector of the District which is attributed to the farming methods practiced, as farms are located much close to homes. The population density of the District is estimated to be about 39 persons per square kilometre. The District generally depicts a youthful population with 59.8 percent of the population aged below 19 years. Headship of households in the region is predominantly by males. 6,543 households out of 7,116 are headed by males as against 573 household headed by females. 9.1.2 Fertility, mortality and migration On fertility, mortality and migration, the Chereponi District recorded a total of 11,652 women within the fertility age group of 15-49 years with a total fertility rate of 4.3, a general fertility rate of 128.3 and a crude birth rate of 28.0. The District recorded a total number of 288 deaths in households and with a crude death rate of 5.39. 9.1.3 Religious affiliations The District is composed of two major ethnic groups namely, the Anufor and Konkombas. Other ethnic groups found in the District are, Dagombas, Ewes, Akans, Mosis and Dagaabas. The largest religious group of the District is Islam with 58.8 percent of the population being Muslims. Out of the 22 percent Christian population, Catholics constitute almost nine percent. The traditionalists constitute about 18 percent of the population. 9.1.4 Marital status The results indicated that 36.9 percent of persons aged 12 years and older have never been married as against 55.7 percent that are married. About 47 percent of males have never been married compared with only 27.9 percent for females. As regards the widowed, less than one percent of males are widowed as against about nine percent of females who are widowed. About 88.1 percent of persons with no education are married while less than one percent of those that have attained vocational/technical/commercial and the tertiary levels of education are married. The proportion of those who have never attended school and are widowed is higher (94.3%) than it is among those who have completed some levels of education. Those with the means of livelihood are more likely to marry than those who are unemployed. About 69.0 percent of those employed are married. In contrast, 67.4 percent of those who are economically inactive have never married.

9.1.5 Information communication technology (ICT) As regards Information Communication Technology (ICT), the District recorded 3,301 persons of the population aged 12 and older owning mobile phones. Mobile phone ownership for males (71.6%) is higher than females (28.4%). Internet usage is very low in the District. It is only 191 persons of the population 12 years and older who use internet facility in the District. More males (75.9%) than females (24.1%) use internet in the District. Chereponi District has the lowest internet usage (0.6%) in the region (Northern Regional Analytical Report, 2010 PHC). In the District, only 63 households out of the total households of 7,116 have desktop/laptop computers. Fifty-six male headed households in the District have desktop/laptop computers in contrast with only seven female headed households. Households in the District having fixed telephone lines are only 53, which are all male headed. The total percentage of households having desktop/laptop computers and those having fixed telephone lines is about one percent (0.9%) and (0.7%) respectively. 9.1.6 Literacy and education The District has a higher proportion of non-literates who are 11 years and older (21,952). Female non-literate population is higher (12,486 persons) than their male counterparts (9,466 persons). The literate population in the District is only 9,198 with a male literate of 5,364 persons and 3,834 females. The language spoken and understood widely in the District is English (71.6%) and followed by English and Ghanaian language (24.6%). The populations aged 20 years and above have higher proportions of non-literate population to literate population in the District. 9.1.7 Housing conditions The District recorded a total housing stock of 4,558 and a total household population of 53,170. The average household per house in the District is about two, population per house is 11.2 and an average household size of almost eight members. The dominant type of dwelling in the District is compound house (rooms) which recorded about 69 percent. Separate house dwelling units also recorded about 16 percent in the District and the least being the improvised homes (kiosk/containers) with about two percent. Mud brick/earth is the main construction material for outer walls of dwellings in the District. Cement/concrete is the main construction material for the floors of dwellings. Metal sheet is the main construction material for roofing of dwelling units (53.6%) followed by thatch/palm leaf or raffia (42.5%). The main source of light in the District is the use of kerosene lamps (59.8%) followed by electricity (mains) with about 20 percent and flashlight/torch (16%). The main source of drinking water in the District is bore-hole/pump/tube well (48.7%) followed by river/stream (19.3%) and dugout/pond/lake/dam/canal (17.0%). The main type of toilet facility in the District is the bush/beach/field (86.6%) and the main bathing facility type used by household is the own bathroom for exclusive use (55.3%). 9.1.8 Economic characteristics Chereponi District has an economically active population of 20,249 representing 76.3% of the total population of persons 15 years and older. The proportion of the economically active population who are employed in the rural area is higher than the urban area.

In 2010, about 87.4 percent of the employed are engaged in skilled agriculture, forestry and fishery whereas those engaged in craft and related works formed about four percent. Thus, skilled agricultural forestry and fishery is the major occupation in the District followed by service and sales workers with about five percent (4.8%). In the District, more than half (60.8%) of the economically active population are self- employed without employees. In effect, the proportion of the economically active population in vulnerable employment (contributing family worker and self-employed without employees) is 93.7 percent. Casual workers formed the least employment status in the District with about less than one percent (0.3%). About 97 percent of the employed persons in the District are in the private informal sector. The District has just about three percent of the employed working in the public sector and almost one percent working with the private formal sector. Agricultural activities About 91 percent of the total household in the District are agriculture households. The dominant agricultural activity in the District is crop farming (97.7%) followed by livestock rearing (80.6%). Tree planting and fish farming in the District are on small scale and form the least agricultural activities undertaken, representing about one percent. 9.1.9 Disability The Chereponi District has a total 1,784 PWDs representing about three percent of the entire population. The District has a total of 1,050 PWDs within the age 15 years and older. Of which 706 are employed, 11 are unemployed and 333 are economically not active. The highest disability type in the District is emotion (28.5%) followed by sight disability (16.7%) and physical disability (16.0%). Majority of the PWDs are found in the rural localities of the District which could be attributed to the lack of improved medical facilities in the rural part of the District in particular and the whole region at large.

9.2 Conclusions Chereponi District is highly rural; 85.1 percent of the total population lives in rural areas. Age dependency ratio is lower (83.1%) in urban areas than in rural areas (126.4%). This means that in the urban areas, averagely, every ten people within the working population have about eight people in the dependent population to cater for. Whilst in the rural areas every ten people within the working population have about 26 less people to cater for. Their burden of expenditure will be reduced by 26 less people to cater for. The proportion of those who are unemployed but married is 3.5 percent. Proportions of males and females in tertiary education, 4.8 percent and 2.1 percent respectively are too low. Majority of the people living in the District (93.3%) are Ghanaians by birth. On religious affiliation, traditionalists are in the minority (17.3%). The proportion of those literate in English and French (0.3%) is not commendable, more so, as Ghana is surrounded by Francophone countries, Cote D’Ivoire and Togo. The role and contribution of the private sector in the provision of service to the employment sector cannot be overemphasized. It is the main source of employment in the District Efforts must be made to increase the proportion of the economically active (76.3%) to a 100 percent to reduce unemployment. More job avenues must be opened to help address these issues.

In this era of mobile phones, with 67.3% as proportion of people 12 years and above in the District having mobile phones, it can be said that the proportion is on the lower side. But it is clear the use of fixed telephone lines (6.4%) is gradually dying off. Use of desktop/laptop computers must be encouraged more, especially in schools. This could help improve the rather low ownership of computers in the District. The fact that sight disability records the highest percentage for in the urban (31.5%) and rural (29.9%) people with emotional disability in the communities in the District indicates that it is a major problem which requires an urgent and immediate solution. The proportion of households engaged in agricultural activities (91.0%) clearly tells that, agriculture is mainly the mainstay of the District’ economy. It is commendable that, 97.7% of those in agriculture do crop farming. Compound house (69.4%) is the predominantly occupied dwelling unit in the District, with main construction material for outer walls being mud bricks or earth (87.2%). The main material for floor is cement/concrete (84.1%), and the main roofing material is metal sheet (53.6%). The public must be sensitized about the need to use public dumps and gutters for solid and liquid waste disposals respectively, to help curb the spread of cholera and other diseases. 93.1 percent of the population uses electricity as their main source of lighting. More people need to get connected to pipe-borne water, looking at the percentages of the population with 48.74% using bore-hole, pump or tube as drinking water and the same source 43.5 percent for other domestic uses. . The majority of the people in the District have no toilet facility (86.6%). This is not healthy.

9.3 Policy Implications The Chereponi District has a growing population with more females than males. The population is youthful in nature with many of them unemployed. To reduce the high population growth rate, some cultural practices such as early betrothal of young girls, which increases the rate of fertility, should be curbed. There is the need for the Ghana Education Service in collaboration with the District authorities to sensitize people to give young girls the opportunity to aspire for higher education. The youthful nature of the District’s population and the subsequent high dependency ratio (118.71) implies that the District has a relatively low labour force. Schools and job opportunities should be provided to accommodate the youthful population to enhance their effective contribution to the economic growth of the District. The District has very low literacy levels which could impact negatively on the use of Information Communication Technology, especially the use of the internet (only 0.6 percent of persons 12years and older in the District use the internet). The Ministry of Education and other relevant stakeholders should work together to create an enabling environment for education. People should be encouraged to send their children to school and ensure that they complete at least basic education. The introduction of the disability module in this census is an opportunity to get social, demographic and economic data on the disable. This should help the 3.3 percent of persons living with disability in the District to have their concerns addressed. More Special schools

69 should be provided to promote school attendance for people living with disability. Jobs which can be done by the disabled should be reserved for them. Most of the economically active populations in the District live in the rural areas mostly working in the area of agriculture, forestry and fishery. Own account workers and contributing family workers have been described by the International Labour Organization as a vulnerable group of workers. The insecurity in these sectors has served as push factors forcing the youth to migrate to the southern parts of the country in search of greener pastures. The Government and the District Assemblies and the private sector should be encouraged to go into partnership with the private sector to set up agro-based industries and other manufacturing industries to help reduce poverty. With respect to crops that are cultivated in the District, it should be noted that the number of sheanut farms are small. There is the need for SADA and Rural Enterprise Project to support farmers engaged in sheanut production in the District. Most of the houses in the District are built with mud-bricks and without toilet facilities and portable water. The by- laws which make the provision of toilet facilities in houses mandatory should be enforced. Communities should be encouraged to at least dig pit latrines instead of using large parcels of land for defecation. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other agencies in the District and the region at large should strengthen education in the District in order to discourage the use of wood as the main source of fuel so as to curb the deforestation on- and conserve the environment. If this is done, there may be reduction in contracting certain diseases.

REFERENCES

Anarfi, J.K., Kwankye, S.O., Ofosu-Mensah, A. and Tiemoko, R. (2003). Migration from and to Ghana: A Background Paper. Working Paper C4. Migration, Globalisation and Poverty. Development Research Centre, University of Sussex. Medium Term Development Plan, 2010-2013, Chereponi District Asiedu, A.B and Arku, G. (2009). The rise of gated housing estates in Ghana: Empirical insights from three communities in metropolitan Accra. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 24:227-247. Codjoe, S.N.A. (2010). Population and food crop production in male- and female-headed households in Ghana. International Journal of Development Issues, Vol. 9 (1): 68-85. Codjoe, S.N.A. and Owusu, G. (2011). Climate change/variability and food systems: Evidence from Afram Plains, Ghana. Regional Environmental Change, Vol. 11(4):753-765. Deere, C.D. (2005). The feminisation of agriculture? Economic restructuring in rural LatinAmerica. Occasional Paper 1, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva. Gaisie, S.K. (1981). Child spacing patterns and fertility differentials in Ghana. In: Hilary J. Pace and Ron Lesthaeghe (eds.). Child spacing in Tropical Africa: traditions and change. Academic Press: 237-253. Ghana Statistical Service (2002). Population and Housing Census, Summary Report of final Results. Ghana Statistical Service. (2005). 2000 Population and Housing Census. Central Region. Analysis of District Data and Implications for Planning. Accra: GSS. Ghana Statistical Service (2012). 2010 Population and Housing Census. Summary Report of Final Results. GSS, Accra. Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (2000). The State of the Ghanaian Economy in 1999. Legon: University of Ghana. Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (2011). The State of the Ghanaian Economy in 2010. Legon: University of Ghana. World Health Organisation (2011). Summary World Report on Disability. WHO/NMH/VIP/11.01 WHO, Malta. WHO and UNICEF (2000). The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Geneva: WHO. Wogugu M.O and Fayorsey C.K. ( 1980). Modernization and Household Size in Urban Ghana. Population Information and Documentation Systems for Africa (PIDSA). Ottawa: RIPS/IDRC

APPENDICES Table A1: Household composition by type of locality

Total Urban Rural Household composition Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 53,170 100.0 7,941 100.0 45,229 100.0 Nuclear family Head only 235 0.4 178 2.2 57 0.1 Household with head and a spouse only 266 0.5 68 0.9 198 0.4 Household with head and biological/adopted children only 1,381 2.6 537 6.8 844 1.9 Household with head spouse(s) and biological/adopted children only 13,029 24.5 1,735 21.8 11,294 25.0 Extended family Household with head spouse(s) biological/adopted children and relatives of the head only 33,631 63.3 3,757 47.3 29,874 66.1 Household with head spouse(s) biological/adopted children relatives and nonrelatives of the head 408 0.8 213 2.7 195 0.4 Household with head spouse(s) and other composition 787 1.5 165 2.1 622 1.4 Household with head biological/adopted children and relatives of the head only 2,106 4.0 867 10.9 1,239 2.7 Household with head biological/adopted children relatives and nonrelatives of the head 74 0.1 54 0.7 20 0.0 Household with head and other composition but no spouse 1,253 2.4 367 4.6 886 2.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A2: Population three years and older by sex, disability type and level of education Educational level attained Middle/ Sec./ Voc./ Post graduate Never Kinder JSS/ SSS/ Tech./ Post Bachelor (Cert. Diploma Sex/disability type Total attended Nursery garten Primary JHS SHS Comm. sec degree Masters PHD etc.) Both Sexes Total 47,652 28,873 2,213 1,352 10,146 2,971 1,650 52 326 57 12 No disability 46,003 27,722 2,171 1,322 9,857 2,886 1,608 52 316 57 12 With a disability 1,649 1,151 42 30 289 85 42 0 10 0 0 Sight 283 238 1 1 24 11 4 0 4 0 0 Hearing 208 160 5 5 26 7 3 0 2 0 0 Speech 129 83 2 5 31 4 3 0 1 0 0 Physical 266 203 6 2 30 11 10 0 4 0 0 Intellectual 238 164 8 7 39 11 9 0 0 0 0 Emotional 468 301 14 11 107 23 12 0 0 0 0 Other 542 339 15 13 125 36 13 0 1 0 0 Male Total 23,292 12,944 1,121 673 5,396 1,737 1,079 26 254 51 11 No disability 22,451 12,391 1,103 656 5,238 1,683 1,048 26 244 51 11 With a disability 841 553 18 17 158 54 31 0 10 0 0 Sight 151 120 1 1 13 9 3 0 4 0 0 Hearing 116 90 1 2 14 4 3 0 2 0 0 Speech 72 43 1 4 16 4 3 0 1 0 0 Physical 151 112 4 2 16 6 7 0 4 0 0 Intellectual 108 72 2 4 17 7 6 0 0 0 0 Emotional 228 143 5 5 56 12 7 0 0 0 0 Other 263 144 7 9 71 20 11 0 1 0 0

Table A2: Population three years and older by sex, disability type and level of education (cont’d) Educational level attained Post graduate (Cert. Middle/ Sec./ Voc./ Diploma Never Kinder JSS/ SSS/ Tech./ Post Bachelor Masters PHD Sex/disability type Total attended Nursery garten Primary JHS SHS Comm. sec degree etc.) Female Total 24,360 15,929 1,092 679 4,750 1,234 571 26 72 6 1 No disability 23,552 15,331 1,068 666 4,619 1,203 560 26 72 6 1 With a disability 808 598 24 13 131 31 11 0 0 0 0 Sight 132 118 0 0 11 2 1 0 0 0 0 Hearing 92 70 4 3 12 3 0 0 0 0 0 Speech 57 40 1 1 15 0 Physical 115 91 2 0 14 5 3 0 0 0 0 Intellectual 130 92 6 3 22 4 3 0 0 0 0 Emotional 240 158 9 6 51 11 5 0 0 0 0 Other 279 195 8 4 54 16 2 0 0 0 0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A3: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged Population in occupied Population engaged in House- units agricultural activities Activity/type of crop holds Total Male Female Total Male Female Total households in occupied units 7,116 53,170 26,083 27,087 19,298 9,842 9,456 Households engaged in agricultural activities 6,474 50,587 24,877 25,710 19,298 9,842 9,456 Households engaged in crop farming or tree growing 6,323 49,656 24,383 25,273 18,890 9,597 9,293 Households engaged in crop farming 6,323 49,656 24,383 25,273 18,890 9,597 9,293 Households engaged in tree growing 59 466 221 245 201 97 104 Agro forestry (tree planting) 59 466 221 245 201 97 104 Alligator pepper 40 338 177 161 114 50 64 Apples 56 463 238 225 163 76 87 Asian vegetables (e.g. tinda, cauliflower) 17 146 79 67 47 23 24 Avocado 3 34 20 14 9 4 5 Banana 104 819 389 430 327 170 157 Beans 1,457 11,895 5,852 6,043 4,704 2,336 2,368 Black pepper 69 590 273 317 222 102 120 Black berries 29 279 152 127 104 58 46 Cabbage 3 20 11 9 9 7 2 Carrot 17 139 66 73 60 29 31 Cashew 11 99 48 51 35 18 17 Cassava 191 1,751 882 869 619 311 308 Citronella 9 72 39 33 25 15 10 Citrus 1 6 3 3 4 1 3 Cloves 3 17 6 11 8 3 5 Cocoa 2 7 3 4 3 2 1 Coconut 3 38 18 20 12 5 7 Cocoyam 27 208 99 109 80 40 40 Cocoyam / Taro (kooko) 17 151 74 77 48 19 29 Coffee 6 48 22 26 19 9 10 Cola 9 92 51 41 36 19 17 Cotton 169 1,416 687 729 600 296 304 Cucumber 43 371 187 184 143 67 76 Egg plant 4 33 17 16 11 5 6 Gallic 2 10 6 4 4 3 1 Garden eggs 24 151 77 74 61 27 34 Ginger 6 40 18 22 16 10 6 Groundnut 2,888 23,416 11,428 11,988 8,689 4,291 4,398 Guava 49 381 182 199 145 62 83 Kenaf 8 64 31 33 26 10 16 Lemon grass 4 40 18 22 21 10 11 Lettuce 14 107 58 49 46 21 25

Table A3: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged (cont’d) Population in occupied Population engaged in Activity/type of House- units agricultural activities crop holds Total Male Female Total Male Female Maize 5,204 41,760 20,518 21,242 15,716 8,018 7,698 Mango 10 57 29 28 25 12 13 Melon (agusi) 9 60 30 30 23 11 12 Millet 2,555 21,370 10,500 10,870 8,463 4,260 4,203 Mushroom 57 451 229 222 164 73 91 Nut meg 16 138 71 67 49 23 26 Oil palm 8 70 29 41 26 11 15 Okro 987 7,889 3,811 4,078 3,360 1,566 1,794 Onion 2 12 6 6 4 2 2 Pawpaw 5 41 23 18 19 9 10 Peas 24 202 104 98 77 33 44 Pepper 288 2,333 1,113 1,220 993 461 532 Pineapple 12 75 32 43 23 9 14 Plantain 11 84 42 42 31 14 17 Potatoes 3 27 12 15 14 8 6 Rice 2,683 22,479 11,070 11,409 8,370 4,213 4,157 Rubber 21 188 102 86 64 29 35 Shallot 2 12 6 6 8 3 5 Shea tree 6 62 29 33 27 12 15 Sorghum 1,183 9,738 4,787 4,951 3,864 1,946 1,918 Soya beans 2,527 20,320 10,022 10,298 7,733 3,798 3,935 Spinach 11 89 43 46 44 22 22 Sun flower 26 203 99 104 87 43 44 Sweet pepper 21 160 73 87 76 36 40 Sweet potatoes 24 227 106 121 76 31 45 Tiger nut 115 991 483 508 409 190 219 Tobacco 2 22 10 12 9 4 5 Tomatoes 31 243 106 137 123 53 70 Water melon 9 66 30 36 21 9 12 Yam 2,064 17,751 8,804 8,947 6,627 3,321 3,306 Other 472 4,048 1,997 2,051 1,394 655 739 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A4: Population by sex, number of households and houses in the 20 largest Communities

Both House S/No Community Name sexes Male Female holds Houses 1 Chereponi 7,968 3,850 4,118 1,346 960 2 Tumpondi 1,241 609 632 142 61 3 Galinkuka 1,154 560 594 152 120 4 Akundiyi 1,084 568 516 131 90 5 Kudani 989 478 511 120 93 6 Namor 980 477 503 126 69 7 Sangbana 955 463 492 93 48 8 Wenchiki 939 457 482 165 149 9 Tombo (Tombu) 886 458 428 128 87 10 Andohnyamanu 865 417 448 99 48 11 Naturi 865 414 451 93 63 12 Naduni 861 421 440 97 75 13 Nangbong 841 437 404 98 50 14 Waku 804 404 400 107 68 15 Naboni 794 407 387 94 54 16 Tosara No.2 (Kombole) 790 401 389 105 45 17 Tombu Wawaso (Tombu) 774 367 407 94 51 18 Wanjpga 767 353 414 92 67 19 Kornu Nansoni (Kwame Nansoni) 764 373 391 99 44 20 Nandere 758 381 377 98 60 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A5: Population by age group in the largest communities

Age group All S/No. Community Name Ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+ 1 Chereponi 7,968 1,208 1,173 968 917 781 693 565 466 328 209 188 105 98 66 81 122 2 Tumpondi 1,241 150 232 264 132 58 77 71 69 46 86 28 9 6 3 4 6 3 Galinkuka 1,154 196 190 136 112 89 88 75 63 52 37 34 20 16 9 13 24 4 Akundiyi 1,084 208 190 153 107 64 66 73 46 45 21 24 5 14 14 16 38 5 Kudani 989 183 163 159 95 82 50 53 40 43 28 32 9 18 6 13 15 6 Namor 980 178 186 99 92 66 64 39 50 44 29 24 20 13 14 22 40 7 Sangbana 955 144 162 153 161 74 68 43 36 28 22 18 14 9 6 7 10 8 Wenchiki 939 188 159 93 89 84 67 66 45 28 26 28 17 8 9 16 16 9 Tombo (Tombu) 886 145 157 134 104 56 43 55 24 35 19 23 13 18 13 17 30 10 Andohnyamanu 865 177 161 117 100 57 51 36 39 25 17 20 8 13 6 10 28 11 Naturi 865 185 182 111 98 45 50 37 44 23 30 18 6 11 8 2 15 12 Naduni 861 166 160 116 83 75 62 42 37 32 19 18 5 13 11 6 16 13 Nangbong 841 138 200 111 61 56 18 43 45 40 35 25 12 9 7 16 25 14 Waku 804 188 148 103 46 59 57 42 30 31 20 31 23 13 9 2 2 15 Naboni 794 170 182 112 44 40 52 34 48 28 26 9 2 9 4 2 32 16 Tosara No.2 (Kombole) 790 177 163 76 54 45 37 46 40 33 30 16 17 18 9 12 17 17 Tombu Wawaso (Tombu) 774 238 117 84 33 44 57 38 45 34 17 20 9 9 8 8 13 18 Wanjpga 767 151 145 92 86 58 43 38 39 22 20 17 6 13 10 8 19 19 Kornu Nansoni (Kwame 764 143 178 95 60 52 44 37 38 21 24 21 10 12 7 9 13 Nansoni) 20 Nandere 758 159 134 92 86 57 42 44 31 31 22 15 8 11 2 12 12 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Project Secretariat Dr. Philomena Nyarko, Government Statistician Mr. Baah Wadieh, Deputy Government Statistician Mr. David Yenukwa Kombat, Acting Census Coordinator Mr. Sylvester Gyamfi, DISDAP Project Coordinator Mrs. Abena A. Osei-Akoto, Data Processing Mr. Rochester Appiah Kubi Boateng, Data Processing Mrs. Jacqueline Anum, Data Processing Mrs. Samilia Mintah, Data Processing Mr. Yaw Misefa, Data Processing Mr. Ernest Enyan, Data Processing Mr. Amadu Salifu, Regional Statistician Ms. Hanna Frempong Konadu, Formatting/Typesetting Mrs. Victoria Sottie, Formatting/Typesetting

Writers Mr. Mohammed S.Bawa Mr. Ibrahim Adam

Consultant Dr. Africanus L. Diedong

Editor/ Reviewers Dr. Joseph A. Yaro Mrs. Augusta Okantey Mr. Amatus Nobabumah Mr. Jeremiah Sixtus Dery