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Republic of Estonia (Banking and Cürbency Befobm) 7 % Loan, 1927
[Distributed to the Council and C. 186. M. 60. 1928. ii the Members of the League.] (F. 514.) Geneva, August 3rd, 1928. LEAGUE OF NATIONS REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA (BANKING AND CÜRBENCY BEFOBM) 7 % LOAN, 1927 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT BY THE TRUSTEE covering the period from June 15lh, 1927, to June 30th, 1928. I ntroduction . In conformity with the decision of the Council of September 15th, 1927. I have the honour to submit to the Council of the League of Nations my first annual report as Trustee for the " Republic of Estonia (Banking and Currency Reform) 7 % Loan. 1927 ”, it may be useful to give in this first report a somewhat detailed description of the execution of the scheme and of the duties of the Trustee. The essential features of the Estonian banking and currency reform, on which the Estonian Government and the financial experts of the League had already been working for some time, are contained in the Protocol signed at Geneva on December 10th. 1926. by the Estonian Minister of Finance, and approved by the Council on the same day. As provided for in this Protocol, the following laws were passed by the Estonian Parliament early in May 1927. viz., (1) the Eesti Pank Statutes Law, (2) the Monetary Law of Estonia, (3) the Law to terminate the Issue of Treasury and " Change ” Notes, and (4) the Foreign Loan Law 1. Thereupon, it was permissible to open negotiations for the loan which was to be issued under the auspices of the League and which was to produce an effective net yield of £1.350,000. -
Digital Divide in Estonia and How to Bridge It
Digital Divide In Estonia and How to Bridge It Editors: Mari Kalkun (Emor) Tarmo Kalvet (PRAXIS) Emor and PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies Tallinn 2002 Digital Divide In Estonia and How to Bridge It Editors: Mari Kalkun (Emor) Tarmo Kalvet (PRAXIS) Tallinn 2002 This report was prepared at the order, with funding from and in direct partnership with the Look@World Foundation, the Open Estonia Foundation, and the State Chancellery. Co-financers: The study was co-financed (partial research, pdf-publications, PRAXIS’ Policy Analysis Publications, distribution) by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) for the Information for Development Program (infoDev) by a grant to the PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies for ICT Infrastructure and E-Readiness Assessment (Grant # ICT 016). The translation into Russian and English, and publication of the web-version was supported by the Open Society Institute – Budapest. Contractors: © Emor (Chapters III, V, VI, VII; Annexes 2, 3, 4) Ahtri 12, 10151 Tallinn Tel. (372) 6 268 500; www.emor.ee © PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies (Chapters II, IV, VIII) Estonia Ave. 3/5, 10143 Tallinn Tel. (372) 6 409 072; www.praxis.ee © Emor and PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies (Executive Summary, Chapter I) Materials in the current report are subject to unlimited and free use if references to the authors and financers are provided. ISBN: 9985-78-736-6 Layout: Helena Nagel Contents 4 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Mari Kalkun, Tarmo Kalvet, Daimar Liiv, Ülle Pärnoja . 6 1. Objectives of study . 6 2. “Blue collar” individuals and “passive people” are distinguished among non-users of the Internet . -
Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) Act – Riigi Teataja
Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) Act – Riigi Teataja https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/513042015009/consolide Issuer: Riigikogu Type: act In force from: 29.03.2015 In force until: In force Translation published: 13.04.2015 Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) Act Passed 18.05.1993 RT I 1993, 28, 498 Entry into force 18.06.1993 Chapter 1 General Provisions § 1. Legal foundations of the Bank of Estonia(Eesti Pank) (1) The Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) - hereinafter, ‘the Bank of Estonia’ - is the central bank of the Republic of Estonia and a member of the European System of Central Banks. The Bank of Estonia is the legal successor to the Bank of Estonia which was established as the central bank of the Republic of Estonia in 1919. [RT I 2006, 29, 219 - entry into force 08.07.2006] (2) The Bank of Estonia is a legal person with its own Statute, seal, coat of arms and other insignia permitted by the law. (3) The Bank of Estonia operates pursuant to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia, the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Amendment Act, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank, legislation of the European Central Bank, this Act, other Acts and its Statute. [RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011] (4) The legal status of the Bank of Estonia may only be changed by the passage of a Bank of Estonia Act Amendment Act. -
No Monitoring Obligations’ the Death of ‘No Monitoring Obligations’ a Story of Untameable Monsters by Giancarlo F
The Death of ‘No Monitoring Obligations’ The Death of ‘No Monitoring Obligations’ A Story of Untameable Monsters by Giancarlo F. Frosio* Abstract: In imposing a strict liability regime pean Commission, would like to introduce filtering for alleged copyright infringement occurring on You- obligations for intermediaries in both copyright and Tube, Justice Salomão of the Brazilian Superior Tribu- AVMS legislations. Meanwhile, online platforms have nal de Justiça stated that “if Google created an ‘un- already set up miscellaneous filtering schemes on a tameable monster,’ it should be the only one charged voluntary basis. In this paper, I suggest that we are with any disastrous consequences generated by the witnessing the death of “no monitoring obligations,” lack of control of the users of its websites.” In order a well-marked trend in intermediary liability policy to tame the monster, the Brazilian Superior Court that can be contextualized within the emergence of had to impose monitoring obligations on Youtube; a broader move towards private enforcement online this was not an isolated case. Proactive monitoring and intermediaries’ self-intervention. In addition, fil- and filtering found their way into the legal system as tering and monitoring will be dealt almost exclusively a privileged enforcement strategy through legisla- through automatic infringement assessment sys- tion, judicial decisions, and private ordering. In multi- tems. Due process and fundamental guarantees get ple jurisdictions, recent case law has imposed proac- mauled by algorithmic enforcement, which might fi- tive monitoring obligations on intermediaries across nally slay “no monitoring obligations” and fundamen- the entire spectrum of intermediary liability subject tal rights online, together with the untameable mon- matters. -
Estonian Way to Liberal Economic System
Center for Social & Economic Research ESTONIAN WAY TO LIBERAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM Jarosław Bauc CASE, Center for Social & Economic Research Warsaw, Poland Warsaw, April 1995 Materials published in this series have a character of working papers which can be a subject of further publications in the future. The views and opinions expressed here reflect Authors' point of view and not necessary those of CASE . Paper was prepared for the project: "Economic Reforms in the former USSR" (Reformy gospodarcze na terenie dawnego ZSRR), financed by the Committee of Scientific Reasearch (Komitet Badań Naukowych). CASE Research Foundation, Warsaw 1995 ISBN 83-86296-34-8 Editor: CASE - Center for Social & Economic Research 00-585 Warszawa, Bagatela 14 tel/fax (48-2) 628 65 81; tel/fax (48-22) 29 43 83 Estonian Way to Liberal Economic System 1. Starting point of reform and general features of development Estonia 1 has adopted the one of the most radical programs of stabilization and transformation amongst not only the former Soviet Union countries but among previously centrally planned economies as well. The commodity and service markets were balanced mainly through the price liberalization and introduction of the internally convertible national currency. This was supplimented with the austerity in public consumption and surpluss in the state budget. The changes were also associated with a radical shift in the foreign trade rearientation. The economy that previously was oriented to almost costless recources from the former Soviet Union and work mostly for the Soviet "markets" seems to be very well adjusted to western markets and broad participation in the world economy. -
Challenges Facing Estonian Economy in the European Union
Vahur Kraft: Challenges facing Estonian economy in the European Union Speech by Mr Vahur Kraft, Governor of the Bank of Estonia, at the Roundtable “Has social market economy a future?”, organised by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Tallinn, 19 August 2002. * * * A. Introduction, review of the early 1990s and comparison with the present day First of all, allow me to thank Konrad Adenauer Foundation for the organisation of this interesting roundtable and for the honourable invitation to speak about “Challenges of Estonian economy in the European Union”. Today’s event shows yet again how serious is the respected organisers’ interest towards the EU applicant countries. I personally appreciate highly your support to our reforms and convergence in the society and economy. From the outside it may seem that the transformation and convergence process in Estonia has been easy and smooth, but against this background there still exist numerous hidden problems. One should not forget that for two generations half of Europe was deprived of civil society, private ownership, market economy. This is truth and it has to be reckoned with. It is also clear that the reflections of the “shadows of the past” can still be observed. They are of different kind. If people want the state to ensure their well-being but are reluctant to take themselves any responsibility for their own future, it is the effect of the shadows of the past. If people are reluctant to pay taxes but demand social security and good roads, it is the shadow of the past. In brief, if people do not understand why elections are held and what is the state’s role, it is the shadow of the past. -
An Examination of the Role of Nationalism in Estonia’S Transition from Socialism to Capitalism
De oeconomia ex natione: An Examination of the Role of Nationalism in Estonia’s Transition from Socialism to Capitalism Thomas Marvin Denson IV Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Besnik Pula, Committee Chair Courtney I.P. Thomas Charles L. Taylor 2 May 2017 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Estonia, post-Soviet, post-socialist, neoliberalism, nationalism, nationalist economy, soft nativism Copyright © 2017 by Thomas M. Denson IV De oeconomia ex natione: An Examination of the Role of Nationalism in Estonia’s Transition from Socialism to Capitalism Thomas Marvin Denson IV Abstract This thesis explores the role played by nationalism in Estonia’s transition to capitalism in the post-Soviet era and the way it continues to impact the Estonian economy. I hypothesize that nationalism was the key factor in this transition and that nationalism has placed a disproportionate economic burden on the resident ethnic Russians. First, I examine the history of Estonian nationalism. I examine the Estonian nationalist narrative from its beginning during the Livonian Crusade, the founding of Estonian nationalist thought in the late 1800s with a German model of nationalism, the conditions of the Soviet occupation, and the role of song festivals in Estonian nationalism. Second, I give a brief overview of the economic systems of Soviet and post-Soviet Estonia. Finally, I examine the impact of nationalism on the Estonian economy. To do this, I discuss the nature of nationalist economy, the presence of an ethno-national divide between the Estonians and Russians, and the impact of nationalist policies in citizenship, education, property rights, and geographical location. -
Preliminary Program
Europe’s Past, Present, and Future: Utopias and Dystopias University of Iceland | Reykjavik, Iceland June 22-24, 2020 Preliminary Program This preliminary program is subject to change and CES can not be held liable for any reservation/booking made based on the information provided. Updated on February 7, 2020 Chair: Zsuzsanna Fagyal - University of Illinois at MONDAY, JUNE 22 Urbana-Champaign Participants: [1] Austerity, populism and changing policy Are French people white?: Towards an legitimacy: the European welfare states in understanding of whiteness in Republican France comparative perspective Single Paper 6/22/2020 Jean Beaman - University of California, 9:00 AM to 10:45 AM - Room 14 Santa Barbara Paper Panel Colorblindness and Narratives from the ‘Other’ Chair: Maria Petmesidou - Democritus University of (colorful) France Single Paper Thrace Christina Horvath - University of Bath Ana Guillén - University of Oviedo Participants: ‘Migrants’ or ‘Marseillais?’ The Sociolinguistic Construction of French Minority Youth in Nordic welfare states changes especially in the Marseille light of migration and the financial crisis Single Paper Single Paper Cecile Evers - Pomona College, Bent Greve - Roskilde University Department of Anthropology Jon Kvist - Roskilde University Prototypically non-French: the ‘accent of the The post-Brexit liberal welfare state in Europe: suburbs’ as a cultural construct where next for the United Kingdom? Single Paper Single Paper Zsuzsanna Fagyal - University of Illinois Benjamin Leruth - University of at Urbana-Champaign -
Generational Use of News Media in Estonia
Generational Use of News Media in Estonia Contemporary media research highlights the importance of empirically analysing the relationships between media and age; changing user patterns over the life course; and generational experiences within media discourse beyond the widely-hyped buzz terms such as the ‘digital natives’, ‘Google generation’, etc. The Generational Use doctoral thesis seeks to define the ‘repertoires’ of news media that different generations use to obtain topical information and create of News Media their ‘media space’. The thesis contributes to the development of in Estonia a framework within which to analyse generational features in news audiences by putting the main focus on the cultural view of generations. This perspective was first introduced by Karl Mannheim in 1928. Departing from his legacy, generations can be better conceived of as social formations that are built on self- identification, rather than equally distributed cohorts. With the purpose of discussing the emergence of various ‘audiencing’ patterns from the perspectives of age, life course and generational identity, the thesis centres on Estonia – a post-Soviet Baltic state – as an empirical example of a transforming society with a dynamic media landscape that is witnessing the expanding impact of new media and a shift to digitisation, which should have consequences for the process of ‘generationing’. The thesis is based on data from nationally representative cross- section surveys on media use and media attitudes (conducted 2002–2012). In addition to that focus group discussions are used to map similarities and differences between five generation cohorts born 1932–1997 with regard to the access and use of established news media, thematic preferences and spatial orientations of Signe Opermann Signe Opermann media use, and a discursive approach to news formats. -
The Problems Connected with the Freedom of Expression In
Paper invited for the International Conference: Freedom of Expression, Censorship, Libraries, Riga, Latvia, October 14-17 1998 Aile Möldre Tallinn Pedagogical Library, Estonia The era of the freedom of expression started in Estonia about ten years ago. The journals for children were the first to be freed from precensorship in the more liberal publishing policy of perestroika in 1987. After that the whole printed word was gradually freed from prepublication control. This process was not accomplished as an initiative of the organ of censorship, Glavlit, which tried to maintain its powers to the last minute, but the editors of various publications declared that they will not be subjected to the control any more. The Estonian government liquidated the Estonian branch of the all-union Glavlit in October 1990 (Veskimägi 1996 : 303) Since the proclamation of the Constitution in 1992 the freedom to express and disseminate one’s ideas, opinions, beliefs and other information in printed word or otherwise is legally guaranteed to all people. There is no censorship. The freedom of speech and press can only be restricted in the interests of protecting public order, morals, the rights, freedom, health, honour and good name of other people. The criminal code provides restrictions prohibiting the inciting of national, racial, religious or political hatred, propagating violence and discrimination, also disseminating pornography and works propagating violence among minors (there also exists a special law on that). The criminal law also treats the issues of protecting people from slander and libel and concerning the invasion of their private life. Although it can be said, that the freedom to publish all kinds of publications has not been "abused" in Estonia by publishing dubious publications there have been some cases, which have brought the issue of the freedom of expression in the centre of the public interest in a negative way. -
Estonian Economy and Monetary Policy
Eesti Pank Bank of Estonia Estonian Economy and Monetary Policy 2/2008 The Estonian Economy and Monetary Policy is published by Eesti Pank twice a year — in spring and autumn. The overview includes analyses of current economic developments as well as the central bank’s forecasts for the coming years. The Estonian Economy and Monetary Policy is available at http://www.bankofestonia.info and is free of charge to subscribers. Subscriptions of printed versions: Fax: +372 668 0954 E-mail: [email protected] Mail: Eesti Pank Publications Division Estonia pst 13 15095 Tallinn Estonia ISSN 1406-4154 Executive editor Kadri Põdra Design Vincent OÜ Layout and cover Urmas Raidma Printed in Aktaprint 2 CONTENTS ECONOMIC FORECAST FOR 2008–2010 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 4 External environment............................................................................................................................ 5 Demand and commodities prices ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Monetary policy and money markets ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 Economic growth �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 Domestic demand ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ -
Esti.Ee the Euro – Our Money
Euro Campaign Estonia 2011 Press kit www.euro.ecb.eu www.euro.eesti.ee The euro – our money The European Central Bank TV and print advertising Events and activities Back to school: Euro School Euro web pages and Eesti Pank launch a mass Schoolchildren in Estonia will have media campaign for the For the first time since the euro Public relations events and outreach the opportunity to learn about Up-to-date information on the euro and its introduction in Estonia can introduction of the euro in cash changeover in 2002, TV activities are a key element of the the euro with Anna and Alex, the be found at www.euro.ecb.eu and www.euro.eesti.ee. Estonia advertising has featured in the campaign. These include: young heroes of the Euro School. ECB’s range of communication A short story, in which the heroes Obtaining the campaign materials Today, 19 September 2010, the tools. In total, four TV spots have Euro Conference track down a gang of banknote European Central Bank (ECB) and been produced and, together with This high-level discussion forum, counterfeiters, was developed The campaign materials are being handed out at this press event but may Eesti Pank, the national central the print advertisements, they will which will deal with issues with the help of children from the also be requested at a later date from either Eesti Pank (Viljar Rääsk, bank of Estonia, are launching a form the backbone of the mass relating to the introduction of European School Frankfurt and has +372 668 0745, [email protected]) or the ECB (Niels Bünemann, mass media campaign to support media campaign.