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P Isum Sativum L.) Dans L'ouest Algérien : Pouvoir Pathogène, Races Physiologiques Et Compatibilité Végétative Chez Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp

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P Isum Sativum L.) Dans L'ouest Algérien : Pouvoir Pathogène, Races Physiologiques Et Compatibilité Végétative Chez Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE ABD ELHAMID IBN BADIS FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT D’AGRONOMIE THESE Pour L’obtention Du Grade De Docteur En Sciences Option : Protection des végétaux Présentée par : Mme Merzoug Aoumria Importance de la fusariose vasculaire du Pois (P isum sativum L.) dans l'ouest Algérien : pouvoir pathogène, races physiologiques et compatibilité végétative chez Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi et essai de lutte biologique Nom et prénom Grade Qualité Appartenance administrative BERKANI Abdellah Pr. Président (Univ. Mostaganem) BELAHCEN Miloud Pr. Examinateur (C.U AinTémouchent) MEDDAH BOUMEDIENE Pr. Examinateur (Univ. Mascara) BENDAHMANE Boubekeur Seddik Pr. Examinateur (Univ. Mostaganem) BELABID Lakhdar Pr. Rapporteur (Univ. Mascara) YOUCEF BENKADA Mokhtar Pr. Co-Rapporteur (Univ. Mostaganem) Année Universitaire: 2014-2015 Remerciments REMERCIMENTS Seul je n’aurais pu réaliser le travail présenté dans cette thèse. A toutes les étapes de sa mise en œuvre, de nombreuses personnes y ont contribué. Je tiens donc à les remercier tout particulièrement et très chalereusement. J'exprime ma très profonde gratitude à Monsieur BELABID Lakhdar pour son soutien pendant la durée de mon travail et qui par ses connaissances et sa patience m’a permis de combler nombre de lacunes et par son sourire et sa générosité de garder confiance. Je tiens à remercier Monsieur BERKANI Abdellah, professeur à l’Université de Mostaganem, pour avoir aimablement accepté de me faire l'honneur de présider ce jury. Ma profonde gratitude va également à Monsieur YOUCEF BENKADA Mokhtar, professeur à l'Université de Mostaganem qui malgré ses divers taches a voulu bien contribuer à la réalisation de ce travail. Je remercie Monsieur BELAHCEN Miloud, professeur au centre universitaire d’Ain Temouchent, pour avoir accepté d'évaluer ce travail. Ma reconnaissance va également à Monsieur MEDDAH BOUMEDIENE, professeur à l'Université de Mascara, qui a accepté de me faire l’honneur de participer au jury. Je remercie également Monsieur BENDAHMANE Boubekeur Seddik professeur à l'Université de Mostaganem, qui a accepté de faire partie du jury. Je remercie également Mme Taleb et Mme Benfreha maitres assistantes à l’Université de Mascara pour leur aide et soutien, sans oublier tous mes collègues et les techniciens au niveau du Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Systèmes Biologiques et la Géomatique. A cette occasion, je tiens à remercier mais jamais assez ma très chère mère, sans qui je n'aurai pu continuer. Aussi mes frères et mes sœurs, sans oublier mes enfants Abd Eldjalil, Abd Elhak et Aimen pour leur patience et leurs encouragements. En fin, je ne remercie jamais assez mon mari, qui m’a constamment encouragée, soutenue et aidée afin que ce travail puisse voir le jour. Son aide fut déterminante. Qu'il trouve ici l'expression de ma profonde estime. I Sommaire Sommaire REMERCIMENTS ............................................................................................................................. I SOMMAIRE .................................................................................................................................... II RESUME ...................................................................................................................................... VIII ABREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... XII LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................... XIV LISTE DES PLANCHES............................................................................................................ XVI LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................. XVII INTRODUCTION GENERALE .................................................................................................... 1 CHAPITRE I : SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE .................................................................... 4 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4 2. GENERALITEES SUR LE POIS ............................................................................................... 4 2-1.ORIGINE ET HISTORIQUE ................................................................................................... 4 2-2. BIOLOGIE ................................................................................................................................ 5 2-2-1. POSITION SYSTEMATIQUE ................................................................................................... 5 2-2-2.CYCLE BIOLOGIQUE ............................................................................................................. 6 2-2-3. PHENOLOGIE........................................................................................................................ 6 2-2-4.EXIGENCES AGRO-ECOLOGIQUES ......................................................................................... 8 2-3.PRODUCTION ET CONSOMMATION .............................................................................. 10 2-3-1.DANS LE MONDE ................................................................................................................ 10 2-3-2. SITUATION DU POIS EN ALGERIE ...................................................................................... 12 2-3-3.INTERET DU POIS ................................................................................................................ 12 II Sommaire 2-4.PRINCIPALES MALADIES ET RAVAGEURS DU POIS ................................................ 15 2-4-1.Principales maladies fongiques et bactériennes du Pois ............................................... 15 2-4-2. Principales maladies virales ......................................................................................... 17 2-4-3.Principaux ravageurs du Pois ........................................................................................ 18 3. LE FLETRISSEMENT VASCULAIRE DU POIS ................................................................. 18 3-1.IMPORTANCE ET DEGATS DE LA MALADIE ............................................................................. 18 3-2. SYMPTOMATOLOGIE ............................................................................................................. 19 3-3. AGENT PATHOGENE : FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. PISI (FOP) ............................................. 20 3-3-1.Position taxonomique .................................................................................................... 20 3-3-2.Cycle épidémiologique de Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi ........................................... 21 3-3-3. Variabilité du pouvoir pathogène ................................................................................. 25 3-3-4. Interactions hôte- pathogène ........................................................................................ 27 4. LA COMPATIBILITE VEGETATIVE ................................................................................... 29 5. METHODES DE LUTTE .......................................................................................................... 35 5-1.METHODES PROPHYLACTIQUES ............................................................................................ 35 5-2.METHODES CHIMIQUES ......................................................................................................... 36 5-3.LUTTE GENETIQUE ................................................................................................................ 37 5-4.LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE ............................................................................................................... 38 CHAPITRE II : PRINCIPALES MALADIES DU POIS DANS L’OUEST ALGERIEN ...... 45 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 45 2. MATERIEL ET METHODES .................................................................................................. 46 2-1.PROSPECTION ET PRELEVEMENT DES ECHANTILLONS ........................................................... 46 2-2. LES VARIETES FREQUEMMENT CULTIVEES EN ALGERIE ...................................................... 51 III Sommaire 2-3.MILIEUX DE CULTURE UTILISES ............................................................................................ 51 2-4.METHODES D’ISOLEMENT ET DE PURIFICATION .................................................................... 52 2-4-1.Isolement à partir des racines, des tiges et des feuilles des plantes ............................... 52 2-4-2.Isolement des microorganismes à partir de la rhizosphère............................................ 52 2-5.PURIFICATION DES ISOLATS ET CULTURE MONOSPORE ......................................................... 54 2-5-1.Purification des champignons ....................................................................................... 54 2-5-2.Purification des bactéries .............................................................................................. 54 2-5-3.Culture monospore ........................................................................................................ 54 2-6.IDENTIFICATION DES MICROORGANISMES ............................................................................
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