SC-AP-Glenn Lee-Issue1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Briefing Paper
NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 - 2000 Guido Ambroso UNHCR Brussels E-mail : [email protected] August 2002 Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.unhcr.org These working papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at <www.unhcr.org>. ISSN 1020-7473 Introduction The classical definition of refugee contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention was ill- suited to the majority of African refugees, who started fleeing in large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s. These refugees were by and large not the victims of state persecution, but of civil wars and the collapse of law and order. Hence the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention expanded the definition of “refugee” to include these reasons for flight. Furthermore, the refugee-dissidents of the 1950s fled mainly as individuals or in small family groups and underwent individual refugee status determination: in-depth interviews to determine their eligibility to refugee status according to the criteria set out in the Convention. The mass refugee movements that took place in Africa made this approach impractical. As a result, refugee status was granted on a prima facie basis, that is with only a very summary interview or often simply with registration - in its most basic form just the name of the head of family and the family size.1 In the Somali context the implementation of this approach has proved problematic. -
Report on Minority Groups in Somalia
The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on minority groups in Somalia Joint British, Danish and Dutch fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 17 – 24 September 2000 Report on minority groups in Somalia Table of contents 1. Background ..................................................................................................................................5 2. Introduction to sources and methodology....................................................................................6 3. Overall political developments and the security situation in Somalia.......................................10 3.1 Arta peace process in Djibouti...............................................................................................10 3.2 Transitional National Assembly (TNA) and new President ..................................................10 3.2.1 Position of North West Somalia (Somaliland)...............................................................12 3.2.2 Position of North East Somalia (Puntland)....................................................................13 3.2.3 Prospects for a central authority in Somalia ..................................................................13 3.3 Security Situation...................................................................................................................14 3.3.1 General...........................................................................................................................14 -
The Finnish Civil War and Partisan Bias: an Experimental Study of Expressive Voting
The Finnish Civil War and partisan bias: an experimental study of expressive voting Noora Pirneskoski Department of Economics Hanken School of Economics Helsinki 2019 HANKEN SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Department of: Type of work: Economics Master’s thesis Author: Noora Pirneskoski Date: 9.4.2019 Title of thesis: The Finnish Civil War and partisan bias: an experimental study of expressive voting Abstract: My study contributes to the literature on expressive voting by demonstrating how the voting behavior of partisans differs from market choices of decisive individuals. The experiment follows a similar experiment protocol as Robbett and Matthews (2018), but with a completely new subject pool and context. By randomly assigning the respondents in a group of 1 or 5 individuals, the experiment tries to establish whether the self-identified descendants of the partisans of the Finnish Civil War give more expressive answers when voting in comparison to decisive individuals. My experiment successfully replicates the main findings of Robbett and Matthews (2018). The results show that the answers of the voters become significantly more partisan in comparison to those of decisive individuals. Moreover, the same result is found both for questions relating to the Civil War as well as contemporary politics. However, the likelihood of a correct answer did not seem to change between treatment and control. My results demonstrate that, alongside material preferences, affirmation of partisan identity can be a major driver for voter behavior. Further, the persistence of the partisan gap regarding both contemporary and the Civil War related facts suggests inheritability of voter choice over generations. The results show that there are benefits to further investigating expressive voting behavior with experimental methods and widening views on how political partisanship is understood. -
The Frailty of Authority. Borders, Non-State Actors and Power
The Frailty of Authority Borders, Non-State Actors and Power Vacuums in a Changing Middle East Lorenzo Kamel THE FRAILTY OF AUTHORITY BORDERS, NON-STATE ACTORS AND POWER VACUUMS IN A CHANGING MIDDLE EAST edited by Lorenzo Kamel in collaboration with Edizioni Nuova Cultura First published 2017 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura For Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 - I-00186 Rome www.iai.it Copyright © 2017 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Rome ISBN: 9788868128289 Cover: by Luca Mozzicarelli Graphic Composition: by Luca Mozzicarelli The unauthorized reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Table of contents List of contributors ........................................................................................................................................ 7 List of abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Preface, by Nicolò Russo Perez ............................................................................................................... 11 Introduction, by Lorenzo Kamel ............................................................................................................ 15 1. Early Warning Signs in the Arab World That We Ignored – And Still Ignore by Rami G. Khouri .................................................................................................................................. -
FBI054535 ~~N Diaspora Customs Traditions :··
ACLURM055018 FBI054535 US Somali Diaspora 8 Clan I0 Islamic Traditions II Flag . 12 Cultural Customs 16 Language ··13 .1ega[.Jssues .. :.... :"'. :·· .•... ;Appendix :,:·.\{ ... ~~N FBI054536 ACLURM055019 ~~ ~A~ History (U) 21 October. 1969: Corruption and a power vacuum in the Somali government Somalia, located at the Horn of Africa (U) culminate in a bloodless coup led by Major near the Arabian Peninsula, has been a General Muhammad Siad Barre. crossroads of civilization for thousands of years. Somalia played an important role in (U) 1969-1991: Siad Barre establishes the commerce of ancient Egyptians, and with a military dictatorship that divides and later Chinese, Greek, and Arab traders. oppresses Somalis. (U) 18th century: Somalis develop a (U) 27 January J99J: Siad Barre flees culture shaped by pastoral nomadism and Mogadishu, and the Somali state collapses~ adherence to Islam. Armed dan-based militias fight for power. (U) 1891-1960: European powers create (U) 1991-199S:The United Nations five separate Somali entities: Operation in Somalia (UNISOM) I and II- initially a US-led, UN-sanctioned multilateral » British Somaliland (north central). intervention-attempts to resolve the » French Somaliland (east and southeast). civil war and provide humanitarian aid. » Italian Somaliland (south). The ambitious UNISOM mandate to rebuild » Ethiopian Somaliland (the Ogaden). a Somali government threatens warlords' >> The Northern Frontier District (NFD) interests and fighting ensues. UN forces of Kenya. depart in 1995, leaving Somalia in a state (U) ., 960: Italian and British colonies of violence and anarchy. Nearly I million merge into the independent Somali Republic. refugees and almost 5 million people risk starvation and disease. Emigration rises (U} 1960-1969: Somalia remains sharply. -
Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A. -
Populism and the Erosion of Horizontal Accountability in Latin
PSX0010.1177/0032321717723511Political StudiesRuth 723511research-article2017 Article Political Studies 1 –20 Populism and the Erosion of © The Author(s) 2017 Reprints and permissions: Horizontal Accountability in sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717723511DOI: 10.1177/0032321717723511 Latin America journals.sagepub.com/home/psx Saskia Pauline Ruth Abstract This article explores which factors enable or hinder populist presidents in Latin America to pursue a radical strategy of institutional change and induce the erosion of horizontal checks and balances. Applying an actor-centred approach, the article focuses focusing on specific constellations in the political arena that shape populist presidents’ incentives and their ability to engage in institutional change. Three conditions are considered to be most decisive: the absence of unified government between the executive and the legislature, the existence of a ‘power vacuum’ in the political arena and the distribution of public support. Using configurational analyses, different causal paths explaining the presence or absence of the erosion of horizontal accountability are identified. Keywords populism, Latin America, horizontal accountability, liberal democracy Accepted: 18 May 2017 Comparative research on the consequences of populism in public office only recently arose (Levitsky and Loxton, 2013: 1042; Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser, 2012b; Rovira Kaltwasser and Taggart, 2016). This was long overdue since the ambiguity of the rela- tionship between populism and democracy has been one of the most recurring and debated aspects in the normative literature on populism across its entire history (see Canovan, 1999; Laclau, 2005; Laclau and Mouffe, 1985). Until recently, this relationship has mainly been investigated through in-depth case studies and small-N research (e.g. -
(I) the SOCIAL STRUCTUBE of Soumn SOMALI TRIB by Virginia I?
(i) THE SOCIAL STRUCTUBE OF SOumN SOMALI TRIB by Virginia I?lling A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London. October 197]. (ii) SDMMARY The subject is the social structure of a southern Somali community of about six thousand people, the Geledi, in the pre-colonial period; and. the manner in which it has reacted to colonial and other modern influences. Part A deals with the pre-colonial situation. Section 1 deals with the historical background up to the nineteenth century, first giving the general geographic and ethnographic setting, to show what elements went to the making of this community, and then giving the Geledj's own account of their history and movement up to that time. Section 2 deals with the structure of the society during the nineteenth century. Successive chapters deal with the basic units and categories into which this community divided both itself and the others with which it was in contact; with their material culture; with economic life; with slavery, which is shown to have been at the foundation of the social order; with the political and legal structure; and with the conduct of war. The chapter on the examines the politico-religious office of the Sheikh or Sultan as the focal point of the community, and how under successive occupants of this position, the Geledi became the dominant power in this part of Somalia. Part B deals with colonial and post-colonial influences. After an outline of the history of Somalia since 1889, with special reference to Geledi, the changes in society brought about by those events are (iii) described. -
Revolution and Freedom*
Revolution and Freedom* Hannah Arendt (Edited by Adriano Correia)** My subject today is, I’m afraid, almost embarrassingly topical. Revolutions have become everyday occurrences since, with the liquidation of imperialism, one people after the other has risen “to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of Nature and of nature’s God entitle them”. Just as the most lasting result of imperialist expansion was the export of the European nation-state idea to the four corners of the earth, so the liquidation of imperialism under the pressure of nationalism has led to the export, as it were, of the idea of revolution all over the globe. For all the revolutions, no matter how violently anti-Western their rhetoric may be, stand under the sign and have fallen into the tradition of revolution in the West. This state of affairs was preceded by the series of revolutions after the First World War on the European continent itself. Since then, and even more markedly after the Second World War, nothing seems more certain than that a revolutionary change of the form of government, as distinguished from a mere alteration of administration, will follow defeat in war between the great powers – short, of course, of total annihilation. But it is of some importance to note that even before technological developments made wars between the great powers literally a life and death struggle, and hence self-defeating, at least for the time being, wars had become politically a matter of life and death. This was by no means a matter of course. -
External Interventions in Somalia's Civil War. Security Promotion And
External intervention in Somalia’s civil war Mikael Eriksson (Editor) Eriksson Mikael war civil Somalia’s intervention in External The present study examines external intervention in Somalia’s civil war. The focus is on Ethiopia’s, Kenya’s and Uganda’s military engagement in Somalia. The study also analyses the political and military interests of the intervening parties and how their respective interventions might affect each country’s security posture and outlook. The aim of the study is to contribute to a more refined under- standing of Somalia’s conflict and its implications for the security landscape in the Horn of Africa. The study contains both theoretical chapters and three empirically grounded cases studies. The main finding of the report is that Somalia’s neighbours are gradually entering into a more tense political relationship with the government of Somalia. This development is character- ized by a tension between Somalia’s quest for sovereignty and neighbouring states’ visions of a decentralized Somali state- system capable of maintaining security across the country. External Intervention in Somalia’s civil war Security promotion and national interests? Mikael Eriksson (Editor) FOI-R--3718--SE ISSN1650-1942 www.foi.se November 2013 FOI-R--3718--SE Mikael Eriksson (Editor) External Intervention in Somalia’s civil war Security promotion and national interests? Cover: Scanpix (Photo: TT, CORBIS) 1 FOI-R--3718--SE Titel Extern intervention i Somalias inbördeskrig: Främjande av säkerhet och nationella intressen? Title External intervention in Somalia’s civil war: security promotion and national Interests? Rapportnr/Report no FOI-R--3718--SE Månad/Month November Utgivningsår/Year 2013 Antal sidor/Pages 137 ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Försvarsdepartementet/Ministry of Defence Projektnr/Project no A11306 Godkänd av/Approved by Maria Lignell Jakobsson Ansvarig avdelning Försvarsanalys/Defence Analysis Detta verk är skyddat enligt lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk. -
U.S. DEPARTMENT of JUSTICE EXECUTIVE OFFICE for IMMIGRATION REVIEW OFFICE of the IMMIGRATION JUDGE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ______In the Matter Of: ) ) Honorable Judge G
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW OFFICE OF THE IMMIGRATION JUDGE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ______________________________________________________________________________ In the Matter of: ) ) Honorable Judge G. Katsivalis Respondent ) A 00-000-000 ) ) In Removal Proceedings ) AFFIDAVIT OF ASHA A. SAMAD, PH.D I, Dr. Asha A. Samad, citizen of the United States of America, declare, under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America, that the following is true and correct: I. PREPARER’S BACKGROUND 1. I hold a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology an East African Societies from the University of Dar es Salaam and am Professor of Anthropology, African and Women’s Studies at the City University of New York. I also serve as Director of the Human Rights Center at the City University of New York and conduct seminars on that subject. 2. I have twice been elected as Executive Administrator of Programs of the Somali Association for Relief and Development (SAFRAD), a not-for-profit organization, which resettles displaced Somalis in the United States and Canada. On behalf of SAFRAD, I travel to Somalia or surrounding areas twice a year to spend about sixteen weeks participating in human rights work. My last vis it to the Horn of Africa region was in July and August of 2004. Due to security concerns, I was unable to travel inside Somalia. 3. While in the United States, I am continually updated on the situation in Somalia and the plight of Somali refugees through reading newswire reports (Agence France-Presse, BBC, Reuters) and interviewing international relief workers, humanitarian workers, and Somali professional and grassroots leaders. -
Democratic Republic of Congo
APRIL 2016 Democratic Republic of Congo: A Review of 20 years of war Jordi Calvo Rufanges and Josep Maria Royo Aspa Escola de Cultura de Pau / Centre Delàs d’Estudis per la Pau DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: A REVIEW OF 20 YEARS OF WAR April 2016 D.L.: B-16799-2010 ISSN: 2013-8032 Authors: Jordi Calvo Rufanges and Josep Maria Royo Aspa Support researchers: Elena Fernández Sandiumenge, Laura Marco Gamundi, Eira Massip Planas, María Villellas Ariño Project funded by the Agència Catalana de Cooperació al Desenvolupament INDEX 04 Executive summary 05 1. Introduction 06 2. Roots of the DRC conflict 09 3. Armed actors in the east of the DRC 15 4. Impacts of armamentism 19 5. Military spending 20 6. The political economy of the war 23 7. Current political and social situation 25 8. Gender dimension of the conflict 27 9. Conclusions 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY 34 ANNEX 34 Table 1: Exports of defense equipment from the EU to DRC (2001-2012) 35 Table 2: Arms sales identified in RDC (1995-2013) 36 Table 3: Transfer of small arms and light weapons from the EU to RDC (1995-2013) 37 Table 4: Transfers of small arms and light weapons to DRC (rest of the world) (2004-2013) 38 Table 5: Transfers of significant weapons in RDC and neighboring countries 39 Table 6: Internal arms deviations in the DRC conflict 40 Table 7. Identification of arms sources found in the conflict in DRC 41 Table 8: Exports of small arms and light weapons to Burundi (1995-2013) 42 Table 9: Exports of small arms and light weapons to Rwanda (1995 - 2013) LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS AND MAPS 06 Map 2.1.