1959–1982

The

Linguistic Reporter

VVoolluummee 1122

(1970)

The Linguistic Reporter Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Volume 12 Number 1 February 1970 Washington, D.C. 20036

Harpers Ferry Conference on the English Verb

by W. Nelson Francis

[W. Nelson Francis Is Professor of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Dr. Lotz, the Director, English and Chairman of the Department of Linguis­ proposed a discussion of some major topic in tics at Brown University.] grammar. Specifically he suggested the English verb, which has been the focus of a great deal As one of a group of conferences to cele­ of discussion over the past decade or two. It brate the tenth anniversary of the Center for was Dr. Lotz's idea to gather together in one place all the major contributors to this discus­ sion and allow them two days of free, un- trammeled time to talk, read, discuss, and argue about the morphology, syntax, and semantics of English verbs and verb phrases. Early in the planning of the conference, I was enlisted to serve as moderator. At a preliminary planning session with Dr. Lotz, we decided not to follow the stereotyped format of so many present-day conferences, but instead to keep the proceedings as free-wheeling as would be consonant with orderly discussion. We would not solicit specially prepared papers, but would instead invite all participants to submit papers in advance if they wished, to be duplicated and sent to all participants. No formal agenda was proposed; we agreed instead to let the discus­ sion arise naturally out of the interests and preoccupations of the participants, only making

W. NELSON FRANCIS sure that everyone had time to make a more or less informal statement of his current think­ Dr. Lotz chose for the locale of the confer­ ing. We both realized that this relatively un­ ence Hilltop House, a rambling old hotel high structured format would put considerable re­ on the south bank of the Potomac above the sponsibility on us, but we were ready to under­ town of Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. The take it in the interests of free and lively dis­ conference was held April 10-12, 1969. After cussion. In retrospect, we are agreed that it brief introductory remarks by the Director and was worth it, and I think all the participants the Moderator at the opening session, we went found it a stimulating—if far from conclusive round the table, giving everyone a few minutes —experience. to state his current interests and the things he In selecting the participants we were guided would like to talk about. On the basis of their by two considerations: first, to insure that all preliminary statements, the Moderator drew significant viewpoints would be represented, up a tentative schedule for the three principal and second, that the authors of the major re­ sessions on the next two days. In what follows, cent treatments of English verb grammar would I will not attempt to summarize in any detail be present. Of the final list decided upon, all the remarks of all the speakers, since, although but one—Professor W. F. Twaddell, who was a stenographic record was kept, I have not yet on sabbatical leave—accepted and came. Many seen the transcript, and since I sometimes got of them also submitted papers, either in ad­ so interested in the discussion that I failed to vance or at the conference (at least two papers take any but the most sketchy notes. The were finished in the late hours of the night finished papers which the authors are willing between the two days of discussion). The final to release will appear as items in the series of list of participants included the following: "Studies in the English Language" projected by the Center, and it is hoped that there will Robert L. Allen, Teachers College, ultimately be a volume of proceedings from the Columbia University conference. William Diver, Columbia University The general focus for Friday morning was Madeline E. Ehrman, Yale University on the approach to problems of complementa­ Charles Fillmore, Ohio State University tion and catenation. The first speaker, Long- H.A. Gleason, Jr., University of Toronto acre, taking his departure from a paper entitled M.A.K. Halliday, University College, "A hierarchical look at the English verb London phrase" talked about the "merged sentence" as Martin Joos, University of Toronto he had encountered it in various Philippine Robert Longacre, Instituto Lingiiistico languages and as it seems to occur in English. de Verano, Mexico He was followed by Gleason, who dealt with Akira Ota, Tokyo University of Education the underlying semological structure of narra­ John R. Ross, Massachusetts Institute tive discourse and its surface manifestations in of Technology sequential predications, both in English and in Jan Svartvik, Gdteborg University the Kate language of New Guinea. Next and Brown University Svartvik gave a demonstration of the proced­ In addition, the following attended as non- ures of "numerical taxonomy", as developed by participating observers (though they were in­ biologists and applied with success to language vited to participate, and did): in his own work on the English passive and other studies. The morning ended with a devel­ Nearlene J. Francis opment by Ross of the notion that some un­ Erica Garcia, Columbia University acceptable sentences seem to be so not because Randal L. Whitman, University of of errors in the generative process but because Pennsylvania of some surface-structure constraint that rejects and the following as organizers and coordina­ otherwise well-formed sentences. His illustra­ tors: tion was the "double -ing" construction, as in *She is really trying driving fast. W. N. Francis, Brown University, Moderator The focus of the afternoon session was on Kathleen Lewis, Center for Applied questions of modality, tense and aspect. The Linguistics, Coordinator first speaker was Palmer, who took off from his John Lotz, Director, Center for Applied paper on 'The syntactic status of the modals", Linguistics. elaborating several points therein, especially

2 The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 The Center for Applied Linguistics is a nonprofit, internationally oriented professional institution, established in 1959 and incorporated in 1964 in Washington, D.C. The purpose of the Center is to serve as a clearinghouse and informal coordinating body in the applica­ tion of linguistics to practical language problems

The Linguistic Reporter, the Center's newsletter, is published six times a year, in Feb­ ruary, April. June, August, October, and December. Annual subscription, $1.50; air mail, $3.50. (Individuals faced with currency restrictions or similar limitations are invited to write to the Editor.) Manuscripts, books fur review, and editorial communications should be sent to Frank A. Rico, Editor, THE LINCUISTIC RLPORTER. Center for Applied Linguistics, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Communications concerning subscriptions should be directed to the Subscriptions Secretary at the same address. Per­ mission is granted for quotation or reproduction from the contents of the LINCUISTIC REPORTER provided acknowledgement is given.

with regard to double negation and the pro­ tural semantics, especially with semantic pre­ posed status of the modals as main verbs. He suppositions that are marked by lexical and was followed by Halliday, whose paper "On grammatical features of discourse. His paper finiteness, tense, and modality in the English on 'The lexicology of guilt" dealt with the verb" was distributed on the final day of the semantics of a group of verbs including accuse, conference. He made the point that these cate­ blame, scold, criticize, etc. Diver talked at gories must be considered together in their some length about the nature of linguistics as relation to the variable purposes of language. a science and its place in the total scheme of This discussion led directly to the topic of the learning. next speaker, Ota, who commented on his The morning session—and the business of paper "Modals and some semi-auxiliaries," the conference—ended with a presentation by making the distinction between epistemic and Lotz, who dealt further with the questions of cognitive uses of the modals and the "semi- time, time-relations, and tense originally raised auxiliaries" have to, be able to, and be going to. by Allen. The last five minutes before the offi­ Following him, Allen discussed particularly the cial adjournment to lunch were long enough difference between the time system and the for the Moderator to confess his total inability time-relation system, especially as manifested to sum up the conference in any capsuled set in English tense and aspect. The last speaker of of conclusions, and to thank the participants the afternoon was Joos, who discussed the for their contributions to what had proved to strategic value of a closed corpus, as used in be a stimulating, intense, and remarkably his The English Verb, Form and Meanings, amicable discussion of a controversial area of and accepted Ota's epistemic-cognitive opposi­ English linguistics. Whatever problems we may tion as an insight to be dealt with in the next have solved, we can still endorse the final com­ edition. ment of a French linguist, in a recent review The focus for Saturday morning's session article on the English verb: "Au commence­ was to have been a summary of issues and ment etait le verbe: il est toujours la, et tou­ conclusions. Instead the morning was devoted jours un de nos soucis, a nous linguistes" to two rather long discussions by Fillmore and (Andre Castagna, "Le verbe anglais vu a tra- Diver, and ended with a presentation by Lotz. vers quelques ouvrages rcccnts," La Linguisti­ Fillmore's discussion dealt primarily with struc­ que 2:133 [1968]).

The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 3 The Applied Contrastive Linguistics Project of the University of Stuttgart

by Gerhard Nickel

[Gerhard Nickel Is professor of English linguistics at the University of Stuttgart, Western Germany. He Is director of the Project on Applied Contrastive Lin­ guistics (PAKS), linguistic adviser to the Council of Europe, president of the Society for Applied Linguis­ tics (GAL—the German section of AILA), and vice- president of AILA. Together with Bertil Malmberg, he edits the International Review of Applied Linguistics.]

Contrastive linguistics is now generally recog­ Rumania, a Rumanian-English project is just nized as an important branch of applied lin­ being started, in cooperation with the Center guistics and one which forms a substantial part for Applied Linguistics. of the programs of conferences and symposia As in many other branches of linguistic re­ in this field. Thus, the Second International search, the contribution of Germany has until Congress of Applied Linguistics at Cambridge, recently been conspicuous by its absence. How­ 8th-12th September 1969, included a special ever, apart from a growing concern with ap­ section on contrastive linguistics under the plied contrastive linguistics in East Germany, chairmanship of the present author.1 The we can now observe a considerable increase of papers presented at the meetings of this sec­ activity in general linguistics ki the Federal tion covered a wide range of both theoretical Republic, as well as some promising beginnings and practical problems encountered by recent in applied and contrastive linguistics, such as research in contrastive linguistics. In addition, the foundation of the German section of the a detailed report on the state of contrastive AILA, the Gesellschaft fur Angewandte Lin- analysis and its application in language teaching guistik, in November 1968. was given by the author during a plenary ses­ In the autumn of 1967, the Volkswagen sion. Also indicative of the current interest in Foundation decided to lend generous support contrastive analysis is the fact that the 19th to a new research project on English and Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics German, the Project on Applied Contrastive and Language Studies at Georgetown Univer­ Linguistics (Projekt fiir Angewandte Kontras- sity, Washington, D.C, in 1968, was exclusively tive Sprachwissenschaft-PAKS). PAKS was devoted to contrastive linguistics.2 started in April 1968 at the University of Kiel The publication in the early 1960s of the under the direction of the author. After a pre­ first volumes of the Contrastive Structure paratory period, research work began in sum­ Series, sponsored by the Center for Applied mer 1968. Until August 1969, the project was Linguistics, enormously stimulated other schol­ located at the University of Kiel. When it ars confronted with the problem of teaching moved to the University of Stuttgart in Septem­ foreign languages to take up research in this ber, the State Government of Baden-Wurttem- field. At the same time it was found that more berg made substantial contributions in support detailed and more comprehensive contrastive of PAKS. The major part of the work within studies were needed, which went beyond the the framework of PAKS investigations is car­ capacity of a single researcher and required ried out by a few research associates, but con­ larger groups of scholars. As a result, the num­ tributions are also being made by participating ber of projects in the field has increased con­ members of the teaching staff of the Linguistics siderably. At present, research projects are un­ Section of the Department of English, Univer­ der way in Poznan (Polish-English), Zagreb sity of Stuttgart, as well as a growing number (Serbo-Croatian-English), France (French- of graduate students and seminar groups. English), and Ireland (Irish-English). In Collaborators report on their work in a

4 The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 series of working papers (PAKS-Arbeits- It should be noted that the basic assumption berichie), which are available to research of our approach, i e., the hypothesis that there groups and individual linguists working in the is in fact a tertium comparationis in the struc­ field of contrastive linguistics. Members of the tures of any two languages under comparison, research staff of PAKS are also participating appears to be directly related to the strong in the teaching program of the University of claim raised by transformational grammar and Stuttgart. Apart from offering an introduction the more recent school of "generative seman­ to applied and contrastive linguistics, the uni­ tics" that the semantically relevant basic struc­ versity also offers regular graduate seminars on tures of sentences are universal features of problems of PAKS research in order to en­ language. This claim, of course, cannot be courage student participation. Such a combina­ supported by the evidence gathered in the tion of training and research has proved both isolated comparison of two particular lan­ desirable and fruitful. In addition to the re­ guages, but no doubt a large body of data search facilities of the Department of English, compiled by numerous contrastive investiga­ there is a well-endowed special library for tions of many languages should provide very PAKS, including a selection of unpublished interesting evidence for the discussion of the material. A language laboratory, which will universal hypothesis. However, the question of play an important role at a later stage of our the adequate theoretical model in contrastive work, will be available in the near future in linguistics must be seen from a much more Stuttgart. pragmatic point of view, since any explicit The research objectives of the Project on model of grammatical structure could be em­ Applied Contrastive Linguistics are (1) to make ployed in this framework with a certain amount a detailed comparison of the structures of of success. Although the model of generative English and German on all levels, and (2) to transformational grammar in the sense of make suggestions for the application of the re­ Chomsky's Aspects of the Theory of Syntax sults of this contrastive analysis to the teaching (1965) by and large forms the background of of English to speakers of German. In the course PAKS investigations, it goes without saying of the preparations for this project it became that we have to remain open-minded towards clear that any successful comparison between other possibilities. Some modifications of the the structures of two languages has to be based transformational model have become necessary on an explicit model of linguistic structure. in the light of our findings. Thus, certain pro­ Since the model of generative transformational posals of "generative semantics" and C.J. Fill­ grammar as developed from 19S7 on by Z.S. more's "case grammar" have been adopted. Harris, N. Chomsky and others is the most Other alternatives, such as stratificational gram­ widely studied and employed model of gram­ mar and tagmemics, are also being tested in matical structure to date, it is being employed our work. in the investigations carried out within the In addition to a detailed contrastive analysis framework of PAKS. We believe that at the of English and German, we hope to be able to present time transformational grammar is the make some contributions to the more theoreti­ most suitable candidate as a theoretical frame­ cal questions of contrastive linguistics and to a work for contrastive analysis, because it is (a) general theory of interference. While it is true a fully explicit model; (b) it is based on the that we cannot be sure whether such a theory assumption that certain linguistic features are can be set up in the near future, we neverthe­ universal; and (c) it makes a distinction be­ less believe that some deeper insights into the tween two levels of syntactic representation, complicated patterning of language transfer deep structure and surface structure, which has should not be completely out of reach after proved extremely useful for contrastive analysis several years of intensive research work. and is in a way fundamental to establishing comparability. A full account of the structural The last step will be the application of our differences between two languages is of course findings to foreign language teaching, especially only a theoretical possibility, and the more the teaching of English to speakers of German. modest goal of contrastive linguistics will be a We hope that our results will be of considera­ compilation of as many observations on diver­ ble relevance for the training of teachers and gences within a general theoretical framework that they will lay the foundations for future as possible.* textbooks and didactic grammars. Especially, we expect to be able to make certain sugges-

The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 5 tions concerning the organization of textbooks group during the first working period. Apart by providing reliable criteria for grading, stag­ from a number of articles in various journals, ing, sequencing, and the mode of representa­ other contributions of PAKS will appear in the tion of teaching items. The publication of published proceedings of several linguistic con­ textbooks, however, is not within the reach of gresses, such as the Second International Con­ a linguistically oriented research project such gress of Applied Linguistics in Cambridge as PAKS. The final report of our project will (1969) and the Symposium on Contrastive be a reference grammar of the contrastive Linguistics, held at the German Language structure of English and German, which is Institute in Mannheim (spring 1969). In addi­ intended to provide a comprehensive guide for tion, a considerable number of longer studies the designing of classroom teaching material such as dissertations and theses on various on all levels. topics, e.g contrastive lexicology, the syntax After little more than one year of research, and semantics of adjectives, adverbs, nominaliz- it is, of course, not yet possible to say whether ations, embedded sentences, etc., are at present we will be able to reach the goals we have in preparation, and some will be published in 4 set ourselves Advances, however, have recently 1970. Also in 1970 a new monograph series been made in the contrastive analysis of Eng­ on applied linguistics and language teaching lish and German syntax and semantics. The (Berlin: Cornelsen Verlag) will be started un­ progress made in these areas is partially docu­ der the editorship of the present author. mented in our first working papers. The follow­ Another central objective of PAKS lies in ing reports have appeared during the first year the field of documentation. It has been empha­ of PAKS investigation: sized repeatedly that the exchange of informa­ tion among linguists still leaves much to be

1. PAKS-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 1 (Kiel, Decem­ 3 desired. Since progress in contrastive linguis­ ber 1968): B. Drubig, 'Preliminary Re­ tics will be furthered only by close collabora­ marks on Relative Clauses'; E. Konig, tion between the various research centers 'Comparative Constructions in German and working along the same lines, the Council of English': K.-H. Wagner, 'Simultaneous and Europe has entrusted our project with the Sequential Linguistic Structures'. registration of European projects in contrastive 2. PAKS-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 2 (Kiel, March linguistics. In due time we hope to provide 1969): E. Konig, 'Infinitiveinbettungen for an inventory of the most important work nach Adjekiiven im Deutschen und Eng- in progress or planned, and should welcome lischen'; G Rohdenburg, 'Kasusgrammatik information from research centers, linguistic und kontrastive Analyse'; B. Drubig and institutes and individual scholars. Our docu­ K.-H. Wagner, 'Komplexe Nominalstruktu- mentation program also includes the compila­ ren und ihre padagogischen Implikationen'; tion of an annotated bibliography of contrastive R. Thiem, 'Bibliography of Contrastive linguistics, which is under preparation. Linguistics, I'. By way of summary, let me say that the successful completion of the research program 3. PAKS-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 3 (Stuttgart, Oc­ of the Project on Applied Contrastive Lin­ tober 1969): G. Nickel, 'Contrastive Lin­ guistics will certainly not fulfill any overly guistics at the Second International Con­ enthusiastic expectations. We should be realistic gress of Applied Linguistics'; E. Konig, enough to be skeptical about a new revolution 'Syntax und Semantik der Modalverben im in the classrooms. As a matter of fact, the Englischen und Deutschen'; K.-H. Wagner, results of research in applied contrastive 'A Proposal on Nommalizations'; K.-H. linguistics are not likely to lead to current Wagner, The Relevance of Deep Structure for Contrastive Linguistics'; G. Rohden­ teaching methods being replaced by any others. burg, 'Some Further Remarks on Case The aim of contrastive linguistics is to show Grammar and Contrastive Linguistics'; R. the necessity for a thorough differentiation of Thiem, 'Bibliography of Contrastive Lin­ teaching material and to make suggestions how guistics, II'. this can be done. Initial findings of research in the framework of PAKS have already been The papers contained in the PAKS-Arbeits- applied to this end in courses taught by mem­ berichte of course do not cover the whole bers of our staff at several teacher training range of research carried out by the PAKS institutes in Germany, and the results were

6 The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 quite encouraging. In the near future we hope section will be published by the Cambridge Uni­ to offer a summer school in applied contrastive versity Press. linguistics and related topics. It is to be hoped 2 James E Alatis (ed ), Contrastive Linguistics and that a clearer conception of the common and Its Pedagogical Implications, Report of the Nine­ teenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics the divergent features of two languages, the and Language Studies, Monograph Scries on Lan­ source language and the target language, will guages and Linguistics, Vol. 21 (Washington, DC: help the teacher to rationalize his work in the Georgetown University Press, 1968) classroom. However, even if a contrastive 3 For more detailed accounts of the theoretical back­ analysis should provide new and interesting ground of our work, see G Nickel et al - Pro/ekt results, the task of relating these findings to fur Angewandte Kontrastive Sprachwissenschafl: teaching practice is still a very difficult one. Programm, University of Kiel, March 1967 (mime­ ographed), and G Nickel and K-H Wagner, 'Contrastive Linguistics and Language Teaching', I. A short survey of the papers and discussions of the IRAL 6 (1968). 233-255 Contrastive Linguistics Section as well as a critical evaluation of its perspectives for the future of 4 Cf the bibliography of PAKS research in PAKS- contrastive analysis is given in G Nickel, 'Con­ Arbeitsberichl Nr. 3 (1969). trastive Linguistics at the Second International S. Cf A Hood Roberts, 'International Information Congress of Applied Linguistics', PAKS-Arbeits- Flow in Linguistics', Linguistic Reporter 10:6 bericht Nr. 3 (1969). The papers presented at this (December 1968), 1-3

The Southeastern Conference on Linguistics The Missionary Language Board of North (SECOL) was organized in 1968 to provide a India offers both introductory and advanced forum for linguists from the Southeast SECOL programs of study in Hindi, Hindustani (col­ members represent all the areas within loquial Urdu in the Devanagari script), Pun­ linguistics; at the last meeting, papers were jabi, and Urdu (Nastalik script). Experienced read on theoretical and historical linguistics, Indian instructors teach the four principal psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics, as well skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing), as animal communication and language acquisi­ but emphasis is placed on conversation in tion and development. The current officers of everyday situations. Both classes and private SECOL include Robert Scholes (University of tutorial periods arc available for full or part Florida), President; John Algeo (University of sessions. For further information, write to the Florida), Vice-President, and Anthony Vanek Principal at Landour Language School, Lan- (Florida State University), Treasurer. The next dour, Mussoorie, U.P., India (April IS to SECOL meeting will be held April 17-18, at August 30), or at Dehra Dun Language School, the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. SI Rajpur Road, Dehra Dun, U.P., India Further information about the conference may (September 1 to April IS). be obtained from the officers mentioned above.

The Esperantic Studies Foundation was estab­ lished in 1968 to support research on language Syracuse University has announced the offering planning and international communication in of instruction in linguistics leading to an under­ all relevant disciplines, eg. linguistics, educa­ graduate major and to an M.A. degree in tion, international relations, and the behavioral linguistics, effective September 1969. The M.A. sciences. ESF does not promote Esperanto but program is designed for students who plan to notes a dearth of objective research and teach­ proceed to the doctorate. A doctorate with a ing on this language and related topics. ESF major or minor in linguistics is available will advise on potential areas of research, assist in various departments, e.g. Anthropology, in obtaining funding for suitable projects, and Humanities, and Systems and Information serve as a clearinghouse for information. A list Science. The linguistics faculty is oriented of research ideas is available on request, along toward theory and research. Inquiries may be with general information about ESF, from Dr. directed to Linguistics. Syracuse University, James E. Lieberman, 64S1 Barnaby Street, Syracuse, New York 13210. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20015.

The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 7 new journals CHINOPERL News. Published by the Con­ ference on Chinese Oral and Performing Litera­ Papers in Linguistics. Published by Florida ture Irregular. First issue: August 1969. Stale University. Irregular (three issues per Editor: John McCoy. All correspondence to: volume). First issue: July 1969 Subscription- CHINOPERL, The China Program, Franklin $12.00 (2 vols. $21.00, 3 vols $30.00); stu­ Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York dents: $8.00 (2 vols. $14.00, 3 vols. $20.00): 14850. add 57.50 per volume for overseas air freight. The first issue includes a statement of the Correspondence to the Editor, Anthony L. aims and goals of CHINOPERL, the minutes Vanek, Department of English, Florida State of the first meeting, descriptions of some cur­ University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306. rent projects, and a selected bibliography of Aims to provide the linguistic community Chinese folklore. Future issues will contain and scholars in related fields with an outlet news and articles of general or specific interest for the publication of their material in the to the field. shortest possible time, and thus to aid in the rapid dissemination of new ideas and develop­ ments in linguistic theory. There are eleven The Claremont Colleges have announced the articles in the first issue, most of which deal formation of a linguistics field committee within with syntax and semantics. Future issues will the Claremont Graduate School. Members of also include book reviews. the field committee are from the faculties of the six Claremont colleges and include scholars Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica Applicata. from a number of different disciplines, e.g. an­ thropology, psychology, linguistics, education, Published by the Centro Italiano di Linguistica foreign languages, English, and mathematics. Applicata Three times a year. First issue- Students are provided with an opportunity to January-April 1969. Subscription L. 2.400 choose a program from among the various (foreign: $4 50); single issues- L. 800. All disciplines represented in the field committee. correspondence to: Mario Bulzoni Editore, Via Particular attention is currently being given Liburni 14, Rome-00185, Italy. to the area of applied linguistics. Graduate de­ Deals particularly with problems of language grees may be completed, as the field is now teaching. The first issue contains two long constituted, through the anthropology or edu­ articles, by Michele Famiglietti and Renzo cation field committees. Inquiries may be ad­ Titone, and four shorter articles on language dressed to the Dean, Claremont Graduate teaching, brief notes on conferences and forth­ School, Claremont, California 91711. coming publications, and a number of book reviews. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) has established a Special Interest Com­ La Monda Lingvo-Problemo. Published by the mittee on Language Analysis and Studies in Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado pri la the Humanities (SICLASH). SICLASH plans Monda Lingvo-Problemo. Three times a year. to cooperate with allied organizations, such as First issue: January 1969. Subscription: $7.00; the Association for Computational Linguistics, single issues: $2.75. Editorial correspondence and with other special interest groups, such as to: Victor Sadler, Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, Rotterdam-2, Netherlands. Subscription cor­ those focused on language processing and hu­ respondence to: Mouton, P.O. Box 1132, The manistic studies within the American Society Hague, Netherlands. for Information Science. It will promotion liaison with such organizations as the American An international, interdisciplinary journal Council of Learned Societies, the Social Science devoted to the general study of language prob­ lems. Its aim is to cover a wide variety of Research Council, the National Endowment for research and discussion on language planning the Humanities, etc. Robert Wachal, of the from the viewpoints of sociology, linguistics, University of Iowa, will edit a newsletter on law, psychology, economics, and political sci­ committee activities, current research, meetings, ence. Papers will be carried in various lan­ etc. For further information, write: SICLASH, guages, with summaries in Esperanto; there will ACM Headquarters, 211 East 43rd Street, New also be occasional notes and book reviews. York, New York 10017.

8 The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 guides and directories Academic Courses in Great Britain, 1969/70, Relevant to the Teaching of English as a Second Language. London, English-Teaching A Selected List of Major Fellowship Oppor­ Information Centre, 1969. 54 pp. Free on re­ tunities and Aids to Advanced Education for quest to: The British Council, State House, 63 United States Citizens, prepared by the Fellow­ High Holborn, London, W.C.I, England. ship Office, Office of Scientific Personnel, National Research Council. Washington, D C, Provides information on fifty courses of National Academy of Sciences, 1969. 42 pp. study in linguistics or teaching English as a [A vailahle from the Fellowship Office, National second language in twenty-five colleges and Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, universities in England, Scotland, and Wales. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.) The entries include descriptions of the content of the course and entrance qualifications, fees, Lists scholarships, fellowships and loans and general information. for advanced education and research in the sciences, including linguistics. The booklet is divided into undergraduate, graduate and post­ 1970 Linguistic Institute doctoral sections, with a bibliography appended. At Ohio State University

The Ohio State University announces that the A Selected List of Major Fellowship Oppor­ 1970 Linguistic Institute will be held at Colum­ tunities and Aids to Advanced Education for bus, June 23-August 14, under the joint Foreign Nationals, prepared by the Fellowship sponsorship of the University and the Linguistic Office, Office of Scientific Personnel, National Society of America. The staff of the Institute Research Council. Washington, D.C, National will be made up of scholars from many Academy of Sciences, 1969. 22 pp. [A vailable different institutions in the United States and from ihe Fellowship Office, National Research abroad, in addition to members of the Univer­ Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., sity faculty. The University is particularly Washington, D.C. 20418.] pleased to welcome the prominent Soviet lin­ A companion volume to A Selected List of guist Sebastian Saumjan, who will give a course Major Fellowship Opportunities and Aids to on linguistic theory. Advanced Education for United Slates Citi­ In addition to the Linguistic Institute courses, zens (see above), including grants-in-aid there will also be a large variety of offerings available to citizens of countries other than in Slavic, since the Slavic Institute of the Com­ the United States. mittee on Institutional Cooperation will be held at Ohio State this summer. Throughout the course of the Institute, there MLA Guide to Federal Programs: An Analysis will be four special lectures a week: two Lin­ of Current Government Financial Assistance guistic Institute forum lectures and two Slavic Programs for Students, Teachers, Researchers, Institute forum lectures. An annual feature and Scholars in the Fields of English and of the Linguistic Institute is the summer meet­ Foreign Languages, edited by Kenneth W. ing of the Linguistic Society of America, to be Mildenberger. New York, Committee on Re­ held July 24-26. Leading scholars and younger search Activities of the Modern Language As­ workers in linguistics will read and discuss re­ sociation of America, 1969. 56 pp. $2 00. search papers. The annual meeting of the As­ Order from: MLA Materials Center, 62 Fifth sociation for Computational Linguistics will Avenue, New York, New York 10011. also be held during the Linguistic Institute, For each of the twenty-four programs de­ on July 22 and 23. scribed in this booklet there is a brief state­ The administrative staff of the Institute in­ ment of the purpose, eligibility, method of cludes Use Lehiste, Director; Robert Auster­ operation, implications for English and foreign litz, Associate Director; Larry Reeker, Assis­ languages, and funding, as well as the address tant Director; and Gregory Lee, Assistant to from which current information may be ob­ the Director. Inquiries and requests for applica­ tained. There is also a section on further tion forms should be addressed to: Mr. Gregory sources of general information on Federal edu­ Lee, Linguistic Institute, Ohio State University, cation programs. 1841 Millikin Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210.

The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 9 book notices

Approaches to Animal Communication, edited An Urdu Newspaper Word Count by Muham­ by Thomas A. Sebeok and Alexandra Ramsay. mad Abd-al-Rahman Barker, Hasan Jahangir (Approaches to Semiotics, 1.) The Hague, Hamdam, and Khwaja Muhammad Shaft Mouton & Co., 1969 261 pp. Dihlivi. Montreal, McGill University Institute of Islamic Studies, 1969. xli, 453 pp. [Distri­ This collection of ten papers represents the buted by McGill University Press, 3458 Red- partial results of an international symposium path Street, Montreal, P.Q, Canada.] on animal communication held at Burg Warten- Fourth in a series of Urdu teaching ma­ stein, Austria, in June 196S. The essays reflect the approaches of several disciplines to the terials, including A Course In Urdu, An Urdu discipline of animal communication, or zoose- Newspaper Reader, and A Reader of Modern miotics. Among the topics considered are Urdu Poetry, this volume presents a lexical various classificatory schemes and their merits, analysis of 406 articles (136,738 running and the functional and organizational differ­ words) taken from fifteen modern Pakistani ences between language and animal signaling newspapers. The first part of the book is an systems. Other contributions deal with physio­ alphabetical listing of the 6500 different words logical and psychological mechanisms of cod­ of the corpus, each presented in the Urdu ing, the neurobiology of primate gestures and script followed by the frequency, pronuncia­ human speech, and communication as an tion (in phonemic transcription), grammatical evolutionary and social force in animal com­ class membership, and meaning The second munities. Also included is a 20-page selected part is a relisting of the words, here in the and annotated guide to the literature of zoose- Urdu script only, in descending order of fre­ miotics and its background. quency. An introduction discusses the method­ ology and uses of word counts, with some A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri, by Bra} B. comparisons of Urdu and Arabic studies and the authors' conclusions. Kachru Prelim ed Urbana, Illinois, 1969. xxv, 416 pp. [Available from the author. Depart­ The research on which this work is based ment of Linguistics, University of Illinois, was performed pursuant to a contract with Urbana, Illinois 61801.] the U.S. Office of Education.

A pedagogically oriented analysis of Kash­ miri, intended to present a skeleton grammar to Testing English As a Second Language, by serve as a basis for preparing teaching mate­ David P. Harris. New York, McGraw-Hill, rials or as an introductory reference manual 1969. viii, 151 pp $3 40. for students. The opening chapter (pages 1-48) includes a scholarly survey of past research in The objective of this book is to enable the Kashmiri; a tentative analysis of Kashmiri dia­ ESL teacher to improve his own classroom lects and the relationship between Kashmiri measures and to make sound assessments of and the Dardic languages; a description of standardized tests which he may be asked to Kashmiri writing systems; and brief comments select, administer, and interpret. The opening on the literary tradition. Other chapters treat chapters introduce the general purposes and the phonology, word formation, word classes, methods of language testing. Following chap­ the noun phrase, the verb phrase, the adverbial ters describe specific techniques for testing phrase, and the sentence types. Appendices in­ grammar, vocabulary, etc, and the processes clude Kashimiri-English and English-Kashmiri involved in constructing and administering glossaries and a selected bibliography. The tests and interpreting the results The final Kashmiri material is presented throughout in chapter offers procedures for calculating a transcription. few basic test statistics. As with the rest of the The research on which this work is based book, the final chapter does not assume any was performed pursuant to a contract with the previous training in tests and measurement U.S. Office of Education. nor any knowledge of advanced mathematics.

10 The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 meetings and conferences February 19-21. Southern Conference on Language Teaching, 6th. Jacksonville, Florida. March 12-14. Georgetown University Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies, 21st. Washington, D.C. March 14-15. International Linguistic Association Annual Conference on Linguistics, 15th. New York City. March 18-21. Convention of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, 4th. San Francisco, California. March 19-21. Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 17th. Boston, Massachusetts. [To be repeated April 30-May 2 in Washington, D.C] April 3-5. Association for Asian Studies, 22nd. San Francisco, California. April 17-18. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. April 23-25. University of Kentucky Foreign Language Conference, 23rd. Lexington, Kentucky. April 24-25. Conference on African Languages and Linguistics. Urbana, Illinois.

Modern Studies in English: Readings in Trans­ on a large number of compounds and a great formational Grammar, edited hy David A. amount of reading matter relative to the num­ Reibel and Sanford A. Schane. Englewood ber of characters introduced. Each of the 25 Cliffs. NJ., Prentice-Hall, 1969. xii. 481 pp. lessons contains a list of new characters and $9.95. compounds with romanization, illustrative sen­ tences, and reading text. Appendices include This volume brings together twenty-nine ar­ supplementary lessons on simplified characters, ticles on the transformational grammar of Eng­ a stroke order chart, summary charts of char­ lish written over the past decade. The anthology acters, and a pinyin index. is divided into six sections. The articles in the This work was supported by a contract with first section presume no specialized linguistic the U.S. Office of Education. training; they present fundamental questions that linguists are now asking, some of the prob­ Bibliographic Analytique de Tests de Langue/ lems faced in answering these questions, and the notational devices and conventions of trans­ Analytical Bibliography of Language Tests, by formational description. Sections 2-5 treat Jean-Guy Savard. Quebec, Les Presses de specific aspects of English structure, eg. con­ TUniversity Laval, 1969. xviii, 372 pp. junction, pronominahzation, relativization. Sec­ This bibliography, prepared at the Interna­ tion 6 deals with the application of the insights tional Center for Research on Bilingualism at of transformational grammar to other areas of Laval University, contains over 400 titles. The language study, such as historical change, child book is divided into seven parts: second lan­ language, metrics, and language teaching. guage tests, native language tests, bilingual tests, language aptitude tests, psychological tests, documents on language tests and testing mate­ Advanced Chinese Reader, by John DeFrancis rial, and a list of the publishers or institutions with the assistance of Teng Chia-yee and Yung from which these tests are available. Each of Chihsheng. (Yale Linguistic Series.) Published the first five parts is preceded by an index of for Seton Hall University by Yale University titles and an index of authors classified by Press, New Haven and London, 1968. xvi, 713 language treated. The analytical form for each pp cloth $15.00; paper $6.75. test includes the category (achievement, prog­ A sequel to Intermediate Chinese Reader in nostic, or diagnostic), skills tested, material the author's senes of texts in the spoken and required, age or level of group, testing time, written language [see The Linguistic Reporter, correction time, comments, and coefficients of April 1968], this volume continues the emphasis reliability and validity.

The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 11 The Linguistic Reporter Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

The Linguistic Reporter February 1970 The Linguistic Reporter Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Volume 12 Number 2 April 1970 Washington, D.C. 20036

CAL Conference on English Bilingual Dictionaries by Kathleen Lewis

[Kathleen Le*is is Research Associate, General Lin­ in celebration of the Center's tenth anniversary, guistics and Phonetics Program, Center for Applied was supported by funds from the U.S. Office Linguistics ] of Education and the American Council of A conference on English Bilingual Diction­ Learned Societies. The participants were schol­ aries, held by the Center for Applied Linguis­ ars in the field of lexicology, administrators of tics from September 8 to 10, 1969. represented large-scale dictionary programs, scholars work­ a first step toward the development of a na­ ing on mechanical aids for lexicographical tional program for the coordination of purposes, and representatives of interested gov­ bilingual dictionary production in the United ernment agencies and commercial dictionary States. The conference, one of a scries planned publishers. The specific objectives of the dis­ cussions were. (1) to establish dictionary needs and priorities, particularly in the neglected languages; (2) to consider the availability of manpower in the United States and the pos­ sibility of international cooperation; (3) to investigate the use of modern technological aids in dictionary making; (4) to discuss prac­ tical problems such as size and format; (3) to consider questions of funding and national co­ ordination; and (6) to suggest topics for a con­ ference on lexicology to be held in 1970, where theoretical questions will be discussed. Dr. John Lotz, Director of the Center for Applied Linguistics, welcomed the participants and observers, and spoke briefly on the con­ ference objectives. The chairman of the con­ ference, Professor J Milton Cowan of Cornell

KATHLhEN LEWIS University, summarized the history of events which preceded the discussions: The Ameri­ the Fife-Nielsen report (Austin E. Fife and can Council of Learned Societies has been con­ Marion L Nielsen, Report of the Conference cerned since the early 1940s with the develop­ on Neglected Languages, Washington, D C, ment of materials for the neglected languages, March 27-28, 1961, New York: Modern Lan­ including bilingual dictionaries. Professor guage Association of America, 1961) needed Cowan cited an early paper by Dr. Mortimer to be revised before any exact specifications of Graves (then of the American Council of needs and priorities could be made, not only Learned Societies), "Some Neglected Facets of because materials have been prepared in the American Education," which indicated the last decade for languages not listed in the re­ serious lack of English bilingual dictionaries port but also because the status of some lan­ for the critical languages. Several major proj­ guages has changed Another point made was ects of the ACLS—the Intensive Language that some of the languages might not need dic­ Program, developed in cooperation with the tionaries as urgently as they need other tools, U.S. Army; the Program in Oriental Lan­ e g handbooks with glossaries. Where diction­ guages, supported by the Ford Foundation, and aries are needed, it will be necessary to deter­ the Uralic and Altaic Program, funded by the mine whether these should be student diction­ U.S. Office of Education—have been con­ aries or dictionaries of some other type It was cerned with the development of bilingual dic­ noted that this presupposes a clear idea of tionaries. what a dictionary for students should contain; Dictionary projects, it was observed, pre­ the participants felt that this sort of question sent special problems for funding agencies, be­ should be discussed at the more theoretical cause they are time-consuming and because it level of the lexicology conference to be held is difficult to segment the work so that definite in 1970 end products are available at the end of each During the second part of the conference contracting period. The Office of Education has individual reports were given by those en­ initiated several conferences devoted entirely or gaged in dictionary projects. Professor John in part to dictionary problems: the Confer­ Echols of Cornell University described prob­ ence on Lexicography (Indiana University, lems encountered in the Indonesian Dictionary 1960), the Conference on Neglected Languages project He emphasized the importance of a (Washington, DC, 1961), and a second Con­ master list of English entries for comprehensive ference on Neglected Languages (Northwest­ English-to-foreign-language dictionaries Pro­ ern University, 196S). This last conference fessor Yakov Malkiel of the University of recommended that the Committee on Lan­ California at Berkeley discussed questions of guage Programs of the American Council of language coverage, format, content, and per­ Learned Societies act as a holding company sonnel. He stressed four items in particular: for long-range dictionary proposals The Com­ (I) coverage of historical languages, (2) mittee, after discussions, finally suggested that entries versus subentnes, (3) size and cover­ the Center for Applied Linguistics investigate age; (4) lack of adequate personnel. The the whole matter, and provided partial funding problems encountered by Mrs. Elinor Horne for the purpose The Office of Education gave of Harvard University in the Javanese-English additional funds for a conference that would dictionary project have been largely difficulties take the initial steps needed to develop a na­ of finding and keeping informants in this tional program for the production of bilingual country. The development of computer pro­ dictionaries. grams and administrative work, such as writ­ The first session of the conference began ing proposals, have also consumed more time with the discussion of a document. Bilingual than was expected. Dr. Philip Gove of Mer- Dictionaries in the Neglected Languages, which riam-Webster emphasized the difficulty of had been prepared by Center staff as a tool finding people who are well-trained in lexicog­ to aid the participants in arriving at an esti­ raphy. His company spends at least six months mate of needs and priorities. There was gen­ training new people in the techniques of dic­ eral agreement that it would be useful to re­ tionary making Dr. Dow Robinson of the vise this document on the basis of suggestions Summer Institute of Linguistics pointed out from the conferees and then send it to other the necessity for defining carefully what type scholars for further criticism and comment. of dictionary is needed. The SIL is working on It was also felt that the recommendations of dictionaries for persons newly literate both

2 The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 The Crnlrr for Applied Linguistics is J nonprofit, international oriented professional institution, established in 19'"»9 anil incorporated in 1%4 in Washington. DC The purpose of the Center is to serve .is a clearinghouse and informal coordinating ho

The Linguistic Reporter, the Center's nt-«sli-ll( r. is published six times a )ear. in Feb­ ruary April. June, August. Oitolicr. and Detemlicr Annual subscription, SI 50; air mail, S3.50. (Individuals faicd with Liirrem\ restrictions or similar limitations are invited to write to thr Editor) Manu«i ripts. book* fur review and editorial communii alion* should be sent to Frank A. Rice, Editor, TUB r im.i ivnc HKHOHIKH. Center for Applied Linguistics. 1717 Massachusetts Avenue. \ W., Washington. D C. 20036. Communications concerning sub- si riptioni should be directed to the >uh«c riptioiis Secretar) at the same address Permission is granted for quotation or reproduction from tbe contents of the LINCUISTIC KLPIIKTLR provided acknowledgement IS given.

in Mexican Spanish and in Indian languages. synan Dictionary project of establishing a The corpus for each dictionary is based on a corpus, which necessitated years of linguistic master list of Mexican Spanish which is used research before work could even be started on by the field workers to elicit vocabulary from the dictionary itself (see the Linguistic Re­ native informants The list is altered when porter, December 1969). necessary to account for variations from lan­ Most of the other problems mentioned by guage to language in categories such as flora the participants were primarily of a linguistic and fauna, etc Information of this type, which nature, such as decisions about inclusion of is of use to social scientists, is included in bound morphemes, and listing of verbal de­ special appendices. Because the users will be rivatives. The general feeling was that the both students and adults, certain sociolinguistic practical and theoretical aspects of lexicology considerations must be taken into account The needed to be discussed separately, and that Indian entries use Spanish parts of speech, many of the problems could and should be with the aim of reassuring the user that his considered at both levels. own language is not just a "dialect." The ques­ One session of the conference was devoted tion of "in" and "out" dictionaries is very to a discussion of computational techniques relevant in this kind of situation used in lexicography. Professor Harry Jossel- Another problem that emerged from dis­ son of Wayne State University described the cussions of the specific projects was the corpus techniques used for processing two Russian to be included (which is more of a problem lexicons The aim is to provide rapid retrieval in the case of neglected languages). How the of vital linguistic data and to create a sub­ corpus is obtained will depend to a certain stantial Russian-English dictionary. The entries extent on the type of user as well as the spe­ in two Russian dictionaries are comprehen­ cific language. Some way of testing the ade­ sively analyzed and encoded in machine- quacy of the corpus needs to be found Pro­ readable form. Subsequently, the material is fessor Randolph Quirk, University College, checked by error detection sub-routines, and London, talked about comprehensiveness and can be reorganized later for maximum use by the use of citations, raw data, and written linguists. He also described the technique for sources. He felt that only in the case of a reversing dictionaries, which has been used to dictionary like the Middle English Dictionary produce a Russian-English version of a plastics could there be reliance on corpus alone. Re­ dictionary published in the Soviet Union. This liance on a corpus does not avoid omission, is essentially a process for establishing a cor­ and elicitation techniques arc still required, pus, which can then be used to produce a with both corpus and elicitation techniques dictionary. filtered through the native speakers' judgment. The Dictionary of American Regional Eng­ Comprehensiveness he considered impossible. lish was described by Dr. Frederic Cassidy of Professor Erica Reiner of the University of the University of Wisconsin The corpus is Chicago had the problem in the Chicago As- taken from spoken materials gathered in field

The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 S work. Materials from the questionnaire can that specification of languages and listing of be sorted, not only geographically but socially dictionary priorities were dependent on revi­ and chronologically as well, so that various sions in the Fife-Nielsen list. The final recom­ factors can be extracted and combined. Ex­ mendations of the conference recognized this periments are being planned for using com­ in calling for an updating of the Fife-Nielsen puters to edit the material when the entire report, with the addition of information on corpus has been stored. In summary, the com­ the status of languages and sociolinguistic in­ puter is useful essentially for gathering, sort­ formation. In this connection, it was felt that ing, and editing. dictionary recommendations should be made One of the principal uses of computers in not in isolation but in the light of the total lexicography is in making concordances. The set of needs for each language. For many parts Summer Institute of Linguistics, according to of the world, the situation has changed during Dr. Joseph Grimes of Cornell University, has the past ten years and a new set of priorities processed text collections in over 200 of the needs to be established. Recommendations approximately 3,000 languages of the world were made concerning revision of the Center's The data bank is used for verifying hypotheses, list of Bilingual Dictionaries in the Neglected with considerable saving of time. Other work is Languages and its circulation among area cen­ now going on which would utilize the Rand ters and scholars However, the conferees Corporation's file management system for a recommended also that it was preferable to general dictionary maker, in which the com­ maintain a continuously updated file of infor­ plexity of entry structure is not limited. Each mation on the neglected languages, with the kind of information is determined by the per­ publication of periodic fascicles for individual son making the dictionary, and entries can be languages, instead of attempting large surveys restructured in any number of different ways. which rapidly become obsolete. Another area The utilization of computers depends on the of concern was the need to foster the study size and complexity of the problem and the of lexicology and lexicography in the United funds available. In connection with this lat­ States, and specific suggestions were made ter point, the major expense of developing a with respect to bibliographies, seminars, state- corpus can be reduced by using it as a of-the-art papers, manuals and scholarships. multiple-data bank for other programs. The The establishment of a national center for costs, in any event, are low if they are con­ lexicography was suggested as a necessity for sidered in terms of long-term use of diction­ coordination in areas such as manpower, in­ aries. Concordances which are carefully coded ternational cooperation, funding, publication can be used for purposes other than dictionary procedures, and development of a model con­ making, for example, semantic research. In ad­ tract, all of which must be handled at the dition, a computerized data bank can be con­ national level. While there was some discus­ tinuously updated, because once it is in com­ sion of practical problems involved in the puter-readable form it is easy to maintain preparation of dictionaries, the feeling was The final part of the conference was devoted that certain problems, such as development of to practical suggestions for solving some of a corpus and type of entry, should be dis­ the problems raised, and drafting a set of cussed at a theoretical level at the proposed recommendations addressed to these points. conference on lexicology, to be held in 1970. The specific areas covered in the recommenda­ The use of computational techniques such as tions were specification of languages and pri­ concordances was generally agreed to be nec­ orities, types of dictionaries and levels of users, essary and desirable, although in the discussion manpower and international cooperation, fund­ the point was raised that it would be advisable ing, technological aids and components of a to proceed with some caution in the case of model program. There was general agreement new programs.

4 The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 CAL Conference on Sign Languages

by William C. Stokoe, Jr.

[William C Stokoe, Jr, a Professor of Linguistics and English, Director of the Linguistics Research Labora­ tory, and Chairman of ihe Department of English al Gallaudet College, Washington, D C ]

On December 5-6, 1969. the Center for Ap­ California State at Hayward) and the con­ plied Linguistics was host to the first national ference chairman were helping Miss Loraine Conference on Sign Languages. Ihe confer­ Di Pietro interpret simultaneously into sign lan­ ence, which was part of the Center's Tenth guage what was being said for two members Anniversary Celebration, was supported in of the conference who could not hear but who part by funds provided by the American Coun­ took an active part: Terrcnce J. O'Rourke, cil of Learned Societies At the invitation of Director. Communicative Skills Program, and the Center's Director. John Lotz, nine parli- Albert T. Pimentel, Director. Registry of In­ cipants met to exchange views and to plan terpreters for the Deaf, both in the central together the direction further studies should offices of the National Association of the Deaf. take. William C. Stokoe (Linguistics. Gallau­ Both have an applied as well as a theoretical det College) served as chairman: the agenda interest in sign linguistics because of their own was open and unstructured. deafness and their professional positions Dr. Lotz welcomed the participants and Pimentel discussed the problems of inter­ sounded the keynote with his criterion for a preting for deaf persons who have varying de­ full language, a symbolic system with enough grees of proficiency in English and so need in­ semantic complexity to deal with anything terpretation ranging from a direct visual pres­ human beings can think about. He went on entation of a speaker's words to a full explana­ to point out that in earlier times, for example, tion of cultural differences His agency recruits, in the work of Wilhclm Wundt, all kinds of trains, and tests interpreters and has as great a signalling systems were within the linguist's need for accurate descriptions of sign language purview. Dr. Lotz also presented a paper deal­ as do the schools of theoretical linguistics. ing with the specialized sign language used by O'Rourke spoke of his coordination of efforts the officials in professional football He char­ to teach sign language to interested hearing acterized it as parasitic, i c dependent on nat­ persons in numerous agencies across the na­ ural language, limited with respect to who may tion He also defined five distinct visual modes use it, and synchronic in referring to immediate (see below), only one of which is truly sign past or future events. With some 18 position- language, but which have all been confused by posture signs and a rudimentary syntax it con­ writers often looked on as authorities. Walpole veys several different kinds of information by amplified these distinctions and pointed out indcxic, iconic, and symbolic sign functions some of the extreme differences between Professor Thomas A. Sebeok, Editor of American Sign Language as a self-contained Semiotica and General Editor of the series system and English, which may be rendered Approaches to Semiotics, broadened the visible with ASL signs and with fingerspellcd venue. Sign languages in his view are not words. He insisted that just as native speakers human (anthroposcmiotic) but, because visual of American English must learn an entirely communication is found far back in phytogeny, different system when they study French or they arc also related to signalling systems of Spanish, so the hearing person must adjust to animals (zooscmiotic). Harvey Sarlcs (An­ different syntax and semantics in sign language. thropology, University of Minnesota) argued Allen and Beatrice Gardner (Psychology, that the precise distinction between human and University of Nevada) spoke of their work with animal communication cannot now be made Washoe, a four-year-old chimpanzee who is without begging the question of what wc really acquiring sign language. Her vocabulary of one know about communicative behavior. Mean­ hundred signs of ASL is just twice as great as while, Earl Walpole (Romance Linguistics, the English vocabulary expected of a deaf child

The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 5 twice her age in a school where communication Besides agreeing that classification and is restricted to speechreading and speech Large nomenclature are immediate problems, the con­ questions are posed: Can Washoe initiate a sign ference sought some procedure for exchanging utterance about an object not in sight, about an ideas and receiving rapid critical reaction to action in the past, or about an action to be projects and reports. John Lotz offered the good taken in other than the immediate future7 In offices of the Center, and the report of this con­ any event, as films of her showed, she can name ference is a first step toward continuing com­ scores of things accurately, indicate her imme­ munication. What follows therefore goes be­ diate wants, and adjust in an almost human way yond reporting the proceedings of December to her environment, which is special in only Sth and 6th to the chairman's effort to keep one way: Her human companions communi­ this line of communication open and active. cate with her in the language of signs O'Rourke's updating of Stokoe's 1960 mono­ Mary Ritchie Key (English and Linguistics, graph (William C Stokoe, Jr, Sign Language University of California. Irvine) presented a Structure. An Outline of the Visual Communi­ scheme of classification relating language, para­ cation Systems of the American Deaf [Studies language, kinesics, and other verbal and non­ in Linguistics, Occasional Papers, 8], Buffalo, verbal behavior in which a sign language was N.Y. 1960) was a significant contribution. He seen as "a coded language substitute" This pointed out that the subtitle, "An outline of the seemed to coincide in part with the category visual communication systems of the American "speech surrogates" in Sebeok's semiotic classi­ deaf," required further elucidation. O'Rourke fication, but there was considerable support for distinguished five separate modes of manual looking at sign language as a similar, not a communication, involving two languages* (1) substitute, system organized much as language Sign Language. (2) Signed English; (3) Simul­ is. It became clear that both classification and taneous Method; (4) Fingerspelling; (S) Man­ nomenclature need the immediate attention of ual English. If the term manual in (S) is the members of the conference and other stu­ changed to visual, one more may be added (6) dents. By considering sign language, semioti- Lipreading (and speaking). (This last may be cists, anthropologists, psychologists, and lin­ quickly eliminated, as it is not germane to a guists find that such terms and concepts as consideration of sign languages.) "verbal", "non-verbal", "communicative be­ Sign Language (I) is a language in which havior", "gesture", and even "language" need what are commonly called gestures do the usual radical study and better definition before one work of words, or more precisely, in which can be sure of sign language categories. In cheremes (Stokoe, Sign Language . . , p. 30 Sarles's view: "We will not discover if animals ff.) are found instead of phonemes But, most have language or not, given the present way of important, it is also a language that has its own looking at language and non-language." morphology, syntax, and semantics Depend­ Stokoe presented a review of seven linguistic ence on or derivation from any spoken lan­ methods of analysis, or theoretical models of guage has never been proven of the syntax and language, as they reveal the nature of sign lan­ semology of American Sign Language; and guage or as sign language proves intractable in­ since the chereme-to-phoneme and the mor­ put to their machinery The seven: traditional- pheme-to-morpheme relations of this language philological-pedagogical; structural-descriptive; and English are demonstrably non-isomorphic, tagmemic or slot-filler; generative-transforma­ the independence of American Sign Language tional; stratificational; and two less well known: as a language can hardly be doubted correlational; and operational. He concluded Most of what hearing observers see, includ­ that the stratificational and operational models ing the interpretation witnessed by the confer­ offer the most promising way to secure needed ence participants, is not Sign Language, how­ information about sign language syntax and ever, but Signed English (2.) Using English semantics, because both these models make it syntax, this is a rapid succession of signs gloss­ possible to avoid the vexed question of deter­ ing the content words of an English utterance mining the truth or falsity of such equations as more or less approximately and glossing some these: word = sign (?); phoneme = chereme function words, but not all. It usually includes (?); verb in language X = verb in sign lan­ fingerspelled words as well as signs Both the guage (?). signer and the addressee in this mode must know English well, because the signs are put

6 The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 The IJnguistiC llepwrter Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Index to Volume 11 (1969) Washington, D.C. 20036

INDEX to the LINGUISTIC REPORTER: Volume 11, 1969

References are to month and page. Abbreviations: F February; Ap April; Je June; Ag August; O October; D December; Supp Supplement.

A. authors and articles

Brown, Judith. The Peace Corps and the Development of Foreign Language Instructional Materials. O 1 Cammack, Floyd M. The Committee for Cooperation on English in Japan. Ap 6 Johansen, Patricia A The Development and Field Testing of a Self-Instructional French Program. D Supp Larudee, Faze. The English Language Institute of the American University in Cairo. D 5 Lc Page, Robert B. Research and Training Programmes at the University of York. O 5 Lotz, John. The Conversion of Script to Speech as Exemplified by Hungarian. O Supp . The Tenth Anniversary of the Center for Applied Linguistics. F 1 Mitchell, T. F. The Teaching of Arabic in Great Britain. Ap Supp Murphy, Richard A. Robert College Program in Linguistics and Language Teaching. O 4 O'Donnell, W. R. Applied Linguistics and Mother-Tongue Teaching in Scotland. Je 1 Ohannessian, Sirarpi. Harpers Ferry Conference on English Teaching as a World-Wide Problem. Ap 1 Reiner, Erica. The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary Project. D 1 Rice, Frank A. The Publications Program of the Center for Applied Linguistics. Ag Supp Sebeok, Thomas A Semiotics and Ethology. O Supp Stott, A. Margaret J. The Research and Development Department of the Foundation for European Language and Educational Centres Ap 8 Wilss, Wolfram. The School of Translating and Interpreting of the University of Saarbrucken. Ag 1

B. publications noted

Abboud, Peter F. and others. Elementary Modern Standard Arabic. Ap 14 The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. D 1 Automatic Documentation and Mathematical Linguistics- Selected Articles from Nauchno-Tekhnicheskaya Informatsiya. F 15 Bach, Emmon and Robert T. Harms, eds. Universals in Linguistic Theory. F 12 Bailey, Richard W. and Lubomir Dolezel, eds. An Annotated Bibliography of Statistical Stylistics. F 12 Baratz, Joan C. and Roger W. Shuy, eds Teaching Black Children to Read. Ap 11 Barker, Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman, Khwaja Muhammad Shall Dihlavi, and Hasan Jahangir Hamdani. A Reader of Modern Urdu Poetry. Je 10 Barker, Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman, Shafiqur Rahman, and Hasan Jahangir Hamdani. An Urdu Newspaper Reader. F 13 Beeston, A. F. L Written Arabic: An Approach to the Basic Structures. Ap 13 Bell, Aili Rytkonen and Augustus A Koski. Finnish Graded Reader. O 8 Bennett, W. A Aspects of Language and Language Teaching Ap 13 Bird, Thomas E., ed. Foreign Language Learning: Research and Development: An Assessment. Reports of the Working Committees, Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 1968 F 12 Boas, Franz. Race, Language and Culture. Ap 16 Buck, Stuart H. Tibetan-English Dictionary with Supplement. O 7 Chao, Yuen Ren. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Ap 13 . Readings in Sayable Chinese. D 12 Cornyn, William S. and D. Haigh Roop. Beginning Burmese. Je 10 Crystal, David. Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English. D 10 Dabbs, Jack A. and others. Glossary of Agricultural Terms, English-Bengali. Ag 7 Dakin, Julian, Brian Tiffen, and H G. Widdowson. Language in Education: The Problem in Commonwealth Africa and the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent. F 14 Delattre, Pierre. Comparing the Phonetic Features of English, French, German and Spanish: An Interim Report. F 13 Dolezel, Lubomir and Richard W. Bailey, eds. Statistics and Style. O 1 English for American Indians: A Newsletter of the Division of Education, Bureau of Indian Affairs. Ap 12 Esper, Erwin A. Mentalism and Objectivism in Linguistics: The Sources of Leonard Bloomfield's Psychology of Language. Ag 7 Firth, J. R. The Tongues of Men [and] Speech. Ap 15 Freeman, Robert R., Alfred Pietrzyk, and A. Hood Roberts, eds. Information in the Language Sciences. Ag 7 Green, Jerald R. A Gesture Inventory for the Teaching of Spanish. F 13 Hall, Robert A , Jr. An Essay on Language. Ap 13 Hannerz, Ulf. Soulside. Inquiries into Ghetto Culture and Community. D 9 Harms, Robert T. Introduction to Phonological Theory. Jc 10 Hayes, Alfred S Language Laboratory Facilities Technical Guide for their Selection, Purchase, Use, and Maintenance. Ap 15 Heine, Bcrnd. Afrikanische Verkehrssprachen Je 9 Hill, Archibald A., ed. Linguistics Today Ag 8 Hoge, Henry W. and Peter Lunardini. Oral Brazilian Portuguese. Revised by Henry W. Hoge and Ralph Kite Je 10 Huynh Sanh Thdng, compiler. Materials for a Vietnamese-English Dictionary. Je 4 Jacob, Judith M. Introduction to Cambodian F 12 Jacobs, Roderick A. and Peter S. Roscnbaum. English Transformational Grammar. Jc 9 Jakobson, Roman Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals. Translated by Allan R. Kcilcr. Ap IS Joos, Martin. The Five Clocks. Ap 16 Kamoga, Frederick Katabazi and Earl W. Stevick. Luganda Basic Course. Ag 7 Kamshad, H A Modern Persian Prose Reader Jc 10 Kelly, Louis G. 25 Centuries of Language Teaching. D 11 King, Robert D. Historical Linguistics and Generative Grammar D 12 Kivung: Journal of the Linguistic Society of the University of Papua and New Guinea. F IS Krishnamurthi, M G„ cd. Modern Kannada Fiction: A Critical Anthology. F 14 Labov, William. The Study of Non-Standard English. Jc S Ladefoged, Peter. Three Areas of Experimental Phonetics. F 12 Lagerwey, Walter. Speak Dutch, An Audio-Lingual Course. Je 11 Lawton, Denis. Social Class, Language and Education. Ag 8 Leech, Geoffrey N. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry D 11 Leslau, Wolf. Amharic Textbook. Ap 14 Lewis, M. Blanche. Sentence Analysis in Modern Malay. O 7 Malkiel, Yakov. Essays on Linguistic Themes. F 14 Menyuk, Paula. Sentences Children Use. D 12 Mihalyfy, Ilona and Augustus A. Koski. Hungarian Graded Reader. O 8 Narang, G. C. Urdu: Readings in Literary Urdu Prose. F 13 Nash, Rose. Multilingual Lexicon of Linguistics and Philology: English, Russian, German, French. O 8 Navarro, Tomas. Studies in Spanish Phonology. Ag 7 Newsletter of the American Dialect Society. Ag 6 0 Cuiv, Brian, ed. A View of the Irish Language. D 10 Ohannessian, Sirarpi Planning Conference for a Bilingual Kindergarten Program for Navajo Children. Conclusions and Recommendations Je 8 Palmer, Harold E. The Principles of Language-Study. Ap 16 . The Scientific Study and Teaching of Languages. Edited by David Harper. Ap 16 Pedtke, Dorothy A., Bcrnarda Erwin, and Anna Maria Malkoc, eds. Reference List of Materials for English as a Second Language, Supplement: 1964-1968. Ap 11 Pcrkell, Joseph S. Physiology of Speech Production Results and Implications of a Quantitative Cineradiographic Study. D 10 Perren, G. E., ed. Teachers of English as a Second Language Their Training and Preparation. F 14 Pimsleur, Paul. Pimsleur Modern Foreign Language Proficiency Tests Je 8 Pratt, Arnold W., A Hood Roberts, and Kathleen Lewis, eds. Seminar on Computational Linguistics. October 6—7, 1966, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. F 13 Quirk, Randolph and A H. Smith, eds. The Teaching of English. Papers by Randolph Quirk, Jeremy Warburg, J. L. M. Trim. W. H. Mtttins, B. C Brookes, J. C. Catford. Ap 15 Rand, Earl. Constructing Dialogs D 12 RECALL- Review of Educational Cybernetics and Applied Linguistics Ag 6 Rechenbach, Charles W. and others Swahili-English Dictionary. F 14 Rivers, Wilga M. Teaching Foreign-Language Skills. Je 9 RLS- Regional Language Studies . . . Newfoundland. Ap 12 Rowlands, E C. Teach Yourself Yoruba. O 7 Salus, Peter H., ed On Language. Plato to von Humboldt Je 11 Saussure, Ferdinand de Course in General Linguistics Translated by Wade Baskin. Ap 15 Schacht, Signd. A Dictionary of Exceptions to Rules of Russian Grammar. Ap 14 Scott, Charles T. Preliminaries to English Teaching Essays for the Teaching of English in Japan. Ap 14 SEAMEC Regional English Language Centre Newsletter. Ap 12 Searle, John R. Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. D 11 Seuren, Pieter A. M. Operators and Nucleus. A Contribution to the Theory of Grammar. D 11 Shadick, Harold, with the collaboration of Ch'iao Chien. A First Course in Literary Chinese. Ap 13 El Simposio de Bloomington, Agosto de 1964. Adas. Informes v Comunicaciones. Programa Inleramericano de Linguistica y Ensenanza de Idiomas. O 7 Smith, Harlie L, Jr., ed Modern Written Arabic: Vol. I. D 10 Strevens, Peter. Papers in Language and Language Teaching. Ap 16 Styles of Learning among American Indians: An Outline for Research. Je 8 Sweet, Henry. The Practical Study of Languages- A Guide for Teachers and Learners. Ap 15 Tauli, Valter. Introduction to a Theory of Language Planning. Ap 14 Thomas, Earl W. The Syntax of Spoken Brazilian Portuguese. Je 9 Trubetzkoy, N S. Introduction to the Principles of Phonological Descriptions. Translated by L. A Murray and edited by H. Bluhme Ap 15 Wolfram, Walter A. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Je 4

SEE ALSO: Articles by Rice, Ag Supp; Sebeok, O Supp; also: Materials on Bilingualism Available through ERIC, Je 6; Materials on Sociolinguistics Available through ERIC, D 8. together as if they were English words and not writing it is trivial in any consideration of sign by the rules of Sign Language syntax. For ex­ language. ample, the signs glossed 'perhaps, finish, be, Besides combining Signed English (2) and forget', in that order, mean nothing in Sign Fingcrspelling (4) and these at times with Language but arc produced and understood as speech (3). deaf persons and hearing teachers the Signed English equivalent to ma\ have been since the time of Epec have experimented with forgotten. a more complete representation of a spoken In the Simultaneous Method (3) the speaker- language in signs. Manual English (S) aug­ signer conceives, encodes, and utters English at ments the signs that translate the semantic the same time he accompanies that utterance component of English words with signs in­ with Signed English. The deaf person as signer- vented to represent some of the more important speaker may speak, i e. actually use his voice, functional morphemes Thus in Hocmann's or only mouth the words As the addressee, he manual (Harry W. Hoemann [cd ], Improved is able to use the speaker's facial movements Techniques of Communication. A Training as a check on the simultaneous manual produc­ Manual for Use with Severely Handicapped tion. Here, too. competence in English is essen­ Deaf Clients [Bowling Green, Ohio: Psychology tial, as is knowledge of the signs of sign lan­ Department. Bowling Green State University, guage, but in the simultaneous mode a highly 1970]) there are signs for the plural, past tense, proficient user may make one of the channels present participial, past participial, and infini­ explain the other For example, American Sign tive morphemes, and for many derivational Language has a sign glossed 'interview' or 'talk suffixes. These are signed in English (surface) with', sometimes 'converse': the participants of order, of course, so that the signing takes on a the conference noted that Mr. Pimentel said more nearly morphemc-by-morpheme equiva­ "conversant with" as he made that sign and lence to English. This way of encoding English then the sign 'with'. His noticeable slowing is not trivial, because it is based on certain as­ down at that point made clear to other users sumptions about the lexicons of English and of the simultaneous mode that he was expect­ American Sign Language which involve whole ing them to sec that he was making the signs morphological and semantic systems. Already 'converse' and 'with' match the phrase "conver­ the advocates of a signed representation of Eng­ sant with." Whereas the usual focus of con­ lish morphemes have had to make arbitrary trastive studies is on negative interference of choices: cowboy is signed 'cow' and 'boy', but the languages a bilingual person speaks and understand is not signed 'under' and 'stand' thinks with, it seems here that the signer- (though making the sign 'stand' upside down speaker can use the unique relation of the si­ for 'understand' is still a good bilingual pun). multaneous systems for mutual reinforcement. A complete sign-morpheme treatment of Eng­ Fingcrspelling (4) is a system of making lish, could it be achieved, would constitute an English utterances visible with hand positions entirely new sign language. Concessions like and configurations for the twenty-six letters of that of using a single sign for understand, but­ the alphabet. For short stretches it can be sent terfly, and overcome reveal that American Sign and received rapidly enough to keep up with Language already has its own inventory of mor­ normal speaking, but long and constant prac­ phemes and that its semantic system is tied to tice is needed for such proficiency, and finger- them and not to the English word stock. spelling easily fatigues both sender and receiver As can be expected from this discussion of when interchanges continue for long. Because two languages in a uniquely close relationship, ideally it can present a one-to-one equivalence one of the conclusions of the conference, along to the sequential alphabetical symbols of cor­ with a demand for increased communication rectly spelled, idiomatic, and grammatical Eng­ and for better schemes of communication tax­ lish structures, it has been advocated as a pana­ onomy, was that contrastive studies of English cea for the educational problems arising from and American Sign Language might add a new deafness, especially when used with speech and dimension to contrastive studies in general. called 'The Rochester Method." Most deaf Although the signs used as a natural lan­ persons prefer other modes but find fingcrspell­ guage by deaf persons received the larger part ing indispensable and use it in Signed English of the participants' attention, the conference as a supplement to signing in English order. Of ranged over a wide field of visual sign systems. course as a simple code for the symbols of Dr. Lotz showed his print of a University of

The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 7 Oklahoma film on Indian sign language. The unable to attend). Considerable discussion iconography and syntax of highway signs, kine­ centered on definition, nomenclature, and clas­ sics, and aborignal hunting signals were briefly sification—problems for all who are concerned considered, as well as pancultural non-verbal with the field of sign language. Certainly the behavior as defined by Paul Ekman (Univer­ conference was a first step toward a more uni­ sity of California Medical Center; invited but fied view of the whole.

Connecticut Graduate Program in Language and Psychology

The University of Connecticut has recently an­ There is a well-equipped laboratory with nounced a program of graduate studies designed apparatus for research on the physiological and to educate students for teaching and research acoustical aspects of speech and speech syn­ on the common ground between linguistics and thesis. In addition, advanced students will have psychology. The program will be carried out access to the outstanding facilities of Haskins by linguists and psychologists who have for Laboratories in New Haven. some years been working together at Haskins Fellowships, research assistantships, and Laboratories on the production and perception teaching assistantships are available. For fur­ of speech. Opportunities will be provided for ther information and applications for admis­ students to take part in interdisciplinary re­ sion and financial support write to Professor search of that kind. Each student must be en­ A. S. Abramson, Director, Program in Lan­ rolled in, and meet the requirements of, the guage and Psychology, U-145, The University Department of Linguistics or the Department of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268. of Psychology. Faculty: Arthur S Abramson, Linguistics; Terry Halwes, Psychology; Alvm M. Liberman, Psychology; Philip Lieberman, Linguistics; Ignatius G. Mattingly, Linguistics; Donald Shankweiler, Psychology. Sample areas Northeastern Illinois State College has an­ of interest: Relation of speech to language; nounced a new graduate program leading to an Physical bases of phonological features; Under­ M.A. in General Linguistics, in addition to the lying mechanisms of speech production and already established programs for an M.A in perception; Cross-language studies of speech English Linguistics or in the Teaching of Eng­ production and perception; Speech synthesis by lish. On the undergraduate level, a liberal arts rule: the grammar of speech; Laryngeal and major in linguistics is now offered, as well as respiratory control of intonation; Brain asym­ majors in elementary and secondary education metries in the perception of speech and audi­ with an area of concentration in linguistics. tory patterns; Reading and linguistic structure. Courses are offered in general and theoretical In the two departments there are faculty linguistics, applied linguistics, and historical and whose primary interests are in syntax and other comparative linguistics. There are also courses aspects of linguistics, learning, cognitive proc­ in such interdisciplinary areas as psycholinguis­ esses, physiological and comparative psychol­ tics, sociolinguistics, and linguistic analysis of ogy. The staff of Haskins Laboratories, as well literature. For further information, write to the as certain members of the Departments of Speech, Electrical Engineering, and Bio- Department of Linguistics, Northeastern Illinois behavioral Sciences, are also available to teach State College, Bryn Mawr at St. Louis Avenue, and advise the students. Chicago, Illinois 60625.

8 The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 book notices

A Functional Approach to Syntax in Genera­ Substance and Structure of Language, edited by tive Description of Language, by Petr Sgall and Jaan Puhvel. Berkeley, Calif., University of others. (Mathematical Linguistics and Auto­ California Press, 1969. viii, 223 pp. $7.00. matic Language Processing, 7.) New York. This volume contains seven lectures delivered American Elsevier, 1969. VIII, 122 pp $11 50 before the Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Presents the basic assumptions of the type of Society of America at the University of Cali­ generative description formulated by the Prague fornia, Los Angeles, June 17-August 12, 1966: School and attempts to show that it is worth­ 'Universal semantics and philosophy of lan­ while to search for an alternative to transforma­ guage: Quandaries and prospects', by Yehoshua tional descriptions. The material is treated in Bar-Hillel; 'Problems in the analysis of idioms', six chapters: The approach', 'The form of the by Uriel Weinreich; 'Some current psycholin­ description', 'Formal devices used', 'Illustra­ guistic research: The tu-vous and le-la studies', tions', 'Some open questions', 'The mathematical and 'Psychological studies of the interdcpend- formulation', and 'A fragment of the descrip­ encies of the bilingual's two languages', by tion of Czech'. A bibliography and an index are Wallace E. Lambert; 'Oral tradition as a source appended. of linguistic information', by Shelomo Morag; 'Some methods of dynamic comparison in lin­ The English Language, Volume 2 Essays by guistics' by Joseph H. Greenberg; and 'Vocative Linguists and Men of Letters, 1858-1964, se­ and imperative' by Werner Winter. lected and edited by W. F. Bolton and D. Crys­ tal. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. A Basic Course of Literary Arabic, by Salman 1969. xiii, 325 pp cloth $10.50; paper $2.95 H. Al-Ani and Jacob Y. Shammas. Montreal, Contains 22 essays, arranged chronologically, McGill University Institute of Islamic Studies, which present statements about the nature and 1969. Vol. 1. 289 pp. $4.00. use of the English language, and provide ex­ This volume, together with its continuation amples of the structure of the language and of (Vol 2, in preparation) and the authors' work­ attitudes towards it. The introduction relates book, 77ie Phonology and Script of Literary the essays to the changes in the study of Eng­ Arabic, is intended to provide a full basic lish, and of language in general, as philology course for use at the college level. Each of the and then modern linguistics affected them Ap­ 25 units—except for review units—has four pended are a set of study questions (five or six major parts, model sentences and dialogues: questions on each essay) and an index of liter­ grammatical analysis; exercises; homework. The ary and linguistics topics covered in the book. Arabic material is presented in the Arabic script (no transliteration) with full voweling, A Bibliography of African Languages and Lin­ except in certain practice readings. English- guistics, compiled by John D. Murphy and Arabic and Arabic-English end glossaries. Harry Got]. Washington, D.C, Catholic Uni­ versity of America Press, 1969 147 pp. $4.95. Foreign Language Testing. Centre for Informa­ An unannotated bibliography of over 1200 tion on Language Teaching, Specialised Bibliog­ entries, dealing mainly with the indigenous lan­ raphy I. November, 1969. 24 pp. 5s. Order guages of sub-Saharan Africa, but including from' Centre for Information on Language works on the African varieties of Arabic, the Teaching, State House, 63 High Holborn, Lon­ Hamitic languages (e.g. Berber), Malagasy, don. WC 1, England. Afrikaans, and the various Creoles. The com­ pilers have included only works dealing spe­ Includes most publications on the theory and cifically with language (not anthropological or practice of foreign language testing that have ethnographic titles), and only those works they appeared since 1950; docs not include those have actually inspected and regard as potenti­ referring to testing in the mother tongue. The ally useful. There are two indexes (of languages 193 entries are grouped into three sections: and dialects and of authors or compilers) to the bibliographies, published tests; books and ar­ consecutively numbered entries. ticles (entries 12-193).

The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 9 meetings and conferences

April 3-5. Association for Asian Studies, 22nd San Francisco, California. April 16-18. Chicago Linguistic Society Annual Meeting, 6th. Chicago, Illinois. April 17-18. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. April 23-25 University of Kentucky Foreign Language Conference. 23rd Lexington. Kentucky. April 24-25. Conference on African Languages and Linguistics. Urbana, Illinois. April 30-May 2. Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 17th Washington, D.C. May 6-9. International Reading Association, 15th Anaheim, California. June 23-August 14. Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America. Columbus, Ohio. July 22-23. Association for Computational Linguistics Columbus, Ohio. July 24-26. Linguistic Society of America Summer Meeting. Columbus, Ohio. August 17-18. International Conference on Salish Languages, 5th. Spokane, Washington. [Write: Thorn M. Hess, Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada.] August 24-29. International Congress of German Studies. Princeton, New Jersey. [Write: Victor Lange, Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540.]

A Basic Course in Iraqi Arabic, by Wallace M. nary section treats the sounds of Korean, in­ Erwin. (Richard Slade Harrell Arabic Series, cludes pronunciation drills and notes on the 11.) Washington, D.C, Georgetown University Yale romanization used throughout the text. Press. 1969. 389 pp. $6.50. Each of the 30 lessons contains basic sentences with vocabulary notes, supplementary vocabu­ The term "Iraqi Arabic" here means specific­ lary list, a discussion of new grammar points ally the kind of Arabic spoken by educated with additional examples, drills, exercises, and Muslims in the city of Baghdad. Units 1-10 suggestions for conversation. Every fifth lesson present a description of the phonological sys­ is a review. Korean-English and English- tem; each of the units from 11 to 40 consists of Korean glossaries and table of romanization three main parts: a short dialogue or narrative, systems. with a list of new vocabulary items; grammati­ cal explanations, drills. Iraqi-English and Essentials of English Phrase- and Clause- English-Iraqi end glossaries. The Arabic ma­ Structure: In Diagrams, with Commentary, by terial is presented in phonemic transcription. Robert A Hall, Jr Philadelphia, Center for This text was developed under contract with Curriculum Development, 1969. 35 pp. $3.40. the U.S. Office of Education. Companion vol­ umes in the series include A Short Reference Presents 'the essential features of English Grammar of Iraqi Arabic, and two dictionaries. phrase- and clause-structure, for ... both native English-Iraqi Arabic and Iraqi Arabic-English. speakers and learners of English as a second language. No attempt has been made to give an absolutely complete or minutely detailed Beginning Korean, by Samuel E. Martin and description' (p. I). The diagrams combine a Young-Sook C. Lee with the assistance of quasi-tagmemic approach with graphic presen­ Elinor Clark Horne. (Yale Linguistic Series.) tation of the possibilities once a given syntactic New Haven and London, Yale University Press, path has been chosen. The commentaries pro­ 1969. xxix, 575 pp. cloth $15.00; paper $8.75. vide further information on operative restric­ An introductory college level course in Ko­ tions and brief descriptions when diagrams rean designed for use with a native speaker or would not be particularly informative. 'Sugges­ the accompanying tape recordings. A prelimi­ tions for use in teaching' and 'References'.

10 The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 Spanish Phonology, by James W Harris. (Re­ The Acquisition of Syntax in Children from 5 search Monograph No. 54 ) Cambridge. Mass . to 10, by Carol Chomsky. (Research Mono­ The MIT. Press. 1969 218 pp. $10 00 graph No 57.) Cambridge, Mass, The MJ.T. This work is a study of the phonological Press. 1969. 126 pp. $5.95. component of a transformational generative This study is concerned with the general grammar of the Spanish of educated speakers question of the extent to which children be­ from Mexico City. One of its purposes is to tween the ages of S and 10 have achieved make a large and detailed body of data avail­ mastery of their native language, and explores able in a form appropriate for testing certain areas of disparity between adult grammar and parts of the universal phonological theory put child grammar. Motivation for the study was forward by N Chomsky and M. Halle in The provided by recent work in the field of genera­ Sound Pattern of English (1968) Following a tive iransformational grammar. After a general general introduction (Chapter 1). the study introduction (Chapter 1), the study proceeds proceeds in Chapter 2 to the examination of in Chapter 2 to characterize notions of linguis­ certain consonantal phenomena, i e. nasals, tic complexity as a preliminary to the study of glides, obstruents, and liquids. Chapters 3 and the child's acquisition of syntactic structures 4 deal with phonological processes involved in after age 3. Chapter 3 describes the experi­ the inflectional system of the verb Chapter 6 mental design (the sample consisted of 40 chil­ examines phonological processes such as diph- dren, eight each from kindergarten through thongization. velar softening, and palatalization, fourth grade) Chapter 4 (two-thirds of the and concludes with a cumulative list of rules. hook) discusses the tests and interview sessions Chapter 7. 'Historical excursus: Reflexes of the involving four constructions, easy to see; prom­ medieval stridcnts', studies the evolution of ise; ask/tell, pronominahzation. Chapters 5 and modern Mexican and modern Castilian 6 contain a discussion and a summary. recent CAI, publications

University Resources in the United States and A Provisional Survey of Materials for the Study Canada for the Study of Linguistics: 1969- of Neglected Languages, by Birgit A. Blass. 1970, compiled and edited by Allene Guss Dora E Johnson, and William W. Gage Wash­ Grognet and Judith Brown. Washington, D C . ington. D C, Center for Applied Linguistics, Center for Applied Linguistics and the Secre­ 1969. vii. 414 pp $950 tariat of the Linguistic Socielv of America, An annotated bibliography of texts in 382 1970 iv. 202 pp $4.00. languages and dialects, with primary emphasis This sixth revised edition of University Re­ on materials intended for use by the beginning sources presents, in a concise and comprehen­ adult learner whose native language is English. sive format, information on degrees, course The more than 2000 entries are arranged ac­ cording to languages and language groups with­ offerings, and faculty in the field of Linguistics. in the following geographical areas: Western Included arc resumes of the programs at 134 Europe. Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, the U S and 12 Canadian institutions, each provid­ Middle East. South Asia, Southeast Asia and ing the following information department, the Pacific. Eastern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, department chairman, degrees offered; staff, and the Americas. The items under each lan­ with academic rank and field of specialization; guage heading are grouped into Teaching Ma­ course offerings or course areas: special sum­ terials, Readers. Grammars, and Dictionaries. mer offerings, institutes, language and area The annotations are descriptive rather than centers, research programs, etc.: and the office critical. Materials produced under U.S. Gov­ from which to obtain fuller descriptive material ernment auspices are so identified, thus provid­ on courses and degree requirements. Appen­ ing a partial record of government involvement dices include information on annual summer in the production of language materials. An institutes: a tabular index of universities listed index by language is appended. and their programs, and an index of languages This work was developed pursuant to a con­ and the institutions at which they are taught. tract with the U.S. Office of Education.

The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 11 The Linguistic Reporter nonprofit organization Newsletter of the U. S. POSTAGE Center for Applied Linguistics PAID 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. Washington, D.C. 20036 PERMIT NO. 41429

The Linguistic Reporter April 1970 The Linguistic Reporter Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Volume 12 Number 3 June 1970 Washington, D.C. 20036

Contrastive Linguistics at the Center for Applied Linguistics

by William Nemser

[William Nemser is Director of the Foreign Language ipated as student, and related the interference Program al the Center for Applied Linguistics ] patterns which emerged to specific structural Throughout the ten years of its history, the disparities between the phonological systems. Center for Applied Linguistics has actively In the same year the Center published Daniel contributed to developments in the field of N. Cardenas' Introduccion a una comparacion contrastive linguistics through the formula­ fonologica del espaiiol y del ingles, a contras­ tion and administration of research projects, di­ tive study intended to aid teachers of Spanish rect participation in the research itself, and by designating probable areas of difficulty in the publication of research results These con­ the sound system of Spanish for their English- tributions to the field—which is definable for speaking students His predictions of learning present purposes as the subdisciplinc of lin­ problems are based on a comparison of both guistics concerned with drawing the pedagogi­ the segmental and the suprasegmental units of cal implications of structural differences and the two languages. similarities between languages—reflect the spe­ In I9S9, under a contract with the U.S. cial professional concerns of the former Direc­ Office of Education, the Center organized a tor, Charles A. Ferguson, his successor. John project for the comparison of the phonology Lotz, and such staff members as William W. and grammar of American English with those Gage, Sirarpi Ohannessian, William Nemser, of French, German, Italian, Russian and Span­ and others. ish, the five foreign languages most widely studied in the United States. The intended In 1960 the Center published Nancy M. audience was primarily teachers and textbook Kennedy's Problems of Americans in Master­ writers rather than learners of these languages. ing the Pronunciation of Egyptian Arabic, The Contrastive Structure Series was edited by earlier submitted at Georgetown University as Charles A. Ferguson, then Director of the a master's thesis, a study intended to assist Center. The following studies were produced: teachers of Egyptian Arabic in identifying and William G. Moulton, The Sounds of English diagnosing problems encountered by American and German (1962). learners in acquiring the segmental phonemes Herbert L Kufner, The Grammatical Struc­ of that language. Miss Kennedy collected the tures of English and German (1962). data for her error analysis through observation Robert P. Stockwell and J. Donald Bowen, The of classes, including those in which she partic­ Sounds of English and Spanish (1965). Robert P. Stockwell, J. Donald Bowen and John for the most part the descriptive approach of W. Martin, The Grammatical Structures of American structuralism. However, certain sec­ English and Spanish (1963). tions of the Stockwell, Bowen, Martin volume Frederick B. Agard and Robert J. Di Pietro, represent an early attempt to utilize the trans­ The Sounds of English and Italian (1963). formational-generative viewpoint in contrastive Frederick B. Agard and Robert J. Di Pietro, analysis. The Grammatical Structures of English and Italian (1963). One by-product of the research of the Con­ Stanley Lampach, in consultation with Andre trastive Structure Series was the Center pub­ Martinet, English-French Contrastive Phonol­ lication Linguistic Reading Lists for Teachers ogy (unpublished). of Modern Languages (CAL, 1963), an an­ Stanley Lampach, Contrastive French Grammar notated bibliography of recommended descrip­ (unpublished). tive, historical and contrastive studies, largely William W. Gage, The Sounds of English and compiled by project researchers. Russian (unpublished) Another by-product was William W. Gage's William W. Gage, The Grammatical Structures Contrastive Studies in Linguistics (CAL, of English and Russian (unpublished) 1961), a brief bibliographical checklist com­ The volumes dealing with German, Spanish piled for use by the project researchers. It was and Italian were published by the University of later expanded and revised by John H. Ham­ Chicago Press; those on French and Russian mer and Frank A. Rice as the Center publica­ are being made available through the Educa­ tion A Bibliography of Contrastive Linguistics tional Resources Information Center (ERIC) (CAL, 1965), which lists both general works of the U.S. Office of Education. in contrastive linguistics and studies contrasting specific languages. Over one-half of the 500 The coverage of the phonology volumes titles cited deal with English as either the tar­ made some attempt at exhaustiveness. The get or the base language. The Hammer-Rice published studies in general exemplified cur­ bibliography is currently being updated by rent phonetic-phonemic descriptive approaches, Rudolf Thiem as part of the Project on Applied offering detailed comparisons of the segmental Contrastive Linguistics (PAKS) of the Uni­ units of the base and target systems in articu- versity of Stuttgart (see PAKS-Arbeitsbericht, latory terms, and devoting considerable atten­ No 2, March 1969, pp 79-96, and Nos. 3-4, tion as well to prosodic features. In accordance October 1969, pp. 93-120, see also the Lin­ with their avowed purpose of communicating guistic Reporter, Vol. 12, No. 1, February with the generality of language teachers (not 1970, pp. 4-7). merely those having a background in linguis­ tics), the writers devote considerable attention The volumes in the Center's Language Hand­ to the basic facts of articulatory phonetics and book Series, which was inaugurated in 1962 structural phonology. The Stockwell-Bowen under the general editorship of Frank A. Rice, study includes a glossary of linguistic terms. were designed to provide concise outlines of A widely-discussed feature of the Stockwell- the grammatical structures of the major lan­ Bowen study is the formulation of a "hierarchy guages of Asia and Africa together with de­ of difficulty" among Spanish phonological ele­ scriptions of their history, sociolinguistic func­ ments, stated to be based on learning theory. tions, and surveys of their literary traditions. This scale, with the other parameters of "func­ Some of the volumes were also planned to tional load," "potential [for] mishearing" and present brief contrastive analyses comparing "pattern congruity," are suggested criteria for the particular language with English. The rele­ grading and sequencing materials. vant chapter in the Bengali Language Hand­ The Stockwell-Bowen study contains as well book by Punya Sloka Ray, Muhammad Adbul an appendix on the teaching of pronunciation, Hai, and Lila Ray (CAL, 1966) describes those while the Moulton volume, which is especially differences between the phonological and gram­ rich in observations based on classroom ex­ matical systems of the two languages which in perience, includes a section itemizing twelve the experience of the authors have proved to principal points of conflict between the English result in the most severe problems for Ameri­ and German systems with "corrective drills" can English learners of Bengali. specific to each. The contrastive analysis contained in Edgar The published grammatical studies employ C. Polome's Swahili Language Handbook

2 The Linguistic Reporter Jane 1970 The Center for Applied Linguistica is a nonprofit, internationally oriented professional institution, established in 1959 and incorporated in 1964 in Washington, D.C. The purpose uf the Center is to serve as a clearinghouse and informal coordinating body in the applica­ tion of linguistics to practical language problems.

The Linguistic Reporter, the Center's newsletter, is published six times a year, in Feb­ ruary, April, June, August, October, and Dcccmlicr. Annual subscription, 31.50; air mail, 33.50. (Individuals faced with currency restrictions or similar limitations arc invited to write to the Editor.) Manuscripts, books for review, and editorial communications should be sent to Frank A Rice, Editor, THE LINCUISTIC KLPOHTKK. Center for Applied Linguistics, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Communications concerning sub­ scriptions should be directed to the Subscriptions Secretary at the same address Permission is granted for quotation or reproduction from the contents of the LINCUISTIC REPORTEK provided acknowledgement is given.

(CAL, 1967) is more extensive, offering a of the binational Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian- succinct comparison of the phonological sys­ English Contrastive Project. This three-year tems, and of characteristic grammatical struc­ undertaking, which began in 1968, is jointly tures in the two languages, along with general supported by the Ford Foundation, the U.S. comments on lexical differences. The analysis Department of State, and the Yugoslav Com­ is designed to aid both the English learner of mission for Cultural Relations with Foreign Swahili and the Swahili learner of English. Countries, and jointly administered by the William W. Gage's Vietnamese Language Linguistic Institute of the University of Zagreb Handbook, scheduled for publication in late and the Center. Rudolf Filipovic, Director of 1970, also contains considerable contrastive the Institute and Chairman of the Department information. of English at the University, is serving as Proj­ In 1969, under contract with the U.S. Bu­ ect Director. reau of Indian Affairs, the Center prepared a The project staff, numbering approximately set of contrastive studies entitled Teaching thirty, is drawn from the Linguistic Institutes English to Speakers of Choctaw, Navajo and of the Universities of Zagreb and Novi Sad, Papago• A Contrastive Approach, edited by and the departments of English of the Universi­ Sirarpi Ohannessian and William W. Gage of ties of Zagreb, Zadar, Belgrade, Novi Sad, and the Center staff. Authors of the included stud­ Sarajevo Professors Pavle and Milka Ivic, and ies are: Thurston Dale Nicklas for Choctaw, Professor Horace Lunt, have served as consul­ Dorothy A. Pedtkc (of the Center) and Oswald tants. Mr. E. Wayles Browne is currently rep­ Werner for Navajo; and Madeleine Mathiot resenting the Center in Yugoslavia as techni­ and Sirarpi Ohannessian for Papago. The vol­ cal adviser. ume is intended for use by elementary school The principal objective of the project is to teachers with training in general education ra­ provide a constrastive analysis of English and ther than language pedagogy. Along with Serbo-Croatian furnishing the basis for im­ clarity of presentation, these studies place spe­ proved methodology primarily in the teaching cial emphasis on the concrete application of of English to Yugoslavs, but also in the teach­ research results and include numerous recom­ ing of Serbo-Croatian to speakers of English. mendations on pedagogic procedures. However, The products of the study will include a scries in regard to specific interference patterns pre­ of monographs by individual project workers, dicted by the analyses, nothing is taken for a comprehensive summary volume, and a set granted and the teachers arc warned to check of specimen teaching materials illustrating the the validity of the predictions through observa­ applicability of the research findings to teach­ tion. The Navajo study incorporates considera­ ing methodology. ble data on student performance. A significant aspect of the project is the associated travel-grant program under which In its most extensive recent involvement in three Yugoslav scholars have already visited the contrastive linguistics, the Center has partici­ United States in order to conduct research at pated in the development and implementation the Center in collaboration with Center staff

The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 3 members, acquaint themselves with relevant Foundation grants. The new project emphasizes research at other institutions, and enroll in rel­ acoustic-phonetic and psycholinguistic research evant courses of study. reflecting special competence at the Center for While the main research effort is being con­ Phonetics and Dialectology of the Romanian ducted along familiar lines, an innovative fea­ Academy of Sciences, directed by Professor ture is the computer-assisted processing of an Rosetti, and the Psycholinguistics Laboratory extensive corpus of English—selected from of the University of Bucharest, directed by the Standard Sample of Present-Day Edited Professor Slama-Cazacu. In an attempt to ad­ American English, compiled by W. Nelson vance toward a unified theory of contrastive Francis and Henry Kucera—with its Serbo- linguistics as well as to satisfy the immediate Croatian translation, and a more limited Serbo- project requirements (the facilitation of the Croatian corpus with its English translation, as teaching of English to Romanians and Roman­ a supplementary method of establishing rela­ ian to English speakers), research plans call tionships between structures in the two lan­ for coordinating the inductive and deductive guages (see Zeljko Bujas, "Computers in the procedures of error analysis and contrastive Yugoslav Serbo-Croat/English Contrastive analysis. (Learner data have normally been Analysis Project," Review of the Institute of selectively interpreted in terms of a preferred Applied Linguistics [of] Louvain 5 [1969], pp. theoretical viewpoint, while a foreknowledge 35-^2). of such data has usually guided contrastive To date two issues of the project periodical analytic procedures, a circularity perhaps justi­ have appeared. Reports I (1969) contains two fiable in terms of short-range goals but effec­ brief discussions of research methodology in­ tively short-circuiting the further development tended to serve as guides to the project work­ of general principles.) The plans also reckon ers, and eight interim reports on such topics with the possibility that, along with the base as prepositional phrases in the two languages, and target systems, prior intermediate "approx­ aspectives, nominal groups and derivation. imative" systems, those representing earlier Contributions in the other published volume, phases of the learning process, may condition Studies 1 (1969), are more theoretically subsequent learning. The initial project publi­ oriented, dealing with problems in the estab­ cation, "A Contribution to Contrastive Lin­ lishment of relevant correspondences between guistics," by William Nemser and Tatiana language systems, criteria in the selection of Slama-Cazacu (Revue romaine de linguistique corpora, and the concept of an autonomous IS [1970], pp. 101-128), describes the ap­ learner system. A second number of both proach and its underlying rationale. series is currently in press. A third series, deal­ Discussions have been held with specialists ing with pedagogical materials, will also be in contrastive linguistics and representatives of published. scholarly institutions in Czechoslovakia, Hun­ More recently, plans are being formulated at gary, and Poland. While project plans for these the Center for the development of other con­ countries remain tentative, as a preliminary trastive projects, generally following the Yugo­ step the Center has undertaken publication of slav model, in Romania and Hungary as well as Vilem Mathesius' contrastive sketch of English in various other nations of East Central Eu­ and Czech, Nebojte se angliitinyi [Don't Be rope. Afraid of English!], long out of print and not While full-scale American participation has previously translated into English. Prospects not yet begun, research on the Romanian- for an outstanding Hungarian project seem English Contrastive Study is already in progress excellent in light of the considerable quantity in Romania, where Professor Frederick B. of pertinent research already completed in Agard as Center representative is currently Hungary and the United States. (A volume en­ offering courses on general and contrastive titled Contrastive Papers, by John Lotz et al., linguistics at the University of Bucharest and dealing principally with English and Hungar­ serving as consultant to project researchers. ian, is scheduled for publication by the Center Additionally, two Romanian scholars active in in 1970.) Possible collaboration of the Center the development and administration of the proj­ in an on-going Polish-English contrastive proj­ ect, Professor-Academician Alexandru Rosetti ect directed by Jacek FiSiak is also under and Professor Tatiana Slama-Cazacu, have re­ consideration. cently visited the United States under Ford While the contrastive study projects of East

4 The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 Central Europe are concerned with a group of experimental rapid dissemination service, Stud­ geographically contiguous languages, other proj­ ies in Contrastive Linguistics, with the support ects, in the planning stage, are concerned with of the U.S. Office of Education. The service individual languages of other regions. Among will make available, in microfiche and hard them are one Scandinavian language, an Afri­ copy, studies of practical and theoretical orien­ can language, a language of India, and Quechua tation in the field of contrastive linguistics. in South America. Research activity of such Titles will be announced, and abstracts pub­ scope and variety should yield results with lished, in Foreign Language Annals. important implications for the field of contras­ tive linguistics. [This account of the Center's involvement in Finally, the Center, in cooperation with contrastive linguistics will be followed by a the American Council on the Teaching of general survey by William Nemser of recent Foreign Languages, is currently establishing an developments in the field.—Ed.]

Conference on Language and Medicine

A Conference on Language and Medicine was and cooperation between the fields of language held in New York on March 13, under the and medicine, but that it would be premature auspices of the Wenner-Gren Foundation for to attempt to set up a permanent committee Anthropological Research The meeting, at this time The participants therefore decided planned by John Lotz, Director of the Center to consider continuation of the group on an for Applied Linguistics, in connection with a informal basis after circulation of the proceed­ series of activities in celebration of the Center's ings. tenth anniversary, reflects the Center's contin­ uing interest in an interdisciplinary approach to The Associacao Brasileira de Linguistica held language problems. Dr. Lotz and Dr. Thomas its first meeting in Salvador, Bahia, January A. Sebeok, Director of the Research Center for 29-31. At the business session, Aryon Dalllgna the Language Sciences at Indiana University, Rodrigues (Federal University of Rio de were co-organizcrs. Dr. Harley C. Shands, of Janeiro) was elected President; F. Gomes de Roosevelt Hospital in New York, acted as Matos (Catholic University of Sao Paulo), Sec­ chairman. The twelve participants represented retary; and Martha Coelho (National Museum, the fields of linguistics, internal medicine, psy­ Rio dc Janeiro), Treasurer. At the plenary chiatry, speech pathology, anthropology, com­ session, the following papers were presented: munications, and sociology. The applications of linguistic concepts in the The immediate objectives of the Conference teaching of the vernacular', by Brian F. Head; were to explore areas where the cooperation of 'Dialectological studies in Brazil: The state of language specialists and medical researchers the art', by Nelson Rossi; 'Why a Brazilian might be productive and to make concrete Linguistics Association?', by Aryon Dall'Igna recommendations for research projects. The Rodrigues; The influence of linguistics in text­ major topics discussed were: medical com­ books for the teaching of English as a foreign munication, including problems of the doctor- language', by F. Gomes dc Matos; and The patient relationship and of medical vocabulary; linguistics program at the University of Bahia: pathology of language disorders, including diag­ Results of a two-year experience', by Joselice nosis and treatment; and normal processes of Macedo Barreiro. For further information, in­ language and speech, including cognitive and cluding information on foreign membership, cross-cultural studies. There was general agree­ write to. Secretary, Associacao Brasileira de ment that the Conference was successful as an Linguistica, Avenida 9 de julho 3166, Sao initial step toward increased communication Paulo, S.P., Brazil.

The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 5 TEFL Programs at the American University of Beirut

by Neil J. Q. Bratton

[Neil Bratton is Assistant Professor of English and Linguistics at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon]

The American University of Beirut is a private provides for individual leanings toward linguis­ institution in Lebanon, with about 3700 stu­ tics, TEFL methodology, or education Stu­ dents from some 55 countries. English is the dents have the option of writing a thesis or only language of instruction. The university is working on practical projects. Projects cur­ confronted with problems of English language rently under way include the preparation of teaching at many levels and has had to develop supplementary materials for texts currently used a flexible response to a variety of needs. in the area, language laboratory tapes, teacher We conduct a University Orientation Pro­ training videotapes, science readers, and Lan­ gram which provides a one- to two-semester guage Master cards for the pronunciation key pre-university course for those students who of EFL dictionaries. qualify for admission in every way except in The Center for English Language Research their mastery of English. This program offers and Teaching, which coordinates most of the intensive English instruction (25 hours a above activities, is interested in making avail­ week), with much of the material based di­ able to neighboring countries such experience rectly on Freshman texts. The teachers in this and expertise as it has To this end. the Center program either hold MA's in TEFL or are conducts in-service seminars, provides special working toward the degree in our own MA. courses, writes materials, and acts as consult­ program. ant to ministries and other programs in the Graduate level students in medicine, agricul­ area During the past year, consultation serv­ ture, and engineering who have not previously ices were provided to the University of North pursued their studies in English receive inten­ Africa Association in Morocco; the Ford sive instruction in specialized English. We also Foundation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Ray­ teach English to workmen at the university— theon training program in Jidda, Saudi Arabia; gatemen, janitors, electricians, and carpenters. and our own Elementary School of the Inter­ We offer a B A. in English Language and a national College, Beirut. Teaching Diploma in TEFL. The B.A. candi­ The staff of the Center currently includes dates take seven courses in English literature, Richard Yorkey, Director; Daniel Cook, Jean plus the following in language. The Study of Praninskas. Neil Bratton; Louise Tannous; Language, Introductory Phonology, The Struc­ Nicholas Read-Collins, and Michael Dobbyn. ture of English (two semesters), and The His­ tory of English. Candidates for the Teaching Diploma take an additional six courses in the The Association Internationale de Semlotique Education Department, plus two courses in was established in 1969 to promote research in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Lan­ semiotics, to reinforce international coopera­ guage. The latter two courses include super­ tion in this field, and to collaborate with other vised observation and practice teaching in local similar associations. Membership in the Asso­ schools, as well as the use of videotape for ciation is open to all who work in fields dealing teaching models and micro-lesson practice. with the notion of 'sign', e g logic, linguistics, We also offer an M.A. in TEFL. This degree information theory, esthetics, etc The Associa­ takes from one year, for our own undergradu­ tion plans to organize national and international ates who have a B A. in English Language and symposia on semiotics and to publish a a Teaching Diploma, to two years, for out­ journal, Semiotica, edited by Thomas A. siders who have had none of these pre­ Sebeok. For further information, write to the requisites. The latter, who come from both the Secretary General, Mme Julia Kristeva, Middle East and other parts of the world, take Association Internationale de Semiotique, twelve one-semester courses. The choice of CECMAS, 10 rue Monsieur le Prince, 75-Paris graduate courses is comparatively free and 6e, France.

6 The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 Fulbright-Hays Openings in Linguistics and TEFL: 1971-72

Inquiries concerning the following Fulbright- Jordan September 1971-June 1972 Hays lectureships for 1971-72 should be sent University of Jordan TEFL. to. Committee on International Exchange of Korea September 1971-June 1972 Persons, 2101 Constitution Avenue. N.W., Specialist as consultant to on-going TEFL programs. Affiliation to be arranged Washington, D.C 20418. I-ebanon September 1971-June 1972 Lebanese National University TEFL Angola September 1971-June 1972 Nicaragua Ten to twelve months, beginning Instituto dc Angola. Luanda TEFL methodology, May 1971 - demonstration classes MA in linguistics or TEFL University of Nicaragua Teaching Training School and required, good knowledge of Portuguese is essential Central American University TEFL methodology, Argentina Six months, beginning March or July 1971 demonstration classes Fluency in Spanish required National University of Buenos Aires. National Higher Pakistan September 1971-June 1972 Teacher Training Institute and Higher Language Jehangirnagar Muslim University, Dacca Linguistics Teacher 1 raining Institute Graduate courses in lin­ and TEFL guistics Good knowledge of Spanish is essential Poland October 1971-June 1972 Bulgaria October 1971-June 1972 University of Wroclaw Teaching English and develop­ University of Sofia Classes in Eriglish, applied lin­ ment of TFFL program guistics, and le.ii.hing methodology, occasional lec­ Univenity of Po/nan Younger scholar lo conduct tures at other Bulgarian institutions Fnglish classes, senior scholar to prepare teaching Burundi September 1971-June 1972 materials and conduct courses in introductory lin­ Ofhcial University of Bujumbura Methods of teach­ guistics ing English, demonstration classes MA in applied Romania September 1971-June 1972 linguistics, experience in language laboratory tech­ University of Cluj Classes in conversational English, niques, and fluency in French arc required methods courses for TEFL in secondary schools Ceylon October 1971-July 1972 Singapore May 1971-January 1972 Vidyodaya University New TEFL methods and tech­ Regional English Language Center Research in lin­ niques guistics or evaluation and testing, lectures, and some University of Ceylon, Colombo Assistance in develop­ administrative responsibilities. ing a Department of Linguistics Somali Republic July 1971-February 1972 Chile March-December 1971 University of Somalia, Mogadiscio English courses. Two appointments in linguistics and TF.FL Good Experience in TEFL and previous faculty status re­ command of Spanish required Affiliation to be ar­ quired, knowledge of Italian helpful Male applicants ranged. only Ecuador July 15-August IS. 1971 Spain October 1971-June 1972 Specialist in TEFL methodology for seminar in Quito Various provincial universities Seven appointments for leathers of English Good knowledge of Spanish for pre-doctoral TEFL students with good knowledge Finland One semester. Spring 1972 preferred of Spanish, six hours of cl.isswork per week, oppor­ University of Tampere lectures on American lin­ tunity for independent study and research guistics (MIT school), some lectures on American Thailand June IS. 1971-March IS. 1972 English Khon Kacn University Development of English pro­ Ghana September 1971-June 1972 gram with emphasis on materials and teacher train­ University of Ghana Senior linguist with cxpciicnce ing in audio-visual leaching techniques lo assist in develop­ Prince of Songkhala University. Pattani. Basic courses, ment of new linguistics institute for improvement of planning curriculum and developing materials, some language teaching instruction in night school for local teachers Greece August 1971-August 1972 Yugoslavia September 1971-June 1972 Universities of Athens and Thessaloniki Advisor to Universities of Belgrade and Novi Sad Lectureship in Fulbright teacher grantees at various institutions, ap­ linguistics, program to be developed Background in pointment as professor in English Department both in a Slavic language helpful Athens (course in practical linguistics) and in Thes­ Some English teaching assistantships arc available for saloniki (occasional lectures) young instructors with TEFL training Guatemala January-October 1971 University of San Carlos Senior scholar for develop­ Research Positions There are also a number of ment of teacher training, direction of English teaching openings available for research appointments in the and American studies programs, and advanced courses following countries' Austria. Belgium and Luxemburg in TEFL Fluency in Spanish required (2 or more awards). Denmark (2), Finland (S), Ger­ Italy October 1971-July 1972 many (IS), Greece, Iceland, Italy (3), Japan (3), Two appointments in linguistics and TEFL, one for Korea (3), Nepal, Norway (3), Portugal, Romania six months Affiliation to be arranged (S), Sweden (3), Turkey, and Yugoslavia

The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 7 new journals and directories

Studies in African Linguistics. Published by Middle East Area Study Programs at American the Department of Linguistics and the African Universities and Colleges, 1970: An Outline Studies Center of the University of California, Guide. Washington, D.C, Middle East Insti­ Los Angeles. Three issues per volume First tute, 1970. 70 pp $1.00. Order from: Middle issue: March 1970. Editor. Talmy Gtvdn. Sub­ East Institute, 1761 N Street, N.W., Washing­ scription: U S. and Canada $6.00 per volume; ton, D.C 20036 elsewhere: $7.00 per volume; single issues: Provides detailed information (degrees and $2.50. All correspondence to the Editor, courses offered, faculty, and objectives) on Studies in African Linguistics, % Department programs in Middle East studies at seventeen of Linguistics, University of California, Los American colleges or universities, two Cana­ Angeles, California 90024 dian universities, and three American institu­ Seeks to publish articles of general theoreti­ tions in the Middle East; a listing of courses cal interest using data from African languages offered at thirteen American universities which as the point of departure. Publication will be have concentrations bearing on the Middle somewhat irregular, with up to four issues a East, and a description of libraries and research year The first issue contains four articles facilities in the Washington, D.C, area The role of borrowing in the justification of Newsletter of the Department of Linguistics. phonological grammars', by Larry M. Hyman, Published by the Department of Linguistics, The derivation of Igbo verb bases', by William University of Illinois. Three times a year (No­ E. Welmers, 'Serial verbs', by Herbert Stahlke, and 'Nupe tonology', by Isaac George. vember, March, June). First issue November 1969 All correspondence to the Editors, Hans H. Hock and Herbert F Stahlke, Department Academic Courses in Great Britain, 1970/71, of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Relevant to the Teaching of English as a Sec­ Illinois 61801. ond Language London, English-Teaching In­ formation Centre, 1970. 55 pp. Free on request The first issue contains an announcement of to: English-Teaching Information Centre, Brit­ a conference on African linguistics, notices on ish Council, State House, 63 High Holborn, changes in faculty, the Linguistics Seminar London, WC 1, England. and Linguistics Club, recent faculty publica­ tions, recent Ph D.s, and new area courses, and Provides information on fifty-one courses of various brief notes concerning the university's study in linguistics or teaching English as a Department of Linguistics. second language in twenty-five colleges and uni­ versities in England, Scotland, and Wales. The English Language and Orientation Programs entries include descriptions of the content of in the United States, Including a List of Pro­ the courses and entrance qualifications, fees, grams for Training Teachers of English as a and general information Second Language New York, Institute of In­ ternational Education, 1969 117 pp. $1.00 Andean Linguistics Newsletter. Twice a year. Order from. Institute of International Educa­ First issue- January 1970 All correspondence tion, 809 United Nations Plaza, New York, to: Gary J. Parker, Department of Linguistics, New York 10017. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, Lists 301 academic-year programs of Eng­ or to. Louisa Stark, Department of Anthropol­ lish language courses for foreign students and ogy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis­ 125 summer programs, as well as 44 degree consin 53706 and certificate programs in TEFL and 29 other Aims to collect and disseminate information institutions offering one or more TEFL courses. on activities in the field of Andean linguistics. The listings in each section are in alphabetical The first issue contains lists of recent publica­ order by state. The listings include a descrip­ tions and papers presented, brief notes on cur­ tion of the courses and information on fees, rent research activities, a listing of courses availability of housing, time of year programs offered in Quechua, notices of future meetings, begin and their duration, and visa eligibility and an address list of Andeanists forms issued.

8 The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 book notices

Language and Dialect In Hawaii: A Sociolin­ Information, Mechanism and Meaning, by guistic History to 1935, by John E Reinecke; Donald M. MacKay. Cambridge, Massachu­ edited hy Stanley M. Tsuzaki Honolulu, Uni­ setts, The MJ.T. Press, 1969. viii, 196 pp. versity of Hawaii Press, 1969. xvii, 254 pp., cloth $8.95; paper $2.95. tables, maps. $9.00. A collection of the author's papers, articles, A minimally revised version of Reincckc's and broadcast talks on communication and in­ M.A. thesis, written at the University of Hawaii formation, originally published over the past in 193S, which has served as an important twenty years. The first chapter, 'Background', reference on Hawaiian "pidgin" for more than was written especially for this volume. Chap­ thirty years. Two introductory chapters deal ters 2-4 consist of three introductory talks de­ with the problem of "makeshift languages" livered on the BBC. Chapters 5-13 focus on and "regional dialects", the first in a treatment specific technical points, e g. the semantic func­ restricted to Hawaii, and the second in a more tion of questions and commands, the human general discussion of the topic. The next five brain as an originator of information, and the chapters present the historical background of differences between linguistic and nonlinguistic the language situation in Hawaii, including understanding of utterances and linguistic socio-cultural information on the various lan­ tokens. An appendix surveys the concepts and guage groups and statistical information on the terminology of information theory. A list of schools; the origin and functions of the creole references and an index are also appended. dialect; reasons for the retention of the im­ migrant languages; the development of the Linguistics and Literary Theory, by Karl D. Hawaiian "colonial dialect" from the creole, Uitli. (Princeton Studies of Humanistic Schol­ and the nature, functions, and future of the arship in America.) Englewood Cliffs, New colonial dialect. The last chapter contains Jersey. Prentice-Hall, 1969. xv, 272 pp. $8.95. theoretical as well as historical conclusions and selected topics for further investigation. There Describes, in historical and structural terms, is an appendix containing examples of the the cultural and philosophical traditions that various types of language treated in the book, a have affected linguistic and literary speculation list of references, and an index. in the West. Chapter 1 examines certain basic features of the Western concept of language; Linguistics and the Teaching of Standard Eng­ Chapter 2 deals with linguistics and literary lish to Speakers of Other Languages or Dia­ study as practiced in the United States and in lects, edited by James E Alatis. Report of the Europe in recent years; and Chapter 3 offers 20th Annual Round Table Meeting on Lin­ several suggestions concerning increased colla­ guistics and Language Studies (Monograph boration between the two fields. Series on Languages and Linguistics, 22.) Washington, D.C, Georgetown University Vietnamese Familiarization Course, by Nguyen- Press, 1970. 267 pp. $2.95. Hy-Quang, Eleanor H. Jorden and associates. Washington, D.C, Foreign Service Institute, The sixteen papers included in this volume U.S. Department of State, 1969. xv, 232 pp. represent the proceedings of the 20th Annual $1.75. For sale by the Superintendent of Docu­ Round Table Meeting held at the School of ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash­ Languages and Linguistics of Georgetown Uni­ ington, D.C. 20402. versity, Washington, D.C., on March 14 and 15, 1969. The meeting considered three as­ An introduction to the Vietnamese language pects of the teaching of Standard English to as it is spoken in South Vietnam. Each of the speakers of other languages or dialects: Theo­ 12 lessons contains a basic dialogue for mem­ retical linguistics and its implications for teach­ orization, grammar notes, drills, and sugges­ ing; Materials, methods, and techniques; and tions for conversation practice. The Vietnamese Sociocultural factors in teaching. Also in­ material is presented throughout in the standard cluded are four papers on sociolinguistics and. orthography, with no information on pronun­ urban language research, read at the March 13 ciation. A Vietnamese-English glossary is ap­ meeting of the Washington Linguistics Club. pended.

The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 9 meetings and conferences

June 11-13. Canadian Linguistic Association/Association Canadienne de Linguistique. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. June 23-August 14. Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America. Columbus, Ohio. July 22-23. Association for Computational Linguistics. Columbus, Ohio. July 24-26. Linguistic Society of America Summer Meeting. Columbus, Ohio. August 17-18. International Conference on Salish Languages, 5th. Spokane, Washington. [Write: Thorn M. Hess, Department of Linguistics, University uf Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada.] August 24-29. International Congress of German Studies. Princeton, New Jersey. [Write: Victor Lange, Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540.] October 16-17. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics, 4th. Atlanta, Georgia.

The Analysis of Communication Content: De­ exercises. Unit 21 introduces the Arabic velopments in Scientific Theories and Computer (Nastaliq) script as adapted for Baluchi, and Techniques, edited by George Gerbner and provides reading practice drills. Units 22-28 others. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1969. present graded reading texts with explanatory xix, 597 pp. $1495. notes, vocabulary lists, and drills Appendices include a Baluchi-English glossary, an English- Presents thirty papers grouped in four parts: Baluchi finder list, and maps Accompanying Theories and analytical constructs', 'Aspects of tape materials are available from the authors. inference from content data', The recording and notation of data', and 'Computer tech­ [Write: Dr. M.A.R Barker, Institute of Islamic niques in content analysis and computational Studies, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., linguistics'; and an appendix, 'Education in Canada.] content analysis: A survey'. The disciplinary The research on which this work is based sources, subject matter examples, and scopes of was performed pursuant to a contract with interest of the papers include the arts and the U.S. Office of Education. humanities, the social sciences, linguistics, and the information sciences. An introduction to Basic Course in Uzbek, by Alo Raun. (Uralic each part indicates the relevance of the contri­ and Altaic Series, 59.) Bloomington, Indiana butions to issues in the development of content University; The Hague, Mouton, 1969. xi, 273 analysis A bibliography and an index are ap­ pp. $10.00. [Distributed in the U.S. and pended Canada by Humanities Press, Inc., 303 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10010.] A Course in Baluchi, by Muhammad Abd-al- An introductory text in the urban dialect of Rahman Barker and A quit Khan Mengal Mon­ Uzbek, designed for use at the college level. treal, McGill University Institute of Islamic Each of the 30 lessons contains basic sentences, Studies, 1969 2 vols. (Ixvi, 1195 pp.) [Distrib­ pronunciation notes and drills (lessons 1-9), uted by McGill University Press, 3458 Red- grammatical analysis with examples, exercises, path Street, Montreal, P.Q., Canada.] several short dialogues with comprehension questions, and suggestions for conversation. An introductory text in the Rakhshani dia­ Every sixth lesson is a review Appended are lect of Baluchi, designed for use in a one-year Uzbek-English and English-Uzbek vocabulary intensive course. A preliminary section pro­ lists, a grammatical and phonological index, vides a sociolinguistic sketch and an introduc­ and a bibliography. The Uzbek material is tion to the phonology. Each of the first twenty presented throughout in phonemic transcription. units contains a dialogue or basic sentences, This text was developed pursuant to a con­ grammar notes, vocabulary list, drills, and tract with the U.S. Office of Education.

10 The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 recent CAL publications

Teaching Standard English in the Inner City, to read English, though a few papers suggest edited by Ralph W. Fasold and Roger W. Shuy. the value of transcultural studies. (Urban Language Series, 6.) Washington, D.C, The first section includes papers concerned Center for Applied Linguistics, 1970. xvii, 141 with language, theories of reading, and some pp. $5.00. discussion of beginning reading. The papers in section two deal with research: the direction Presents six papers which deal with linguis­ in which reading research should go, a con­ tic features of Negro dialect and also cover ceptual analysis of reading, and a research such educational aspects as classroom method­ study on perceptual training. The third section ology, sequencing of material, and teacher includes several articles which discuss factors training. All but one of the articles were contributing to reading disability, a discussion written specifically for this volume. The papers of the confusing use of the term dyslexia, and are: 'Foreign language teaching methods in a paper on reading disability in Japan. The quasi-foreign language situations', by William final paper is a current look at reading instruc­ A. Stewart (reprinted from Non-Standard tion. The majority of the papers are reprints Speech and the Teaching of English, a 1964 of articles that have appeared in a wide variety CAL publication now out of print); 'Educa­ of discipline-centered publications. tional considerations for teaching standard English to Negro children', by Joan C. Baratz; Mongolian Language Handbook, by Nicholas 'Some linguistic features of Negro dialect', by Poppe. (Language Handbook Series, 4.) Wash­ Ralph W. Fasold and Walt Wolfram; The use ington, D.C, Center for Applied Linguistics, of nonstandard English in teaching standard: 1970. xv, 176 pp., map. $5.00. Contrast and comparison', by Irwin Feigen- baum; 'Sociolinguistic implications for educa­ This volume provides an introduction to tional sequencing', by Walt Wolfram; and Mongolian, designed to give the most essential Teacher training and urban language prob­ information about the language to non- lems', by Roger W. Shuy. spccialists in the field, primarily to linguists Companion volumes in the series are: The who are interested in learning about the struc­ Social Stratification of English in New York ture of Mongolian or to students of the lan­ City, by William Labov (1966; 655 pp., $5 00); guage who wish to get a general view before Conversations in a Negro American Dialect, studying it in detail. The form of Mongolian transcribed and edited by Bengt Lorn an (1967; described is Khalka. Chapter 1 is devoted to 164 pp., $4.00); Field Techniques in an Urban the language situation: linguistic classification, Language Study, by Roger W. Shuy, Walter A. geographical distribution, history of the people Wolfram, and William K. Riley (1968; 128 and of the language, and a description of pp., $3.00); Teaching Black Children to Read. Mongolian scripts. Chapter 2 deals with the edited by Joan C. Baratz and Roger W. Shuy phonology, including phonotactics, morpho­ (1969; 219 pp, $5.00); and A Sociolinguistic phonemics, and the orthographical representa­ Description of Detroit Negro Speech, by Walter tion of the phonemes. Chapter 3 treats the A. Wolfram (1969; 237 pp., $5 00). morphology, including both inflection and derivation. Chapter 4 covers syntax under phrase-structure and clause-structure. Chapter Language & Reading: An Interdisciplinary Ap­ 5 provides a survey of Mongolian literature, proach, compiled by Doris V. Cunderson. particularly the folklore and the older litera­ Washington, D.C, Center for Applied Lin­ ture. Each chapter is followed by a select guistics, 1970. 278 pp. $8.00. bibliography.

The seventeen papers in this volume focus Companion volumes in the series are: attention on reading and reading problems Bengali Language Handbook, by Punya Sloka from the point of view of various disciplines: Ray and others (1966; 137 pp., $3.00); linguistics, anthropology, education, sociology, Swahili Language Handbook, by Edgar C. psychology, and certain fields of medicine, Polome (1967; 232 pp., $4.50); and Arabic such as pediatrics, neurology, and psychiatry. Language Handbook, by Mary Catherine Bate­ The main focus is on the problem of learning son (1967; 125 pp.. $3.00).

The Linguiitie Reporter June 1970 11 The Linguistic Report er Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

The Linguistic Reporter June 1970 The Linguistic Reporter Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Volume 12 Number 4 August 1970 Washington. D.C. 20036

Cooperation in the Language Sciences

by A. Hood Roberts

IA Hood Roberts is A ssocmle Director ol ihe Center ber of the American Institute of Physics, to lor Applied Linguistics and Director ol Ihe Center's such humanistic and pcdagogically oriented Linguistic Documentation Program ] societies as the Modern Language Association of America, the National Council of Teachers On I June, executive officers of a dozen pro­ of English, and the Association of Teachers fessional societies concerned with language sci­ of English to Speakers of Other Languages. ences met in Washington to explore ways of Participants and the societies they represented improving existing information services The were: James E. Alatis, Teachers of English to Chairman of the one-day meeting organized Speakers of Other Languages; Charles A. Fer­ hy the Center for Applied Linguistics was guson. Linguistic Society of America; Robert Charles A Ferguson. President of the Linguis­ Hogan. National Council of Teachers of Eng­ tic Society of America. The list of attendees lish: Kenneth O Johnson. American Speech reflects the diversity of the language sciences, and Hearing Association, Harry Josselson, with representatives from such "hard" sciences Association for Computational Linguistics; as the Acoustical Society of America, a mcm- Alan Kranz, American Institute of Physics; Kenneth Little, American Psychological As­ sociation; John Lotz. Center for Applied Lin­ guistics: Harrison Mescrole. Modern Language Association of America; A Hood Roberts, American Dialect Society; Edward Scebold, American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages: Thomas A Sebcok, Linguistic Society of America; Donald Walker, American Federation of Information Processing Societies; and William Work, Speech Association of America. Herbert Roller, American Society for Information Science, and Edward J. Leh­ man, American Anthropological Association, were invited but were unable to attend. The diversity extended also to the informa­ tion services provided to their members, rang­ A HOOD ROBERTS ing all the way from the publication of a journal and a newsletter by the American Dia­ Roberts pointed out that two types of prob­ lect Society, to the APA's active publication lems must be faced before a comprehensive program, consisting of eight primary journals, a information system can be acquired for the review journal, an abstract bulletin, an employ­ language sciences. The first problem is organi­ ment bulletin, and a directory of members. zational and the second is technical. Of these Despite the diversity, the phenomena of lang­ two, by far the most important is the organiza­ uage provided the centripetal force which tional The present fragmentation which brought these representatives together. causes duplication of effort and a resultant Ferguson opened the discussion by asking squandering of the meager resources available those present to consider how the traditions to the language sciences can only be overcome and loyalties of their professional organizations, through cooperative agreements. These coop­ as well as the existing channels for scholarly erative agreements can come about only slowly communication, could relate to a comprehen­ and as a result of continuing coordinated sive information system. He pointed out that efforts. the problems are complex, since the language Technical problems involving indexing tools, sciences are not one cohesive discipline, inas­ abstracting guidelines, typographic require­ much as they form a spectrum from the human­ ments, thesauri development, file management istic to the scientific and since the various lang­ techniques, etc., are currently being studied uage areas cut across existing channels of and are, fortunately, more susceptible to solu­ information flow tion than the organizational problems. Lists of organizations, details of overlapping Kenneth Little, Executive Officer of the memberships, and charts of professional spe­ American Psychological Association, described cialties and the relationships between them briefly the Association's activities directed to­ were introduced for discussion. These docu­ ward the development of an information sys­ ments had been prepared by the LINCS staff tem for psychology. Alan Kranz, representing as part of the studies made of the language the Acoustical Society of America and the sciences community LINCS (Language In­ American Institute of Physics, reported on the formation Network and Clearinghouse Sys­ AIP's activities to develop a similar informa­ tem), a project of the Center for Applied tion system for physics. Roberts said that Linguistics, is a part of five comprehensive historically the language sciences differed from programs of system development that have the APA and the AIP in that the language been organized in the fields of chemistry and sciences are diffuse and must build on existing chemical engineering, physics and astronomy, organizational networks. That is, owing to the electrical and electronics engineering, psychol­ structure, or lack of structure, in the field, a ogy, and the language sciences. These pro­ centralized information system would be un­ grams are supported by the Office of Science desirable, even if it were attainable. Therefore, Information Services of the National Science the concept of a network, rather than a cen­ Foundation. The LINCS concept is intended tralized facility, is what is currently contem­ to provide comprehensive, modern solutions plated within the LINCS Project. Problems of to discipline-wide problems of information financing, mandate, and structure were raised, transfer in the language sciences. and Ferguson said that if these problems are Roberts said that one of the LINCS studies to be solved it will be as a result of continuing just completed lists about sixty professional and thorough collaboration by the societies societies in the United States which have a involved. strong language orientation. The study of The Chairman felt it important that the overlapping memberships revealed that the societies make their information needs known overlap was much lower than had been ex­ to the Center for Applied Linguistics, so that pected This had the effect of increasing the these needs could be taken into account during estimated size of the total language sciences the design of the LINCS. Furthermore, it was community in the U.S to 200,000. Also re­ felt to be of importance to involve the societies ported on was a LINCS study currently under and their memberships during the early stages way which will provide a detailed listing of of the formulation of any information system the services offered by approximately 100 or­ in the language sciences. Roberts mentioned ganizations throughout the world, but with a that similar channels for liaison with the concentration in the U.S. LINCS have already been established with the

2 The Linguistic Reporter August 1970 The Center for Applied Linguistics is a nonprofit, internationally oriented professional institution, established in 1959 and incorporated in 1964 in Washington, D.C. The purpose of the Center is to serve as a clearinghouse and informal coordinating bod) in the applica­ tion of linguistics to practical language problems

The Linguistir Reporter, thr Center's newsletter, is published six times a year, in Feb­ ruary, April, June, August, Oi tuber, and December. Annual subscription, $1.50, air mail. 33.50 (Individuals faced with currency restrictions or similar limitations are invited to write lo the Editor) Manuscripts, hooks for review, and editorial communications should lie sent io Frank A. Rice. Editor, TH* LINCMSTIL RKPORrFR, Center for Applied Linguistics, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N W., Washington, D.C. 20036 Commumeatiuns concerning subscriptions should In: directed to the Subsi riptions Secrctar) at the same address. Per­ mission is granted for quotation or reproduction from the rontcnts of the LINCUISTIC KIPORTFH provided acknowledgement is given

member countries of the Council of Europe, raised at this meeting, and to request the gov­ the Canadian Linguistic Association, the Lin­ erning bodies, on behalf of their membership, guistic Society of America, and that other to approve continuation of these initial efforts avenues of communication are being explored at cooperation It was decided that this group Alan Kranz of the American Institute of should meet again, in the fall of 1970, to dis­ Physics and Donald Walker of the American cuss further the problems raised here, and the Federation of Information Processing Societies opinions expressed by the governing bodies of discussed the organization and structure of their organizations: furthermore, at that second their societies, emphasizing points of possible meeting, executive officers might be accom­ relevance as models for a possible similar fed­ panied by information specialists from their eration in the language sciences Ferguson organizations. asked the group to respond to the following As Walker stated in his report to AFIPS: questions* (1) Is there a community of inter­ 'There was among the participants a recogni­ est in the language sciences? (2) Do wc sup­ tion of common problems in the information port a network system as opposed to a cen­ area and a considerable interest in cooperating tralized system? (3) Should professional or­ further. The LINCS program provides a focus ganizations take the initiative as opposed to as well as a substantial resource." federal agencies or universities? (4) Do wc recommend strengthening of existing function­ ing network nodes? KLFTRENCES The reaction to the four questions was [II Charles A. Ferguson, The domain of the lan­ affirmative It was felt that there was a com­ guage sciences," in Arnold W. Pratt, A. Hood munity of interest in the language sciences, that Roberts, and Kathleen Lewis, eds. Seminar on the network svstcm was the one that should Computational Linguistics, October 6-7. 1966, Na­ be supported, inasmuch as it reflects present- tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, day realities It was felt that professional or­ Public Health Service Publications No. 1716 ganizations should take the initiative, but it (Washington. D.C. Public Health Service, US. was also recognized that other organizations Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, not represented here should be invited to join 1968) pp 4-8. in the effort. The strengthening of existing net­ work nodes was felt to be of high priority [2] Paul L. Garvin, Specialty trends in the lan­ guage sciences (Washington, D.C* Center for Ap­ The participants felt that in order that the plied Linguistics. December 1969). LINCS. 16-69. momentum engendered by this meeting not be dissipated, there should be some means for [3] Allene Guss Grognet and Judith Brown, eds. continuity of discussion. It was therefore de­ University resources in the United States and Can­ cided that the Center for Applied Linguistics ada for Ihe study of linguistics. 1969-1970 (Wash­ should write to all executive officers present, ington, DC Center for Applied Linguistics and requesting them to lay before the governing the Secretariat of the Linguistic Society of Amer­ bodies of their organizations the problems ica. 1970).

The Linguistic Reporter August 1970 3 [4] Principal Investigators, LINCS Project, The [7-69] = Reference [4] above LINCS project. An outline of current activities [8-69] Requirements for LINCS file management (Washington, D C Center for Applied Linguistics, system Auerbach Corp. CFSTI PB 186 472 September 1969) LINCS- 7-69. [16-69] = Reference [2] above ERIC ED 034 [5] A Hood Roberts, "The system of communica­ 983 (MF-30 25, HC-S1.75) tion in the language sciences Present and future." [18-69] A survey of journals in the language sci­ In the Proceedings of the Johns Hopkins Univer­ ences Charles A. Zisa, Ludmila Okreglak, and sity Conference on Communication among Scien­ Belver C Griffith CFSTI PB 186 111. tists and Technologists, October 28-30, 1969. To be published by DC. Heath in September 1970 [I9-69P] = Reference [3] above. LINCS I9-69P [1-70] = Reference [6] above. ERIC ED 037 727 [6] Charles A Zisa, The extent of overlapping (MF-$0 25, HC-S1.70) membership in professional language science socie­ [3-70] Some probable technological trends and ties, with an appendix by Carl M Wilson. List of their impact on an information network system professional language science societies (Washington Joseph L Ebersole To be available through D.C Center for Applied Linguistics, January CFSTI 1970) LINCS 1-70. [For a comprehensive discussion of the field, see- Robert R. Freeman, Alfred Pietrzyk, and A Hood LINCS REPORTS Roberts, "Information in the language sciences," [2-68] Indexing tools and terminology sources in in Mathematical linguistics and automatic lan­ the language sciences A bibliographical listing guage processing. 5 (New York American Kathleen P. Lewis. ERIC. ED 021 243 (MF-$0 25, Elsevier Publishing Co., 1968) ] HC-S0.96) ORDERING INFORMATION [3-68] File-management techniques and systems with applications to information retrieval A selec­ CFSTI Documents can be ordered, by the number given, from ihe Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific tive bibliography Alfred Pietrzyk, Frances Lam­ and Technical Information, Springfield, Virginia 22151 berts, and Robert R Freeman CFSTI PB 178 Orders must be accompanied by payment The docu­ 792 ments listed above are priced at S3 00 for hard copy [2-69] An information-system program for the lan­ (HC) and $0 65 for microfiche (MF) guage sciences Final report on survey-and-analy- ERIC- Documents can be ordered, by the ED number sis stage, 1967-1968 Robert R Freeman, Alfred given, from the ERIC Document Reproduction Serv­ Pietrzyk, and A Hood Roberts CFSTI- PB 186 310 ice, National Cash Register Company, 4936 Fairmont Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Orders under $5 00 [3-69] The Language Research In Progress system must be accompanied by payment, and all U S pay­ of the Center for Applied Linguistics Joy Varley ments must include appropriate sales tax A 25 per­ and Douglas Campion. CFSTI PB 190 640. cent service charge is applicable lo foreign orders

LINCS Publishes "Language and Automation

Language and Automation: An International the interfaces of linguistics, computation, in­ Reference Publication Published by the Center formation science, and related fields The data for Applied Linguistics under the auspices of the base is supplied by a group of cooperating in­ International Committee on Computational Lin­ stitutions in several countries, with a view to­ guistics Four times a vear (spring, summer, fall, ward the eventual establishment of an inter­ winter) First issue Spring 1970 Editors: A Hood national information network for the language Roberts, Alfred Pietrzyk. Adam G Woyna Sub­ scription rates for 1 year, institutions $1000; in­ sciences Development and initial publication dividuals $7.00; sample issue $2 00 Correspond­ is supported in part by a National Science ence to Language and Automation, Center for Foundation grant (GN-771) to the Center for Applied Linguistics, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, Applied Linguistics within the scope of a Lan­ N.W., Washington, D.C 20036. guage Information Network and Clearinghouse System (LINCS) prototype study The first Language and Automation is designed to issue contains 460 annotated entries arranged meet the growing demand for substantial, under subject categories, with a subject index timely coverage of the literature dealing with and author index.

4 The Linguistic Reporter August 1970 NDEA Title VI Projects for Fiscal Year 1970

During the fiscal year ended June 30. 1970. the development of specialized language mate­ thirty-four contracts were negotiated hy the rials. There were also twenty-two contracts U S Office of Education in support of new negotiated to supplement on-going projects in projects designed to improve instruction in the same areas. modern foreign languages in the three general For each project the following information areas authorized by Title VI. Section 602. of is presented: (I) contractor, (2) principal in­ the National Defense Education Act surveys vestigator or project director, (3) title, (4) term and studies, research and experimentation, and of the contract. (5) cost of the contract.

SURVEYS AND STUDIES Language Research Foundation. Cambridge, Mass­ achusetts. Stephen Anderson. Research on con­ Association for Asian Studies, c/o University ot trastive syntactic typology. June 1, 1970 to May Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan David J Stein­ 31, 1972 $49,045, supplemented by $7,000 from berg The role of Asian studies in American sec­ SAE funds ondary education February I to December 31. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Donald 1970 $9,936 Topping. Evaluation of the predictive power of American Association of Junior Colleges. Wash­ contrastive analyses of Japanese and English. July ington, DC William Shannon. Exploratory con­ I. 1970 to June 30, 1971. $28,677. ference on the nature and role of international ed­ Ohio University, Athens, Ohio Paul W. van der ucation at the junior college level February I to Veur. The Verhandelingen van net Bataviaasch June 30, 1970 $1,649 Cenooischap. An annotated content analysis. June Modern Language Association. New York, New IS. 1970 to March 15, 1971 $9,955. York Kenneth W Mildenberger. Survey of foreign language enrollments in institutions of higher ed­ RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION ucation, fall 1970 and summer 1971 June I. 1970 to October 31. 1971 $37,207 State University of New York. Albany, New York Madeleine Mathiot A study of method in lan­ Modern Language Association, New York, New guage and culture research. Phase II. Textual York Kenneth W. Mildenberger Survey of for­ analysis. Stage 3 October 1, 1969 to September eign language entrance and degree requirements 30. 1971. $35,435. for the Bachelor of Arts degree in the V S insti­ tutions of higher education, fall 1970 June I. University of California, Santa Barbara, California 1970 to June 30, 1971 $22,438 Andre Malecot The general phonetic characteris­ tics of languages. December I, 1969 to November University of California, Berkeley. California 30. 1970 S92.050 John J Gumperz Conference on regional univer­ sals in Indian grammar June I to December 31. State University of New York, Albany, New York. 1970 $21,813 Ward Morehouse Innovation in undergraduate teaching and the study of Asian and African so­ Georgetown University, Washington. D.C Robert cieties and traditions I Guidelines II The case Lado Thought and memory in linguistic perform­ of India (three model units) June I, 1970 to ance December I. 1969 to May 31. 1971 532.104 November 30. 1971 $45,580. Brown University. Providence. Rhode Island James E Wrcnn Standard sample of present-day LANGUAGE MATERIALS Chinese for use with digital computers June 15. 1970 to August 31. 1971 $31,432 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Trevor LeGassick. Modern Arabic prose litera­ Education and World Affairs. Washington. DC ture—an introduction. May 15 to September 30, Joel Johnson EWA' Data bank on international 1970. $6,746. programs of higher educational institutions. June 13, 1970 to June 14, 1971. $13,000. supplemented University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Ludwig by $35,000 from SAE funds. W. Adamec. A political and historical gazetteer of Afghanistan June 1. 1970 to September 30, Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge, Louisi­ 1971. $33,421, suppl by $441 from P L 480 funds. ana Peter Zwick An aggregate data archive for University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. Braj the Russian Area Studies Center, Louisiana State Kachru. Introduction to Kashmiri. June 1, 1970 University June 1 to October 30. 1970 S3.548. to May 31, 1972. $44,000.

The Linguitlir Reporter August 1970 5 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Howard University, Washington, D.C Nan Harold Schiffman Reader for advanced spoken Schneeberg Complementary materials for Kraft Tamil June I, 1970 to September 30, 1971. and Abubakar's Introduction to Spoken Hausa $26,308, suppl by $2,188 from P.L. 480 funds June 15, 1970 to May 31, 1971 $15,190.

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Bob J. Walter and Richard H. Robinson Preparation of basic cur- Frank E. Bernard. Africa A thematic geography. ricular materials for intermediate Modern Tibetan. June 15. 1970 to June 14, 1971 $20,069. November 1, 1969 to April 30, 1971. $24,923. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Robert Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio. Melvyn W Blair Ecuadorean Quechua* Basic course. Goldstein. Modern Tibetan dictionary and reader. June 1, 1970 to December 31, 1971 $13,300 February 13, 1970 to February 14, 1972. $70,088. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Frank­ Lew R. Micklesen. Textbook for beginning Czech. lin E. Huffman Preparation of an intermediate June 1, 1970 to May 31, 1972. $52,658. Cambodian reader June 1, 1970 to May 31, 1972. $33,010. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Michael Petrovich A history of modern Serbia, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Nguyen 1804-1918. June 1, 1970 to September 30, 1971. Dang Liem. A Vietnamese intermediate reader. $32,550 January 1 to December 31, 1970. $24,883 Washington University, St Louis, Missouri Edgar Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Robert Lehrman A "handbook" to the Russian text of Quinn Preparation of Vietnamese language teach­ Crime and Punishment June I to October 31, ing materials. June 1, 1970 to May 31, 1972 1970. $7,800. $51,758. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas Wallace Charles A. Moser. An anthology of contemporary S. Johnson. Preparation of an advanced reader Bulgarian literature, 1944-1969. June 1 to Sep­ in Chinese history June 15, 1970 to June 15, 1972. tember 30, 1970 $5,653 $38,294. Stanford University, Stanford, California John J. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Johnson and Luis Nogales The Mexican-Ameri­ Fred Lukoff. Teaching materials for Korean June can A selected and annotated bibliography (2nd 16, 1970 to August 31, 1971 $37,527 ed.). June 1 to December 31, 1970. $8,896.

PCCLLU To Meet in Hawaii Ford Grant to Mysore Institute

The University of Hawaii has announced a The Ford Foundation has announced a grant Pacific Conference on Contrastive Linguistics of $306,000 to the Central Institute of Indian and Language Universals, to be held in Hono­ Languages at Mysore to coordinate the train­ lulu, Hawaii, January 11-16, 1971 Dr. Everett ing of Indian language teachers and conduct Klemjans, Chancellor of the East-West Center. linguistic research The Institute was established University of Hawaii, will serve as chairman by the Indian government in 1969 With the The conference will be concerned with lan­ aid of the two-year Ford Foundation grant, the guages in the Asian and Pacific areas and will Institute will operate four regional centers for focus on two types of questions: (1) theoretical training teachers of one regional language in questions dealing with such matters as the va­ the language of another, the preparation of lidity and basis of contrastive linguistics and teaching materials, and the training of transla­ the nature and role of language universals, and tors. Five field research stations will prepare (2) practical questions concerning the method­ written scripts, grammers, and dictionaries for ology of contrastive linguistics and the applica­ tribal dialects of the central plains and border tions of contrastive analysis. Participants are areas The grant will provide the foreign ex­ invited to submit abstracts of position papers change to import language teaching equipment, For further information and registration mate­ support the training of personnel to staff the rials, write: PCCLLU Steering Committee, De­ institute and its outposts, and provide consul­ partment of ESL, Moore Hall 570, University tants to help devise courses and materials. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. The project director is Dr D. P. Pattanayak.

6 The Linguistic Reporter August 1970 meetings and conferences

August 17-18. International Conference on Salish Languages, 5th. Spokane, Washington. [Write Thorn M. Hess. Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria, Victoria B.C., Canada.] August 24-29. International Congress of German Studies. Princeton, New Jersey. [Write: Victor Lange, Department of Germanic Languages and Literature. Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540.] October 1-3. International Seminar on Linguistics and Translation/Colloque International de Lingui«tique et de Traduction. Montreal, P.Q., Canada. October 16-17. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics, 4th. Atlanta, Georgia. October 22-24. Conference on Symbolic Processes. Akron, Ohio. [Write: E. James Lennon. University of Akron. Akron, Ohio 44304.] November 20-21. Colloquium on Problems uf Textual Analysis/Colloque sur les Problemes de 1'Analvse Textuelle. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [Write: Peter Nesselroth, Experimental 1'hunctics Laboratory. University of Toronto, Toronto 181, Ontario, Canada.] November 26-28. National Council of Teachers, of English, 60th. Atlanta, Georgia.

November 27-29. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 4th. Los Angeles, California.

Towards a Semantic Description of English, by Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction, by Geoffrey N. Leech. Bloomington and London, Joshua A Fishman. Rowley, Mass, Newbury Indiana University Press, 1970. 277 pp. $8 95. House. 1970 126 pp. cloth $5.95; paper $2.95. An attempt at a partial description of English This introduction to sociolinguistics is in­ semantics, including a general discussion of tended to familiarize the student of linguistics semantic theory followed by a tentative appli­ with the social context of speech and to famili­ cation of the theory to some central and proble­ arize the student of society with language as matic fields of meaning in English. Part 1, An a referent and dimension of social behavior. Outline of a Semantic Theory, treats 'First Sections 1 and 2 arc concerned with some of principles'. The semantics of system and struc­ the major concepts and methods of linguistics ture', 'Formators', 'Some extensions of the that bear on sociolinguistics and with some theory', and The limits of semantics'. Part 2. basic sociolinguistic concepts, as a preface to On the Semantics of English, discusses 'Prelim­ discussion of more specialized topics. Section inaries to semantic description'. Time', 'Place'. 3 outlines several methods and constructs em­ 'Modality', and 'Retrospect and prospect' ployed in the description and measurement of the societal patterning of variation in verbal in­ An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua, teraction. Sections 4 and S deal with societal hy Garland D Bills, Bernardo Vallejo C, and differentiation and rcportoire range, and with Rudolph C. Troike. Austin, Texas, University various relationships between individual bilin­ of Texas Press, 1969. 449 pp. cloth $10 00, gualism and societal diglossia. Section 6 takes paper $7.50. issue with the view that the differing structures This text contains 30 units, each with a dia­ of the languages of the world constrain the logue, vocabulary list, grammar notes and drills, cognitive functioning of their speakers, suggest­ and a reading selection (units 7-30) Early ing instead that languages primarily reflect lessons include pronunciation notes and drills. rather than create sociocultural regularities in The Quechua material is presented in phonemic values and orientations. The final section indi­ cates ways in which applied sociolinguistics may transcription. Accompanying tape materials are both enrich sociolinguistic theory and assist in available from the Language Laboratories. the solution of societal language problems. University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

The Linguistic Reporter August 1970 7 The Linguistic Reporter Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

The Linguistic Reporter August 1970 The Linguistic Reporter Newsletter of the Center foi Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue. N.W. Vol. 12 Nos. 5-6 Oct.-Dec. 1970 Washington. D.C. 20036

COMPUTING IN LEXICOGRAPHY by Joseph E. Grimes

[Joseph E Crimes it Associate Professor of Linguis­ pegged so closely to one machine that it is IN tics at Cornell University and Consultant Computa­ difficult to change them over to a new com­ tion for the Summer Institute ol Linguistics He is also in charge ol the protect for Computer Support of puter midway in the project. Linguistic Field Work al the Untxersily of Oklahoma Thus, while many people have benefited The article mhich follows was prepared m connection from applying computer technology to some with a Conference on English Bilingual Dictionaries phase of lexicographic work, one gets the im­ sponsored by the Center for Applied Linguistic s. Sep­ pression that lexicographers have yet to inte­ tember 8-10. 1969 ] grate the computer with the other factors that By now, anyone who manages lexicographic go into lexicography and dictionary making. data must have at least looked into using a Moreover, it is possible and legitimate to computer for his routine work. Some linguists branch off into something that is significant have gotten much of what they needed with computationally, whether it really helps lexi­ the aid of computers. Others have seemed to cography or not. Whatever the case, computers feel like the sorcerer's apprentice, flooded with in lexicography so far have been useful for dif­ buckets of printout, most of which they really ferent reasons in different projects; but they didn't want A few have had such traumatic have not revolutionized the field. experiences in attending the blinking-eyed idol A discussion of the state of the art in auto­ that they have sworn to fold, staple, spindle, mated lexicography must, then, be different and mutilate the next person who tells them from a simple review of what has been ac­ that a computer is just the ticket for any job complished at places like Harvard, Wayne the size of theirs. State, Brown, the RAND Corporation, Texas, The use of computers in lexicography up to Besancon. the Summer Institute of Linguistics, now can best be called fragmentary. There are Rome, Stanford, Bombay, and others where projects, for example, that make extensive use some part of the lexicographer's work has been of computer produced concordances and in­ done by computer. Permit me rather to try to dexes, but do the rest of the work by hand. draw a picture of the computing resources— File management systems arc constructed, yet most of which have already been applied in not exploited to capacity once they are avail­ lexicography in one way or another—that able. Text editing systems are called in, but might be brought together in such a way that only after the dictionary entries have all been lexicographers could produce better diction­ written and type is to be set. Data formats are aries at lower cost and in less time. It is likely that anyone who uses a computer matic typesetters can often be converted me­ in lexicography begins with some kind of con­ chanically into computer format at low cost cordance maker or word mdexer. At Cornell, without additional keyboard work. This means for example, I can put my hands on at least that the cost of putting some large corpora into five programs, each of which makes a con­ computer readable form may be much lower cordance for a different purpose. Because con­ than the cost of typing a working copy of the cordances and indexes are fundamental tools same material. for organizing a sample of language in a way In time, optical character readers will un­ the lexicographer finds useful, programs to doubtedly still further bring down the cost of produce them are definitely here to stay. preparing verbal information for use by com­ Routines that look up each word of an input puters. At present, however, the more accurate text in a dictionary that is stored in a computer optical readers require that text be typed to were perfected during the time when most strict specifications with a special type face, computational linguistics aimed at mechanical while readers that accept a wider variety of translation. Programs of this kind are still use­ types, including book types, have not yet ful for attaching grammatical information to proved themselves as reliable as could be words, tagging them according to thesaurus wished. categories or translation equivalents, and (by Once data are in machine readable form, modifying the dictionary entry rather than a existing computer programs correct errors, fa­ copy of the input text) keeping track of fre­ cilitate revisions, and provide working copies quencies or collocations. Many dictionary of parts of the stored information that are use­ lookup programs incorporate analysis routines ful to people working on a project. Most com­ that strip affixes from each word so as to per­ puters that permit interactive use (conversing form the lookup on stems rather than on text with the computer via a console) have a file forms. maintenance program package that includes at File management systems range from re­ least a line editor. With a line editor one indi­ minders that all tapes should have identifying cates, usually by number, which lines in a file stickers on them to elaborately structured sys­ are to be changed and what changes are to be tems like the one that was used by the RAND made. It is possible to insert and delete lines Corporation for several years to manage the as well. bibliography that appeared in The Finite String. For lexicography, a context editor is more Because of the relative slowness of large stor­ useful than a line editor. With a context editor age devices, extensive work continues on ways the user tells where in a block of text he of locating information regardless of where it wishes to make a change by citing a long is stored in a computing system. I suspect that enough string of characters to identify the con­ most lexicographers new exploit the file man­ text unambiguously. This relieves him of keep­ agement programs supplied by computer manu­ ing track of arbitrary line numbers. It takes facturers along with their equipment when it very little training to teach a secretary to go comes to handling large units of text, but that through a marked proof copy of a text using they have not constructed as elaborate means a context editor and introduce all the revisions of getting at things within those units of text. and corrections that are specified. As soon as Putting linguistic data into computer read­ the corrections are entered, a clean proof copy able form has been a major obstacle to some is turned out for another round of work, or the who would otherwise make good use of a com­ corrected text is put through a final formatting puter. The cost of key punching and verifying and coding routine that prepares it to be set in one card full of text has been estimated in the type by an automatic typesetting machine. This neighborhood of ten cents, including correc­ approach to text handling, which amounts to tions. Although this cost is high, there are doing all proofreading and correcting before ways of getting around it. For example, since the type is set rather than afterwards, can have any text has to be passed through a typewriter important economic consequences for diction­ keyboard at least once in its life cycle, it could ary makers because it eliminates the need for just as well be typed directly on cards by the any new keyboarding of the dictionary, a sure collector in the first place, or typed on a tape way to introduce errors into a typography that punching typewriter or incremental magnetic is already complex enough. A word of caution: tape writer. Texts that are printed using auto­ computerized typesetting systems are common

2 The UBgniatie Reporter October—December 1970 The Center for Applied Linguistic* is a nonprofit, internationally oriented professional institution, established in 1959 and incorporated in 1964 in Washington, D.C. The purpose of the Center is to serve as a clearinghouse and informal coordinating body in the application of linguistics to practical language problems.

The Linguistic Reporter, the Center's newsletter, is published six times a year, in Feb­ ruary, April, June, August, October, and December. Annual subscription, S1.50; air mail, S3.50 (Individuals fared with currency restrictions or similar limitations are invited to write to the Editor.) Manuscripts, hooks for review, and editorial communications should he sent to Frank A. Rice, Editor. Tin. LINGUISTIC REPORTER. Center for Applied Linguistics, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N W., Washington, D.C 20036. Communications concerning sub­ scriptions should be directed to the Subscriptions Secretary at the same address. Permission is granted for quotation or reproduction from the contents of the LINCUISTIC REPORTER provided acknowledgement is given. on the market, but computerized typesetting machinery and half into the people who run systems that are matched successfully with file the machinery, including everything from pol­ management and text editing are not easy to icy making to program writing and card come by. punching. This has to be taken into account as Linguists who have used computers are well part of the cost of getting lexicographic com­ aware of their cost. A yearly budget in the puting done. tens of thousands of dollars is not unusual for With building blocks that are available now computational linguistics projects In many it is possible to put together a computing com­ cases this cost turns out to be low in compari­ plex that will handle every phase of dictionary son with the cost of getting equivalent work making except the creative editing that is the done by hand. Computerized concordances, for concrete result of the lexicographer's knowl­ example, cost around one tenth what it would edge In other words, an editorial team can use cost to put out the same thing by other means. a computer to keep track of what all its mem­ Nevertheless, it is the budget that keeps many bers do, so that the dictionary takes shape in­ linguists from using computers in their work. side the computer itself. The computer is also There is a long-term trend in computing used for tests of completeness, consistency, toward lower cost per unit of work-done. This and proper format. comes from the development of more efficient This is not a popularized wondcrs-of- storage media and processing circuitry and tomorrow projection, but a statement of what cheaper display devices. The cost of computing can be put together by adapting existing rou­ is also reduced by time sharing, in which many tines, the minute anybody wants it badly users interlace portions of their computing, enough to pay for it. Furthermore, a comput­ and each is charged only for the part of the ing system like this is flexible enough that dic­ computer he actually uses and the time he oc­ tionary projects in several languages can work cupies it. When one observes that a computer simultaneously at different locations using a that is connected to a single console may spend single computer, so that the cost of each proj­ more than 95 per cent of its time waiting for ect is kept to a minimum. Here is a description the console to type out the next character, time of one system of this kind from the point of sharing becomes very attractive. view of the editor who uses it. The decrease in real cost of computing is What the lexicographer sees is a console often offset by a Parkinsonian increase in the with a keyboard and a viewing screen, much complexity of the computing that is done. quieter than an office typewriter and easier on Nevertheless, anyone who plans to use a com­ the eyes than television. Through the keyboard puter can usually arrive at a reasonable esti­ he can request that anything in the project's mate of what it would cost him not to com­ library be displayed on the screen. This gives pute, and balance that against the cost of using him access to collections of texts, to other dic­ a computer tionaries and reference works, and to the The costs of administration are high in com­ manuscript of the dictionary he himself is edit­ puting. Most installations, for example, esti­ ing. He can scan these page by page or can mate that about half their budget goes into call for particular items. He can also get a

The Linguistic Reporter October-December 1970 3 concordance-like display from any section of an inverted dictionary, which can be handled text. Anything that appears on the viewing from then on through the regular editing sys­ screen can be copied automatically into some tem. Cycles of inversion, editing, reinversion, dictionary entry if he wishes. reediting, and so forth might even give seman­ Entries can be made up and modified at the tic closure to a bilingual dictionary. keyboard, and illustrative material or notes Specialized variants such as polyglot diction­ added to the entry can be shifted into any part aries and comparative word lists are amenable of the entry. Each entry can also contain to the same kind of programming as has been pointers to other entries that are related to it in outlined. various ways. These pointers embody the lexi­ A well-constructed dictionary management cographer's judgments about relationships such system also incorporates adequate backup and as synonymy or inclusion within a lexical field. file security This means that the working They permit related groups of words to be copies of all information are kept separate traced through automatically to check for con­ from master copies, in case something should sistency and thoroughness of treatment. Each go wrong in one of the programs or in the part of each entry can be tagged for the dates handling of the tapes. Copies of all the texts and kinds of checks that have been performed that are used for reference are kept under re­ on it, so that incomplete entries are not over­ stricted access, and periodically a copy of the looked. entire dictionary as it stands at that moment is The editor thus uses the computer to look moved into safe storage. Materials that are not up anything he wants, to record anything, to being worked with are put in dead storage on compare entries, to copy information, and to tape subject to the same kind of security pro­ test certain kinds of regularity and complete­ cedures; but they can be brought back into ac­ ness. He can also have some of the dictionary tive access with an hour or two advance notice. printed out with correct typography (not the In implementing a system like this a good accounting-machine horror of the past) and deal of thought must be given to the kinds of format so that he can look at more than what data formats that are most useful to users, the the viewing screen can hold at one time. In the administrative and accounting procedures that same way he can call for complete proof have to be developed to go along with the pro­ copies and ultimately can order photograph­ grams themselves, the collection and incorpora­ ically composed pages for printing in high tion into the file of the text and reference ma­ quality book type. In effect, he is free from the terials to be used, and the range of formats mechanical constraints of looking up notes and into which different projects might want to cast locating books, recopying the same material entries. The team that writes the programs many times, filing cards in the right place, should probably not consist of more than three rereading for completeness in detail, proof­ people; but at the beginning they should spend reading repeatedly after he has turned in the their time consulting with dictionary editors manuscript—in other words, he is able to con­ and project administrators and writing specifi­ centrate on content rather than on external de­ cations, leaving the coding of instructions until tails, to be a lexicographer rather than a copy all the interrelationships among computational boy. routines and human actions are thoroughly In the preparation of bilingual dictionaries understood. the same system can speed up the work by per­ A computer system with these properties forming inversions automatically. (An inverted eliminates the time and personnel that it takes bilingual dictionary has the entries for one lan­ to handle the physical details of a dictionary, guage pulled apart and restructured in terms of and makes it simple for the editor to write, the other language. It is different from a re­ store, find, and modify everything he would verse dictionary, where the entries are re­ handle regardless of whether he did it by com­ ordered according to their final sounds or puter or not. If the consoles that all the mem­ rhymes without being restructured internally.) bers of an editorial team use are time shared A mechanical inversion does not yield the with each other and with other dictionary proj­ other half of a bilingual dictionary directly, ects, or even with computing of other kinds, it because the editor is left with substantial gaps should be possible to reduce both the time and revisions in the inverted form. Neverthe­ spent and the cost per entry to well below that less, a mechanical inversion is a good start on of manual editing.

4 T linguistic Reporter October—December 1970

I CAL Research on Black English Adapted for Oral Language Program

English Now: A Self-Correcting Workbook 5. The singular and plural of words ending With Write and See (Developmental Edition), in -st. by Irwin Feigenbaum. New York, New Cen­ 6. The present tense of the verb after tury, 1970. 158 pp. Package of five: $13.00. he, she, and it, etc., and the singular and Teacher's Manual, 158 pp., $2.64. Reel-to-reel plural of words ending in -sp. tapes: $156.00. Audio Frame System and Self- 7. The present tense forms of do in negative Stop cassettes, $228.00. and affirmative tag responses after he and English Now is a supplementary/remedial they. oral language program for speakers of black 8. The form of do in negative present tense ghetto dialect, sometimes called nonstandard sentences. English or Black English. The lessons, designed 9. The form do in present tense questions. for students in grades 7-12, are intended to 10. The forms of to be in negative and facilitate acquisition of standard English by affirmative present tense responses with contrasting standard and nonstandard dialects, he, she, it, and they. and by presenting for student practice, new 11. The forms of to be in negative and utterances in standard English. affirmative present tense sentences with Throughout the book, standard English is he, she, it, and they. called "formal English," and nonstandard 12. The forms of the questions with to be with English "informal English," to avoid the nega­ he, she, and it; the forms of to be in nega­ tive connotations often associated with the tive and affirmative tag responses with term "nonstandard." Both the "informal" and you and we. "formal" varieties of English are used in the lessons. As the introduction states: 'This is 13. The forms of to be in negative and done for two reasons. First, it is* an effective affirmative tag responses, sentences, and means for sorting out the formal and informal questions with /. dialects and focusing on the features that dis­ 14. The forms of the indefinite article. tinguish one from the other. Second, it re- The lessons are programmed and cumula­ emphasizes the relevance of the classwork to tive, and each drill within a lesson deals with the students' world: neither dialect is always one specific aspect of standard English. Many right or wrong; the social situation determines of the drills are on tape, making the tapes an which dialect of English is suitable." integral part of the program. The grammatical and phonological poihts English Now is an adaptation of materials covered in the fourteen chapters are as follows: developed at the Center for Applied Linguistics 1. The plural after terms of quantity. by the author and other members of the 2. The singular and plural of words ending Sociolinguistics Program. The materials were in -sk. tested in the District of Columbia school sys­ 3. The singular possessive in noun-noun tem during 1966-68. Work on English Now phrases. was supported by grants to the Center for 4. The plural possessive in noun-noun Applied Linguistics from the Ford Foundation phrases. and the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

The Linguistic Reporter October-December 1970 5 book notices

Linguistic-Cultural Differences and American Language and Poverty: Perspectives on a Education, Special Anthology Issue. The Theme, edited by Frederick Williams Chicago, Florida FL Reporter, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Spring/ Markham Publishing Co., 1970. 459 pp $8.95. Summer 1969), 175 pp. $6.50. Order from: This volume of 20 essays by linguists, psy­ Florida FL Reporter, SOI N.E 177th Street, chologists, educators, and speech specialists North Miami Beach, Florida 33162. deals with various aspects of the problems A collection of 43 readings on linguistic and raised by social-class and ethnic differences cultural diversity in American society and its in language within US. society The papers implications for education in the United States cover a wide variety of topics* the "deficit- About one half of the articles were written ex­ difference" controversy (briefly, the view that pressly for this issue, the remainder are re­ lower-class children have acquired less lan­ prints. The anthology is intended primarily guage than middle-class children versus the for teachers and administrators, but also as a view that they have acquired a different lan­ frame of reference for the pedagogically guage); nonstandard English; the teaching of oriented psychologist, sociologist, anthropol­ reading; sociolinguistic research; language de­ ogist, or linguist. The readings are grouped in velopment, educational research and practice; four sections: The Role of the School; Cul­ clinical treatment, and a history of American tural Pluralism and the Teaching of English; Negro dialect. Also a final annotated bibliog­ Theoretical Considerations; Curriculum Devel­ raphy of journal articles and a topical index. opment The volume closes with a lengthy re­ view of Joan C Baratz and Roger W. Shuy Old English Grammar and Reader, by Robert (eds.), Teaching Black Children To Read E. Diamond Detroit, Wayne Slate University (Center for Applied Linguistics, 1969). Press, 1970 304 pp. $13.00 Designed for use in a graduate English pro­ Foreign Language Learning: A Psycholinguistic gram, this volume attempts to provide the stu­ Analysis of the Issues, by Leon A. Jakobovits. dent with a basic reading knowledge of Old Rowley, Mass., Newbury House, 1970. xxii, English through a brief, simplified treatment 336 pp. cloth $8 95; paper $5.50 of the grammar and a minimum of discussion This book brings together various materials of phonology. The first part of the book in­ prepared by the author which deal with psy­ cludes sections on pronunciation and spelling, chological aspects of foreign language learning grammar, /-umlaut, and metrics. The second and bilingualism. The approach is openly in­ part is a reader containing four prose and fluenced by the views of language structure twelve poetry selections, each with literal trans­ and language acquisition which have grown out lation on the facing pages. The texts are pre­ of the work of Noam Chomsky, and stands in sented in a regularized spelling based on a open opposition to the behavioristic orientation modified form of Early West Saxon. Old Eng­ associated with the audiohngual method. lish glossary. Chapter 1 summarizes recent notions about the language acquisition process and assesses Breakthrough Navajo: An Introductory Course, the implication of these ideas for the problem by Alan Wilson Gallup, New Mexico, Uni­ of teaching a second language. Chapter 2 dis­ versity of New Mexico, Gallup Branch, 1969, cusses a number of issues involving psycho­ 238 pp. text and tape, $1250. logical and physiological aspects of FL learn­ This text consists of 24 lessons, which in­ ing. Chapter 3 is a critical examination of current psycholinguistic views on the nature clude review sections and listings of verb of language, accompanied by a proposed pro­ paradigms. The typical lesson contains dialogs, gram of research. Chapter 4 is devoted to vocabulary listings, grammatical notes, and a problems in assessing language proficiency, limited number of drills. The material is pre­ with particular attention to the assessment of sented in the Navajo orthography developed by transfer effects. Chapter 5 outlines some major Robert Young and William Morgan. The tape issues in FL learning that bear on the current recording covers lessons 1-20; an additional examination of FL requirements. tape of lessons 21-24 is available on request.

6 The Ljnguulic Reporter October-December 1970 The English Language: An Introduction for Directions for Historical Linguistics: A Sym­ Teachers, by Fred Brengelman Englewood posium, edited by W. P. Lehmann and Yakov Cliffs. NJ. Prentice-Hall. 1970 157 pp. Malkiel Austin and London, University of cloth $5.95, paper $3.95. Texas Press, 1968. 199 pp. $6.50. This book is intended to provide the lan­ This volume contains the revised and ex­ guage arts teacher with an overview of cur­ panded versions of five papers originally pre­ rently developing areas of English language sented at a University of Texas symposium on study (eg. the ideas of generative grammar historical linguistics, held April 29-30, 1966. and some current theories of phonology, The essays are: 'Saussure's dichotomy between semantics, and style) without abandoning in­ descriptive and historical linguistics', by W. sights from traditional and structural linguis­ P. Lehmann; The inflectional paradigm as tics. The first two chapters give a short intro­ an occasional determinant of sound change', duction to language and language study. by Yakov Malkiel; The notion of morpho- Chapters 3-6 present an outline of generative (pho)ncmc', by J. Kurylowicz; 'Mutations of grammar, with suggestions for some of the linguistic categories', by Emilc Benveniste; and uses to which grammar may be put in lower- 'Empirical foundations for a theory of lan­ school teaching Chapters 7 and 8 describe guage change', by Uriel Weinreich, William the phonemic and graphic systems of English, Labov and Marvin I. Herzog. with a general outline of a spelling and read­ ing program. Chapter 9 deals with the defi­ Prolegomcncs a I'etude des structures intona- nition of the word, and with the notion of tives, hy Pierre R Leon and Philippe Martin. definition Chapter 10 is a discussion of re­ (Studia Phonelica. 2.) Montreal, Marcel Didier, gional, social, stylistic, and historical variation 1969. xviii, 225 pp. in English Each chapter contains topics for investigation and suggestions for further read­ This volume begins with an examination of ing. practical problems in the analysis of intona­ tion: collecting of materials, problems of anal­ ysis, and problems of transcription. The sec­ Introduction to Formal Grammars, hy Maurice ond part reviews theoretical problems: linguis­ Gross and Andre Lentin, with a Preface hy tic problems, intonation in its relation to stylis­ Noam Chomsky; translated by Morris Salkoff. tics, gesture, etc The remaining parts describe New York, Heidelberg, Berlin: Sprmger-Verlag, instruments of analysis, both classical and 1970. 231 pp. $1050. modern, and propose a new instrument based This work, a translation of the authors' on a mathematical definition of intonation. Notions sur les grammaires formelles (Pans, The material is heavily documented, with fig­ 1967), is intended as an introduction to that ures and diagrams and section bibliographies. branch of mathematical linguistics which is A final 'Bibliographic generale' contains ap­ concerned with the study of formal properties proximately 1,100 entries. of natural language, abstracted from the spe­ cific realization in particular languages. Suprascgmentals, by Use Lehiste. Cambridge, Mass.. MJ.T. Press, 1970. 194 pp. $7.95. Linguistics: Present Frontiers (= The Times This study examines the phenomena of supra- Literary Supplement, No. 3569, July 23, segmentals from the standpoint of three in­ 1970) dependent variables: quantity features, tonal This special number of the TLS is given features, and stress features The discussion over in large part to a scries of survey articles: of each feature considers in turn the phy­ The meaning of meaning', by John Lyons; siological mechanism involved; acoustic mani­ 'Classes and functions', by P. H Matthews; festations or correlates; perception; phonetic The linguistic and the literary', by Geoffrey conditioning factors; and linguistic function Leech; 'Meaningful noises', by James D. Mc- at the word level and sentence level. The final Cawlcy; 'Computational linguistics comes of chapter evaluates the findings from the point age', by Jan Svartvik; The generation of of view of their potential contribution to lin­ words', by Ruth Kempson; 'Communities of guistic theory. Much of the material derives speech', by Norman Denison; and 'Rationalists from the author's work with various languages and empiricists', by Judith Greene. of Western Europe.

The Linguistic Reporter October—December 1970 7 Principles of Phonology, by N. S. Trubetzkoy; The First Lincohuand Conference on Dialect­ translated by Christ iane A. M. Bait axe. Berke­ ology, edited by Jerry Griffith and L. E. ley, Calif, University of California Press, 1969. Miner. University, Alabama, University of 344 pp. $12.00. Alabama Press, 1970. 188 pp. $7JO. Grundziige der Phonologie (Prague, 1939) The First Lincolnland Conference on Dia­ represents the culmination of Trubetzkoy's lectology, held at Eastern Illinois University work in synchronic phonology and phonologi­ on March 27-28, 1968, brought together cal theory; it may also be regarded as a syn­ seven scholars in the areas of speech pathology thesis of phonological ideas and linguistic and linguistics for a discussion of psychosocial trends that existed before the disruptive effects problems presented by dialects of English. of World War II Includes a comprehensive This volume contains the papers presented at bibliography of Trubetzkoy's publications. the conference, a transcript of the final collo­ quium, and an extensive bibliography. The papers included are: 'Some phonological rules Ancient Writing and lis Influence, by Berthold of an Indiana dialect', by Marvin Carmony; Louis Ullman, with an Introduction by Julian 'Notes on a philosophy of disordered com­ Brown. Cambridge, Mass., MJ.T. Press, 1969. munication: Language aspects', by Fred M. xviii, 240 pp. illus. cloth $7.50; paper $2.45. Chreist; 'Segmenting the stream of speech', by Originally published by Longmans, Green in James F. Curtis; 'Basic factors relating to de­ 1932. Surveys the history and development of velopment of a dialect by disadvantaged chil­ the Roman alphabet, Greek and Latin paleog­ dren', by Charles G. Hurst, Jr.; 'Social dialect raphy and epigraphy, and the origins of print­ and language', by Thomas H. Shriner; 'Artic­ ing. Also discusses the ancient book, the cus­ ulately acquisition: Some behavioral consid­ tom of paragraphing, punctuation and abbre­ erations', by Harris Winitz; and The role of viation, and the use of numerals. Brown's In­ distinctive features in children's acquisition of troduction selectively updates the bibliography. phonology', by Paula Menyuk.

Baltic Linguistics, edited by Thomas F. Magner Hindi: An Active Introduction, by D N. and William R. Schmalstieg. University Park, Sharma and James W. Stone. Washington, Pa., Pennsylvania State University Press, 1970. D.C, Foreign Service Institute, U.S. Depart­ 177 pp. $13.50. ment of State, 1970. 131 pp. $1.50. For sale This volume contains 20 papers prepared by the Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government for a symposium on Baltic linguistics held at Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Pennsylvania State University, April 5-6, 1968. This text follows the 'microwave' style of The majority of the papers deal with Lithua­ lesson organization, which allows the student nian (8), followed by Old Prussian (5), Baltic to choose topics for conversation and to select (4), and Latvian (2), and a survey article on vocabulary to fit his own needs. Most of the the state of linguistics in Soviet Lithuania. units contain 'model' conversations, to provide patterns for making sentences, with gram­ Working with Aspects of Language, by Man- matical notes. The Hindi material is given in soor Alyeshmerni and Paul Taubr. New York, the Devanagari script; no transcription. Harcourt, Brace &. World, 1970. 231 pp. $325. This is a workbook intended for use in in­ Index Volume: Beginning, Intermediate, and troductory courses in general language study, Advanced Texts in Spoken and Written Chi­ or English. It is primarily a companion piece nese, by John DeFrancis. Published for Seton for Dwight Bohnger's Aspects of Language Hall University by Yale University Press, New (Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968). The read­ Haven and London, 1970. 424 pp. $6.75. ings and exercises deal with* the biological A comprehensive index to the author's basis of language; phonology; morphology; Beginning, Intermediate, and Advanced Chi­ grammar (traditional, structural, and trans­ nese and the accompanying readers. The main formational); dialectology; language evolution part is a pinyin index containing 11,000 en­ and change; semantics and usage; and writing tries, each given in transcription and character systems. Most of the examples are drawn from form, with a brief definition and references to English. An instructor's manual is available. the texts for illustrative sentences.

8 The Lingniltic Reporter October-December 1970 Modern Spoken Cambodian, by Franklin E. A Basic Hindi Reader, by Richard M. Harris Huffman. New Haven, Conn., Yale University and Rama Nath Sharma. Ithaca and London, Press, 1970.451 pp. $15.00. Cornell University Press, 1969. 316 pp. $5.75. This text consists of an initial lesson on pro­ Designed for use with Spoken and Written nunciation; 25 lessons containing dialogues, Hindi, by Fairbanks and Misra (Ithaca, Cor­ grammar and drills, comprehension practice, nell University Press, 1966), or Conversa­ and conversation; 5 review lessons; and tional Hindi-Urdu, by Gumperz and Rumery Cambodian-English and English-Cambodian (Delhi, Radhakrishna Prakashan, 1967), this glossaries. The Cambodian material is pre­ reader presupposes an elementary knowledge sented throughout in roman transcription. The of spoken Hindi and a familiarity with the book is designed to be used concurrently with writing system. Part I, 'Structure-Oriented the author's Cambodian System of Writing and Reading Practice', contains 41 lessons, each Beginning Reader (Yale University Press, with a series of sentences illustrating one or 1970). Accompanying tape recordings are more basic Hindi constructions. Notes provide available from FL Laboratory, Yale University, some grammar explanation, with references to 111 Grove Street, New Haven, Conn. 06510. the two textbooks for fuller treatment. Part II contains 22 essays, graded according to difficulty, each with notes. A Hindi-English Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning glossary appears at the end. The Hindi material Reader, by Franklin E. Huffman. New Haven, is presented in the Devanagari script. Conn., Yale University Press, 1970. 365 pp. $12.00. Thai Basic Course, by Warren G. Yates and This book is designed to be used in con­ Absorn Tryon. Washington, D.C, Foreign junction with the author's Modern Spoken Service Institute, U.S. Department of State, Cambodian (Yale University Press, 1970). The 1970. 2 vols. (838 pp.) each vol. $3.75. For book consists of four parts: The Cambodian sales by the Supt. of Documents, U.S. Govern­ System of Writing', a formal analysis of the ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. sounds of modern Cambodian and the symbols This introduction to modern spoken Thai used to represent them; 'Programmed Reading begins with a 25-page programmed introduc­ Exercises', a set of cumulative exercises pro­ tion to Thai phonology, followed by 40 lessons, viding a systematic approach to reading and each lesson typically containing a basic dialog, writing Cambodian syllables; 'Beginning Cam­ grammar notes, drills, exercises, and vocab­ bodian Reader', fifty reading selections graded ulary. The Thai material is presented through­ in difficulty and ranging from short simple out in transcription. Accompanying tape narratives to essays on various aspects of materials will be made available from: Sales Cambodian culture; and a Cambodian-English Branch, National Audiovisual Center, General glossary. All material is in the Cambodian Services Administration, Washington, D.C. script accompanied by phonemic transcription 20409. in Parts 1 and 2 and the glossary, and with new items in the Reader. Lao Basic Course, Vol. 1, by Warren G. Yates and Souksomboun Sayaslthsena. Washington, Mongolian Newspaper Reader, by David C. D.C., Foreign Service Institute, US. Depart­ Montgomery. (Uralic and Altaic Series, 102.) ment of State, 1970. xxlv, 423 pp. $4.00. For Bloomington, Indiana University, and The sale by the Supt. of Documents, US. Govern­ Hague, Mouton A Co., 1969. 208 pp. $8.00. ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. [In the U.S. and Canada, order from: Hu­ manities Press, 303 Park Avenue South, New The first of two volumes designed to teach York, N.Y. 10010.] the Vientiane dialect of Lao, the variety that is used in all governmental communications. The 20 selections in this reader have been The material is in the form of 85 'cycles' in reproduced by photography from articles ap­ the 'microwave' format, which emphasizes a pearing in Unen, the official newspaper of short span of time between the presentation the Mongolian government. All the selections of new material and its use in real communica­ have notes on obscure or difficult passages. tion. The Lao material is given in transcription Mongolian-English vocabulary. only. No accompanying tapes.

The Unguisti c Reporter October—December 1970 9 meetings and conferences

November 20-21. Colloquium on Problems of Textual Analysis/Colloque sur les Problemes de l'Analyse Textuelle. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [Write: Peter Nesselroth, Experi­ mental Phonetics Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto 181, Ontario, Canada.] November 26-28. National Council of Teachers of English, 60th. Atlanta, Georgia. November 27-29. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 4th. Los Angeles, California. December 27-29. American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Lan­ guages. New York, N.Y. December 27-30. Modern Language Association of America, 85th. New York, N.Y. December 27-30. American Association of Teachers of French. New Orleans, Louisiana. December 28-30. American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. San Francisco, California. December 28-30. Linguistic Society of America, 45th. Washington, D.C. January 6-12. International Congress of Orientalists, 28th. Canberra, Australia. [Write: Dr. R. R. C. de Crespigny, Australian National University, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601, Australia.] January 11-16. Pacific Conference on Contrastive Linguistics and Language Universals. Honolulu, Hawaii. [Write: PCCLLU Steering Committee, Moore Hall 570, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822.] February 18-20. Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages: Application of Generative Grammar to their Description and Teaching. Gainesville, Florida. [Write: LSRL, Department of Romance Languages, 170 ASB, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601.] March 3-6. Convention of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, 5th. New Orleans, Louisiana. April 1-3. Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 18th. New York, N.Y.

Golf Arabic, Based on Colloquial Abu Dhabi Let's Speak Hawaiian, by Dorothy M. Kahan- Arabic, by Hamdi A. Qafisheh. Tucson, Ariz., anui and Alberta P. Anthony. Honolulu, Uni­ University of Arizona Environmental Research versity of Hawaii Press, 1970. 427 pp. $7.50. Laboratory, 1970. 307 pp. $5.00. This textbook for use at the secondary The Arabic presented in this textbook is school or college level is the outcome of a basically that of Abu Dhabi, a Trucial State recommendation by the University of Hawaii on the Arabian Gulf, as modified by contact Committee for the Preservation and Study of with the speech of Arab immigrants—Egyp­ Hawaiian Language, Art, and Literature. The tians, Palestinians, Lebanese, Syrians, Iraqis— material is organized in accordance with the and (to a lesser extent) Modern Standard aural-oral method and places emphasis on the Arabic. Each of the 22 units consists of the development of conversational skills. Each unit following parts: Dialog or Basic Text; Vocab­ typically contains narrative materials, questions ulary; Pronunciation (units 1-9); Grammar; and answers and other drill materials, and a Drills. Arabic-English glossary. The Arabic section on grammatical points. The orthog­ material is presented in transcription. Accom­ raphy is that of the Elbert-Pukui dictionaries. panying tape recordings are available. Tape recordings are in preparation.

10 The Linguistic Reporter October-December 1970 CAL Project for Dissemination of Linguistic Information

The Center for Applied Linguistics has in­ contrastive analysis and of its theoretical bases; augurated a project for the rapid dissemina­ studies of the theoretical implications of con­ tion of research results in the fields of English trastive linguistics for general linguistics as well Grammar, Psycholinguistics, and Contrastive as of the implications for contrastive linguistics Studies. This experimental project, which is of such other fields as psychology and com­ supported in part by funds from the Bureau of putational linguistics. Abstracts (30-50 words) Libraries and Educational Technology of the will be of the mini-abstract type, i.e. consisting U.S. Office of Education, will issue abstract principally of key words. bulletins and will make the full texts available in the form of microfiche or hard copy (and, GENERAL PROCEDURES for Contrastive Studies, also microfilm). The abstract bulletins will be distributed free of 1. Scholars are invited to submit unpublished charge to scholars actively engaged in any of non-copyrighted papers or limited edition the three fields. Papers submitted for inclusion (up to 500) non-copyrighted papers for in the project will be reviewed by an Editorial dissemination through the project. Advisory Committee for each field. The project 2. Papers must be accompanied by an ab­ director is A. Hood Roberts, with the assist­ stract of the type specified for the partic­ ance of Adam G. Woyna as project manager. ular field (see above). 3. Documents should be on paper of standard SCOPE OF THE PROJECT size, %Vi x 11 inches. 4. When possible, documents should be sub­ English Grammar. Papers on English phon­ mitted in duplicate. ology, morphology, syntax, and semantics as 5. Documents must be of good graphic quality treated within the framework of modern for reproduction by microfiche or micro­ theories of linguistic analysis, e.g. transform­ film. Dittoed, smudged mimeograph, poor ational, tagmemic, stratificational, structural, Xerox copies, etc., are not acceptable. etc. Abstracts (100-200 words) will be of the 6. Those who wish to receive the abstract indicative type, i.e. a broad statement of the bulletins must provide the project with at contents and manner in which the informa­ least six self-addressed unstamped envelopes tion is presented. of 7 x 10 inch size or larger, with an in­ Psycholinguistics: Research papers and theo­ dication on the envelope of the field (or retical or review papers of relevance to ap­ fields) of interest. plied linguistics, including the areas of first 7. Individuals who utilize the project's services and second language acquisition and language will be requested to fill out a brief question­ aptitude and proficiency testing. Abstracts (not naire once every six months, as an aid to to exceed 500 words) will be of the informa­ evaluating the project's value and effective­ tive type, i.c. an objective summary (for re­ ness. search papers), or statement of thesis, develop­ Materials and correspondence should be ad­ ment of proof, and conclusions (for theoretical dressed to: Project for Dissemination of Lin­ papers). guistic Information, Center for Applied Lin­ Contrastive Studies: Contrastive analyses and guistics, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., error analyses; studies of the methodology of Washington, D.C. 20036.

The Linguistic Reporter October-December 1970 11 The Linguistic Reporter Newsletter of the Center for Applied Linguistics 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

The Unguisti c Reporter October—December