Revista De Historia Militar Nº 98

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Revista De Historia Militar Nº 98 T179/05 RHM 98 P (Convertido)-5 16/2/11 12:43 Pgina 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K AÑO XLIX Núm. 98 REVISTA DE HISTORIA MILITAR MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA MILITAR DE HISTORIA REVISTA A R T M N I A S R H O IS B T A O L R I M A M RU P O P ULO INSTITUTODE HISTORIA Y CULTURA MILITAR INSTITUTO DE HISTORIA Y CULTURA MILITAR 2005 Composicin NUESTRA PORTADA: Españoles Auxiliares de Roma. Reproducción autorizada por la Real Academia de la Historia de la lámina 6 del álbum El Ejér- cito y la Armada, de Manuel Giménez y Gonzá- lez, obra editada por el Servicio de Publicacio- nes del Estado Mayor del Ejército. INSTITUTO DE HISTORIA Y CULTURA MILITAR Año XLIX 2005 Núm. 98 Los artículos y documentos de esta Revista no pueden ser traducidos ni reproducidos sin la autorización previa y escrita del Instituto de Historia y Cultura Militar. La Revista declina en los autores la total responsabilidad de sus opiniones. Edita: NIPO: 076-05-057-X (edición en papel) NIPO: 076-05-082-8 (edición en linea) ISSN: 0482-5748 Depósito Legal: M-7667-1958 Imprime: Imprenta Ministerio de Defensa Tirada: 1.000 ejemplares Fecha de edición: diciembre 2005 NORMAS PARA LA PUBLICACIÓN DE ORIGINALES La Revista de Historia Militar es una publicación del Instituto de Histo- ria y Cultura Militar. Su periodicidad es semestral y su volumen, general- mente, de doscientas ochenta y ocho páginas. Puede colaborar en ella todo escritor, militar o civil, español o extranje- ro, que se interese por los temas históricos relacionados con la institución militar y la profesión de las armas. En sus páginas encontrarán acogida los trabajos que versen sobre el pensamiento militar a lo largo de la historia, deontología y orgánica militar, instituciones, acontecimientos bélicos, per- sonalidades militares destacadas y usos y costumbres del pasado, particu- larmente si contienen enseñanzas o antecedentes provechosos para el mili- tar de hoy, el estudioso de la historia y jóvenes investigadores. Los trabajos han de ser inéditos y deberán precisar las fuentes docu- mentales y bibliográficas utilizadas. Se presentarán en soporte papel, por duplicado, y en soporte magnético (disquete de 3,5 pulgadas o disco com- pacto). El procesador de textos a emplear será Microsoft Word, el tipo de letra «Times New Roman» y el tamaño de la fuente 11. Los artículos deberán tener una extensión mínima de veinte folios y máxima de cuarenta, incluidas notas, bibliografía, etc. Las notas deberán redactarse a pie de página, ajustándose al siguiente esquema: Libros: Apellidos en mayúsculas seguidos de coma y nombre en minús- cula seguido de dos puntos. Título completo del libro en cursiva seguido de punto. Editorial, lugar y año de edición, tomo o volumen y página de donde procede la cita (indicada con la abreviatura p., o pp. si son varias). Ejemplo: PALENCIA, Alonso de: Crónica de Enrique IV. Ed. BAE, Madrid, 1975, vol. I, pp. 67-69. Artículos en publicaciones: Apellidos y nombre del autor del modo cita- do anteriormente. Título entrecomillado seguido de la preposición en, nom- bre de la publicación en cursiva, número de volumen o tomo, año y página de la que proceda la cita. Ejemplo: CASTILLO CÁCERES, Fernando: «La Segunda Guerra Mundial en Siria y Líbano», en Revista de Historia Militar, 90, 2001, p. 231. Una vez citado un libro o artículo, puede emplearse en posteriores citas la forma abreviada que incluye solamente los apellidos del autor, año de publicación, número de volumen (si procede) y página de donde pro- cede la cita. Ejemplo: CASTILLO CÁCERES, 2001, 90, p. 235. Cuando la nota siguiente hace referencia al mismo autor y libro puede emplearse ibídem, seguido de tomo o volumen y página (si procede). Ejemplo: Ibídem, p. 66. Las fuentes documentales deben ser citadas de la siguiente manera: archivo, organismo o institución donde se encuentra el documento, sección, legajo o manuscrito, título del documento entrecomillado y fecha. Ejemplo: A.H.N., estado, leg. 4381. «Carta del conde de Aranda a Grimaldi» de fecha 12 de diciembre de 1774. La bibliografía citada al final del trabajo, tanto de libros como de artí- culos, debe presentarse en página aparte, por orden alfabético de autores y en la misma forma que las notas, aunque sin citar página. Para su publicación, los artículos deberán ser seleccionados por el Con- sejo de Redacción. Los originales se enviarán a: Instituto de Historia y Cultura Militar. Revista de Historia Militar, C/ Mártires de Alcalá, 9, 28015-Madrid. Tele- fax: 91 559 43 71, Correo electrónico: [email protected]. Sumario Páginas ARTÍCULOS — La guarnición del Ejército de Tierra en los territorios españo- les de Guinea, por don Luis de SEQUERA MARTÍNEZ, General de División del Ejército en la reserva ....................... 11 — La gobernación de Cartagena de Indias y el sistema defensivo indiano en el siglo XVIII, por don José Manuel SERRANO ÁLVAREZ, doctor en historia, Universidad de Sevilla .......... 37 — Aspectos jurídicos del ingreso en el Ejército Romano Impe- rial, por don Pedro CAÑAS NAVARRO y doña María Sole- dad LORENZO MORANTE, Consejo Superior de Investi- gaciones Científicas ................................................................. 75 — Tonic y la defensa de Gran Canarias a comienzos de 1943, por don Juan José DÍEZ BENÍTEZ, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canarias .................................................................... 93 — Presencia española en la Guerra de los Boers: un canario en tierras de África del Sur (1899-1901), por don Pedro Luis PÉREZ-FRÍAS, Teniente Coronel del Ejército en la reserva 127 — La fortificación de campaña en la Guerra Civil española, por don Jacinto ARÉVALO MOLINA, Comandante de ingenie- ros del Ejército en la reserva ................................................... 181 — Documento: Banderas Militares de Barbastro, por don Alfre- do EZQUERRO SOLANA, General de División del Ejérci- to en la reserva ........................................................................ 223 Páginas OBRAS DE CARÁCTER HISTÓRICO–MILITAR EDITADAS POR EL MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA ........................................ 241 BOLETÍN DE SUSCRIPCIÓN A LA REVISTA DE HISTORIA MILITAR. ....................................................................................... 250 ARTÍCULOS LA GUARNICIÓN DEL EJÉRCITO DE TIERRA EN LOS TERRITORIOS ESPAÑOLES DE GUINEA Luis de SEQUERA MARTÍNEZ1 Preámbulo L 21 de ctubre de 1778 se izaban por primera vez los colores españo- les en el poblado de Luba (Oesemba para los naturales), el que habría Ede llamarse San Carlos, en la isla de Fernando Póo, en presencia del brigadier Conde Argelejo, al que acompañaba el Comisionado portugués Fray Luis Caetano de Castro. Con ello quedaba reconocida la soberanía de España sobre aquellos territorios del Golfo de Biafra colonizados por Portu- gal. Todo habría de hacerse de conformidad con el Acuerdo de la Conferen- cia de la Granja de San Ildefonso de 1777, ratificado al año siguiente con el «Tratado de El Pardo». Casi doscientos años después, el 11 de octubre de 1968, a las 18 horas, se procedía a arriar la Enseña española colocada en el edificio del Gobierno Civil de Río Muni, y al día siguiente, a las 8 horas, era izada la Bandera de la nueva República de Guinea Ecuatorial. Se había con- sumado lo dispuesto en el Decreto 2467/68, publicado en el DO. del Ejérci- to núm. 230, del 12 de octubre, día de la Hispanidad. Así acababa nuestra presencia y dominio en Guinea Ecuatorial, uno de los últimos despojos de los territorios africanos a los que habíamos sido reducidos, resultado del con- tínuo expolio extranjero en las tierras del Golfo de Biafra, y resto de la Gui- nea española continental. Atrás quedarían muchos ideales truncados, invadi- dos por el desasosiego que siempre entraña todo abandono, aunque conscientes de que la labor realizada por España, llevada de su espíritu emprendedor y de conquista, había sido la mejor de las colonizaciones del continente, como así fué reconocido ante la actitud de las restantes potencias presentes. Antes, a lo largo de las numerosas expediciones realizadas y des- pués con el servicio de guarnición en el territorio, el precio pagado por los 1 General de División ®. 12 LUIS DE SEQUERA MARTÍNEZ ya desaparecidos sería el que corresponde al de muchas vidas gastadas por la enfermedad, el abandono y el sufrimiento, cuando no la muerte violenta2. La ofrendaron unos conquistadores, muchas veces de tan solo ilusiones, pero con la íntima satisfacción personal del deber cumplido. Durante todo este período, la responabilidad del mantenimiento de la autoridad nacional, y la seguridad y presencia del conlono, estuvo más a cargo de nuestros soldados y marineros, de guarnición en tierra, en acuar- telamientos, campamenntos, destacamentos y aeródromos, o a bordo de los navios de guerra, que de la hablidad de nuestros diplomáticos en las cancillerías europeas y del interés y apoyo de nuestros gobernantes. En principio, su presencia quedaría muchas veces supeditada a las esporádi- cas espediciones enviadas por la Matrópoli, que, como, consecuencia de esa desacertada política, nunca dispusieron de medios suficientes, ni ocu- paron el Territorio el tiempo necesaro y con la regularidad deseable, cre- ando situaciones de abandono3. Sin profundizar en la causa de todos estos desaciertos nacionales, conviene sañalar como antecedentes de nuestras desacertadas relaciones con el extrajero, el Congreso de Viena (1815), por el que España se une a la declaración contra la trata de negros, con el que oficialmente se daba por finalizado tan extenso tráfi- co, permitiendo la presencia británica en nuestras posesiones. Luego serí- an responsables algunos acuerdos, muchos de ellos unilaterales, como el Tratado de Londres (1845), por el que se reconocía para Francia, ante nuestro abandono, las dos orillas del río Gabón; o el ambíguo de la Con- ferencia de Berlin (1884-1885), por el que Alemania admitía como fron- tera Norte de la Colonía española al río Campo, pero firmaba simult´ñaneamente un Protocolo con Francia a la que señalaba igual derecho. Indudablemente los de mayor trascendencia, y que definitiva- mente liquidaron nuestro Territorio, fueron la Conferencia y el Tratado de París (1886, y 1900).
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