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Travel Literature of Moroccan Pilgrims During the 11-12Th/17-18Th Centuries: Thematic and Artistic Study

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Travel Literature of Moroccan Pilgrims During the 11-12Th/17-18Th Centuries: Thematic and Artistic Study TRAVEL LITERATURE OF MOROCCAN PILGRIMS DURING THE 11-12TH/17-18THCENTURIES: THEMATIC AND ARTISTIC STUDY Presented by: NASSER S. AL-SAMAANY Supervised by: DR. ZAHIA SALHI SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC AND MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS OCTOBER 2000 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own work and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. if Abstract Previous research has mostly focused on various literary genres such as poetry, short story and novels. In contrast to the great concern shown for these genres, little attention has been given to an interesting genre of literature that is worth appreciation and deserves examination and care, this is ' Travel Literature '. Therefore, I preferred to approach this under explored and vibrant field, which is concerned with al-Rihlät compiled by the pilgrims known as al-Rihlät al-Hijäziyya, during the 11-12th/17-18th centuries, and to the Rihlätof the Moroccans, specifically of Far Morocco, (al-Maghrib al Aq ). The target texts that are analysed are from the following Rihlät of Abü Madyan, al-cAmiri, al-,Ayni, al `Ayyäshi, al-Hashtüki, al-Ijudayki, Ibn cAbd al-Saläm, Ibn Abi Mahli, Ibn al-Tayyib, Ibn Malib, Ibn Näsir, al-Ishägi, al-Muräbit, al-Qädiri, al-Räfidi, al-Shawi, al-Yüsi and al-Zabddi. This study is divided into two major parts. In the first part, which constitutes the first half of the focus of this study, the poetry composed by Moroccan travellers is analysed and investigated in terms of two main methods. The first is a descriptive thematic study. The descriptive method is represented in the analysis of the poetic texts according to its poetic themes, such as religious verse, brotherly poems, estrangement, longing, yearning and complaint, description, elegy and other themes. In addition to this, there is an outline of the significant role of Süfis with special emphasis on al-Zäwiya in all aspects of life, and more specifically academic activities as well as literary life for the period in which the travellers lived. The second is an analytical artistic study. The poetry is analysed and discussed according to the following artistic features: poem structure, content (meanings and ideas), imagery, the language (words and syntax), emotion and experience. The second part, which is considered the second half of the focus of this study, is prose material, where the same method is applied. It is classified according to two main sections. In the first the prose material is analysed according to thematic features. These are religious, geographical, academic, political and security, commerce, social, literary and humorous content. In the second, the prose is examined in terms of its artistic features. These are Rihla structure, the language (style and vocabulary) and the content. In addition, this study provides a summary of the most significant motives and aims, which led, or encouraged travellers to journey from one place to another. It includes a brief summary of the biographies of the most famous Arab travellers of non-Moroccan origin and their travels from the pre-Islamic period until the 10th/15th century, as well as details about the Moroccan travellers, including their biographies and Rihlätin the centuries prior to the main period studied. In addition, there is a section concentrating III on the main period studied within this thesis, and due to this, more details are given about Moroccan travellers and their Rihlätrecorded in the 11`h and 12th/18`h and 191h centuries. In addition to this, there is a brief summary of the political and educational aspects and al-fla_,6 as a main motive for travel. The final chapter is the conclusion and epilogue. It outlines the findings of the research, and suggests further areas of study for future research in the light of the results obtained. IV TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT 11 TABLE OF CONTENT IV DECLARATION XII DEDICATION XIII ACKNOWLEDGMENT XIV TRANSLITERATION SCHEME XVI ABBREVIATION XVII INTRODUCTION 1. REASONS LEADING UP TO THIS STUDY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE 1 2. THE CONCEPT OF TRAVEL LITERATURE 3 3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 4 4. OVERVIEW OF THE CONTENTS OF THE THESIS 5 CHAPTER ONE THE TRAVELS: THEIR MOTIVES, AIMS AND PROMINENT TRAVELLERS AND THEIR RIHLAT SECTION ONE THE TRAVELS: THEIR AIMS AND MOTIVES 1. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD 8 1.1. TRADE 8 1.2. TRAVEL FOR FUNDAMENTAL LIFE NEEDS 9 1.3. TRAVEL OF GIFTS OR REWARDS 10 1.4. TRAVEL FOR KNOWLEDGE 10 2. THE ISLAMIC PERIOD 10 2.1. SPREADING THE MASSAGE OF ISLAM AND THE CHRISTIAN MISSION 11 2.2. AL-HAJJ, AL_-°UMRA,AL-ZIYÄRAAND VISITING PALESTINE 12 2.3. SEEKING KNOWLEDGE (TALABAL-IL" 13 2.4. COLLECTION OF THE PROPHET HADITH 14 2.5. RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL FACILITATION OF TRAVEL 15 V 3. THE DEMANDS OF THE NEW STATE 17 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF NEW ISLAMIC COUNTRIES 17 3.2. THE POSTAL SERVICE 18 3.3. INCREASING TRADE 18 3.4. RECONNAISSANCE TRAVELS 20 3.5. ESCAPE FROM THE WAR AND POLITICAL TURBULENCE 20 CONCLUSION 21 SECTION TWO PROMINENT TRAVELLERS AND THEIR RIffLAT 1. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD/PRIORTO 622 22 2. THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD/622-662 23 3. FROM THE 1ST-5TH17TH-11THCENTURIES 24 4. FROM THE 6TH-10TH112TH -16TH CENTURIES 29 CONCLUSION 33 CHAPTER TWO MOROCCAN TRAVELLERS AND THEIR RJHLAT SECTION ONE MOROCCAN TRAVELLERS AND THEIR RIHLAT IN THE PERIOD PRIOR TO THE 11TH/16TH 1. PRIOR TO THE 7TH/13THCENTURY 36 2. FROM THE 7TH/13THUNTIL THE FIRST HALF OF THE 8TH/13THCENTURY 38 3. FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE 8TH/14THUNTIL THE 10TH/16THCENTURY 42 CONCLUSION 46 SECTION TWO MOROCCAN PILGRIMS AND THEIR RIHLAT IN THE 11TH-12TH/17TH -18TH CENTURIES 1. POLITICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS 47 2. AL-HAJJAS MAIN MOTIVE FOR TRAVEL 50 3. MOROCCAN TRAVELLERS AND THEIR RIHLATIN THE 11T"-12TH117T"-18THCENTURIES 51 VI 3.1. IBN ABI MAHLT AND HIS RIHLA 53 3.2. IBN MALIH AND HIS RIHLA 55 3.3. AL-AYYASHI AND HIS RIHLA 56 3.4. AL-MURABIT AND HIS RIHLA 59 3.5. AL-RAFI`T AND HIS RIHLA 60 3.6. AL-HASHTOKI AND HIS RIHLA 61 3.7. IBN NASIR AND HIS RIHLA 62 3.8. AL-QADIRI AND HIS RIHLA 63 3.9. AL-YOSI AND HIS RIHLA 64 3.10. IBN AL-TAYYIB AND HIS RIHLA 65 3.11. AL-SHAWL AND HIS RIHLA 67 3.12. AL-ISHAQI AND HIS RIHLA 68 3.13. ABU MADYAN AND HIS RIHLA 68 3.14. AL-HUDAYKI AND HIS RIHLA 69 3.15. AL-ZABADI AND HIS RIHI. A 70 3.16. AL-AMIRI AND HIS RIHLA 71 3.17. IBN `ABD AL-SALAM AND HIS RIHLA 71 3.18. AI. `AYNT AND HIS RIHLA 73 CONCLUSION 73 CHAPTER THREE THE POETRY: THEMATIC STUDY 1. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ROLE OF THE SUFIS ZAW.4Yf1 76 2. THE LITERARY MOVEMENT 78 3.THE POETIC THEMES 79 3.1 RELIGIOUS VERSE 80 3.1.1. SUPPLICATION AND RELIANCE TO ALLAH 80 3.1.2. PROPHETIC commendations AND SUFISM 82 3.1.3. PRAISE AND ENTREATY OF THE PROPHET'S KIN AND HIS COMPANIONS 90 3.1.4. PRAISE AND ENTREATY OF THE PROPHETS AND SCHOLARS 94 3.2. PURE PRAISE POEMS 100 VII 3.3. AL-IKHWANIYAT(BROTHERLY POEMS) 102 3.4. ESTRANGEMENT, LONGING, YEARNING AND COMPLAINT 109 3.5. DESCRIPTION 114 3.6. ELEGY 120 3.7. OTHER THEMES 121 CONCLUSION 124 CHAPTER FOUR THE POETRY: ARTISTIC STUDY SECTION ONE POEM STRUCTURE 1. THE FRAMEWORK OF AL-RIHLA 127 2. THE LENGTH OF POEM THE UNITY OF THEME AND THE LENGTH 128 3. THE ORGANIC UNITY 130 4. THE OPENING VERSES 132 5. POEM INTRODUCTION 135 5.1. DIRECT INTRODUCTION 135 5.2. INTRODUCTION OF PRAISE AND BLESSING 136 5.3. ROMANTIC INTRODUCTION 137 5.4. HIJÄZIYYA INTRODUCTION 138 5.5. SYMBOLIC LOVE INTRODUCTION 139 6. MOVING FROM THE INTRODUCTION TO THE MAIN THEME OR FROM ONE THEME TO ANOTHER 139 7. THE ENDING OF THE POEM 142 SECTION TWO CONTENT (MEANINGS AND IDEAS) 1. ENTREATY (TAWASSUL) 145 2. AL-HAQIQA AL-MUHAMMADIYYA (THE MUHAMMADAN REALITY) 149 *3. OTHER SUFI IDEAS 153 4. ISLAMIC OBLIGATION 154 5. THE MEANING OF OTHER THEMES 155 VIII 6. CLARITY AND EASINESS 156 SECTION THREE IMAGERY 1. RHETORICAL IMAGERY 156 1.1. SIMILE 156 1.2. METAPHOR 159 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMAGERY 161 3. SYMBOLIC IMAGERY 162 4. THE INTENSIVE PICTURE 164 SECTION FOUR THE LANGUAGE (WORDS AND SYNTAX) 1. THE WORDS 167 1.1. SIMPLICITY 167 1.2. STRANGE WORDS AND BEDOUIN AND EASTERN INFLUENCE 168 1.3. URBAN INFLUENCES 169 2. SYNTAX 170 2.1. LENGTH AND BREVITY 171 2.2. REPETITION 173 2.3. AL-JINfIS(PARONOMASIA) 177 2.4. DIVERSITY AND RECITAL 177 3. THE STYLE 178 3.1. SIMPLICITY 178 3.2. AL-BADI° (ORNAMENTAL) STYLE 181 3.2.1. AL-JINÄS(PARONOMASIA) 183 3.2.2. AL-TIBÄQ(ANTITHESIS) AND MUQfiBALA (OPPOSITION) 184 3.2.3. DATING THE POEM 186 3.2.4. AL-IQTIB. 9S AND AL-TAQMIN 187 3.2.5. AL-TA WRIYA 188 3.3. RECITAL STYLE 189 3.4. NARRATIVE STYLE 189 IX SECTION FIVE EMOTION AND EXPERIENCE EMOTION AND EXPERIENCE 190 CONCLUSIONOF THE CHAPTER 194 CHAPTER FIVE THETHEI PROSE: THEMATIC STUDY INTRODUCTION 201 1. RELIGIOUS ASPECT 202 1.1. SUFI ASPECT 202 1.1.1. VISITING GRAVES AND SUPPLICATION TO THE DEAD 203 1.1.2. KARt1MÄTAND EXALTATION OF AL-AWLIYÄ' 206 1.1.3. SUFI ORDERS AND THEIR RITUALS, CUSTOMS AND STATES 209 1.2.
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