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Observations on the Vascular Wall Flora of Some Temples of Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, South India

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Observations on the Vascular Wall Flora of Some Temples of Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, South India International Journal of Modern Biology and Medicine, 2013, 4(1): 40-53 International Journal of Modern Biology and Medicine ISSN: 2165-0136 Journal homepage: www.ModernScientificPress.com/Journals/IJBioMed.aspx Florida, USA Communication Observations on the Vascular Wall Flora of Some Temples of Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, South India K. Sankar Ganesh 1, *, M. Nagarajan 1, S. Rajasekaran 1, M. Rajesh 1, P. Sundaramoorthy 2 1 Department of Botany, A.V.C. College, Mannampandal, Tamil Nadu, India 2 Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] Article history: Received 21 May 2013, Received in revised form 24 June 2013, Accepted 30 June 2013, Published 8 July 2013. Abstract: No life can be expected on earth without vegetation, but the growth of plants on historical monuments and temples can cause serious problems. The problem can be quit serious in tropical countries like India where the climatic condition is favorable for plant growth. Therefore, one of the major tasks before the present generation is to rise to the challenge for preserving the vast and varied cultural properties for future generations. So an attempt was made on the survey of floras grown on the walls of some familiar temples in Mayiladuthurai, one of the important towns in Tamil nadu, South India. In this survey a total of 31 plants belonging to 22 families were observed. Among the 31 genus, 40 species were recorded. Out of the 40 species, 35 species were Dicotyledons and remaining 5 species were Monocotyledons. Keywords: wall flora; monuments; seed dispersal; eradication; chemicals. 1. Introduction Tamil Nadu has a great tradition of history and culture. In ancient, early medieval and medieval period, a number of dynasties ruled over the Tamil Land. Many of those rulers were very fond of art and architecture and gave generous patronage to men of letter, sculptors, architects and artists. This saw the Tamil land becoming a hub of many beautiful and amazing monuments and temples which Copyright © 2013 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA Int. J. Modern Biol. Med. 2013, 4(1): 40-53 41 attract tourists from all over the world. As a result of such great culture achievements, the state of Tamil Nadu is referred to as the cradle of Dravidian culture, an ancient culture distinguished by unique languages and customs. Many towns and cities of Tamil Nadu are associated with beautiful monuments and temples. Mayiladuthurai is one of those places in Tamil Nadu. In mayiladuthurai and surrounding places many temples are situated. Among these temples Sri Mayuranathar temple, Sri Kasi Vishwanathar temple, Sri Parimala Ranganathar temple, Sri Vallalar temple and Sri Ramar temple are of the most important temples in mayiladuthurai. Many bilgrimis visit these temples every day. Now, the beautifulness of the temples has been degraded day by day, because the floras are growing on the walls and towers. Wall flora is referred as, the flora grown on buildings, temples, house remains or their surrounding areas (Nedelcheva and Vesileva, 2009; Sankar Ganesh et al., 2009). Walls may be generally categorized into 5 types: (i) brick cement wall, (ii) stone cement wall, (iii) brick mud wall, (iv) stone mud wall, and (v) mud wall. In the brick cement wall and stone cement wall, the cementing material used is cement, while in the brick mud wall and stone mud wall the cementing material used is mud. The mud wall is purely made of mud. Plants of herbaceous habits are the chief representatives of wall flora (Singh, 2011a). Walls represent a specific environment for growing plants, which is partly similar to rocks and rock fissures (Woodell, 1979). The flora of wall habitats has received little attention in the past (Karschon and Weinistein, 1985; Lisci and Paccini, 1993; Kolbek, 1997; Tripathy et al., 1999; Wojcikowska and Galera, 2005; Pavlova and Tonkov, 2005; Iatrou et al., 2007; Ezer et al., 2008; Maxwell 2009; Altay et al., 2010; Singh, 2010, 2011b). Walls are man - made artificial habitats. Generally the walls having cracks and crevices often favor of the growth and development of plant species. The wall plants are the result of spontaneous colonization unassisted by human actions. The birds and animals disperse the seeds through their excreta on the temple walls and old house walls. When the conditions are favorable, the seeds germinate and become a plant on the same place (Nadelcheva, 2011; Singh, 2011c). In India, especially Tamil Nadu the study of wall floras is very meager. The study of the wall flora is of special importance for the maintenance and preservation of archeological monuments. As a result, data on the vascular flora of important tTemples in Mayiladuthurai is completely lacking. So an investigation was made on the survey of wall flora in certain temples of Mayiladuthurai - an important city in Tamil Nadu. 2. Materials and Methods The present study deals with the floras growing on walls of certain famous temples in Copyright © 2013 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA Int. J. Modern Biol. Med. 2013, 4(1): 40-53 42 Mayiladuthurai. 2.1. Site description Mayiladuthurai is one of the famous cities in Tamil Nadu. The town is situated on a flat plain on the banks of the river Cauvery. Mayiladuthurai and surrounding places have many temples. 2.2. Field Observation An extensive filed study was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012. The walls and towers of the flora included the main boundary wall surrounding the temples, and towers. The collected plants were preserved and maintained in the form of herbarium for future studies. All the plants collected in the study were identified in the collecting place. The identified plant species were conformed by using standard taxonomic floras proposed by Mathew (1991) and Gamble (1936). 3. Results and Discussion The present study deals with the wall floras of certain temples in Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected plants were identified by using Gamble Flora (1936) and standard herbarium specimens. The identified plants are tabulated in site wise and the table concluded Scientific name, Common name, Tamil name, Family name, Habit and Nature of wall it grow (Tables 1-5). Almost all the species were present in all the survey periods (November 2011 to April 2012). Walls of buildings and of their constructions made of bricks, stones or concreted belongs to specific, polyhemerobic habitats, which can be a substitute habitats for rock plants. They are common but rarely colonized, because of their vertical and even surface, characterized by unfavorable water and temperature regimes and recurrent concentration of the walls (Francis, 2011). This insufficient inflow of Diasporas can also be a reason for slow colonization of walls, especially in centers of large agglomerations. Vascular plants can normally grow on sites where at least a small amount of humus has accumulated. This kind of substrate is formed in calcium containing mortar or slits and fissures of the walls, previously colonized by lichens and mosses (Boratynski et al., 2003). Copyright © 2013 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA Int. J. Modern Biol. Med. 2013, 4(1): 40-53 43 Table 1. Floras grown in the walls of Sri Mayuranathar temple in Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India Nature of Wall Sl. No. Scientific Name Common Name Tamil Name Family Habit Rock Cement Calcium 1) Mollugo oppositifolia (Linn) Jima Thura Poondu Aizoaceae Herb 2) Amaranthus viridis (Linn) Green Amaranth Kuppai kirai Amaranthaceae Herb - 3) Alterranthera sessilis (Lamrk) Sessile Joyweed Ponnanganni Amaranthaceae Herb - - 4) Solanum nigrum (Linn) Black night shade Manaththakkali Solanaceae Herb - - Solanum xanthocarpum (Schrad Yellow berried night 5) Kandankathiri Solanaceae Herb - - & Wendl) shade 6) Achlypha indica (Linn) Indian nattle Kupameni Euphorbiaceae Herb 7) Phyllanthus amarus (Linn) Stone breaker Kezhanelli Euphorbiaceae Herb - - 8) Cleome viscosa (Linn) - Naaikadugu Capparidaceae Herb - - 9) Sida accuta (Linn) Common wire weed Mookkuthipoo Malvaceae Herb - - 10) Cynodon dactylon (Pers) Devils grass Arugampillu Poaceae Herb - - 11) Chloris barbata (SW) Swollen finger grass Kodaipillu Poaceae Herb - - . 12) Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn) Tar vine Mukkarattai Nyctaginaceae Herb - 13) Memordica charantia (Linn) Bitter gourd Pavakkai Cucurbitaceae Climber - - Copyright © 2013 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA Int. J. Modern Biol. Med. 2013, 4(1): 40-53 44 Melothria maderaspattana 14) -- Musumusukkai Cucurbitaceae Climber - - (Cogn) 15) Ficus religiosa (Linn) People's tree Arasu Moraceae Tree - 16) Ficus bengalensis (Linn) Banyan tree Ala Moraceae Tree - - 17) Ficus glamorata (Roxb) Cluster fig Atti Moraceae Tree - - 18) Oldenlandia umbellata (Linn) Choy roof Inbura Rubiaceae Herb - - 19) Morinda tinctoria (Roxb) Indian Malberry Nuna Rubiaceae Tree - - 20) Andrographis echioides (Nees) False water willow Acanthaceae Herb - - 21) Carica papaya (Linn) Papaya Pappali Caricaceae Tree - - 22) Leucas aspera (Spreng) Common leucas Thumbai Lamiaceae Herb - 23) Commelina benghalensis (Linn) Benghal day flower Kanangozhai Commelinaceae Herb - - 24) Tridax procumbens (Linn) - Thathapoo Astraceae Herb - - 25) Vernonia indica (C.B. Clarke) Iron weed - Astraceae Herb - - 25) Tinospora cordifolia (Miers) Guduchi Sindil Menispermaceae climber - - 26) Aerva Lanata - Poovellam Poo Arnaranthacena Herb - - Copyright © 2013 by Modern Scientific Press
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