DOCSLIB.ORG

Creating an Environmentally Conscious Life Cycle for Lead-Acid Batteries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Creating an Environmentally Conscious Life Cycle for Lead-Acid Batteries In Collaboration with Pure Earth, the International Lead Association and Responsible Battery Coalition Consequences in partnership with the of a Mobile Future: World Economic Forum Creating an Environmentally Conscious Life Cycle for Lead-Acid Batteries WHITE PAPER DECEMBER 2020 Cover: Getty Images Contents 3 Foreword 4 Executive summary 7 1 Closed loop recycling: Benefits and known challenges 10 2 Health and economic impacts from informal and unsound ULAB recycling 12 3 Mitigating negative impacts from informal lead-acid battery recycling 16 4 Policies and tools to increase formal recycling rates and reduce risks 21 5 Technical guidelines to improve formal ULAB recycling 25 6 Conclusion and future trends 26 Contributors 27 Endnotes © 2020 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. Consequences of a Mobile Future 2 Foreword This paper offers recommendations for policy- makers and describes best practices for the safe management of lead battery recycling. Mathy Stanislaus Jonathan Eckart Director ad interim, Project Lead, Global Battery Global Battery Alliance Alliance; Global Leadership Fellow, World Economic Forum The need for urgent and more intensive action LABs are valued for their affordability and high against climate change is broadly recognized. In its recycling rate. Nearly all materials used to build September 2019 report, the Global Battery Alliance LABs can be recycled to create new batteries of (GBA) sets forth a profound goal, expressed in the equal value. With growing concerns over resource publication’s title: A Vision for a Sustainable Battery extraction and waste, LABs present one of the Value Chain in 2030: Unlocking the Full Potential best potential examples of a closed-loop circular to Power Sustainable Development and Climate economy. However, technical and regulatory Change Mitigation. In it, the GBA states that a challenges to recycling LABs in low- and middle- circular, responsible and just battery value chain income countries exist, resulting in unsafe recycling is one of the major near-term drivers to realize practices. In these countries, used lead-acid the Paris Agreement goal of limiting the global batteries (ULABs) are often recycled in facilities temperature increase to below 2°C in the transport without adequate pollution and workplace controls, and power sectors. This lays out a course towards or in the informal economy, where pollution controls achieving the 1.5°C goal if complemented with are non-existent and severe pollution is common. other technologies and collaborative efforts. This paper provides a series of recommendations As stated in the report, “[A] vision of the battery for policy-makers and describes best practices value chain is incomplete without providing a for the safe management of lead battery perspective of the other large battery market recycling. It highlights the economic and health segment: lead-acid batteries (LAB). In 2018, benefits of fostering the adoption of these approximately 72% of the world rechargeable practices globally. The challenges presented battery capacity (in GWh) was provided by LABs.”1 by the improper recycling of ULABs can only be addressed through collaborative efforts This White Paper, a follow up to that report, between governments, the private sector and civil addresses the safe and environmentally responsible society. This paper aims to contribute to work management of LAB recycling. Unfortunately, the undertaken in the context of the Basel Convention mismanagement of LAB recycling around the world on the Control of Transboundary Movements has dire consequences, despite evidence in North of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (the America and Europe that the risks can be managed Basel Convention). One specific opportunity is to by adopting effective control measures that limit inform whether the 2003 “Technical Guidelines lead exposures. A July 2020 report by the non-profit for the Environmentally Sound Management of organizations Pure Earth and UNICEF, titled The Waste Lead-acid Batteries” should be updated. Toxic Truth: Children’s Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential, This Global Battery Alliance White Paper was reveals that lead poisoning is affecting children written in collaboration with Pure Earth, the on a massive and previously unknown scale. Responsible Battery Coalition and the International Approximately one in three children – up to 800 Lead Association. It builds on the global leadership million globally – have blood lead levels at or above of the Basel Convention Secretariat and United 5 micrograms per decilitre (µg/dL), a level the report Nations Environment Programme, which have says requires an urgent international response.2 championed the need to introduce global standards in LAB recycling for many years. Consequences of a Mobile Future 3 Executive summary Used lead-acid batteries need to be managed and recycled in a manner that prevents lead pollution, protecting workers and public health. Modern economies depend on the ability to exposure of workers and the public, particularly transfer and store energy. The demand for batteries children, to lead. Lead is a well-studied for both mobile storable energy and connectivity neurotoxicant. The World Health Organization states continues to grow. that no concentration of lead in children’s blood is safe, noting that, “It is now quite clear that there are In 2018, As noted in the Global Battery Alliance (GBA) adverse neurodevelopmental effects at the lowest approximately report A Vision for a Sustainable Battery Value blood lead concentrations yet studied. ...There 72% of the world Chain in 2030: “[A] vision of the battery value chain appears to be no threshold level below which lead rechargeable is incomplete without providing a perspective of causes no injury to the developing human brain.”4 battery capacity the other large battery market segment: lead-acid Children exposed to lead face permanent adverse (in GWh) was batteries (LAB). In 2018, approximately 72% of the health effects, including impaired brain development world rechargeable battery capacity (in GWh) was and nervous system damage that can be observed provided by LABs. provided by LABs. … LABs will be employed in as measured decrements in IQ. … LABs will be cars, including [electric vehicles], for many years employed in cars, and the global market for them is expected to The July 2020 report by the non-profit organizations including [electric further grow … LABs are, therefore, an integral part Pure Earth and UNICEF, The Toxic Truth: Children’s vehicles], for many of the global battery market and will continue to be Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation years and the so for a long time.”3 of Future Potential, reveals that lead poisoning is global market for affecting children on a massive and previously them is expected Approximately 65% of the global demand for unknown scale. Approximately one in three children to further grow. lead-acid batteries (LABs) is currently driven by – up to 800 million globally – have blood lead levels automotive applications, with nearly every vehicle on at or above 5 micrograms per decilitre (µg/dL), a the road requiring a LAB for starter, light and ignition level the report says requires urgent action.5 functions. The remainder of uses are as industrial batteries, with lead-based batteries popular for Lead comprises approximately 60% of a LAB’s off-grid energy renewable storage. They are used weight. ULABs need to be managed and recycled especially in developing countries as a key enabling in a manner that prevents lead pollution, protecting technology to deliver on Sustainable Development workers and public health. They must be recycled Goal 7: affordable and clean energy for all. in well-regulated facilities with prescribed design and safety equipment, worker health and safety LABs are valued because they are affordable procedures, and pollution controls. These and highly recyclable. Nearly all materials used to requirements preclude the involvement of the construct LABs can be recycled to create new informal sector in many activities such as metal batteries of equal value. When the lead is contained smelting. However, efforts to simply shut down within a manufactured battery, it presents no risk informal recyclers can be counterproductive, as of exposure to the user. And properly managed these operations can easily move and reopen, recycling and manufacturing facilities present creating additional contamination hotspots. little risk of exposure to workers, bystanders or the environment. When considering the growing Even formal recycling operations can pose concerns over resource extraction and waste, LABs significant health risks to employees and local are a potential example of a closed-loop economy. communities if safety and environmental protection standards are not adequate. The development However, technical and regulatory challenges to of a safe, profitable and efficient ULAB recycling recycling LABs in low- and middle-income countries economy requires a coordinated approach to exist. In these countries, used lead-acid batteries ensure that appropriate regulations, enforcement (ULABs) are often recycled in facilities without activities, technical assistance, market and tax adequate pollution and workplace controls, or in the incentives, as well as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Country Programme Document 2011-2014
    Country Programme Document 2011-2014 Blacksmith Institute China Programme 2014 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10035 | t: 212.647.8330 | f: 212.647.8334 | www.blacksmithinstitute.org Contents I. Situational Analysis II. Past Cooperation Experiences and lessons Learnt III. Strategy & Approaches for 2011 - 2014 IV. Proposed Programme V. Programme Management, Monitoring and Evaluation VI. Key Partners Annex 1. Annex 1 Terms of References for China Technical Advisory Board 2. Annex 2 Country Programme Workplan for 2011 ± 2014 3. Annex 3 Country Team Priorities for the 4th Quarter of 2011 2014 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10035 | t: 212.647.8330 | f: 212.647.8334 | www.blacksmithinstitute.org Blacksmith Institute China Country Programme Document 2011-2014 I. Situational Analysis Background Since 1979, with the introduction of reforms and opening up, China's GDP has grown at an average of 9.8% annually, per capita income has increased fiftyfold and some 500 million people have been lifted out of poverty. Rapid economic growth has come at a serious environmental pollution costs. In the past few decades, although China has invested enormous financial resources in pollution control, but development is still lagging behind the ³green development´, leading to contamination of rivers and soil, and ecosystem degradation. China's globally significant biological diversity and ecological status of the system is under severe threats from the economic growth. With China's accelerated urbanization process and the conduct of inter-regional transfer of industries, the pressure on environment from social services, energy, infrastructure and housing will continue to increase. Since the 1990s, large and medium cities in China have experienced massive relocation of industrial enterprises in the phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Executive Summary
    WORKSHOP ON SOUND MANAGEMENT OF USED LEAD ACID BATTERIES REPORT 26-27 November 2015, Osaka, Japan Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Goal and Objectives of the Workshop ................................................................................................ 3 Participants ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Partners ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Programme ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Proceedings ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Conclusions and recommendations .................................................................................................... 9 Evaluation ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Philippines & Pollution
    Philippines & Pollution Health Impact, Economic Impact, Injustice, and Solutions The Lancet Commission on pollution and health Pollution in the air, water provides data related to the health and economic costs of pollution for 190 countries. It also gives and soil was responsible specifics on the inequity of pollution’s impact, and for 16.4% of all deaths provides an overview of solutions implemented or possible to reduce the burden of pollution. in the Philippines. The Commission’s lead authors have prepared this brief summary of pollution’s impact specifically in Average % of Deaths from Pollution the Philippines. High-Income Countries 7.3% Health Impact Upper-Middle-Income Countries 10.3% In 2015, the report indicates that 91,500 people in the Philippines died from pollution-related disease. Lower-Middle-Income Countries 14.7% That is close to four times more than deaths from Low-Income Countries 19.2% HIV, TB and malaria combined. Causes of Death — Philippines 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 - Lead Occupational Water, Total Air Total Diet High in Road Conflict and HIV/TB/ Alcohol & Tobacco Use Pollution Sanitation & Pollution Sodium Accidents Violence Malaria Drug Use Hygiene Source | The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health, October 2017 WWW.GAHP.NET FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT [email protected] TEL. +1 212 870 3490 Economic Impact A valuable strategy recommended at the national and state level, the Health and Pollution Planning The economic cost of pollution to the Philippines is process involves multiple national or state calculated in two ways: government agencies (environment, health, industry, transport, finance, etc) meeting to • The costs of lost productivity from pollution- identify, evaluate and prioritize pollution issues related diseases are estimated to be between based on health impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing the Threat of Toxic Pollution to Women and Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Reducing the Threat of Toxic Pollution to Women and Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Toxic pollution causes immense harm to humans, especially to women, threatening maternal health, and children. It can exacerbate other health concerns and can trigger illness throughout the lifespan. TOXIC POLLUTION HARMS MATERNAL, > SOLUTION INFANT & CHILD HEALTH We prioritize interventions and remediation projects Exposures to dangerous chemicals have a based on the most urgent threats to human health. multigenerational impact on women, families and The threat to pregnant women, infants and young entire communities. children ranks highly in our decision matrix. Toxicants such as lead, mercury, hexavalent Community education is a key part of all our chromium and particulates in air pollution can cause interventions. We provide thorough training on toxic damage to babies in utero, including birth defects exposure risk and mitigation strategies to families, and neurological damage, and result in lower IQs. nurses/health care staff, teachers and school These chemicals can also be transmitted to infants children. We also conduct health assessments, via breast milk. testing community members for exposure and levels of contamination. We train and employ community Toxic exposures have been linked to pre-term birth, members in decontaminating their communities and and infant mortality. New research has shown that homes. exposure to toxic pollution in utero can also impact the future reproductive and genetic health of a Well over 50% of attendees at these trainings are developing fetus. women. As mothers, they are traditionally the In Patna, India, after the cleanup of a lead- contaminated neighborhood, the women we trained continue to meet on a regular basis to discuss ways to protect their children from lead and other forms of Photo: Larry Price pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • The Toxics Beneath Our Feet 4
    2016 The Toxics WORLD’S WORST Beneath POLLUTION PROBLEMS Our Feet This document was prepared by Pure Cover photo: Earth and Green Cross Switzerland A young man stands barefoot on land with input and review from a number next to his farm in Sheikpura village on of experts and volunteers, to whom the outskirts of the city of Kanpur in we are most grateful. India. Beneath his feet, contaminated water pours out sewerage pipes and For questions, comments, and feedback, enters his farm. please contact: Photo by Sean Gallagher Angela Bernhardt Pure Earth 475 Riverside Drive, 860 Back cover photo: New York, NY 10115 In a Dhaka, Bangladesh tannery, a +1 212 870 3490 man works barefoot in a pool of toxic [email protected] chromium-based chemicals used to process leather. Nathalie Gysi Photo by Larry C. Price Green Cross Switzerland Fabrikstrasse 17 8005 Zurich, Switzerland +41 (0) 43 499 13 10 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Introduction 5 The Evidence Grows 5 Scale of the Problem 6 Vulnerability of Children 7 What can be done 10 Refining the Global Burden of Disease Estimates 12 Global Health Burden of Toxic Pollution 12 Calculating DALYs—Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) 13 Applying DALYs Globally 14 The Burden Associated with the Top Ten Sources 15 The Top Ten List Revisited 18 Lead-Acid Battery Recycling 18 Industrial Mining and Ore Processing 21 Lead Smelting 23 Tannery Operations 26 Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining 26 Industrial/Municipal Dumpsites 27 Industrial Estates 29 Chemical Manufacturing 30 Product Manufacturing 32 Dye Industry 34 The Pollutants 38 Lead 38 Chromium 39 Mercury 41 Radionuclides 43 Five Other Major Sources 48 Petrochemical Industry 48 Electronic Waste Recycling 49 Heavy Industry 50 Pesticide Manufacturing and Storage 51 Uranium Processing 53 Conclusion 54 3 World’s Worst Pollution Problems 2016 The Toxics Beneath Our Feet 4 Executive Summary The 2016 World’s Worst Pollution Problems report is the 11th in an annual series published by Green Cross Switzerland and Pure Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • High Peaks, Pure Earth
    BOOK REVIEW HIGH PEAKS, PURE EARTH COLLECTED WRITINGS ON TIBETAN HISTORY AND CULTURE BY HUGH RICHARDSON A COMPILATION OF A SERIES OF PROGRAMS ON RADIO FREE ASIA TIBETAN SERVICE BY WARREN W. SMITH 1 HIGH PEAKS, PURE EARTH High Peaks, Pure Earth is the title of the collected works on Tibetan history and culture by Hugh Richardson, a British diplomat who became a historian of Tibet. He was British representative in Lhasa from 1936 to 1940 and again from 1946 to 1950, during which time he did many studies on ancient and modern Tibetan history. He wrote numerous articles on Tibetan history and culture, all of which have been published in this book of his collected writings. Hugh Richardson was born in Scotland, a part of Great Britain that bears some similarities to Tibet, both in its environment and in its politics. Scotland has long had a contentious relationship with England and was incorporated only by force into Great Britain. Richardson became a member of the British administration of India in 1932. He was a member of a 1936 British mission to Tibet. Richardson remained in Lhasa to become the first officer in charge of the British Mission in Lhasa. He was in Lhasa from 1936 to 1940, when the Second World War began. After the war he again represented the British Government in Lhasa from 1946 to 1947, when India became independent, after which he was the representative of the Government of India. He left Tibet only in September 1950, shortly before the Chinese invasion. Richardson lived in Tibet for a total of eight years.
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENT a Dozen Countries Take on Toxic Pollution>
    Home About Us Contact Us Subscribe Search Go! ENVIRONMENT: A Dozen Countries Take on Toxic Pollution Stephen Leahy UXBRIDGE, Canada, 29 Oct (IPS) - Of the tens of thousands of toxic sites affecting the health of 500 million people in the middle- and low-income countries of world, only 12 are being cleaned up, according to a new report. "We could only find 12 sites," said Richard Fuller, founder of the Blacksmith Institute, which issued a report detailing "12 Cases of Clean-up and Success" Wednesday. Blacksmith, an independent environmental group, in partnership with Green Cross Switzerland spent the past year soliciting and verifying contamination clean-up at heavily polluted sites anywhere in the world outside of North America and Europe. "If that was the situation in the West, there'd be a huge public outcry and billions of dollars spent for clean-up," Fuller told IPS. "We've shipped our dirty industries overseas and the pollution moved with them." Previous Blacksmith reports have documented the world's worst pollution problems, such as toxic waste, air pollution, ground and surface water contamination, metal smelting and processing, used car battery recycling and artisanal gold mining. These affect human health on a scale with HIV/AIDS and malaria, but receive little international attention or funding. This year, Blacksmith has focused on successes in remediation and mitigation in an effort to illustrate that solutions are not difficult - mainly because the rich countries have already cleaned up their own backyards and have the knowledge and technologies. "These problems can be tackled successfully even with limited funding, and through models that can be replicated around the world," Fuller said.
    [Show full text]
  • India's Threatened Water Supplies - Council on Foreign Relations
    India's Threatened Water Supplies - Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/publication/14597/indias_threatened_water_suppli... Home | Site Index | FAQs | Contact | RSS | Podcast home > by publication type > daily analysis > India's Threatened Water Supplies Email Daily Analysis India's Threatened Water Supplies October 23, 2007 Author: Toni Johnson With the largest open-cast chromite ore mines in the world, India’s Sukinda valley endures significant pollution; 60 percent of the drinking water is contaminated with carcinogenic hexavalent chromium, affecting nearly 3 million people. Health officials say 85 percent (Times of India) of the population suffers from “pollution-induced” diseases and fatalities, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, tuberculosis, birth defects and infertility. The Sukinda valley is one of two parts of India named 2007’s ten most polluted places (PDF) in the world by an international environmental group. With 16 percent of the world’s population but only 4 percent of the freshwater, India wallows in water problems caused by rapid economic expansion, inadequate response to population changes, and other environmental challenges. Most rivers in the country, even the Ganges, “the most sacred of rivers (newKerala.com),” choke with pollution, especially untreated urban sewage (Spiegel) from ever growing cities—making water unfit for drinking, bathing, and in some cases, irrigation. A man carries polluted water from the River Ganges in Allahabad, India. Meanwhile, groundwater, which accounts for 40 percent of the freshwater supply, gets (AP images) consumed faster than monsoon rains can restock it, “so fast (NYT) that they are hitting deposits formed at the time of the dinosaurs.” Instead of clean water, increasingly, depleted wells yield water loaded with kidney-damaging arsenic and high concentrations of iron and fluorides, and also increase salinity in the water table.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh Country Report 2018
    . Photo: Children near an unsecured former smelting site in the Ashulia area outside of Dhaka Toxic Sites Identification Program in Bangladesh Award: DCI-ENV/2015/371157 Prepared by: Andrew McCartor Prepared for: UNIDO Date: November 2018 Pure Earth 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 860 New York, NY, USA +1 212 647 8330 www.pureearth.org List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... 1 List of Annexes ......................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 2 Background............................................................................................................................... 2 Toxic Sites Identification Program (TSIP) ............................................................................. 3 TSIP Training ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Implementation Strategy and Coordination with Government .......................................... 4 Program Implementation Activities ..................................................................................................... 4 Analysis of Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Key Issues at Stake at COP1 on the Minamata Convention, Geneva, 24–29 September 2017
    Briefing ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY (ENVI) Key issues at stake at COP1 on the Minamata Convention, Geneva, 24–29 September 2017 KEY FINDINGS • The Minamata Convention has been welcomed as a major step in the fight against mercury related health hazards. During COP1, Parties will discuss several topics of the agreement, debate amendments and adopt Articles or guidance. The public and private sector are encouraging Parties to take concrete actions during COP1. • The issue of effectiveness evaluation must be monitored closely as it will set the foundation for the future. Defining common methods and monitoring tools will be essential when it comes to assessing the concrete impact of the Convention. • Guidance on mercury supply sources and trade will be adopted with the aim of phasing out the use of mercury products. Most of the world resources are localised in a few countries, therefore finding alternatives for these Parties will be of high importance. • Artisanal and small scale gold mining is often an illegal activity, which is hard to monitor and impacts the local environment. The guidance to be adopted will have to consider the reality of the communities concerned and associated ethical issues. • In regard to mercury emissions and releases, best practices and guidelines have been developed for countries to better develop inventories and set National Action Plans. A special focus is provided on open burning practices, which are currently poorly characterised despite their negative environmental impact. • One of the key challenges of the COP1 will be to agree on harmonised thresholds for the definition of contaminated sites and mercury waste, which should be based on experience sharing.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Press Release
    JOINT PRESS RELEASE Embargoed until 00:01 GMT 30 July 2020 A third of the world’s children poisoned by lead, new groundbreaking analysis says UNICEF and Pure Earth call for urgent action to abolish dangerous practices including the informal recycling of lead acid batteries NEW YORK, 30 July 2020 – Lead poisoning is affecting children on a massive and previously unknown scale, according to a new report launched today by UNICEF and Pure Earth. The report, the first of its kind, says that around 1 in 3 children – up to 800 million globally – have blood lead levels at or above 5 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL), the level at which requires action. Nearly half of these children live in South Asia. “With few early symptoms, lead silently wreaks havoc on children’s health and development, with possibly fatal consequences,” said Henrietta Fore, UNICEF Executive Director. “Knowing how widespread lead pollution is – and understanding the destruction it causes to individual lives and communities – must inspire urgent action to protect children once and for all.” The report, The Toxic Truth: Children’s exposure to lead pollution undermines a generation of potential, is an analysis of childhood lead exposure undertaken by the Institute of Health Metrics Evaluation (IHME) and verified with a study approved for publication in Environmental Health Perspectives. It notes that lead is a potent neurotoxin which causes irreparable harm to children’s brains. It is particularly destructive to babies and children under the age of five as it damages their brains before they have had the opportunity to fully develop, causing them lifelong neurological, cognitive and physical impairment.
    [Show full text]
  • Lead Pollution & Battery Recycling
    Andrew McCartor Lead Pollution & Dir. of Policy & Planning Pure Earth Battery Recycling [email protected] Topics 1. Trends in health impacts from lead 1. Informal sector challenges & solutions 2. Cleaning-up contaminated sites Women of childbearing age dismantling lead-acid batteries in India What we do: 1. Identify and assess toxic hotspots 2. Research on pollution and health 3. Policy and planning assistance to governments 4. Remediation projects Toxic Sites Identification Program 5,000 Contaminated Sites Assessed Data Source for Health Impacts from Lead • WHO & IHME Burden of Disease Studies • Captures causes and risk factors for death and disability • WHO & IHME are collaborating • How reliable is the lead data? • Good, not great • OK for macro-trends Link: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ Annual Deaths from Well-Known Diseases & Risk Factors 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 Annual Deaths Annual 200,000 0 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2015. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Accessed March 9, 2019) Trends in Lead Deaths by National Income Upper-Mid Income Lower-Mid Income Low Income High Income Deaths Per 100K Per Deaths Death Rates (per 100K) from Lead USA UK India China Leaded petrol ban petrol Leaded out Leaded petrol ban petrol Leaded Leaded petrol ban petrol Leaded Leaded petrol ban petrol Leaded - Lead phase Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2015. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. (Accessed Feb 12, 2019) 56 Countries Where Lead Death Rates Increased Since 2000 (when most banned leaded fuel) Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME).
    [Show full text]