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Mckern Presentation WHO KILLED THE SNAKE RIVER SALMON JuneCELILO 1 FALLS COMMERCIAL HARVEST – 1860s to 1970s PEAK HARVEST 43 MILLION POUNDS – 1886 -SPRING CHINOOK SECOND PEAK 1910 – 43 MILLION POUNDS - ALL SPECIES EAST BOAT BASIN - ASTORIA MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT - 1972 NOAA RECENT ESTIMATE 20 TO 40 % OF SPRING CHINOOK Gold Dredge at Sumpter, Oregon Dredged Powder River Valley Oregon LOGGING WATERSHED DAMAGE EROSION SPLASH DAMS WATER RETENTION ROAD CONSTRUCTION METHODS Mainstem Snake River Dams WITHOUT FISH PASSAGE Oxbow dam – 1961 Shoshone Falls Hells Canyon Dam – (Upper Limit) 1967 Upper Salmon Falls – 1937 WITH FISH PASSAGE Lower Salmon Falls - Lower Granite Dam – 1910 1975 Bliss Dam – 1950 Little Goose Dam 1970 C. J. Strike Dam - Lower Monumental Dam 1952 – 1969 Swan Falls Dam -1901 Ice Harbor Dam - 1962 Brownlee Dam – 1959 SHOSHONE FALLS Tributary Dams Owyhee River Powder River Wild Horse Dam – 1937 Thief Valley Dam – 1931 Owyhee Dam – 1932 Mason Dam - 1968 Boise River Salmon River Anderson Ranch Dam – 1950 Sunbeam Dam – 1909 – 1934 Arrowrock Dam – 1915 Wallowa River Boise R Diversion Dam – 1912 OFC Dam 1898 - 1914 Lucky Peak Dam - 1955 Clearwater River Barber Dam - 1906 Lewiston Dam – 1917 - 1973 Payette River Grangeville Dam – 1910 – 1963 Black Canyon Dam – 1924 Dworshak Dam - 1972 Deadwood Dam - 1929 Malheur River Warm Springs Dam – 1930 Agency Valley Dam – 1936 Bully Creek Dam – 1963 Sunbeam Dam – Salmon River 1909 to 1934 1909 to 1920s - no fish passage 1920s to 1934 - poor fish passage Channel around by IDF&G 1934 NOTE 3 PEOPLE IN RED CIRCLE Historic Range of Salmon SNAKE RIVER 65% OF SPRING/ SUMMER CHINOOK HABITAT LOST 85 % OF FALL CHINOOK HABITAT LOST COLUMBIA RIVER FISHERIES 18000000 BON 16000000 MCN 14000000 HABITAT LOSS TDA 12000000 IHR 10000000 JDA 8000000 LMO ESCAPEMENT LGO 6000000 TOTALSALMON LGR 4000000 2000000 0 1865 1874 1883 1892 1901 1910 1919 1928 1937 1946 1955 1964 1973 1982 1991 2000 2009 ICAT RCOM OCOM SPCAT ESCAP INLAND PREDATORS NON-RESIDENT PREDATORS 16 POUND WALLEYE INTRODUCED BY IDF&G PROTECTED AS GAME FISH UNTIL 2013 SIZE AND BAG LIMITS REMOVED IN MIGRATION CORRIDORS 16 PLUS 10 POUNDER CAUGHT IN APRIL REDUCED POPULATION BY 750,000 WALLEYE FRY FOR 2016 CROSS SECTION OF LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM 4 1. TURBINE INTAKE 5 2. TRAVELING FISH SCREEN 3. VERTICAL SCREEN 4. ORIFICE INTO TUNNEL 3 5. TUNNEL BYPASS 6 2 1 6. POWERHOUS COLLECTION SYSTEM SPILLWAY CONDITIONS ❑ AT ALL EIGHT CORPS DAMS, SPILL COMES OUT FROM UNDER SPILLWAY GATES - 40 TO 50 FEET OF HEAD ON WATER ❑ WATER SHOOTS THROUGH NARROW SLOT AT ~ 35 MILES PER HOUR ❑ INSTANTANEOUS PRESSURE DROP – 1.5 ATMOSPHERES ❑ RAPID EXPANSION ENTRAINS AIR ❑ AIR SUPERATURATED IN STILLING BASIN (UP TO 150%) ❑ HEAD BURN ON ADULT FISH ❑ EFFECT ON JUVENILE FISH WITH GAS IN BLOOD STREAM REMOVABLE SPILLWAY WEIR – “FISH SLIDE” COST ~ $15 MILLION WATER TEMPERATURE 1950s STUDY - 83°F IN AUGUST AT MOUTH OF SNAKE RIVER HIGHEST RECORDED SINCE ICE HARBOR DAM (1962) - 77°F 75 to 78°F WATER FROM CLEARWATER RIVER AND HELLS CANYON CAN BE TRACKED DOWN THROUGH FOUR SNAKE RIVER RESERVOIRS 50 to 60°F RELEASES FROM DWORSHAK RESERVOIR SINCE EARLY 1990s HAVE KEPT MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE BELOW 70°F AT LOWER GRANITE EPA/STATE STANDARDS OF 68°F DO NOT FIT THE NATURAL TEMPERATURE REGIME IN THE SNAKE RIVER FRASER RIVER WARMING COMPARABLE TO COLUMBIA RIVER WARMING FRASER RIVER HAS NO MAINSTEM DAMS EFFECT OF WARM WATER OVER 600,000 ENTERED COLUMBIA, LESS THAN 200,000 SURVIVED TO SPAWNING GROUND DRANO LAKE JUNE 2015 FRASER RIVER THERMAL KILL 2015 TEMPERATURE CONTROL DEVICE STATUS OF SALMON RUNS BONNEVILLE DAM 1938-2015 SPR CHIN SUM CHIN FALL CHIN LOWEST COUNT 12,861(95)* 12,604(44) 101,218(60) HIGHEST COUNT 439,558(01) 179,465(15) 1,064,263(13) LAST 10YR AVERAGE 171,288 117,335 587,376 ICE HARBOR DAM 1962 - 2015 SPR CHIN SUM CHIN FALL CHIN LOWEST COUNT 1,873(95)* 915(95)* 1,474(76) HIGHEST COUNT 219,408(15) 39,136(11) 79,333(14) LAST 10YR AVERAGE 151,681 23,384 53,630 LOWER GRANITE DAM 1975 - 2015 TOTAL CHINOOK LOWEST COUNT 3,702(95)* HIGHEST COUNT 203,259(15) LAST 10YR AVERAGE 145,088 * FROM 1977 THROUGH 1995, FLOWS WERE BELOW NORMAL IN THE SNAKE RIVER BASIN STATUS OF SALMON RUNS BONNEVILLE DAM 1938-2015 STEELHEAD SOCKEYE COHO LOWEST COUNT 85,540(75) 9,135(95)* 790(45) HIGHEST COUNT 676,793(01) 624,179(14) 294,534(14) LAST 10YR AVERAGE 347,762 285,126 129,219 ICE HARBOR DAM 1962 - 2015 STEELHEAD SOCKEYE COHO LOWEST COUNT 12,528(74) 0(94) 0(86-93) HIGHEST COUNT 328,105(09) 2,393(14) 16,077(14) LAST 10YR AVERAGE 169,067 874 4,310 LOWER GRANITE DAM 1975 - 2015 STEELHEAD SOCKEYE COHO LOWEST COUNT 17,311(75) 0(90) 0(84-96) HIGHEST COUNT 323,679(09) 2,786(14) 18,651(14) LAST 10YR AVERAGE 171,551 1,035 4,660 * FROM 1977 THROUGH 1995, FLOWS WERE BELOW NORMAL IN THE SNAKE RIVER BASIN IDAHO SPAWNING GROUND COUNTS LOWEST: 2,327 SP/SU CHINOOK OVER LGR IN 1995 – 270 REDDS HIGHEST: 96,208 H & W SP/SU CHINOOK OVER LGR IN 2011 – 6,500 REDDS NATURAL SPAWNERS: 28,000 OVER LGR IN 2015 PRODUCED OVER 4,100 REDDS IN 2015, 0VER 450 REDDS FOUND IN THE SOUTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER (BLOCKED BY GRANGEVILLE DAM FROM 1910 TO 1963 AND LEWISTON DAM 1917 – 1973) WOULD YOU LIKE PAPER OR PLASTIC? POLLUTION THAT GOES INTO THE ENVIRONMENT IS CONCENTRATED AT EACH LEVEL IN THE FOOD WEB. AS AN APEX PREDATOR ORCAS RECEIVE DOSES CONCENTRATED OVER AND OVER AGAIN. Aldrin Chlordane Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) Dieldrin Endrin Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Mirex Toxaphene Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins) Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (furans) 20 YEAR OLD MOTHER ORCA (J 35) PUSHED DEAD CALF FOR DAYS , ALMOST 100 MILES BEFORE GIVING UP MOTHERS CONCENTRATE PESTICIDES IN FETUS, THEN IN MILK WHEN STARVING, PESTICIDES CONCENTATE EVEN MORE QUESTIONS.
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