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Importance of Neem Tree ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ADDIS ABABA INSITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM MARGOSA SEED ______________________________________________________________________________ By Wondesen Workneh JUNE 2011 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ADDIS ABABA INSITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM MARGOSA SEED A thesis Submitted to the Research and Graduate School of Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the attainment of the Degree of Masters of Science in Chemical Engineering under Process Engineering Stream. By: Wondesen Workneh Advisor: Dr. Ing Zebene Kiflie JUNE 2011 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ADDIS ABABA INSITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM MARGOSA SEED A thesis submitted to the Research and Graduate School of Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the attainment of the Degree of Masters of Science in Chemical Engineering under Process Engineering Stream. By: Wondesen Workneh Approved by the Examining Board: Chairman, Department’s Graduate committee Dr. Ing Zebene Kiflie Advisor Internal Examiner External Examiner Acknowledgments Praise to God the Most Merciful and Compassionate for giving me the strength in completing this research and thesis. First and foremost, I would like to express my appreciation to my advisor, Dr-ing Zebene Kiflie from Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute Technology (AAIT), Department of Chemical Engineering for supervision, advice, guidance and patience throughout my research. Thanks to Addis Ababa University for providing financial support in the completion of this work. I also would like to convey my gratitude to a great number of laboratory assistant in AAIT Chemical Engineering Department who’s helping me throughout the work especially Mr. Hintsa- Selassie Seifu, Mr Nebiyu Getachew, Mr. Yosan Teshome, Mr. Mahiteb, Mr. Biruk Tefera, Biruk Yohannes Mr. Alemayehu Mengiste, Mrs. Tiringo, and Mrs Azeb. Many thanks go to Mr. Kassahune Mamo and icipe-Ethiopia staffs for their help, support and willingness to share their experience. Finally, my appreciation is to my family especially my mother. This thesis could not have been completed without their patience and support. Thank you. i Table of Contents Contents page Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................... i List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... iv List of acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ vii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3.1. General objective .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3.2. Specific objectives ............................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Significance of the study .......................................................................................................... 3 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.1. History of Neem ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Description of Neem Tree ........................................................................................................ 4 2.3. Geographic Distribution ........................................................................................................... 5 2.3.1. Overview of neem in the world ......................................................................................... 5 2.3.2. Overview of neem in Ethiopia .......................................................................................... 5 2.4. Botanical Description ............................................................................................................... 6 2.5. Importance of Neem Tree ......................................................................................................... 9 2.6. Extraction of Essential Oil ...................................................................................................... 12 2.6.1. Essential oils .................................................................................................................. 12 2.6.2. Sources and Isolation of essential oils ............................................................................. 13 2.6.3. Methods of essential oil extraction .................................................................................. 14 2.6.4. Factors affecting essential oil accumulation .................................................................... 19 2.6.1. Chemical composition of Margosa oil ............................................................................. 20 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................................... 28 3.1. Raw material preparation ....................................................................................................... 28 ii 3.2. Sample analysis ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.2.1. Determination of moisture content of the seeds ............................................................... 28 3.2.2. Size reduction and sieve analysis of the seeds ................................................................. 28 3.3. Solvent extraction .................................................................................................................. 29 3.3.1. Soxhlet extraction ........................................................................................................... 29 3.3.2. Agitated Extraction Vessel ............................................................................................. 30 3.4. Design of the Experiment ....................................................................................................... 34 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 35 4.1. Determination of Moisture Contents ....................................................................................... 35 4.2. Soxhlet extraction .................................................................................................................. 36 4.2.1. Percent yield of soxhlet extractor ................................................................................... 36 4.3. Agitated Mixing Extraction .................................................................................................... 43 4.3.1. Determination of Physical properties of the oil ................................................................ 43 4.3.2. Determination of percentage yield .................................................................................. 44 4.3.3. Quality Evaluation of the Product ................................................................................... 49 5. MATERIAL BALANCE AND COST ESTIMATION ................................................................................. 59 5.1. Material balance ..................................................................................................................... 59 5.2. Cost Estimation ...................................................................................................................... 64 5.2.1. Equipment cost .............................................................................................................. 64 5.2.2. Estimation of capital investment cost ............................................................................. 66 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................... 70 6.1. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 70 6.2. Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 71 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................................
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