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Recent Glacier Retreat in Tropical Andes

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Recent Glacier Retreat in Tropical Andes Recent glacier retreat in Tropical Andes Edson RAMIREZ E. Ramirez1, Y. Asaoka2, F. Rojas1, N. Funes1, Y. Okamura3 1) Instituto de Hidráulica e Hidrología , Universidad Mayor de San Andres , La Paz , Bolivia. 2) Tohoku University 3) JICA - Bolivia Sendai, October 2012 INTRODUCTION Tropical Glaciers distribution in the world 5% of the world’s mountain glaciers 99% are concentrated in the Andes 70% in Perú, 20% in Bolivia, 10% in the rest Cordillera Real - BOLIVIA Amazon Andes MOTIVATION • Tropical Andean Glaciers as water resources • Impact of climate change on water resources • What do we expect for the future? Tuni Reservoir (Bolivia) Foto:E.Ramirez © Pacific Ocean COLOMBIA ECUADOR Ecuador Quito PERU BRASIL Human consumption water Lima Irrigation BOLIVIA La Paz Hydropower generation CHILE Andes : > 40 M inhabitants. ARGENTINA Atlantic Ocean Source : Barnett et al., Nature 2005 In recent years, two important trends have been observed in the Central Andes: • the accelerated glacier retreat • warming of the atmosphere. Foto:E.Ramirez © 1975 We will illustrate this trend Huayna Potosí with the case of the Huayna Potosí and Chacaltaya glacier, which looms over the city of La Paz, Bolivia Chacaltaya Landsat satellite image Source: (IHH-UMSA) © 1987 Huayna Potosí Chacaltaya Landsat satellite image Source: (IHH-UMSA) © 2000 Huayna Potosí Chacaltaya Landsat satellite image Source: (IHH-UMSA) © 2009 Huayna Potosí Chacaltaya Landsat satellite image Source: (IHH-UMSA) © Chacaltaya Glacier Geographical position: 16º21’S-68º07’W Altitude range: 4700-5396 m Catchment area: 0.52 km2 Glacier area in 2007: 0.003 km2 General exposure: South Photos: B.Francou (IRD)© E.Ramirez (IHH-UMSA) © 0 0 -200 -50000 -400 -100000 2010 -600 -150000 antizana 15A antizana15b -800 yanamarey -200000 broggi -1000 pastoruri -250000 uruashraju -1200 Cajap -300000 Cumulative area evolution (m²) Cumulative length evolution (m) evolution length Cumulative Zongo (area) -1400 Charquini-S (area) -350000 Chacaltaya (area) -1600 -400000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Ramirez et. al 2001; Journal of Glaciology Foto: E.Ramirez New glacier inventory using Remote Sensing Techniques ALOS: ALOS Advanced Land Observing Satellite PRISM sensor ALOS Satellite (Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Tsukuba -Japan. for Stereo Mapping) PRISM Characteristics Number of 1 (Panchromatic) Bands Wavelength 0.52 to 0.77 micrometers Number of 3 (Nadir; Forward; Optics Backward) Base-to-Height 1.0 (between Forward ratio and Backward view) Spatial 2.5m (at Nadir) Resolution 70km (Nadir only) / 35km Swath Width (Triplet mode) S/N >70 MTF >0.2 28000 / band (Swath Number of Width 70km) Detectors 14000 / band (Swath Width 35km) -1.5 to +1.5 degrees Pointing Angle (Triplet Mode, Cross- track direction) Bit Length 8 bits 3D GLACIER BOUNDARIES The development of new high resolution sensors mounted on observational satellites with stereoscopic capabilities permits the application of photogrammetric techniques for the precise delimitation of glacier boundaries. ALOS – PRISM Illampu - 2009 Glacier inventoy for th “Cordillera Real” , updated to 2009 Pixel resolution: 2.5 m THE NEW GLACIER INVENTORY 476 glaciers were identified and digitized using a digital photogrammetric station. The current glacier surface of the “Cordillera Real” is : 185.5 km2 Comparing with the first glacier inventory of 1980 the surface loss represent 43% The vertical accuracy of stereo models using this method is ±3m. GRANDE Project Catchment characteristics Basin area: 90.39 km2 C Glacier surface: T Condoriri: 1.43 km2 Tuni: 0.56 km2 Huayna West: 1.78 km2 HW ALOS-AVNIR2 Application Condoriri GLACIERS LAKES Tuni WETLANDS Huayna West ALOS-PRISM-AVNIR2 Application CONDORIRI BASIN Trends in glacier surface Condoriri and Tuni Catchments 3 2.5 ) 2 2 1.5 Area (Km 1 0.5 0 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 Year TUNI BASIN 1.6 1.4 1.2 ) 2 1 0.8 0.6 Glacier surface losses for the period Area (Km 0.4 1956 – 2009 0.2 Condoriri: 49%, Tuni: 62% 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Year Huayna Potosi mountain Automatic Weather Station (AWS) 5123 m LiDAR System Huayna West Zongo glacier glacier LiDAR System Four essential factors: • Instrumental effects • Atmospheric effects • The target scattering characteristics • The measurement geometry LiDAR systems equation: Pr : the received power Pt: the transmitted power Dr : the receiver aperture R: the range, βt : the transmitter beam width. σ: the backscatter cross section Key instrumental factors DGPS Antena LiDAR LiDAR Base points DGPS LiDAR – Digital Surface Models (Huayna Potosí West) 3D Model ICE THICKNESS CHANGES 2007 Glacial front retreat 2011-2012: 20m Climatic variables measurements Automatic Weather Station 5123 m Pancho san SEB: Surface Energy Balance R is the net radiation H and LE are the turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat S↓ is the short-wave irradiance or global radiation, S↑ is the reflected short-wave radiation S = S↓-S↑ is the net short-wave radiation L↓ and L↑ are the long-wave irradiance and emittance, respectively L = L↓ -L↑ is the net long-wave radiation α is the surface albedo, ε is the long-wave emissivity of ice, σ = the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, Ts is the surface temperature. Precipitation (mm) 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 20/12/20… (summer) Rainy season 03/01/20… 17/01/20… 31/01/20… RESULTS PRELIMINARY Precipitation vs.Accumulation 14/02/20… Automatic 28/02/20… 13/03/20… 27/03/20… Weather 10/04/20… 24/04/20… Date Station 08/05/20… 22/05/20… (winter) Dry season (Huayna 05/06/20… 19/06/20… Accumulation Precipitation 03/07/20… West) 17/07/20… 31/07/20… 14/08/20… 28/08/20… 11/09/20… 115 ‐ 15 35 55 75 95 5 Accumulation (cm) PRELIMINARY RESULTS Precipitation vs. Albedo 30.00 1.20 Precipitation (mm) 25.00 1.00 Albedo 20.00 0.80 (mm) 15.00 0.60 Albedo Precipitacion 10.00 0.40 5.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 20/12/2011 03/01/2012 17/01/2012 31/01/2012 14/02/2012 28/02/2012 13/03/2012 27/03/2012 10/04/2012 24/04/2012 08/05/2012 22/05/2012 05/06/2012 19/06/2012 03/07/2012 17/07/2012 31/07/2012 14/08/2012 28/08/2012 11/09/2012 Date Rainy season Dry season High Albedo Low Albedo PRELIMINARY RESULTS Precipitation vs. R↓ & R↑ 1600 30 Short wave irradiance 1400 25 Reflected short‐wave 1200 radiation Precipitation 20 1000 (mm) (W/m2) 800 Fresh snow 15 (high relection) Radiation 600 Precipitation 10 400 5 200 0 0 25/05/2011 15/06/2011 06/07/2011 27/07/2011 17/08/2011 07/09/2011 28/09/2011 19/10/2011 09/11/2011 30/11/2011 21/12/2011 Date11/01/2012 01/02/2012 22/02/2012 14/03/2012 04/04/2012 25/04/2012 16/05/2012 06/06/2012 27/06/2012 18/07/2012 08/08/2012 29/08/2012 19/09/2012 Summer Winter (rainy season) (Dry season) 60 40 20 % 0 -20 PRELIMINARY RESULTS -40 Precipitation vs. Accumulation -60 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 Precipitation 1979 Accumulation 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 30 1997 25 2000 2003 2011-2012 20 2006 (mm) “El Niño” 2009 15 Automatic 2012 Precipitation “La Niña” 10 Weather 5 (Dry) 0 Station … (Wet) … (Huayna 20/12/20 … 03/01/20 … 17/01/20 … West) 31/01/20 … 14/02/20 … 28/02/20 … 13/03/20 … Precipitation 27/03/20 … Accumulation 10/04/20 … 115 24/04/20 … Date 95 08/05/20 … 22/05/20 … 75 05/06/20 … 19/06/20 … 55 (cm) 03/07/20 … 35 17/07/20 … Accumulation 31/07/20 … 15 14/08/20 … 28/08/20 ‐5 11/09/20 CONCLUSIONS • For the new glacier inventory 476 glaciers were identified and digitized. • The current glacier surface of the “Cordillera Real” is : 185.5 km2 * The glacier surface loss in “Cordillera Real” between 1980 to present is 43% In Bolivia hydrological year 2011-2012 was identified as a climatic episode "La Niña" characterized by an increase of the amount of precipitations. Huayna Potosi glacier has experienced a maximum accumulation of 1m in ice thickness in the upper part at an altitude of 5,123 m. However the glacier front has experienced a shrinkage of 20m with maximum thickness losses that reached 6m. The results indicate that, under current conditions, Huayna Potosi glacier is probably in a state of imbalance. Thank you very much for your attention..
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