SUNI RESOURCES S.A. GRAPHITE PROJECT,

MONTEPUEZ, MOZAMBIQUE

TERRESTRIAL FAUNAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Prepared for:

SUNI RESOURCES S.A.

Edificio Solar das Acacias, Avenida Julius Nyerere 4000, Loja 05, Cidade de Maputo, Mozambique

Prepared by:

COASTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MOZAMBIQUE LDA

Avenida da Mozal, Porta 2334 Beluluane Celula D. Quarteirao 02, Matola Cidade, Maputo, Mozambique.

With offices in South Africa, Mozambique and the United Kingdom www.cesnet.co.za SUNI RESOURCES S.A. GRAPHITE PROJECT,

MONTEPUEZ, MOZAMBIQUE

TERRESTRIAL FAUNAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Prepared for:

SUNI RESOURCES S.A.

Edificio Solar das Acacias, Avenida Julius Nyerere 4000, Loja 05, Cidade de Maputo, Mozambique

Prepared by:

COASTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MOZAMBIQUE LDA

Avenida da Mozal, Porta 2334 Beluluane Celula D. Quarteirao 02, Matola Cidade, Maputo, Mozambique.

With offices in South Africa, Mozambique and the United Kingdom www.cesnet.co.za Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal

NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Suni Resources S.A. wishes to develop the Montepuez Project graphite mine located 60km north- west of the town of Montepuez, Mozambique. The project will consist of two graphite mine pits referred to as Elephant and Buffalo, two associated waste rock dumps (WRD), one tails dam (two alternative locations proposed), a processing plant, staff accommodation and either a water storage dam or a pipeline and turkey nest storage dam.

This Faunal Impact Assessment complies with Mozambique legislation and applicable conventions and protocols Mozambique is signatory to. This assessment identified:  Faunal species (Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals and Birds) and those Species of Conservation Concern (SCC).  Habitats likely to be impacted on and their sensitivity.  Impacts likely to occur as a result of the Montepuez Project.  Mitigation measures to avoid, minimise/optimise and rehabilitate impacts.

A wet season site survey was conducted from the 29 November – 6 December 2016. An initial drive through the study area was undertaken during the survey to establish habitat diversity and overall ecological state. Following this, five trap arrays (to capture small rodents alive) were erected and 6 camera traps were placed at different sites in the study area. The trap arrays were checked daily and the camera traps were checked once and moved to a different position. Active sampling was done early morning and late afternoon- evening.

Eleven habitat types were identified across the study area, based on faunal requirements for shelter, breeding and feeding. These habitats are particular to vegetation (canopy cover, tree height & understory), presence of water and/or rock. Habitat types have, as far as possible, been aligned with the vegetation impact assessment for consistency. Habitats include:

 Tall Closed Forest  Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland  Rocky outcrops (flat and boulders)  Bamboo Thicket  Dry river bed  Palm Savanna  Temporary streams and incidental pools  Open Savanna/Dambos,  Riparian Woodland  Machambas  Tall Open Miombo Woodland

Faunal species likely to occur within the study area and those observed during the wet season site survey are summarised in the table below:

Table 1: Summary of actual faunal species occurrence and those likely to occur.

Faunal group # Species observed # SCC # Species likely to occur # SCC Reptiles 14 2 87 5 Amphibians 8 43 Mammals 19 149 4 Birds 168 17 396 69

Twenty one impacts were identified in total with six occurring during the construction phase, ten as a result of the operational phase, three from decommissioning and one cumulative impact (Table 2). Impacts associated with this development include the following:

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 Loss of faunal biodiversity: The project area supports a large diversity of faunal species and habitats. The construction and operation of the mine and its associated infrastructure will result in a loss of biodiversity for all faunal groups through displacement, habitat fragmentation, and habitat loss caused by the project footprint and associated infrastructure. There is likely to be an increase in hunting pressures due to an increase in population numbers associated with job seekers. Increased levels of dust and noise, the spillage of hydrocarbons and other pollutants associated with construction and operational phase activities, will further impact numerous faunal species.  Human/Wildlife Conflict: The influx of employees and job seekers into the project area is likely to increase the number of interactions between humans and dangerous faunal species. The interaction between wild animals and people can have a negative impact on people and their resources, as well as on wild animals and their habitats.  The introduction of an artificial permanent water source: The introduction of an artificial permanent water source (a water supply dam) will have a significant ecological impact within the project area as well as the region. Surface water is a key determinant of the distribution of elephants (Loxodonta africana) and other water-dependent herbivores. The impacts that these ecosystem engineers could have on ecological integrity and function are potentially adverse. Conversely, the introduction of an artificial water source could also have significantly beneficial impacts on other faunal species and assemblages.

However, through appropriate management measures and the implementation of mitigation measures, most of the impacts with a significance rating of high and moderate can be reduced to moderate and low with the exception of the impact on riparian vegetation. It is also recommended that the residual impacts associated with the mine are offset using the guidelines set out in the National Biodiversity Offset System: A Road Map for Mozambique (2016).

Table 2: Impact assessment of the Montepuez Project on Faunal species Without With Impact Mitigation Mitigation No-Go Option Impact 1: Habitat loss and fragmentation Moderate- Moderate- Impact 2: Current land use impacts on faunal groups High- High- Construction Phase Impact 3a: Loss of amphibian diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the access roads, pump station, pit shells, processing Moderate- Moderate- plant, and waste storage areas. Impact 3b: Loss of amphibian diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the storage water dam, alternative pipeline and storage High- Moderate- dam, and TSF options. Impact 4: Loss of reptile diversity associated with the construction phase Moderate- Low- Impact 5a: Loss of bird diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the access roads, pump station, pit shells, processing Moderate- Low- plant, and waste storage areas. Impact 5b: Loss of bird diversity and SCC associated with the High- Moderate- construction of the water storage dam (and alternative) and TSF Impact 6: Loss of mammal diversity associated with the construction Moderate- Moderate- phase activities Operation Impact 7: Increase in abundance of elephants due to the introduction of Very High Very High - an artificial permanent water source -

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Without With Impact Mitigation Mitigation Impact 8: Impact on Amphibian Diversity due to the introduction of an Moderate- Low- artificial permanent water source Impact 9: Impact on Reptile Diversity due to the introduction of an Low - Low + artificial permanent water source Impact 10: Impact on Bird Diversity due to the introduction of an artificial Low + Moderate+ permanent water source Impact 11: Impact on Mammal Diversity due to the introduction of an Low + Moderate+ artificial permanent water source Impact 12: Loss of Amphibian Diversity and SCC associated with the High- Moderate- operation of the mine. Impact 13: Loss of Reptile Diversity associated with the operation phase Moderate- Low- Impact 14: Loss of Bird Diversity and SCC associated with mining Moderate- Low- operations. Impact 15: Loss of Mammal Diversity associated with operation phase Moderate- Moderate- activities Impact 16: Increases in human and wildlife interactions associated with High- Moderate- the operation of the mine Impact 17: Introduction of Alien fauna Moderate- Low- Decommissioning Impact 18: Loss of faunal diversity associated with the decommissioning Moderate - Low- of project infrastructures Impact 19: Loss of faunal diversity associated with the decommissioning High - High + of permanent water bodies Cumulative Impact 20: Cumulative Loss of Faunal Diversity and SCC High- Moderate-

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REVISIONS TRACKING TABLE

This Report should be cited as follows: Coastal & Environmental Services, February 2017, Suni Resources S.A. Montepuez Graphite Project, Draft Faunal Impact Assessment Report, CES, Cape Town.

Coastal and Environmental Services

Report Title: Metals of Africa Montepuez Graphite Project, Draft Faunal Impact Assessment Report Version: Draft 1 Project Number: 168

Responsibility Name Author Ms Amber Jackson Author Mr Craig Sholto-Douglas Reviewer Dr Ted Avis

Copyright This document contains intellectual property and propriety information that are protected by copyright in favour of EOH Coastal & Environmental Services (CES) and the specialist consultants. The document may therefore not be reproduced, used or distributed to any third party without the prior written consent of CES. This document is prepared exclusively for submission to Metals of Africa Limited, and is subject to all confidentiality, copyright and trade secrets, rules intellectual property law and practices of Mozambique and South Africa.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... XI 1.1. Brief Project description ...... xi 1.2. Terms of Reference ...... 12 1.3. Expertise of the Team ...... 12 2. METHODOLOGY ...... 14 2.1. Desktop Assessment and Literature Review ...... 14 2.2. Field survey ...... 14 2.3. Sampling sites: ...... 18 2.4. data analysis and interpretation ...... 20 2.5. Impact Assessment ...... 20 3. LITURATURE REVIEW ...... 23 3.1. Herpetpfauna ...... 23 3.1.1. Reptiles SCC ...... 23 3.1.2. Amphibians SCC ...... 24 3.2. Mammals ...... 24 3.2.1. Mammal SCC ...... 24 3.3. Birds ...... 26 3.4. Protected Areas ...... 27 4. RESULTS ...... 30 4.1. HABITATS ...... 30 4.2. REPTILES ...... 41 4.2.1. Recorded Reptiles from the Project Area ...... 41 4.2.2. Reptile SCC ...... 42 4.3. AMPHIBIANS ...... 43 4.3.1. Amphibians recorded in the Study Area ...... 43 4.4. MAMMALS ...... 44 4.4.1. Mammals Recorded in the Study Area ...... 44 4.4.2. Mammals of SCC ...... 46 4.5. BIRDS ...... 46 4.5.1. Recorded Birds from the Project Area ...... 46 4.5.2. Bird SCC ...... 49 5. IMPACTS ...... 52 5.1. Introduction ...... 52 5.1.1. Issue 1: Loss of faunal biodiversity ...... 52 5.1.2. Issue 2: Exaccerbated human influence - mine Induced Impact ...... 52 5.1.3. Issue 3: Human/Wildlife Conflict...... 53 5.1.4. Issue 4: Increase in Human-Elephant conflict ...... 53 5.1.5. Issue 5: Increase in the presence of elephants within the project area ...... 53 5.2. The current impacts: the “NO-GO” or “Without Project Scenario”...... 54 5.2.1. Impact 1: Habitat loss and fragmentation ...... 54 5.2.2. Impact 2: Current land use impacts on faunal groups ...... 54 5.3. Construction Phase impacts ...... 55 5.3.1. Impact 3: Loss of Amphibian Diversity ...... 55 5.3.2. Impact 4: Loss of Reptile Diversity ...... 56

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5.3.3. Impact 5: Loss of Bird Diversity ...... 57 5.3.4. Impact 6: Loss of Mammal Diversity ...... 59 5.4. Operation Phase Impacts ...... 59 5.4.1. Impact 7: Impact of elephants as ecosystem engineers ...... 60 5.4.2. Impact 8: Impact on Amphibian Diversity ...... 61 5.4.3. Impact 9: Impact on Reptile Diversity ...... 62 5.4.4. Impact 10: Impact on Bird Diversity ...... 63 5.4.5. Impact 11: Impact on Mammal Diversity ...... 63 5.4.6. Impact 12: Loss of Amphibian Diversity ...... 64 5.4.7. Impact 13: Loss of Reptile Diversity ...... 65 5.4.8. Impact 14: Loss of Bird Diversity ...... 66 5.4.9. Impact 15: Loss of Mammal Diversity ...... 67 5.4.10. Impact 16: Increases in human and wildlife interactions ...... 67 5.4.11. Impact 17: Introduction of Alien fauna ...... 68 5.5. Decommissioning Phase Impacts ...... 69 5.5.1. Impact 18: Decommissioning of mining infrastructure (excluding the storage water dam and TSF) ...... 69 5.5.2. Impact 19: Decommissioning of the permanent water bodies (storage water dam and TSF)...... 69 5.6. Cumulative Impacts ...... 70 5.6.1. Impact 20: Cumulative Impact on Faunal Diversity ...... 70 5.7. Habitat sensitivity analysis ...... 71 6. CONCLUSION ...... 74 6.1. Conclusions ...... 74 6.2. Preferred Alternatives ...... 75 6.3. Conditions for the EMPr, environmental licence and Monitoring ...... 75 7. REFERENCES ...... 76 8. APPENDIX ...... 78

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Locality map indicating the position of the exploration license area 6216 relative to the Syrah Resources Balama Graphite mine and Genfields Ruby Mine...... xi Figure 3.1: The African elephant’s population range in northern Mozambique (Green shaded area) in relation to the Montepuez Project (red star) (Thouless et al. 2016)...... 26 Figure 3-2: The location of the Montepuez Exploration License area in relation to the surrounding protected areas...... 29 Figure 4.1: Habitat map of the habitat occurring in the study area...... 40 Figure 5-1: Sensitivity map of the study area...... 73

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Active searching methods faunal surveys ...... 14 Table 2.2.: Sample site locations ...... 18 Table 2.3: Ranking of Evaluation Criteria ...... 21 Table 2.4 a: Matrix used to determine the overall significance of the impact based on the likelihood and effect of the impact...... 21 Table 2.4 b: Description of Environmental Significance Ratings and associated range of scores ...... 21 Table 3.1: Number of herpetofaunal species in Mozambique according to various sources ...... 23 Table 4.1.: Reptile SCC concern recorded and likely to occur in the study area ...... 43 Table 4.2: SCC likely to occur within the study area...... 49 Table 6.1: Summary of the impacts associated with the project before mitigation and after mitigation. .... 74

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 2.1: Trap Array sites. Numbered from left top to bottom right as TA1, TA2, TA3, TA 4 & TA5 ...... 15 Plate 2.2: Camera trap placement was either on rocks or at the base of trees...... 16 Plate 2.3: Camera trapping sites. Numbered from top left to bottom right as CT1, CT2, CT3 & CT4 ...... 16 Plate 2.4: Camera trapping sites. Numbered from top left to bottom right as CT5, CT6, CT7, CT8, CT9, CT10 & CT11 ...... 17 Plate 4.1: Tall Closed Forest ...... 30 Plate 4.2: Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland...... 31 Plate 4.3: Bamboo Thicket ...... 32 Plate 4.4: Ecotone between Bamboo Thicket and Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland ...... 32 Plate 4.5: Machamba ...... 32 Plate 4.6: Exposed bedrock ...... 33 Plate 4.7: Bedrock within a river channel ...... 34 Plate 4.8: Rocky outcrop ...... 34 Plate 4.9: Open Savanna/Dambo ...... 35 Plate 4.10: Open Savanna/Dambo ...... 35 Plate 4.11: Open Savanna/Dambo ...... 36 Plate 4.12a: Palm Savanna...... 36 Plate 4.12b: Palm Savanna...... 36 Plate 4.13: Riparian Woodland ...... 37 Plate 4.14: Riparian Woodland ...... 37 Plate 4.15: Pool within river channel surrounded by Riparian Woodland ...... 38 Plate 4.16: Pool with river channel surrounded by Open Undifferentiated Woodland ...... 38 Plate 4.17: Rocky River channel ...... 39 Plate 4.18: Wide sandy river channel (looking downstream) - Messalo River ...... 39 Plate 4.19: Wide sandy river channel (looking upstream) - Messalo River ...... 39 Plate 4.20: Reptiles found on site...... 41 Plate 4.21: Reptiles found on site...... 42 Plate 4.22: Amphibians found on site...... 43 Plate 4.23: Amphibians found on site...... 44 Plate 4.24: Mammals found on site...... 45 Plate 4.25: Suni and Yellow baboon hunted within the project area intended for consumption and sale. . 45 Plate 4.26: Elephant carcass ...... 46 Plate 4.27: Bird species recorded in various habitats on site...... 49

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AfDB African Development Bank ANAC National Administration of Conservation Areas ARA Regional Water Administration BID Background Information Document CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CES Coastal and Environmental Services CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species EA Environmental Authorisation EIB European Investment Bank EIR Environmental Impact Report EMPr Environmental Management Programme ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIR Environmental and Social Impact Report ha Hectare HEC Human Elephant Conflict IFC International Finance Corporation IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MICOA Ministério Para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental MIREM Ministério de Recursos Minerais/Ministry of Mineral Resources MITADER Ministério de Terras, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural NGO Non-governmental Organisation NGR Niassa Game Reserve RAP Resettlement Action Plan SCC Species of Conservation Concern STRP Subtropical Thicket Restoration Project TSF Tailings Storage Facility UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WRD Waste Rock Dumps WWF World Wildlife Fund

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 10 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BRIEF PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Suni Resources S.A. has proposed the development of a graphite mine (referred to as the Montepuez Project) approximately 60km north-west of the town of Montepuez in the district of Montepuez in Cabo Delgado Province, northern Mozambique (Figure 1.1). The Exploration license area covers approximately 12 500 ha within which two graphite resources have been found. The exact size of the Mine License is currently under discussion

The company discovered graphite on the license with a drilling program, under Exploration Licence 6216L, at the Montepuez Project in December 2014 and completed a Conceptual Study in February 2017.

The proposed Montepuez Project will consist of two graphite mine pits (referred to as Elephant and Buffalo), two associated waste rock dumps (WRD), one tails dam (with two alternative locations proposed), a processing plant, staff accommodation and either a water storage dam or a pipeline and turkey nest storage dam, (Figure 2.1). For a detailed project description please refer to the Environmental and Social Impact Report (ESIR).

This Faunal Impact Assessment will identify vertebrate terrestrial faunal species (Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals and Birds) and habitats likely to be impacted by the proposed Montepuez Project. The habitats will be mapped and assigned a sensitivity rating. This assessment will also rate the impacts likely to occur as a result of the Montepuez Project and suggest mitigation measures for each impact. Any key issues identified will also be discussed.

Figure 1.1: Locality map indicating the position of the exploration license area 6216 relative to the Syrah Resources Balama Graphite mine and Genfields Ruby Mine.

Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal

1.2. TERMS OF REFERENCE

Suni Resources has appointed Coastal and Environmental Services Limitada (“CES”) to conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). This Faunal Impact Assessment has been commissioned as part of the ESIA.

The aim of this Faunal Impact Assessment is to identify the various habitat formations in the area, rare, endangered and threatened animal species and areas of high sensitivity that may be subject to significant impacts as a result of the construction or operation of the Montepuez Project.

It should be noted that this study will not produce a quantitative baseline of all animal species occurring in the region, but rather a higher level representative sample, gathered from field surveys and literature reviews, from which impacts can be identified and mitigation measures suggested.

The following terms of reference apply to this assessment:

 Identify presence of faunal species and faunal habitats  Identify presence of faunal species and faunal habitats of conservation value and/or concern;  Identify areas of high faunal biodiversity;  Identify and map major faunal habitats, corridors and rivers (including wetlands)  Assess the sensitivity of the various habitats in the area, in order to assess the significance of habitat loss on faunal groups as a result of the development, for example complex topographical features (especially steep and rocky slopes that provide niche habitats)  Identify and assess the direct and indirect (secondary) construction, operation, cumulative and no-go impacts that the Montepuez Project and its infrastructure would have on the different faunal groups and habitats  Identify and describe measures and management prescriptions that need to be put in place to ensure that the fauna and faunal habitats will not be severely negatively impacted on by the project.

1.3. EXPERTISE OF THE TEAM

Amber Jackson Amber is a Senior Environmental Consultant and has been employed with EOH CES for the last 5 years. She has an MPhil in Environmental Management and has a background in both Social and Ecological work. Her undergraduate degrees focused on Ecology, Conservation and Environment with particular reference to landscape effects on Herpetofauna, while her masters focused on the environmental management of social and ecological systems. With a dissertation in food security that investigated the complex food system of informal and formal distribution markets. During her time at CES Amber has worked extensively in Mozambique managing a number of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Amongst which she has conducted three large scale faunal impact assessments for graphite mines in the north of Mozambique to both MICOA standards and International lenders standards in fulfilment with lender requirements (AfDB, EIB and IFC). As well as assisted Prof Bill Branch on five faunal assessments, four international (Mozambique & Lesotho) and one national during 2013-2015. Her interests include, ecological studies dealing with indigenous fauna and flora, as well as land use and natural resource management.

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Craig Sholto-Douglas, Faunal Specialist Craig holds a BSc (Env Sci and Zoology) and a BSc (Hons) in Environmental Science. He is currently completing his MSc in Environmental Science, focussing on factors influencing survivorship of Portulacaria afra (Spekboom) cuttings, in attempts to restore degraded lands in the Greater Addo Elephant National Park. Academic research projects include a leopard (Panthera pardus) population survey, large vertebrate monitoring projects, and invasive plant species analyses. Craig has consulting experience in the restoration ecology and natural resource management fields, with focus on the Subtropical Thicket Restoration Project (STRP). Craig has conducted numerous faunal specialist studies in South Africa and Mozambique. Craig is currently conducting the post-construction phase bird and bat monitoring for the InnoWind Waainek Wind Energy Facility.

Dr Ted Avis, Reviewer Ted Avis is a leading expert in the field of Environmental Impact Assessments, having project- managed numerous large-scale ESIAs to international standards (e.g. International Finance Corporation). Ted was principle consultant to Corridor Sands Limitada for the development of all environment aspects for the US$1billion Corridor Sands Project. Ted has also managed ESIA studies and related environmental assessments of similar scope in Kenya, Madagascar, Egypt, Malawi, Zambia and South Africa. He has also worked on large scale SEA’s in South Africa, and has been engaged by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) on a number of projects.

Ted was instrumental in establishing the Environmental Science Department at Rhodes University whilst a Senior lecturer in Botany, based on his experience running honours modules in ESIA practice and environment. He is an Honorary Visiting Fellow in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rhodes. He was one of the first certified Environmental Assessment Practitioners in South Africa, gaining certification in April 2004. He has delivered papers and published in the field of ESIA, Strategic Environmental Assessment and Integrated Coastal Zone Management and has been a principal of CES since its inception in 1990, and Managing Director since 1998.

Ted holds a PhD in Botany, and was awarded a bronze medal by the South African Association of Botanists for the best PhD adjudicated in that year, entitled “Coastal Dune Ecology and Management in the Eastern Cape”.

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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. DESKTOP ASSESSMENT AND LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review of published and unpublished work was completed to assess the known diversity of the terrestrial fauna and terrestrial faunal habitats in the project area and adjacent regions with similar habitat(s) to those found within the study area. The QDS of the project area was used to run through various databases (including IUCN Red list, CITES, WWF Species list, Mozambique Red Data List, Malawian and Zambian Red Data Lists, South African Atlas and Red List of Reptiles and the Red Data book of birds) to generate a likely species list for the study area and to establish which of those species likely to occur are Species of Conservation Concern (SCC). Potential habitats were mapped prior to the field survey using Google Earth and high- detail aerial imagery and vegetation/landuse spatial data provided by the client, for later field verification.

2.2. FIELD SURVEY

A wet season site survey was conducted from the 29 November – 6 December 2016. An initial drive through the study area was undertaken during the survey to establish habitat diversity and overall ecological state.

Sample sites were based in areas containing natural and modified habitat (Figure 2-1). Agricultural areas, i.e. those that are currently undergoing cultivation, which are classified as transformed, were noted for mapping purposes but not sampled.

Sampling techniques:  Active searches (visual encounter survey) of avifauna, mammals, reptiles and amphibians in suitable habitat. The approach used is detailed in Table 2.1 below.  Interviewing local communities (Nquenene Village and Sinhojo Village) with the help of visual aids to identify the presence or absence of faunal species in the area.  Trapping as follows:  5 x 30m trap arrays consisting of 4 pitfalls and 6 funnel traps each. These were used to capture live amphibians and reptiles (Plate 2.1).  5 x Sherman trap transects. Each transect consisted of 10 Sherman traps placed 10m from each other. These were used to capture live rodents.  6 x Camera traps placed in 11 different positions across the site. These were used to capture images of large mammals, specifically images of nocturnal fauna (Plate 2.2, Plate 2.3 and Plate 2.4).

Table 2.1: Active searching methods faunal surveys Avifauna  Observations of scat, regurgitated pellets, nests, feathers, bird calls and birds in flight.  Bird Point counting by recording all the birds seen and heard from a “point count station” over a selected period of time. Mammals  Active searching at day and night  Observations of scats, tracks, traces and skeletons  Observations of opportunistic sightings  Acoustic surveys at night. Amphibians  Active searching at day and night, and  D-netting for tadpoles, reptiles  Acoustic surveys at night.  Identify suitable habitats and search for certain herpetofauna associated with those habitats.

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Plate 2.1: Trap Array sites. Numbered from left top to bottom right as TA1, TA2, TA3, TA 4 & TA5

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Plate 2.2: Camera trap placement was either on rocks or at the base of trees.

Plate 2.3: Camera trapping sites. Numbered from top left to bottom right as CT1, CT2, CT3 & CT4

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Plate 2.4: Camera trapping sites. Numbered from top left to bottom right as CT5, CT6, CT7, CT8, CT9, CT10 & CT11

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 17 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal 2.3. SAMPLING SITES:

The following sample sites were surveyed by either trapping or active searches. The below table provides the location co-ordinates for the five trap arrays and associated Sherman trap lines, camera trap positions and active sampling sites. Figure 3-1 presents these on a map of the study area.

Table 2.2.: Sample site locations Latitude Longitude Trap Array TA1 12°48'39.88"S 38°44'17.35"E TA2 12°47'30.47"S 38°43'31.39"E TA3 12°48'25.95"S 38°42'51.71"E TA4 12°47'25.43"S 38°41'47.35"E TA5 12°47'3.02"S 38°41'39.87"E Camera Trap CA1 12°46'59.62"S 38°41'39.32"E CA2 12°47'33.12"S 38°43'19.12"E CA3 12°47'9.36"S 38°44'15.01"E CA4 12°47'51.15"S 38°43'49.19"E CA5 12°47'48.02"S 38°43'18.43"E CA6 12°48'46.73"S 38°42'39.51"E CA7 12°49'7.90"S 38°41'48.08"E CA8 12°49'11.08"S 38°41'45.88"E CA9 12°49'16.06"S 38°41'47.00"E CA10 12°49'9.22"S 38°41'53.40"E CA11 12°50'15.53"S 38°43'32.78"E Active Sampling SS1 12°47'41.02"S 38°44'8.56"E SS2 12°49'34.01"S 38°43'21.83"E SS3 12°47'50.96"S 38°41'55.93"E SS4 12°47'47.65"S 38°43'19.43"E SS5 12°48'22.60"S 38°43'1.74"E SS6 12°47'6.14"S 38°41'32.76"E SS7 12°47'51.26"S 38°43'59.29"E SS8 12°47'42.52"S 38°43'41.14"E SS9 12°48'58.45"S 38°42'0.41"E SS10 12°49'12.76"S 38°41'53.15"E SS11 12°46'58.48"S 38°41'42.31"E SS12 12°49'29.26"S 38°43'16.65"E SS13 12°49'50.65"S 38°43'41.53"E SS14 12°49'8.30"S 38°41'29.23"E SS15 12°49'32.26"S 38°41'8.58"E SS16 12°46'21.91"S 38°40'49.19"E SS17 12°48'39.27"S 38°44'28.02"E SS18 12°49'28.47"S 38°43'18.53"E SS19 12°46'40.48"S 38°43'26.13"E SS20 12°46'52.71"S 38°44'19.69"E SS21 12°50'8.88"S 38°41'9.75"E SS22 12°49'6.27"S 38°41'7.76"E

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Figure 2.1: Sampling sites in relation to the Montepuez Project infrastructure

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 19 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal 2.4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The faunal data compiled during the initial desktop assessment was supplemented by the field data to produce a consolidated faunal species checklist. This was, in turn, reviewed to identify Species of Conservation Concern (SCC). A habitat map was then produced, and the ecological sensitivities of habitats determined.

Determining Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) required the use of the IUCN Red List of 2016, as no Red List or list of faunal species on conservation concern exists for Mozambique. Thus, for the purposes of this report:

 Species of Conservation Concern are defined as: a) species listed in the Critically endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories; b) possible threatened species (i.e. taxa currently un-assessed in the IUCN Red List whose conservation status has been highlighted subsequently); c) those species listed in the Data Deficient or Near Threatened categories of the IUCN Red List 2013. d) Endemic species with unknown ranges

Since northern Mozambique has not been sampled extensively, the Mozambique Red Data List is used with a low level of confidence. For this reason, the Malawian and Zambian Red Data Lists have been used as a supplement, as these countries have similar vegetation types.

Appendix 1 and 2 of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) was also considered.

2.5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Five factors need to be considered when assessing the significance of impacts, namely:

1. Relationship of the impact to temporal scales - the temporal scale defines the significance of the impact at various time scales, as an indication of the duration of the impact.

2. Relationship of the impact to spatial scales - the spatial scale defines the physical extent of the impact.

3. The severity of the impact - the severity/beneficial scale is used in order to scientifically evaluate how severe negative impacts would be, or how beneficial positive impacts would be on a particular affected system (for ecological impacts) or a particular affected party.

The severity of impacts can be evaluated with and without mitigation in order to demonstrate how serious the impact is when nothing is done about it. The word ‘mitigation’ means not just ‘compensation’, but includes concepts of containment and remedy. For beneficial impacts, optimization means anything that can enhance the benefits. However, mitigation or optimization must be practical, technically feasible and economically viable.

4. The likelihood of the impact occurring - the likelihood of impacts taking place as a result of project actions differs between potential impacts. There is no doubt that some impacts would occur (e.g. loss of vegetation), but other impacts are not as likely to occur (e.g. vehicle accident), and may or may not result from the proposed development. Although some impacts may have a severe effect, the likelihood of them occurring may affect their overall significance.

5. Each criterion is ranked to determine the overall significance of an activity (Table 3-2). The criterion is then considered in two categories, viz. effect of the activity and the likelihood of

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 20 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal the impact. The total scores recorded for the effect and likelihood are then read off the matrix presented in Table 3.3, to determine the overall significance of the impact. The overall significance is either negative or positive.

Table 2.3: Ranking of Evaluation Criteria Temporal Scale Short term Less than 5 years Medium term Between 5-20 years Between 20 and 40 years (a generation) and from a human Long term perspective also permanent Over 40 years and resulting in a permanent and lasting change Permanent that will always be there Spatial Scale Localised At localised scale and a few hectares in extent Study Area The proposed site and its immediate environs Regional District and Provincial level National Country International Internationally Severity Severity Benefit

EFFECT Slightly beneficial to the Slight impacts on the affected affected system(s) and Slight system(s) or party(ies) party(ies) Moderate impacts on the Moderately beneficial to the affected system(s) or affected system(s) and Moderate party(ies) party(ies) Severe impacts on the A substantial benefit to the Severe/ affected system(s) or affected system(s) and Beneficial party(ies) party(ies) Very severe change to the A very substantial benefit to the Very Severe/ affected system(s) or affected system(s) and Beneficial party(ies) party(ies) Likelihood

Unlikely The likelihood of these impacts occurring is slight May Occur The likelihood of these impacts occurring is possible

OD Probable The likelihood of these impacts occurring is probable LIKELIHO Definite The likelihood is that this impact will definitely occur

* In certain cases it may not be possible to determine the severity of an impact thus it may be determined: Don’t know/Can’t know

Table 2.4 a: Matrix used to determine the overall significance of the impact based on the likelihood and effect of the impact.

Effect 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Likelihood 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Table 2.4 b: Description of Environmental Significance Ratings and associated range of scores Significance Description Score Rate EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 21 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Low An acceptable impact for which mitigation is desirable but not LOW essential. The impact by itself is insufficient even in combination with other low impacts to prevent the development being approved. These impacts will result in either positive or negative medium to short term effects on the social and/or natural environment. Moderate An important impact which requires mitigation. The impact is MEDIUM insufficient by itself to prevent the implementation of the project but which in conjunction with other impacts may prevent its implementation. These impacts will usually result in either a positive or negative medium to long-term effect on the social and/or natural environment. High A serious impact, if not mitigated, may prevent the implementation HIGH of the project (if it is a negative impact). These impacts would be considered by society as constituting a major and usually a long-term change to the (natural &/or social) environment and result in severe effects or beneficial effects. Very High A very serious impact which, if negative, may be sufficient by itself VERY to prevent implementation of the project. The impact may result in HIGH permanent change. Very often these impacts are not able to be mitigated and usually result in very severe effects, or very beneficial effects.

The environmental significance scale is an attempt to evaluate the importance of a particular impact. This evaluation needs to be undertaken in the relevant context, as an impact can either be ecological or social, or both. The evaluation of the significance of an impact relies heavily on the values of the person making the judgment. For this reason, impacts of especially a social nature need to reflect the values of the affected society.

Prioritising The evaluation of the impacts, as described above is used to assess the significance of identified impacts and determine which impacts require mitigation measures.

Negative impacts that are ranked as being of “VERY HIGH” and “HIGH” significance will be investigated further to determine how the impact can be minimised or what alternative activities or mitigation measures can be implemented. These impacts may also assist decision makers i.e. numerous HIGH negative impacts may bring about a negative decision. For impacts identified as having a negative impact of “MODERATE” significance, it is standard practice to investigate alternate activities and/or mitigation measures. The most effective and practical mitigations measures will then be proposed. For impacts ranked as “LOW” significance, no investigations or alternatives will be considered. Possible management measures will be investigated to ensure that the impacts remain of low significance.

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 22 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal 3. LITURATURE REVIEW

Mozambique has approximately 1196 terrestrial vertebrate faunal species of which 726 species are birds (61%), 214 species are mammal (18%), 171 species are reptiles (14%) and 85 species are amphibians (7%) (MITADER, 2015).

Coastal East Africa has the largest and least fragmented Coastal Dry Forests covering an area of over 400 km 2. These forests range from Somalia to Mozambique and are defined as a global biodiversity hotspot with a high species diversity and endemism (Ohler and Frétey, 2014).

3.1. HERPETPFAUNA

Reptiles in Mozambique show a higher diversity in the central and southern regions, the “hotspots” for endemic reptiles are found to occur east of the Great Inselberg Archipelago in Zambézia Province, in Bazaruto and Inhambane Archipelagos, along the coast of Gaza and Maputo Provinces and in the centre of Sofala Province (Schneider et al., 2005). Estimates of endemic reptile’s species found to occur in Northern Mozambique ranges between 1 to 11 species. For amphibians there is a lack of data to determine the diversity hotspots in Mozambique (Schneider et al., 2005).

According to Farooq and Conradie (2015) the scientific knowledge of herpetofaunal diversity in northern Mozambique region is poor. They attribute this to the country’s history of a long civil war which rendered much of the region physically inaccessible and thus has been under-sampled and the number of herpetofauna species likely underestimated. In support of this a study conducted by Ohler and Frétey (2014) used molecular and behavioural characters of samples from surrounding regions and found several new taxa to occur in Africa, thus more species are found to occur in the region than had been previously expected.

There is a discrepancy when it comes to the actual number of herpetofauna species in Mozambique each source consulted citing different species counts (Table 4.1).

Table 3.1: Number of herpetofaunal species in Mozambique according to various sources AmphibiaWeb Reptile Farooq & MITADER Schneider et al. Herpetofauna database Database Conradie 2015 2005 (2016) Utez, 2016 2015 Amphibians 86 85 69 84 Reptiles 234 171 221 280

Threats to herpetofauna included anthropogenic activities such as using reptile and amphibians as food sources, the use of their skin for medicinal purposes, habitat destruction and collecting certain species for the pet trade (MITADER, 2015).

3.1.1. Reptiles SCC

Thirteen reptile species of conservation concern (SCC) listed on the IUCN database are found in Mozambique, three critically endangered, three endangered, three vulnerable and four as near threatened (Utez, 2016).

 The three listed as Critically Endangered includes Rhampholeon bruessoworum (Mount Inago Pygmy Chameleon), Rhampholeon tilburyi (Mount Namuli Pygmy Chameleon) and the hawksbill Sea Turtle. Due to the study being terrestrial the hawksbill Sea Turtle is not

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 23 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal discussed further. Rhampholeon bruessoworum is found to occur in the Zambezia province and it inhabits evergreen forests which have a mid-altitude (about 1500m), whilst Rhampholeon tilburyi is said to be endemic to the evergreen Afrotemperate forest patches of Mount Namuli, Zambezia Province. Due to the distribution patterns of the above species and habitat availability, these species are highly unlikely to be found to occur in terrestrial regions of Cabo-Delgado.

 The three Endangered species are Elapsoidea sundevallii, Cordylus meculae and Rhampholeon platyceps. According to the distribution patterns of the above species, Elapsoidea sundevallii and Cordylus meculae (found to occur in the Niassa Game reserve which borders the Cabo Delgado Province) could occur in the region whilst Rhampholeon platyceps has been found to occur in the Zambezia Province and Malawi making it unlikely for the species to be found in the region.

 Three species are Vulnerable namely; Agama mossambica, Platysaurus imperator and Rhampholeon nebulauctor. It is unlikely that Rhampholeon nebulauctor will be found in the study area as it is endemic to Mount Chiperone found in the Zambézia Province.

 Four species are Near Threatened, Kinixys natalensis, Nadzikambia baylissi and Rhampholeon maspictus. According to the distribution patterns of these species only Kinixys natalensis could occur in Cabo Delgado.

3.1.2. Amphibians SCC

Three amphibian species of conservation concern (SCC) listed on the IUCN database are found in Mozambique, two endangered and one vulnerable.

 Mertensophryne anotis and Vandijkophrynus inyangae are listed as Endangered, M.anotis is said to occur in the Dombe forest whilst V.inyangae is presumed to occur in Mozambique but no records have been found. According to the IUCN this may be a result of the lack of herpetological assessment in the area.

 Strongylopus rhodesianus which occurs on Mount Gorongoza (Sofala Province) is listed as Vulnerable. Due to the distribution patterns of these species, they are unlikely to be found in the proposed study area in Cabo Delgado.

3.2. MAMMALS

According to the National Strategy and Action Plan of Biological Diversity of Mozambique (MITADER, 2015) 214 terrestrial mammal species occur in Mozambique conversely Schneider et al. (2005) states 271 mammal species occur in Mozambique however this values includes both terrestrial and marine mammals. Generally large mammals are restricted to conservation areas. Two conservation areas are found in the Cabo Delgado region, namely; a portion of the Niassa National Reserve, and the Quirimbas National Park.

3.2.1. Mammal SCC

105 mammal species of conservation concern (SCC) listed on the IUCN database are found in Mozambique (Schneider et al. (2005), one Critically Endangered, one Endangered, four Vulnerable and four Near Threatened.

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 24 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Table 3.2: Protected terrestrial mammals in Mozambique Cabo Delgado Scientific Name Common Name IUCN status region (Y/N) Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros Critically Endangered Y Paraxerus vincenti Vincent’s Squirrel Endangered Y Miniopterus schreibersii Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat Near threatened N Otomops martiensseni Large-eared Free-tailed Bat Near threatened Y Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyena Near threatened Y Ceratotherium simum White Rhinoceros Near threatened Y Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Vulnerable Y Panthera leo Lion Vulnerable Y Loxodonta africana Elephant Vulnerable Y Rhynchocyon cirnei Checkered Elephant-Shrew Vulnerable Y

Mozambique’s elephant population currently stands at an estimated 10 884 ± 2 228 animals, based on surveys undertaken over the last ten years. Additionally, studies estimate the presence of between 4 299 and 5 519 elephants in some areas that have not been comprehensively surveyed.

The nation’s most important elephant populations resides in the Northern Province of Niassa, congregating within and near the Niassa National Reserve (Thouless et al. 2016). Aerial surveys estimate a presence of around 4 441 ± 1 360 elephants in this area, which indicates a steep population decline of around 64% relative to a survey conducted in 2004. Population estimates for the Quirimbas National Park stand at around 328 ± 361 as at 2014, a 40% decline since 2011. The elephant population in the Quirimbas Corridor (a zone between the Quirimbas National Park, and the Niassa National Reserve) stands at approximately 306± 365 animals as at 2014, and has appeared fairly consistent since 2013 (Thouless et al. 2016). Studies suggest that there has been a decline in large mammal species such as the Elephant, Loxodonta Africana, as a result of anthropogenic impacts such as poaching, agricultural development, population increase and the civil war (Ntumi et al., 2009; MITADER, 2015).

The project area is situated just below the Quirimbas Corridor (Figure 4.1). As such, the project area can interact with elephant populations from both of these areas, particularly if conditions in the project area are altered in a way that makes them more favourable to elephants (change to vegetation, permanent water supply).

The Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of Elephants in Mozambique (2010- 2015) seeks to maintain and, where possible, increase the numbers and range of elephant populations, their habitats and associated biodiversity, ensuring full economic benefit to national and local development, including the communities with whom they share the land. This will be achieved by conserving elephants and their range through the provision of effective protection; managing elephant populations in collaboration with local stakeholders; reducing human-elephant conflict (HEC) through mitigation, spatial planning and increased community benefits; ensuring an efficient and effective institutional and organisational framework for elephant management; enhancing elephant conservation through policy and legislative change and unified management; and better communication at all levels and sectors of society.

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Figure 3.1: The African elephant’s population range in northern Mozambique (Green shaded area) in relation to the Montepuez Project (red star) (Thouless et al. 2016).

3.3. BIRDS

According to BirdLife International (2017) a total of 674 bird species, including 29 globally threatened and 2 country endemic species, namely the Namuli Apalis (Apalis lynesi) and the Mozambique Forest-warbler (Artisornis sousae), are found within the borders of Mozambique. Lepage (2016) accounts for a much higher diversity, listing 747 species (including rare vagrants and accidentals), including 30 globally threatened species. Regardless of the discrepancies between published species lists, Mozambique undoubtedly has a rich diversity of avifauna, making the country a birding destination within the continent.

Three Endemic Bird Areas (EBA) are shared between Mozambique and neighbouring countries. The Eastern Zimbabwe mountains EBA includes Mt Gorongosa in Mozambique, which provides habitat suitable for the range-restricted Brian Warbler Prinia (Oreophilais robertsi), Chirinda Apalis (Apalis chirindensis), and Swynnerton’s Robin (Swynnertonia swynnertoni) (BirdLife Int., 2017). The South-east African coast EBA includes the broad coastal plain of southern Mozambique, and is home to the range-restricted Rudd’s Apalis (Apalis ruddi), Neergaard’s Sunbird (Cinnyris neergaardi), Pink-throated Twinspot (Hypargos margaritatus) and Lemon-breasted Canary (Crithagra citrinipectus) (BirdLife Int., 2017). The Tanzania-Malawi Mountains EBA includes the chain of isolated mountain ranges which extend across Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Forest-partridge (genera Xenoperdix) and Spot-throat (genera Modulatrix) are endemic to this EBA and near-endemic to Mozambique. These EBA’s are also home to numerous range-restricted birds, most of which are found within montane forest (BirdLife Int., 2017). As few ornithological studies have been conducted in these EBA’s, the documented distributions of many of the range-restricted species are incomplete. The Tanzania-Malawi Mountains EBA is the

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 26 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal closest to the project area, but is located approximately 300 kilometres west of the site it is thus unlikely that any of the species mentioned above will occur in the study area

Mozambique has 16 Important Bird Areas (IBA) covering an area of 1 708 800 Ha. The IBAs provide refuge for 13 globally threatened species, 15 biome-restricted species, and 10 range- restricted species (BirdLife Int., 2017). The closest IBA to the project area is the Njesi plateau, which lies approximately 300 kilometres west of the site within the Tanzania-Malawi Mountains EBA. Trigger species for the IBA include: Stierling’s Woodpecker (Dendropicos stierlingi); White- tailed Crested-flycatcher (Elminia albonotata); Red-capped Forest-warbler (Artisornis metopias); White-starred Robin (Pogonocichla stellata); Thyolo Alethe (Chamaetylas choloensis); Spot- throat (Modulatrix stictigula); and the Red-faced Crimsonwing (Cryptospiza reichenovii) (BirdLife Int., 2017). Due the large distance of this IBA, it is considered unlikely that these trigger species will occur in the study area.

Ornithological studies for the southern and central areas of Mozambique are well documented (Parker, 1999; 2005a; SABAP2). However, very few ornithological studies have been conducted in northern Mozambique, particularly in the provinces to the north of the Zambezi River. A survey for Niassa National Reserve was conducted by Parker (2005b), recording over 400 species in the Reserve, while Lepage (2016) lists 485 species likely to occur in the same area. Niassa National Reserve lies approximately 100 kilometres north-west of the project area.

3.4. PROTECTED AREAS

All protected areas, including National Parks, Forest Reserves and Trans-frontier Conservation Areas are the responsibility of MITADER. The possibility that these reserves can make a significant contribution towards biodiversity conservation has been recognized and studies are being conducted to gain an understanding of the vegetation and ecosystem condition within these reserves. Over the last 6 years, Mozambique has been actively increasing the number of conservation areas to include ecosystems that were not previously represented. Currently, 26% of the country’s surface (21 million hectares) is classified as a gazetted conservation or protected area (MITADER, 2015 and National Biodiversity Offset System, 2016). Two thirds of these areas are managed by the private sector and the remaining third is managed by the public sector with support and technical assistance from local NGOs.

A challenge facing the protected areas in Mozambique is that although they are recognised on paper as being areas of conservation, the reality is that there is a general lack of staff, equipment and budgets necessary to adequately implement conservation measures to prevent biodiversity loss (National Biodiversity Offset System, 2016). It is estimated by the National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC) that the protected area network only receives 19% of its current funding from reliable and sustainable resources. Studies show that to bring the level of management up in these areas to a standard that will result in the protection and increase in biodiversity, a once off fee of 120 million USD would need to be invested followed by an annual budget to fund operations of 70 million USD. Currently only 19M USD is spent per annum on protecting the biodiversity within these areas.

Examination of these protected areas in relation to the project site shows that the Quirimbas National Park occurs north east of the Montepuez study area (~46km) (Figure 4-1). This reserve was established in 2002 to protect the regions natural resources and covers an area of approximately 7 507km2 that includes miombo woodland, coastal forest, mangroves and coral reefs (WWF, 2015).

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 27 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal The Niassa Game Reserve (NGR) lies approximately 46 km north-west of the project area. The core area of the NGR is located between the Rovuma and Lugenda River and covers approximately 23 040km2 with a surrounding buffer zone of hunting blocks that make up an additional 19 239km2 (Branch et. al., 2005). The Niassa reserve is about 42 000 km2, making it the biggest reserve in Mozambique, and with the largest concentration of faunal species. It is also one of the largest reserves found to occur in Africa. Vegetation types includes Miombo forests, Savannas, Inselbergs and wetlands.

The Quirimbas National Park is about 9 013 km2, and is rich in marine and terrestrial ecosystem diversity, with extensive mangrove forests. Endemic species found in these conservation areas include Zebra (Equus burchelli subs. Boehmi) blue Niassa wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus johnstonii) and Johnstonii impala (Aepycerus melampus subs. Johnstonii).

These two reserves are connected by the Quirimbas corridor. Connectivity between conservation areas is particularly important as most of these areas are surrounded by landuses that are not necessarily compatible with biodiversity conservation. The project area is south of this corridor.

The construction and operational activities at the mine are unlikely to impact either of the reserves described above as it is over 40km from each of them.

The National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity in Mozambique (NSAPB), for the period from 2015 to 2035, aims to ensure that the “ecological, socio-economic, and cultural value of biodiversity in Mozambique” is used in a manner that directly enriches the lives of Mozambicans, and that is explicitly derived from the integrated management of Mozambique’s biodiversity, while simultaneously prioritising its conservation, equitable and fair use. A crucial part of this vision is the strengthening of partnerships between different sectors of Mozambican society, toward the ultimate goal of the conservation of the country’s biodiversity. Although the Strategy is not legally binding best practices dictates that new developments should comply with the NSAPB.

Unfortunately the majority of national parks in Mozambique are underfunded and under capacitated and for Mozambique to achieve the targets set in the NSAPB this would need to be addressed. One method to achieve this would be to use the National Biodiversity Offset System: A Road Map for Mozambique. Despite the implementation of mitigation measures many new developments do not nullify the biological impact of the development. Mozambique, in conjunction with the World Bank Group, has drawn up a National Biodiversity Offset System: A Road Map for Mozambique to streamline the biodiversity offset programs that are required by international lenders. Although not legally binding the document indicates that these guidelines are mandatory for all projects in Mozambique to ensure that all developers are equally responsible for the conservation of Mozambique’s diversity (National Biodiversity Offset System, 2016). As such, biodiversity offsets should be considered when there are residual impacts after the mitigation hierarchy has been implemented i.e. avoid, minimise and rehabilitate.

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 28 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal

Figure 3-2: The location of the Montepuez Exploration License area in relation to the surrounding protected areas.

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4. RESULTS

4.1. HABITATS

Habitats are defined as the natural environment or place where an organism, population or species lives, breeds and/or forages. Each habitat type has different environmental conditions which influences a species distribution range. Eleven habitats were identified and mapped (Figure 5.1) in the study area, namely:

1. Tall Closed Forest 2. Rocky outcrops (flat and boulders) 3. Dry river bed 4. Temporary streams and incidental pools 5. Riparian Woodland 6. Tall Open Miombo Woodland 7. Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland; 8. Bamboo Thicket 9. Palm Savanna 10. Open Savanna/Dambos, 11. Machambas

These habitats are described briefly below with accompanying plates.

Tall Closed Forest There is a small patch of Tall Closed Forest at the site of the proposed water storage dam. Although there were no species that were unique to this system and are not found in the surrounding woodlands, it’s structure (i.e. closed canopy and large, tall trees) does provide an important habitat for faunal species such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians and certain bird species . This vegetation type was characterised by a canopy with 90% cover, trees that are 20- 25m tall with a 10m sub-canopy and an understory of herbs.

Plate 4.1: Tall Closed Forest

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Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland The Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland is characterised by a canopy cover of 50% with an average tree height of 10m -15m. Emergent trees reach between 15 and 20m (Plate 4.2). The understorey is comprised of a grass layer with a cover of approximately 90%, indicating that there is sufficient light penetration through the sparse canopy for grasses to thrive. Although this vegetation type resembles that of Miombo Woodland (described below) it is missing the key Miombo Woodland species. This vegetation type is often interspersed with small clumps of bamboo.

Tall Open Miombo Woodland Tall Open Miombo Woodland occurs as small localised and intact patches within the study area. It was more prevalent as secondary woodland along the access road between Nquenene Village and Mavale Village, where it has been disturbed by anthropogenic activities. Tall Open Miombo Woodland has a canopy cover of 50% with an average tree height of 10m -15m. Emergent trees reach between 15 and 20m. As with the Tall open Undifferentiated Woodland, the understorey is comprised of a grass layer with a cover of approximately 90%,

Bamboo Thicket There are large, almost impenetrable dense clumps of bamboo thicket (Plate 5.3) within the northern section of the project site near the pits and the waste rock dumps. These clumps are interspersed with a few small to medium sized trees and shrubs. Within this vegetation type, ground cover is low due to competition for space and light.

Since this vegetation type occurs within the Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland (Plate 5.4) which forms a mosaic that is difficult to differentiate between on the aerial imagery, these two vegetation types have been mapped as a mosaic and called Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland/Bamboo Thicket on Figure 4.1.

Machambas The dominant habitat in the region comprises extensive tracts of cleared miombo woodland currently used for rural agriculture on a rotational cycle. It comprises mainly of miombo woodland, with occasional grasslands (Plate 4.5).

Plate 4.2: Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland

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Plate 4.3: Bamboo Thicket

Plate 4.4: Ecotone between Bamboo Thicket and Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland

Plate 4.5: Machamba

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Rocky Outcrops The region is characterised by granitic outcrops, ridges or bedrock and small outcrops. These form important habitat for many reptiles, and also some birds.

Plate 4.6: Exposed bedrock

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Plate 4.7: Bedrock within a river channel

Plate 4.8: Rocky outcrop

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Open Savanna/Dambos The Open Savanna is characterised by open, hygrophilous grassland with scattered trees that occur on dark and expansive soils, suggesting they are waterlogged during the wet season and these areas are possibly seasonal wetlands or dambos (Plate 4.9-4.11). The average canopy height of the trees is 10m with a canopy cover of 20% and a groundcover, dominated by grasses, of 100%.

Plate 4.9: Open Savanna/Dambo

Plate 4.10: Open Savanna/Dambo

Palm Savanna This vegetation type was found along the tributary that runs west of the proposed dam site. Although outside of the project area, this vegetation was sampled for comparative purposes. The Palm Savanna is similar to the Acacia Savanna in that it is characterised by open grassland with scattered trees. However, in this instance the grassland does not appear to be hygrophyllis, indicating that it is not flooded during the wet season, and the dominant trees are palm trees

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Plate 4.11: Open Savanna/Dambo

Plate 4.12a: Palm Savanna

Plate 4.12b: Palm Savanna

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Riparian Woodland The Riparian Woodlands within the study area are characterised by a closed canopy of 75-100% cover with a tree canopy of up to 20m and emergents that reach up to 40m (Plate 4.13 and 4.14). The understorey is typically comprised of a herbaceous layer with some grass cover in areas where the canopy is more open. This vegetation type is intact within the study area

Plate 4.13: Riparian Woodland

Plate 4.14: Riparian Woodland

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Riverine systems are watercourses contained within a channel except in time of flooding. When there is no water flow the natural channel still exists. The project site experiences high levels of summer rainfall and limited winter rainfall. The majority of river beds are dry for most of the year, with the exception of sparsely scattered pools of water concentrated in depressions within the annual streams and rivers.

Plate 4.15: Pool within river channel surrounded by Riparian Woodland

Plate 4.16: Pool with river channel surrounded by Open Undifferentiated Woodland

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Plate 4.17: Rocky River channel

Plate 4.18: Wide sandy river channel (looking downstream) - Messalo River

Plate 4.19: Wide sandy river channel (looking upstream) - Messalo River

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Figure 4.1: Habitat map of the habitat occurring in the study area.

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4.2. REPTILES

4.2.1. Recorded Reptiles from the Project Area

A total of 88 reptile species have distribution ranges which include the study area and are likely to be found in the various habitats present on site. Of the 88 reptile species likely to occur in the study area, 15 were observed during the field survey (see Appendix A for full species list). Interviews with the Sinhojo and Nqueuene Villages revealed that many snakes are present in the area and that roughly two people a year are fatally bitten. All snakes are killed by villagers (venomous/non venomous) but none are eaten. Pythons are killed for their skin and the larger species of terrapin (softshell) are caught for consumption. Crocodiles are found in the Messalo River during the wet season and pose a threat to those living near or crossing the river. Villagers use the river for bathing, washing and water collection and cross the river in dugout canoes.

Plate 4.20: Reptiles found on site. Top left to bottom right. Green water snake (Philothamnus hoplogaster); Flap n-necked chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis); Mozambique sand snake (Psammophis mossambicus); Brown House snake (Lamprophis capensis); Rufous beaked snake (Rhamphiophis rostratus) and Puff adder (Bitis arietans arietans)

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Plate 4.21: Reptiles found on site. Top left to bottom right. Rainbow skink (Trachylepis margaritifer), Variable skink (Trachylepis varia); Black-lined plated lizard (Gerrhosaurus intermedius) and Mozambique agama (Agama mossambica) male and female.

4.2.2. Reptile SCC

Out of a possible five reptile SCC, two were recorded on site. One Flap necked Chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis) and one Water monitor (Varanus niloticus), both of which are listed on CITES II. Although not recorded on site during the survey period, one Near Threatened species is likely to be found within the study area, namely: the Zambezi Soft-shelled Terrapin (Cycloderma frenatum). No other threatened species listed by the IUCN were recorded on site. See Table 4.1: List all possible and recorded reptile SCC for the project area.

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 42 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Table 4.1.: Reptile SCC concern recorded and likely to occur in the study area Common Name Scientific Name Red List Status CITES Lizards Flap-necked chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis LC 2 Tropical Girdled Lizard Cordylus tropidosternum LC 2 Rock monitor Varanus albigularis LC 2 Water monitor Varanus niloticus LC 2 Terrapins Zambezi Soft-shelled Terrapin Cycloderma frenatum NT

4.3. AMPHIBIANS

4.3.1. Amphibians recorded in the Study Area

Of the possible 43 species known to occur in the region 8 species were recorded. No known amphibians are endemic or of conservation concern in the area. Most of the observed amphibian fauna are characteristic species of forested areas and wetlands in the lowlands of northern Mozambique and likely to occur in areas surrounding the project site (Appendix B).

Plate 4.22: Amphibians found on site. Top left to bottom right. Juv. Guttural toad (Amietophrynus gutteruralis); Common river frog (Ameitia quecketti); East African puddle frog (Phrynobatrachus acridoidies); Flat-backed toad (Amietophrynus maculatus)

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Plate 4.23: Amphibians found on site. Top left to bottom right. Mottled Shovel-nosed Frog (Hemisus marmoratus), Shovel-footed squeaker (Arthroleptis stenodactylus), and dorsal&ventral view Müller’s platanna (Xenopus muelleri).

4.4. MAMMALS

4.4.1. Mammals Recorded in the Study Area

Of the possible 148 mammal species that could occur on site, only 19 species were recorded from the project area including rodents, primates, hares, carnivores, bats, antelopes and even- toed ungulates (Appendix C). However, an interview with the Sinhojo and Nqueuene Villages revealed that the following species are present on site and are hunted for food and sale of bush meat: antelope (sable, roan, kudu, impala and suni), buffalo, warthog, bushpig, yellow baboon, vervet monkey and in particular porcupines are considered a favourite in the villager’s diet. Some, such as porcupines are caught twice a month, antelope and bushpigs/warthogs once a week. Other animals are hunted for their skins including badgers, lions and leopards. The Sinhoje and Nqueuene villages stated that they do not eat rats and mice, although other people do, and the reasons attributed to this by the villagers is that it’s against their Muslim belief. Shrews are used medicinally in black magic and believed to offer protection.

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Plate 4.24: Mammals found on site. Top left to bottom right: Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus campestris), Bushveld Gerbil (Gerbilliscus leucogaster), Striped Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus flavovittis), Greater Grey-brown Musk Shrew (Crocidura luna), Red Bush Squirrel (Paraxerus palliates), Common Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), Yellow Baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and African wildcat (Felis silvestris)

Plate 4.25: Suni and Yellow baboon hunted within the project area intended for consumption and sale.

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 45 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal 4.4.2. Mammals of SCC

Four SCC occur on site: elephant, pangolins, lion and leopard. All three are listed as vulnerable and as CITES 1. Interview with the Sinhojo and Nqueuene Villages revealed that lions were seen two weeks prior to the interview conducted early in December 2016, but are mainly present in the wet season. Lion and leopard are hunted for their skins which are sold. Pangolins when found are caught and sold alive in Montepuez to foreigners (non-Mozambicans).

The villagers stated that many elephants move through the area and eat their crops. Elephants are killed once a year, the meat is eaten and sold, the ivory is given to the district chief and the skin either used by the villagers or sold. Throughout the field study the presence of elephants on site was very evident: dung was present at nearly all sample sites, spoor was present within the dry river and previously muddy sections of the acacia savanna, and a carcass was found near the exploration camp.

Plate 4.26: Elephant carcass

4.5. BIRDS

4.5.1. Recorded Birds from the Project Area

A total of 449 bird species have distribution ranges which include the project area (Sinclair & Ryan, 2010; Lepage, 2016). Based on habitats found on site, 396 species of bird are likely to occur within the study area. Of the bird species which are likely to occur in the study area, 168 were observed during the field survey (see Appendix C for full species list).

The greatest diversity of avifauna was recorded in Riparian Woodland (n = 67). Species found in abundance within the habitat type include: Little Bee-eater (Merops pusillus); Livingstone’s Flycatcher (Erythrocerus livingstonii); African Emerald Cuckoo (Chrysococcyz cupreus); Emerald- spotted Wood Dove (Turtur chalcospilos); Tropical Boubou (Laniarius major); Dark-capped Bulbul (Pycnonotus tricolor), and numerous Hamerkop (Scopus umbretta) nests. Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus), Kittlitz’s Plover (Charadrius pecuarius) and Green-backed Heron (Butorides striata) were recorded at one of the few ponds which was still holding water on site.

Sixty-four (64) species were recorded in Tall Open Miombo Woodland, including frequent observations of Woodland Kingfisher (Halcyon senegalensis), Mozambique Batis (Batis soror), Arrow-marked Babbler (Turdoides jardineii), Crowned Hornbill (Tockus alboterminatus), Green-

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 46 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal winged Pytilia (Pytilia melba), and Black-backed Puffback (Dryoscopus cubla). Rattling Cisticola (Cisticola chiniana), Neddicky (Cisticola fulvicapilla), and Orange-breasted Bush-shrike (Telophorus sulfureopectus) were frequently heard within Miombo Woodland.

Fifty-five (55) species were recorded in Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland. Species which were recorded in abundance within this vegetation type include: Klaas's Cuckoo (Chrysococcyz klaas); Hildebrandt’s Spurfowl (Pternistis hildebranti); Grey-headed Kingfisher (Halcyon leucocephala); Purple-crested Turaco (Tauraco porphyreolophus); Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias caudatus); Crested Guineafowl (Guttera pucherani); Grey-backed Camaroptera (Camaroptera brachyura); Tawny-flanked Prinia (Prinia subflava); and Black-headed Oriole (Oriolus larvatus).

Forty-eight (48) species of bird were identified in Undifferentiated Forest. Bar-throated Apalis (Apalis thoracica), Red-chested Cuckoo (Cuculus solitaries), Dark-backed Weaver (Ploceus bicolor), and Sombre Greenbul (Andropadus importunus) were amongst species which were frequently heard within the vegetation type. Bird parties including Red-throated Twinspot (Hypargos niveoguttatus), African Firefinch (Lagonosticta rubticata), and Common Waxbill (Estrilda astrild) were often found foraging at the forest edge. Other species noted on multiple occasions within the vegetation type include: Terrestrial Brownbul (Phyllastrephus terrestris); African Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone viridis); Bronze Mannikin (Spermestes cucullatus); and Golden-tailed Woodpecker (Campethera abingoni).

The diversity of avifauna recorded in the remaining vegetation types decreased significantly. Twenty-four (24) species were identified in Open Savanna/Dambo vegetation types, 22 species in Palm Savanna, 20 in Machambas, and only 19 species in Savanna. These vegetation types covered a small surface area of the study site (see vegetation map in section 5.1). Species composition in these less densely vegetated areas were similar, with species such as Violet- backed Starling (Cinnyricinclus leucogaster), Black-crowned Tchagra (Tchagra senegalus), Fork- tailed Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias caudatus), Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis), Familiar Chat (Cercomela familiaris), Broad-billed Roller (Eurystomus glaucurus), and Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) occurring abundantly.

The number of birds recorded was lower than expected for the surveying period, mainly due to delayed seasonal rainfall. No running water bodies were observed on site, with water only being found in isolated pools in otherwise dry river beds. Numerous guilds of water birds were absent or very rare in the study area during the survey period. Photographs of selected species which were recorded on site are illustrated in Plate 4.27.

Little Bee-eater (Merops pusillus) Woodland Kingfisher (Halcyon senegalensis)

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Mozambique (Pale) Batis (Batis soror) Livingstone’s Flycatcher (Erythrocerus livingstonii)

Hildebrandt’s Spurfowl (Pternistis hildebranti) Grey-headed Kingfisher (Halcyon leucocephala)

Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) Green-backed Heron (Butorides striata)

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Purple-crested Turaco (Tauraco porphyreolophus) Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias caudatus) Plate 4.27: Bird species recorded in various habitats on site.

4.5.2. Bird SCC

Out of a possible 69 bird SCC, 17 were recorded on site. One Martial Eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) and one carcass of a Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), both of which are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, were recorded on site. No other threatened species listed by the IUCN were recorded on site. However, the Near Threatened Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) and European Roller (Coracias garrulous) were both recorded.

Although not recorded on site during the surveying period, three Critically Endangered Vulture species are likely to be found within the project area, namely: the White-headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis); the White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus); and the Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus). One Vulture species was observed in flight from a great distance and hence no positive identification was possible.

The recorded SCC include mainly the Accipitriformes species (e.g. eagles, kites, buzzards, etc), and Strigiformes species (owls). Sixteen (16) CITES listed species were recorded. Of the Tauraco species that fall under CITES legislation, only the Purple-crested Turaco (Tauraco porphyreolophus) was recoded on site. Table 4.2 lists all possible and recorded bird SCC for the project area.

Table 4.2: SCC likely to occur within the study area. Red List Common Name Scientific Name CITES Possible Recorded Status Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus NT ii 1 1 Black-bellied Bustard Eupodotis melanogaster LC ii 1 Augur Buzzard Buteo augur LC ii 1 Common Buzzard Buteo LC ii 1 1 Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco LC ii 1 monogrammicus Dark Chanting-goshawk Melierax metabates LC ii 1 Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculatus VU ii 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 49 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Red List Common Name Scientific Name CITES Possible Recorded Status Grey Crowned-crane Balearica regulorum EN ii 1 African Cuckoo-hawk Aviceda cuculoides LC ii 1 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus VU ii 1 1 African Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus NT ii 1 coronatus Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis LC ii 1 Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina LC ii 1 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax LC ii 1 Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi LC ii 1 1 African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer LC ii 1 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus LC ii 1 Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis LC ii 1 Spotted Eagle-owl Bubo africanus LC ii 1 1 Giant Eagle-owl Bubo lacteus LC ii 1 1 Sooty Falcon Falco concolor LC ii 1 Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus NT ii 1 Amur Falcon Falco amurensis LC ii 1 Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus LC ii 1 Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae LC ii 1 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus LC i 1 Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera LC ii 1 Pel's Fishing-owl Scotopelia peli LC ii 1 African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro LC ii 1 Gabar Goshawk Melierax gabar LC ii 1 African Grass-owl Tyto capensis LC ii 1 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus NT ii 1 African Harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus LC ii 1 1 Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus LC ii 1 Ayres's Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus ayresii LC ii 1 African Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster LC ii 1 African Hobby Falco cuvierii LC ii 1 Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo LC ii 1 European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus LC ii 1 1 Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri VU ii 1 1 Dickinson's Kestrel Falco dickinsoni LC ii 1 1 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni LC ii 1 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus LC ii 1 1 Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptus LC ii 1 1 Black Kite Milvus migrans LC ii 1 Western Marsh-harrier Circus aeruginosus LC ii 1 African Marsh-harrier Circus ranivorus LC ii 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 50 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Red List Common Name Scientific Name CITES Possible Recorded Status Osprey Pandion haliaetus LC ii 1 Marsh Owl Asio capensis LC ii 1 Barn Owl Tyto alba LC ii 1 African Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense LC ii 1 Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum LC ii 1 European Roller Coracias garrulus NT ii 1 1 White-faced Scops-owl Otus leucotis LC ii 1 African Scops-owl Otus senegalensis LC ii 1 1 Secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius VU ii 1 Shikra Accipiter badius LC ii 1 African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris NT 1 Western Banded Snake- Circaetus cinerascens LC ii 1 eagle Brown Snake-eagle Circaetus cinereus LC ii 1 1 Black-chested Snake-eagle Circaetus pectoralis LC ii 1 Great Snipe Gallinago media NT 1 Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus LC ii 1 Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus LC ii 1 1 Ovambo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis LC ii 1 Black Stork Ciconia nigra LC ii 1 Purple-crested Turaco Tauraco LC ii 1 1 porphyreolophus Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos EN ii 1 White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis CR ii 1 White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus CR ii 1 Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus CR ii 1 African Wood-owl Strix woodfordii LC ii 1 1 Totals 69 17

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5. IMPACTS

5.1. INTRODUCTION

The faunal studies undertaken allow an assessment of the existing impacts and those that can be predicted to occur due to the proposed mining project at various relevant spatial and temporal scales. The individual impacts can be grouped together as a series of key environmental issues.

5.1.1. Issue 1: Loss of faunal biodiversity

The project area supports a large diversity of faunal species. Small mammals (e.g. rodents and galagos), small ungulates (e.g. suni and duiker), large ungulates (e.g. kudu and sable antelope), large carnivores (e.g. lion and leopard), as well as mega-herbivores (such as elephant and buffalo), either permanently or periodically occur within the study area. The diversity of vegetation types within the study area provide suitable habitats for a large variety of reptile and bird species. The project area also falls within the migratory route of a number of summer migrant bird species. The tributary and river networks, along with seasonally inundated wetland/dambo systems provide crucial habitats for a range of amphibian species.

The construction of infrastructures and operation of the mine and its associated infrastructure will result in a loss of biodiversity for all faunal groups. Displacement, habitat fragmentation and habitat loss caused by the project footprint and associated infrastructure (e.g. haul roads) will impact negatively on all faunal groups. Certain faunal species are likely to be displaced by pests unintentionally introduced and sustained by the mine and mine operation activities. Increased road mortalities of fauna will occur due to additional project vehicles on site. Slow-moving species (e.g. tortoises and frogs), as well as fossorial (burrowing) species (e.g. moles, lizards and snakes) are likely to suffer higher road mortalities than mobile and arboreal species (e.g. birds, bats and large mammals). Increased levels of dust and noise, the spillage of hydrocarbons, and other pollutants associated with construction and operational phase activities, will further impact numerous faunal species. The decommissioning of the mining operation and the demobilization of infrastructures will result in similar issues as the construction phase.

5.1.2. Issue 2: Exaccerbated human influence - mine Induced Impact

Currently, subsistence hunting of most faunal groups by local communities occurs within the study area. Road networks into the region have exacerbated the influence of “outsiders” in the region. This has resulted in local communities restructuring their livelihoods from subsistence hunting (mostly of small mammals and game birds) to incentivised hunting of rare and endangered game (such as pangolin, sable antelope, and leopard) as well as mega-herbivores (such as elephant and buffalo). The transport network also provides access to the Messalo River and tributaries for a number of small scale artisanal gold miners. At a regional scale, land use is primarily focussed on pastoralism and cultivation. Pastoralism (e.g. chickens and goats) is practised at the Nquenene Village and Sinhojo Village (fig 2.1), at a small scale, due to the low number of people permanently residing within the site. The clearing and burning of woodland and forested areas to create machambas occurs on the borders of the project area. As a result of the presence of the mine, members of the nearby village have commenced clearing along the access road to the projet area either in an attempt to gain compensation or in an effort to harvest natural resources prior to mine clearing activities. The site the mine has been proposed has seemingly been operating at an equilibrium where the local pollution can harvest natural resource and the the natural resources can sustain the harvesting. It is rare for there to be large mammals naturally present in Mozambique, very few places host elephant, kudu and buffalo and even fewer host Sable and Roan. There is likely to be an increase in hunting pressures due to an increase in population

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 52 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal numbers associated with construction phase and operational phase job seekers which will very likely upset this equilibrium.

5.1.3. Issue 3: Human/Wildlife Conflict

The presence of the mine, mine employees and the influx of job seekers into the project area during the construction and operational phase of the mine is likely to increase the number of interactions between humans and dangerous faunal species. The interaction between wild animals and people can have a negative impact on people and their resources, as well as on wild animals and their habitats. The introduction of the water storage dam also provides permanent habitat for crocodiles and hippos which are known to occur in the Masala. Hippos and crocodiles present a danger to both mine employees and surrounding villages.

5.1.4. Issue 4: Increase in Human-Elephant conflict

There is evidence and personal accounts of elephant (Loxodonta africana) on site which will interact with the mine and mine inhabitants during construction and operation increasing the likelihood of human-elephant conflict (HEC) in the project area. In addition, poaching is known to occur in the area, and the greater number of people and/or the greater number of elephants increase the paoching of elephants from elephants are likely to become more aggressive in areas where they experience increased poaching thereby exacerbating the Human-Elephant conflict.

5.1.5. Issue 5: Increase in the presence of elephants within the project area

The introduction of an artificial permanent water source (storage water dam/alternative/TSF) may attract a greater number elephants and encourage them to reside in the project area for longer periods of time than in previous years when there was an absence of a permanent water source, especially in the dry season. The introduction of an artificial permanent water source will have significant ecological impacts, as well as contribute to further increasing HEC.

Surface water is a primary determinant of the distribution of elephants and other water-dependent herbivores in semi-arid environments (Owen-Smith 1996). Elephant family units are most water dependent as calves require water more frequently (every one-and-half to two days) than adults, restricting their foraging ranges (Leggett 2006). The introduction of a permanent water source is likely to disrupt elephant movement patterns particularly during the driest part of the dry season, increasing local elephant density around water sources (Barnes 2001; Leggett 2006; Chamaille- Jammes et al. 2007; Loarie et al. 2009). Elephants are known to restrict their movement within 4- 20km of a permanent water source and in the dry season elephants will concentrate near permanent water sources and disperse away from these permanent water sources in the wet season at the onset of rains as seasonal water sources are widely available (Loarie et al. 2009; de Beer et al. 2006).

The distribution and density of permanent water sources in a landscape is important as this will determine where the vegetation will be impacted (Owen-Smith 1996). Water sources are associated with increased localised activity patterns and focused grazing (Owen-Smith 1996; Smit 2007; Egeru et al. 2015). A utilization or disturbance gradient occurs around the water source, creating a radiating zone from the source. This disturbance gradient is known as ‘a piosphere’ and is an indicator of the localized impact of herbivores on soil and vegetation (Owen-Smith 1996; Egeru et al. 2015). Large herbivores are particularly important in the creation of piospheres. The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is a bulk feeder and water-dependent species (Chamaille- Jammes et al. 2007). Elephants are known as ‘ecosystem engineers’, and believed to be the primary modifiers of ecosystems due to their capabilities of modifying the structure and

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 53 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal composition of the vegetation, converting woodlands into shrublands where elephant occur in high densities (de Beer et al. 2006; Chamaille-Jammes et al. 2007).

The implications of piospheres manifest in soil nutrient cycling and are associated with landscape degradation, soil compaction and erosion (Egeru et al. 2015). Vegetation dynamics and composition is also heavily impacted by both foraging and trampling (de Beer et al. 2006; Shannon et al. 2009). Observed changes include perennial plant species being replaced by annual species and unpalatable perennial shrubs (Smit 2007; Egeru et al. 2015), localised damage and reduction in established woody plant species surrounding water sources and this effect is heightened in the dry season (Ben-Shahar 1993; de Beer et al. 2006; Chamaille-Jammes et al. 2007). The introduction of a permanent water source may destabilize system dynamics which may threaten productivity, resilience, stability, resistance to change and biodiversity (Smit et al. 2007). It is expected that areas and resources within 10-15km of the permanent water source will experience increased pressure (Loarie et al. 2009). According to a study conducted by Loarie et al. (2009) 71% of dry season elephant movements are within 5km of a known water source, 84% are within 10km, and 93% within 15km. Should the elephant population be managed so as to avoid extreme high pressure on the vegetation communities, which will establish and/or recover surrounding the permanent water body, the introduction of an artificial water source could have significantly beneficial impacts on other faunal species and assemblages.

5.2. THE CURRENT IMPACTS: THE “NO-GO” OR “WITHOUT PROJECT SCENARIO”.

5.2.1. Impact 1: Habitat loss and fragmentation Cause and comment Clearing and burning of woodland and forested areas to create machambas outside of the project area but bordering it and along the access route to the project area is currently causing the displacement of faunal groups due to disturbance and habitat loss within the project area.

Significance Statement Habitat loss and fragmentation in the project area definitely occurs, resulting in a moderate, Medium Term impact at a regional scale. The environmental significance of this impact is MODERATE, and under the current subsistence agricultural practice this impact cannot be mitigated.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 1: Habitat loss and fragmentation Without Medium term Regional Moderate Definite MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Medium term Regional Slight Probable MODERATE-

5.2.2. Impact 2: Current land use impacts on faunal groups

Cause and comment Subsistence hunting of certain faunal species, including rare and endangered game, by local communities was confirmed on site. Large bodied birds-of-prey, such as Martial and Crowned Eagles (both of which are SCC) are known to prey on livestock, making them susceptible to targeted hunting or even poisoning. The carcass of an Elephant was found on site, and villagers admit to wildlife hunting to contribute to food security, and more recently for commercial gain.

Significance Statement

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Existing land use impacts on faunal groups in the project area definitely occurs, resulting in a moderate, Long Term impact at a regional scale. The environmental significance of this impact is HIGH. Mitigation is difficult, as the area is remote and there is no enforcement of conservation legislation. People readily admit to hunting, and the local chief provides a suitable weapon for the annual hunting of an Elephant. There is no sign of any activities to prevent or limit hunting or the clearing of primary vegetation for the establishment of machambas. Consequently, the impact remains HIGH.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 2: Current land use impacts on fauna Without Long term Regional Moderate Definite HIGH- Mitigation With Mitigation Medium term Regional Slight Probable HIGH-

5.3. CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACTS

This section presents the issues that are likely to impact faunal groups during the construction of the mining project and its associated infrastructures. Mitigation measures for each impact are reported.

5.3.1. Impact 3: Loss of Amphibian Diversity

Cause and comment: (access roads, pump station, pits, processing plant and waste storage areas): Amphibian mortalities will result from the construction of project infrastructure. Amphibians are motile species, and populations will be displaced due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The immobility of frogs will further make them susceptible to road mortalities related to an increase in the number of project vehicles using roads. Increased noise and motor vibrations in wetlands/dambos and riparian areas may also impact amphibian breeding choruses, but these impacts will be localised and many amphibian species are surprisingly tolerant of vehicle noise. Amphibians are likely to be the most impacted by an increase in dust levels. Dust can increase the turbidity of streams and wetlands/dambos which may in turn inhibit amphibian’s ability to feed and breed. Spillages of hydrocarbons and other pollutants may lead to development abnormalities and fatalities of amphibian species.

Significance Statement (access roads, pump station, pits, processing plant and waste storage areas): The impacts associated with the loss of amphibian diversity associated with the construction of the access roads, pump station, pits, processing plant and waste storage areas within the study area will definitely occur and will have a moderate, Medium term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will remain MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 3a: Loss of amphibian diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the access roads, pump station, pit shells, processing plant, and waste storage areas. Without Medium Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Medium Term Study Area Slight Definite MODERATE--

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Cause and comment: (Storage Water Dam, Alternative Pipeline and Small Storage Water Dam and TSF Options 1, 2 & 3): Riparian zones and associated wetlands/dambos provide critical habitat for many frog species. Many species will find logs, rocks, cracks or crevices within riparian areas to either hibernate or estivate. Estivation is a prolonged state of dormancy or torpor which many frog species within the project area will enter during the dry season. The inundation of the storage water dam and TSF will undoubtedly result in the most significant impact on amphibian diversity. Frog species in a state of hibernation or estivation are likely to either be killed or displaced. Furthermore, the construction of the dam and TSF will alter flow dynamics of river systems, negatively impacting amphibian communities downstream.

Significance Statement (Storage Water Dam, Alternative Pipeline and Small Storage Water Dam and TSF Options 1, 2 & 3): The impacts associated with the loss of amphibian diversity associated with the construction of the storage water dam, alternative pipeline and small storage water dam and TSF within the study area will definitely occur and will have a severe, Long term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is HIGH NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 3b: Loss of amphibian diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the storage water dam, alternative pipeline and storage dam, and TSF options. Without Long Term Study Area Severe Definite HIGH- Mitigation With Mitigation Medium Term Study Area Severe Definite MODERATE-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  The inundation of the dam (or alternative) and TSF should take place over an extended period of time (minimum 3 months) to allow for amphibian species to disperse from the flood zone.  Keep the width of the access/haul roads and subsequent clearing during construction to a minimum.  Roads must avoid riparian areas, other than river crossings, and be located a safe distance from these areas.  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of amphibians being killed on the project roads.  Dust suppression techniques, such as the watering of project roads, must be implemented during the dry season.  A search and rescue plan should be developed for amphibians which fall into construction pits.  Storage facilities for chemicals should be bunded and situated in high lying areas to avoid spillages and damage from flood events.

5.3.2. Impact 4: Loss of Reptile Diversity

Cause and comment Reptile mortalities will result from the construction of project infrastructure. Habitat loss and fragmentation will result in the displacement of reptile species. Increased human numbers associated with the construction phase of the project will result in increased mortalities from road collisions as well as persecution. Snakes will not attack a human unless they feel threatened and

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 56 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal provoked, some people find the mere presence of snakes/lizards threatening and will kill them (persecution) even if no threat is posed due to myths, superstitions and anecdotes. As the majority of reptiles are fairly mobile, the construction of the dam and TSF will not impact reptiles to the same extent as amphibians. Fossorial reptiles (such as burrowing snake species) and motile reptiles (such as tortoises) have the ability to swim, reducing the likelihood of excessive mortalities due to the inundation of habitats required for the storage water dam and TSF.

Significance Statement (all proposed infrastructure): The impacts associated with the loss of reptile diversity associated with the construction phase of the project will definitely occur and will have a moderate, Medium term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 4: Loss of reptile diversity associated with the construction phase Without Medium Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Short Term Study Area Slight Definite LOW-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  The inundation of the dam (or alternative) and TSF should take place over an extended period of time (minimum 3 months) to allow for amphibian species to disperse from the flood zone.  Keep the width of the access/haul roads and subsequent clearing during construction to a minimum.  As far as possible, protect abiotic habitats, such as rocky outcrops, which provide shelter for many reptile species.  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of reptiles being killed on the project roads.  Road kill monitoring should form part of the monitoring programme.  During the construction phase there should be no construction during the hours of darkness.  Prevent employees from killing snakes through environmental training and awareness.  A search and rescue plan should be developed for reptiles which fall into construction pits.  Storage facilities for chemicals should be bunded and situated in high lying areas to avoid spillages and damage from flood events.

5.3.3. Impact 5: Loss of Bird Diversity

Cause and comment Some birds, particularly nocturnal species such as owls and night-jars will be killed on the roads if there is an increase in the number of project vehicles using roads at night. The construction of the storage water dam and TSF will result in large areas of Riparian Woodland and Undifferentiated Forest becoming inundated. These vegetation types harbour a high diversity of bird species, and provide nesting habitats for a number of birds, including SCC. For these reasons impacts from these project actions are regarded as more significant.

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Significance Statement (access roads, pump station, pits, processing plant, and waste storage areas): The impacts associated with the loss of bird diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the access roads, pump station, mine pit, processing plant, and waste storage areas within the study area will definitely occur and will have a moderate, Medium term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Spatial Severity of Likelihood Significance Scale Scale Impact Impact 5a: Loss of bird diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the access roads, pump station, pit shells, processing plant, and waste storage areas. Without Mitigation Medium Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE- With Mitigation Short Term Study Area Slight Definite LOW-

Significance Statement (Storage Water Dam, Alternative Pipeline and Storage Water Dam, and TSF Options 1, 2 & 3): The impacts associated with the loss of bird diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the storage water dam (and alternative option) and TSF within the study area will definitely occur and will have a very severe, Medium term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is HIGH NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 5b: Loss of bird diversity and SCC associated with the construction of the storage water dam (and alternative) and TSF Without Medium Term Study Area Very Severe Definite HIGH- Mitigation With Mitigation Short term Study Area Severe Definite MODERATE-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Undertake habitat clearing during winter when birds are not breeding. This should be done for the water storage dam and TSF however the plant and pits will likely occur at varying times and should undertaken in winter where practical to do so.  Ideally the dam and TSF would be inundated during winter when birds are not nesting, however this is not practical since the rainy season is in the summer months and this is when the dam would be inundated. Construction of the dam during the winter months is likely to discorage birds from nesting in winter and it is then likely that fewer birds will be breeding in the winter season following construction and the dam should be indudated then.  The inundation of the dam (or alternative) and TSF should take place over an extended period of time (minimum 3 months) to allow for bird species to disperse from the flood zone.  Prevent employees from hunting birds through environmental training.  Keep the width of the access/haul roads and subsequent clearing during construction to a minimum.  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of birds being killed on the project roads.

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5.3.4. Impact 6: Loss of Mammal Diversity

Cause and comment Mammal mortalities will result from the construction of project infrastructure. Habitat loss and fragmentation will result in the displacement of numerous mammal species, ranging from small rodents to elephants. Increased human numbers associated with the construction phase of the project will result in increased mortalities from road collisions as well as increased hunting pressures. Most mammals are highly mobile, however, high mortalities of fossorial species such as moles can be expected, due to earth works associated with construction activities as well as the inundation of the dam and TSF. No fossorial species have been recorded in the project area.

Significance Statement (all project infrastructures): The impacts associated with the loss of mammal diversity associated with the construction phase of the project will definitely occur and will have a severe, Medium term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. Despite mitigation measures this impact will remain MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 7: Loss of mammal diversity associated with the construction phase activities Without Medium Term Study Area Severe Definite MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Short Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Prevent employees from hunting and poaching mammals through environmental training.  Keep the width of the access/haul roads and subsequent clearing during construction to a minimum.  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of mammals being killed on the project roads.  During the construction phase there should be no construction during the hours of darkness.  Where possible, protect abiotic habitats, such as rocky outcrops, which provide shelter for many small mammals, particularly bat roosts.  Clearing of vegetation should be undertaken in winter months, numerous bat species rear young in tree roosts during the summer months.  Maintain habitat connectivity, particularly to intact habitats, via habitat corridors.  The inundation of the dam (or alternative) and TSF should take place over an extended period of time (minimum 3 months) to allow for mammal species to disperse from the flood zone.

5.4. OPERATION PHASE IMPACTS

This section presents the issues that are likely to impact faunal groups during the operational phase of the mine. The introduction of a permanent water body will result in altered species assemblages and densities; hence this section will also address the impacts which faunal species will have on the landscape and functioning of the ecosystem. Human and wildlife conflicts which are likely to arise during the operational phase are also addressed. Where possible, mitigation measures for each impact are reported.

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5.4.1. Impact 7: Impact of elephants as ecosystem engineers

Cause and comment The introduction of a permanent water source is likely to cause elephants to remain closer to the project area during the dry season than they currently do. Increased elephant abundance will result in increased pressure on the vegetation surrounding the water source, as the role of elephant as ecosystem engineers is well documented (Valeix et al., 2011; Holling et al.,1996 etc.). Depending on the population size of elephants within the region, resources within 10-15km of the permanent water source could experience increased pressure. The impacts that elephants could have on vegetation dynamics may subsequently impact other faunal species and groups which utilize resources within the project area as well as the landscape.

The likelihood of the following occurring is uncertain and affects the impact rating:  Existing population size of elephants in the region  The effect of the dam on elephants  Elephant associated pressure on resources within 0-15km  Resource impacts on vegetation dynamics, faunal species and other groups

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the increase in abundance of elephants during the operation of the mine will Probably occur and will have a Long Term impact at the regional scale. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is expected to be VERY SEVERE, but we are UNCERTAIN whether this rating is correct, as we do not have specific information on elephant numbers, and their behaviour can be unpredictable, as the severity of the impact cannot be determined without population level studies close to the project area and this can only be established over multiple dry seasons. We do know during the exploration program 2014-2016 only 2 sightings of Elephants were noted during both dry seasons. The suggested mitigation measures must be carried out in order to prevent the potential VERY HIGH ecological impact elephants could have on the study area and surrounding landscapes.

IMPACTS WITHOUT MITIGATION WITH MITIGATION Severity Significance Severity Significance Impact 4.1a: Very limited increase in abundance of elephants due to the introduction of an artificial permanent Severe MODERATE- Moderate LOW- water source (Low probability of event occurring). Impact 4.1b: Marked increase in abundance of elephants due to the Very introduction of an artificial permanent VERY HIGH- Severe MODERATE- Severe water source. (High probability of event occurring).

Mitigation and Management:

The following mitigation actions are required to determine which scenario will occur:

 Map the presence of Elephants using spoor, scat and sightings over o One dry season prior to the development of the dam. o Several dry seasons once the dam is built. o This information must be sent to the relevant authorities that govern the Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of Elephants in Mozambique.

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In the event that Scenario 2 occurs, which will be determined based on an interpretation of the results by an expert, the following mitigation is required:

 An Elephant Management Plan must form part of the Ecological Management Plan  The Ecological Management Plan must include, but is not limited to, the following: o An Elephant Specialist must develop a thresholds (e.g. the amount of elephants the area can accommodate without causing severe adverse ecological impacts) at the relevant spatial scale determined by the specialist. . If the threshold is likely to be exceeded, a game fence will need to be erected around the storage dam and/or the TSF for the operational phase of the mine. . If the threshold is unlikely to be exceeded, a suitably qualified ecologist must monitor the elephant utilization of the water body (and surrounding vegetation types) throughout the operational phase of the mine. o Should the monitoring find, at any stage of the operational phase, that the threshold determined by the census has been exceeded (i.e. more elephants utilize the permanent water body than the ecosystem can cope with) for the remainder of the operational phase the following examples of mitigation measures are suggested: . A game fence will need to be erected around the storage dam and/or the TSF it is important that the fence starts a minimum of 30cm above the ground so allow access to smaller faunal groups and . Artificial watering holes will need to be created at eight (8) axis points from the mine and must operate under a two (2) year rotation to allow vegetation sufficient time to recover.

5.4.2. Impact 8: Impact on Amphibian Diversity

Cause and comment Following the establishment of perennial riparian vegetation around the introduced permanent water bodies, suitable habitat for a number of frog species and communities will be created. Amphibian abundance is likely to increase following inundation of the storage water dam and TSF. However, the modification to the natural system may create conditions suitable to the establishment of invasive species. The construction of the dam and TSF will alter flow dynamics of river and drainage systems, which may negatively impact on amphibian communities downstream.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the introduction of an artificial permanent water source on amphibian diversity will probably occur and will have a moderate, Long Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this impact will become LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 8: Impact on Amphibian Diversity due to the introduction of an artificial permanent water source Without Long Term Study Area Moderate Probable MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Slight May Occur LOW-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:

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 Where possible, prevent project vehicles from driving within 30m of the dam/TSF.  An Environmental Monitoring Programme should be developed in consultation with conservation authorities.  The Environmental Monitoring Programme should include an alien/invasive species management plan.  A local community member should be incentivised to implement the Environmental Monitoring Programme (including monitoring of amphibian species compositions at permanent water bodies).

5.4.3. Impact 9: Impact on Reptile Diversity

The introduction of an artificial permanent water source will generate artificial habitats (e.g. embankments, crevices and concrete structures) which will attract a host of reptile species. Crocodiles and monitor lizards are likely to inhabit the permanent water bodies, especially during the dry months. Numerous other reptile species (e.g. snakes and lizards) are likely to remain within close proximity of the water sources during dry spells. The concentration of reptiles around the introduced water source will make many species (especially snakes) susceptible to persecution due to the increased human numbers associated with the operational phase of the project.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the introduction of an artificial permanent water source on reptile diversity May occur and will have a low, Long Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is LOW NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this impact will become LOW POSITIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 9: Impact on Reptile Diversity due to the introduction of an artificial permanent water source Without Long Term Study Area Slight May occur LOW - Mitigation Slightly With Mitigation Long Term Study Area May occur LOW + beneficial

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Establish a 30 to 50m buffer around the water dam, where project vehicles are not allowed to drive, and where access by staff requires special permission as it is part of their work responsibility e.g. Staff will need to access the water pump-house for maintenance purposes.  Consider establishing a recreational facility (pub or restaurant) at a suitable location on the edge of the dam, where access to what will be an attractive feature can be regulated. Swimming however must not be permitted as crocodiles are likely to inhabit the dam.  An Ecological Management Plan should be developed in consultation with conservation authorities.  Educate staff which snakes are venomous/nonvenomous and differentiate between defensive and aggressive behaviour. Posters of venomous and non-venomous snakes

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should be used and selected staff members should be trained in snake handling to remove snakes safely from site. Employees must not kill snakes.  A pest management plan must be implemented to avoid the influx of prey for snakes and reduce the likelihood of entering the site.

5.4.4. Impact 10: Impact on Bird Diversity

Cause and comment Avian diversity and abundance will increase following inundation of the storage water dam and TSF as there are currently no substantial permanent water bodies within the project area. Following the establishment of riparian vegetation around these infrastructures, suitable habitat for a number of indigenous waterbird guilds which are currently not present within the project area will be created. Increases in waterbird densities will likely to attract numerous birds-of-prey. The addition of waterbird populations will exacerbate the likelihood of local communities and project associated employees targeting and hunting these species.

Significance Statement: Bird diversity associated with the water storage dam and TSF within the study area will probably increase, and will have a slightly beneficial, Long Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is LOW POSITIVE. With mitigation measures this impact will become MODERATE POSITIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 10: Impact on Bird Diversity due to the introduction of an artificial permanent water source Without Slightly Long Term Study Area Probable LOW + Mitigation Beneficial Moderately With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Probable MODERATE+ Beneficial

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Prevent employees from hunting birds.  Establish a 30 to 50m buffer around the water dam, where project vehicles are not allowed to drive, and where access by staff requires special permission as it is part of their work responsibility.  It is suggested that an alternative source of food e.g. a poultry community project be introduced to reduce reliability on natural fauna.

5.4.5. Impact 11: Impact on Mammal Diversity

Cause and comment The loss of mammal diversity has already been assessed as part of the construction phase, when clearing and habitat loss cause these impacts. During the operational phase the introduction of a permanent water source will create a new habitat, albeit within a disturbed area, that will nonetheless still attract numerous mammal species, especially during the dry months when alternative water sources are large distances apart. The concentration of game within the area surrounding the water source(s) will result in increased hunting pressures.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with mammal diversity associated with the storage water dam and TSF within the study area May occur and will have a slight, Long Term positive impact. The

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 63 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is LOW positive, provided the following mitigation measures are implemented.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 11: Impact on Mammal Diversity due to the introduction of an artificial permanent water source Without Long Term Study Area Slight May occur LOW+ Mitigation Moderately With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Probable MODERATE+ Beneficial

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of mammals being killed on the project roads.  Where possible, limit project vehicles from driving on project roads during the hours of darkness.  Establish a 30 to 50m buffer around the water dam, where project vehicles are not allowed to drive, and where access by staff requires special permission as it is part of their work responsibility.  An Ecological Management Plan should be developed and implemented in consultation with conservation authorities.  Local community members should be incentivised to implement the Ecological Management Plan (including monitoring of hunting activities at permanent water bodies).  Prevent employees from hunting mammal species through environmental training.  Create corridors to link the dam buffer area with other undisturbed areas within the project site.  As part of the ECO duties and Environmental Monitoring Programme areas not disturbed by mining should be patrolled to collecting snares and establish a presense in an effort to prevent poaching.  Develop a community based natural resource management (CBNRM) strategy.

5.4.6. Impact 12: Loss of Amphibian Diversity

Cause and comment Amphibian mortalities will result from mining operations. Amphibians are motile species, which will result in displaced populations due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The mobility of frogs will further make them susceptible to road mortalities related to an increase in the number of project vehicles using roads. Increased noise and motor vibrations in wetlands/dambos and riparian areas may also impact amphibian breeding choruses, but these impacts will be localised and many amphibian species are surprisingly tolerant of vehicle noise. Amphibians are likely to be the most impacted by an increase in dust levels, which can increase the turbidity of streams and wetlands/dambos which may in turn inhibit amphibian’s ability to feed and breed. Spillages of hydrocarbons and other pollutants may lead to development abnormalities and fatalities of amphibian species.

Significance Statement The impacts associated with the loss of amphibian diversity associated with the operation of the mine will definitely occur and will have a severe, Long Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is HIGH NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will remain MODERATE NEGATIVE.

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Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 12: Loss of amphibian diversity and SCC associated with the operation of the mine. Without Long Term Study Area Severe Definite HIGH- Mitigation With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE--

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of amphibians being killed on the project roads.  Where possible, restrict project vehicles from driving on project roads during the hours of darkness.  Dust suppression techniques, such as the watering of project roads, must be implemented.  Manage the water storage dam as an ecological habitat, and ensure that suitable fringing vegetation is established to provide additional habitat for frogs.  A rescue plan should be developed for amphibians which fall into mining pits.  Storage facilities for chemicals should be bunded and situated in high lying areas to avoid spillages and damage from flood events.  Spill kits should be present on site during the operation and decommissioning phases of the project. Employees should be trained on how to deal with spillages.  All stationary machinery that store or run-off hydro-carbons (excluding vehicles) must have drip trays to prevent hydrocarbon spillages.

5.4.7. Impact 13: Loss of Reptile Diversity

Cause and comment Reptile mortalities will result from mining operations. Habitat loss and fragmentation will result in the displacement of reptile species. Increased human numbers associated with the operational phase of the project will result in increased mortalities from road collisions as well as persecution, especially of snake species. Increased levels of dust and noise, the spillage of hydrocarbons, and other pollutants associated with operational phase activities will impact reptilian species.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the loss of reptile diversity associated with the operation phase of the project will Probably occur and will have a slight, Long Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 13: Loss of reptile diversity associated with the operation phase Without Long Term Study Area Slight Probable MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Slight May Occur LOW-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Where possible, protect abiotic habitats, such as rocky outcrops, which provide shelter for

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many reptile species.  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of reptiles being killed on the project roads.  Educate staff which snakes are venomous/nonvenomous and differentiate between defensive and aggressive behaviour. Posters of venomous and non-venomous snakes should be used and selected staff members should be trained in snake handling to remove snakes safely from site. Employees must not kill snakes.  A pest management plan must be implemented to avoid the influx of prey for snakes and reduce the likelihood of entering the site.  A rescue plan should be developed for reptiles which fall into mining pits.  Storage facilities for chemicals should be bunded and situated in high lying areas to avoid spillages and damage from flood events.

5.4.8. Impact 14: Loss of Bird Diversity

Cause and comment The mining operations and associated activities (e.g. increased traffic) will result in noise and dust which will encourage the displacement of many bird species. Although most birds are highly mobile, the majority of birds are sensitive to disturbance and will migrate away from mining activities. Some birds, particularly nocturnal species such as owls and night-jars may be killed on the project roads if there is an increase in the number of project vehicles using roads at night. The increase in human population numbers in the project area associated with mining activities will increase hunting pressure on numerous bird species.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the loss of bird diversity associated with the operational activities of the mine will Probably occur and will have a slight, Long Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be reduced to LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 14: Loss of bird diversity and SCC associated with mining operations. Without Long Term Study Area Slight Probable MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Slight May Occur LOW-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of birds being killed on the project roads.  Where possible, limit project vehicles from driving on project roads during the hours of darkness.  A Conservation Action Plan (CAP) should be developed in consultation with conservation authorities.  Prevent employees from hunting birds through environmental training.  Manage the water storage dam as an ecological habitat, and ensure that suitable fringing vegetation is established to provide habitat for birds, and prevent the hunting of waterfowl on the dam.

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5.4.9. Impact 15: Loss of Mammal Diversity

Cause and comment Mammal mortalities will result from mining operations. Habitat loss and fragmentation will result in the displacement of numerous mammal species, ranging from small rodents to elephants. Increased human numbers associated with the operational phase of the project will result in increased mortalities from road collisions as well as increased hunting pressures. Most mammals are highly mobile, however, high mortalities of fossorial species such as moles can be expected, due to earth works associated with mining activities.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the loss of mammal diversity associated with the operational phase of the project will definitely occur and will have a moderate, Long Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will impact will remain MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 15: Loss of mammal diversity associated with operation phase activities Without Long Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Slight Definite MODERATE-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Prevent employees from hunting and poaching mammals through environmental training.  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of mammals being killed on the project roads.  Where possible, prevent driving during the hours of darkness.  Protect abiotic habitats, such as rocky outcrops, which provide shelter for many small mammals, particularly bat roosts.  Create corridors to link Maintain habitat connectivity, particularly to intact habitats within the project site.

5.4.10. Impact 16: Increases in human and wildlife interactions

Cause and comment Elephant, buffalo, lion, leopard, and a number of highly venomous snake species are likely to either permanently or periodically occur within the project area. The increase in the number of people on site associated with the operation of the mine, as well as the immigration of job seekers will result in an increase in the number of interactions between people and dangerous animals. The construction of a permanent water body will provide habitat suitable for hippopotamus and crocodile, both of which are responsible for approximately 3000 human deaths in Africa annually.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with increases in human and wildlife interactions associated with the operational phase of the mine will Definitely occur and could have a severe, Long Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is HIGH NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will remain MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Impact Effect

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Temporal Severity of Risk or Overall Spatial Scale Scale Impact Likelihood Significance Impact 16: Increases in human and wildlife interactions associated with the operation of the mine. Without Long Term Study Area Severe Definite HIGH- Mitigation With Mitigation Long Term Study Area Moderate Probable MODERATE--

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  A Conservation Action Plan (CAP) must be implemented in consultation with conservation authorities.  The CAP must include human/wildlife conflict management protocols.  Project employees must be made aware of the risks associated with working in areas containing dangerous game.  Project employees must be trained on how to react when encountering dangerous species.  The CAP must include a Relocation Action Plan (RAP) for snakes which are encountered during the operational phase.  Local communities must be made aware of the threats of hippopotamus and crocodiles in still water bodies.  Areas not affected by mining should be managed by applying conservation principles and regarded as natural areas where access by people is restricted or prevented.  Game guards should be employed to ensure access is restricted, to clear snares and to police poaching.

5.4.11. Impact 17: Introduction of Alien fauna

Cause and Comment Developments such as mines and their associated roads create suitable corridors for the introduction of alien species. Introduced urban rodent pests such as the house mouse (Mus musculus), house rat (Rattus rattus) and the Norwegian rat (Rattus norvegicus) are likely to occur in populated areas such as mining villages. These species generally tend to survive alongside human habitation, and don’t spread in natural areas.

The most widespread and common alien bird is the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the Pied Crow (Corvus albus) which is now distributed almost worldwide and was recorded on site.

Mitigation measures  The deliberate introduction of alien species should be prohibited, unless a full environmental assessment is undertaken and control methods for escapees detailed.  A Pest Management Plan must be established and implemented and should include an eradication procedure for problem species.

Significance statement Impacts associated with the operation of the proposed mine development in the project area will probably result in a moderate negative impact in the medium-term in the Study Area from the introduction of alien species. The environmental significance of this impact is LOW.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 17: Introduction of Alien fauna

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Without Medium term Study Area Slight May Occur MEDIUM - Mitigation With Medium term Study Area Slight May Occur LOW - Mitigation

5.5. DECOMMISSIONING PHASE IMPACTS

This section presents the issues that are likely to impact faunal groups during the decommissioning of the mining project and the associated demobilisation of infrastructures. Mitigation measures for each impact are reported.

5.5.1. Impact 18: Decommissioning of mining infrastructure (excluding the storage water dam and TSF)

Cause and comment The decommissioning of mining infrastructure will cause the displacement of bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species due to noise and dust pollution caused by the demobilisation of heavy machinery from site. Road mortalities will occur due to additional project vehicles required for the removal of project infrastructure and equipment. Hunting pressure on mammals and birds, as well as the persecution of snakes will continue.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the loss of faunal diversity associated with the decommissioning of the mining infrastructure will definitely occur and will have a moderate, Short Term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is MODERATE NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this impact will become LOW NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 18: Loss of faunal diversity associated with the decommissioning of project infrastructures Without Short Term Study Area Moderate Definite MODERATE- Mitigation With Mitigation Short Term Study Area Slight Definite LOW -

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Prevent employees from hunting/killing fauna through environmental training.  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of birds being killed on the project roads.  No activities should take places during the hours of darkness where possible.  Dust suppression techniques, such as the watering of project roads, must be implemented.  Storage facilities for chemicals should be bunded and situated in high lying areas to avoid spillages and damage from flood events.

5.5.2. Impact 19: Decommissioning of the permanent water bodies (storage water dam and TSF).

Cause and comment

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The decommissioning of the storage water dam and TSF will result in the loss of habitat which a host of faunal groups would have become reliant on during the operational phase of the project. Over the projects lifespan, riparian habitats around the dam and TSF would have provided suitable habitat for a number of waterbird guilds as well as numerous amphibian species. Reptiles and mammals would have become accustomed to the permanent water source, with many species likely to have developed a seasonal reliance on the permanent water body. The decommissioning of the water bodies would have adverse impacts on all faunal groups.

Significance Statement: The impacts associated with the loss of faunal diversity associated with the decommissioning of the permanent water infrastructure will definitely occur and will have a severe, Long term impact. The environmental significance of this unmitigated impact is HIGH NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this impact will become HIGH POSITIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 19: Loss of faunal diversity associated with the decommissioning of permanent water bodies Without Long Term Regional Severe Definite HIGH- Mitigation Substantially With Mitigation Permanent Regional Definite HIGH + Beneficial

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Prevent decommissioning of storage water dam and maintain/manage dam infrastructure in perpetuity, by handing over to the relevant Mozambican authority.  Implement a management and maintenance plan for the dam.  Implementation of a Conservation Management Plan (CMP) with the hand over to the relevant Mozambique authority, the plan shall include monitoring of hunting activities at the dam.  Prevent employees from hunting birds and mammals through environmental training.  Speed restrictions for all project vehicles (40km/h is recommended) should be in place to reduce the impact of birds being killed on the project roads.  No activities should take places during the hours of darkness where preventable.

5.6. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

5.6.1. Impact 20: Cumulative Impact on Faunal Diversity

Cause and comment The expansion of the mining industry within the region will directly displace numerous faunal species through disturbances associated with habitat fragmentation and habitat loss. Transport infrastructures associated with mining activities, such as road and railway networks, will allow access into isolated and largely unpopulated areas, increasing hunting pressures on regional fauna. The foreign demands for rare and endangered species (such as pangolin), skins and bones of leopard and lion, and the tusks of elephant, have created incentives for local communities to target SCC which previously were not part of their livelihood strategies.

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Significance Statement The cumulative impact on fauna in the region results in a severe, Long Term impact at a regional scale. The environmental significance of this impact is HIGH NEGATIVE. With mitigation measures this will be MODERATE NEGATIVE.

Effect Risk or Overall Impact Temporal Severity of Spatial Scale Likelihood Significance Scale Impact Impact 20: Cumulative Loss of Faunal Diversity and SCC Without Long term Regional Severe Definite HIGH- Mitigation With Mitigation Long term Regional Moderate Definite MODERATE-

Mitigation and Management: The following mitigation actions are suggested:  Ultimately these would be addressed by the Competent Authority (MITADER)  The mine site should consider contributing to the National Biodiversity Offset System: A Road Map for Mozambique

5.7. HABITAT SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

The sensitivity map was developed by identifying areas of high, medium and low sensitivity using the following to guide the decision making process (Figure 7-1).

Areas of high sensitivity include:  Ecological process areas such as rivers, wetlands and streams that are important for ecosystem functioning, including surface and ground water as well as animal and plant dispersal;  Areas that have a high species richness;  Areas that are not significantly impacted, transformed or degraded by current land use; and  Areas that contain the majority of species of special concern found in the area and may contain high numbers of globally important species, or comprise part of a globally important vegetation type.

Areas of medium sensitivity include:  Areas that are widespread outside of the study area and are not threatened by project activities;  Areas that still provide a valuable contribution to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite being degraded;  Degraded areas that still have a relatively high species richness; and  Degraded areas that still contain species of special concern.

Areas of low sensitivity include:  Areas that are highly impacted by current land use and provide little value to the ecosystem; and  Highly degraded areas that are unlikely to harbour any species of special concern.

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The Riparian Woodland and Undifferentiated Forest both have a high species diversity and occur as localised patches throughout the study area. In addition, both of these habitats provide important refugia for faunal species and the riparian areas function as natural corridors for the dispersal of seeds and movement of animal species, ranging from amphibians and fish to elephants, antelope and predatory species. As such, these two vegetation types have been classified as areas of High Sensitivity.

The Open Palm Savanna and Open Acacia Savanna are associated with the riparian areas and appear to be inundated during the wet season, creating seasonal wetlands or dambos. Although species diversity for both of these vegetation types is low, they are unique and intact ecosystems within the landscape and it is likely that they provide important breeding grounds for faunal species such as birds and amphibians. As such, they have been classified as areas of Moderate Sensitivity.

Although the Tall Open Undifferentiated Woodland has a high species diversity and is relatively intact, this vegetation type appears to be fairly widespread outside of the study area. As such it was determined to be of Moderate Sensitivity.

Areas that have been cleared for machambas (Machamba) have been transformed by the current land use. These areas don’t contribute towards ecosystem functioning and are typically comprised of pioneer and weedy species. These areas have therefore been assigned a Low Sensitivity.

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Figure 5-1: Sensitivity map of the study area

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6. CONCLUSION

6.1. CONCLUSIONS

The habitats present within the study area are for the most part undamaged with minimal evidence of harvesting. The vegetation, rivers and rocky outcrops are intact and therefore provide an important habitat for faunal species, including mega herbivores such as elephant. Since there is high biodiversity, the unmitigated impacts associated with the construction and operation of the mine are anticipated to be high.

The likely impacts of the proposed development include:  Habitat loss and fragmentation due to direct clearing of habitats by the mine, inundation of habitats by the water storage dam and indirect habitat loss due to clearing as a result of an influx of job seekers. The most significant habitat loss is that of the High Sensitivity habitat (Undifferentiated Forest) This will be high significance if not managed appropriately as the forest was only found at this site within the surveyed area and appeared to be an important faunal habitat (with a high abundance of species) and natural corridor for species to move safely within.  Loss of faunal species due to direct loss of habitat, disruption and displacement of faunal species shelters, feeding and breeding areas. Further faunal species loss will be experienced due to increased mortalities related to an increase in the number of project vehicles using roads, increased hunting as a result of an influx of job seekers and associated increase in local community dependence on fauna for both food and cash sale; and lastly persecution of reptiles, specifically snakes both venomous and non-venomous.  Indirect loss of both habitat and faunal species. The introduction of a permanent water source (water storage dam) may attract elephants and cause them to remain within close proximity of the project area (10-15km) radius during the dry season. The impacts that elephants could have on vegetation dynamics surrounding the dam and subsequently impact other faunal species and groups which utilize resources within the project area.  Increase in human and wildlife conflict. The increase in elephants is likely to increase Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) since elephants are known to feed on machambas and the owners of machambas generally report these individual elephants as problem elephants. A consistent water supply in the dry season is likely to attract fauna species including predators, which pose a risk to both fauna and humans. The presence of elephants is also like to attract poachers given the high poaching rate in Mozambique.

If the relevant mitigation measures are implemented and managed correctly, most of the construction and operational phase impacts can be reduced to medium and low, as illustrated in the summary below (Table 6.1).

Table 6.1: Summary of the impacts associated with the project before mitigation and after mitigation. Impact Pre-mitigation Post Mitigation Very High - 1 1 High - 7 1 Medium - 11 9 Low - 1 7 Low + 2 2 Medium + 0 1

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The National Biodiversity Offset System: A Road Map for Mozambique (2016) are a set of guidelines that assist developers with implementing biodiversity offsets in Mozambique and there is ongoing work within the country to legislate this as a requirement of a development. Since the mine will have an impact on natural habitat that is typically intact with little signs of disturbance, it is highly recommended that a Biodiversity Offset Management Plan is designed and implemented in conjunction with key stakeholders and the authorities.

6.2. PREFERRED ALTERNATIVES

Option 2 for the Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) is preferred over Option 1 and Option 2 because exploration activities have already impacted on the faunal habitats in this area and the majority of mobile fauna would have relocated. It also has the smallest surface area meaning that this will result in the least amount of faunal habitat being removed, and requires the shortest length of access roads to the pits. Further it Option 2 contains both the Plant, TSF and Water Storage Dam in a single drainage catchment system and prevents disturbance of another drainage system.

6.3. CONDITIONS FOR THE EMPR, ENVIRONMENTAL LICENCE AND MONITORING

It is recommended that the following management plans are included in the EMPr and as part of the Environmental Authorisation:

1. Rehabilitation Management Plan 2. Pest Management Plan 3. Conservation Management Plan: including implementation of set aside areas and ecological support areas for preservation. 4. Environmental Monitoring Programme with specific monitoring of elephants 5. Biodiversity Offset Management Plan

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7. REFERENCES

AmphibiaWeb. 2016. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 04 November 2016. BirdLife International (2017) Country profile: Mozambique. Available from http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/countrymozambique. Checked: 2017-01-19. Barnes, M.E. 2001. Effects of large herbivores and fire on the regeneration of Acacia erioloba woodlands in Chobe National Park, Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 39: 340-350. Bechtel, P.H. and Nazerali, S. (2016). A National Biodiversity Offset System: A Road Map for Mozambique. World Bank Group. Ben-Shahar, R. 1993. Patterns of elephant damage to vegetation in Northern Botswana. Biological Conservation 65: 249-256. Branch, W. R. (2004). Herpetological survey of the Niassa Game Reserve, Northern Mozambique, Sociedade para a Gestão e Desenvolvimento da Reserva do Niassa, March 2004. Chamaillé‐Jammes, S. I. M. O. N., Marion Valeix, and Hervé Fritz. "Managing heterogeneity in elephant distribution: interactions between elephant population density and surface‐ water availability." Journal of Applied Ecology 44.3 (2007): 625-633. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Available: http://www.cites.org/. Accessed: 19.01.2017 De Beer, Y. Kilian, W., Versfeld, W., and Van Aarde, R.J. 2006. Elephant and low rainfall alter woody vegetation in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Journal of Arid Environments 64: 412-421. Egeru, A., Wasonga, O., Macopiyo, L., Mburu, J., Tabuti, J.R.S. and Majaliwa, M.G.J. 2015. Piospheric influence on forage species composition and abundance in semi-arid Karamoja sub-region, Uganda. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 5 (12): 1-17. Holling, Crawford Stanley. "Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience." Engineering within ecological constraints 31.1996 (1996): 32. Farooq, H. O. M., & Conradie, W. (2015). Second record of a Scolecomorphus kirkii Boulenger, 1883 (Gymnophiona: Scolecomorphidae) for Mozambique. Herpetology Notes, 8, 59-62. Gray, M.J., Chamberlain, M.J., Buehler, D.A., Sutton, W.B. 2013. Wetland Wildlife Monitoring and Assessment. Wetland Techniques: Volume 2: Organisms. 265 - 318. IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2. . Downloaded on 04 November 2016. Leggett, K. 2006. Effect of artificial water points on the movement and behaviour of desert- dwelling elephants of north-western Namibia. Pachyderm 40: 24-34. Loarie, S.R., Van Aarde, R.J. And Pimm, S.L. 2009. Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant movement patterns. Biological Conservation 142: 3086-3098. Lepage, D. 2013. Checklist of the birds of Mozambique. Avibase, the world database. Retrieved from http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org. MITADER (2015). National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Mozambique. Maputo, Mozambique. Ntumi, C. P., Ferreira, S. M., & Van Aarde, R. J. (2009). A review of historical trends in the distribution and abundance of elephants Loxodonta africana in Mozambique. Oryx, 43(04), 568-579. Ohler, A., & Frétey, T. (2014). Going Back to Rovuma: The Frog Fauna of a Coastal Dry Forest, and a Checklist of the Amphibians of Mozambique. Journal of East African Natural History, 103(2), 73-124. Owen-Smith, N. 1996. Ecological guidelines for waterpoints in extensive protected areas. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 26(4): 107-112. Parker, V. (1999). The Atlas of the Birds of Sul do Save, Southern Mozambique. Avian

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Demography Unit and Endangered Wildlife Trust, Cape Town and Johannesburg. Parker, V. (2001). Mozambique pp 627–638. In: FISHPOOL, L.D.C. and EVANS M.I. (eds.), Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands: Priority sites for conservation. Newbury and Cambridge, UK. Pisces Publications and BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No.11). Parker, V. (2005a). The Atlas of the Birds of Central Mozambique. Endangered Wildlife Trust & Avian Demography Unit, Johannesburg and Cape Town, 321p. Parker, V. (2005b). The Birds of the Niassa Reserve, Mozambique. Bright Continent Guide 4. Cape Town: ADU. 30pp. Schneider, M., Buramuge, V., Aliasse, L., & Serfontein, F. (2005). Checklist and Centres of Vertebrate Diversity in Mozambique. Forestry Department (DEF), Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique. Sinclair, I. & Ryan, P. 2010. Birds of Africa south of the Sahara: a comprehensive illustrative guide. 2nd edition. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. Smit, I.P.J., Grant, C.C. and Devereux, B.J. 2007. Do artificial waterholes influence the way herbivores use the landscape? Herbivore distribution patterns aound rivers and artificial surface water sources in a large African savannah park. Biological Conservation 136: 85-99. Smit, I.P.J., Grant, C.C. and Whyte, I.J. 2007b. Elephants and water provision: what are the management links? Diversity and Distribution 13: 666-669. Taylor, M.R., Peacock, F., & Wanless, RW. 2015. The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. BirdLife South Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa. Thouless, C.R., Dublin, H.T., Blanc J.J., Skinner, D.P., Daniel, T.E., Taylor, R.D., Maisels, F., Frederick, H.L. and Bouche, P. (2016). African Elephant Status Report 2016: an update from the African Elephant Database. Occasional Paper Series of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, No. 60 IUCN/SSSC Africa Elephant Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Vi + 309pp. Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 04 November 2016. Valeix, Marion, et al. "Elephant-induced structural changes in the vegetation and habitat selection by large herbivores in an African savanna." Biological Conservation 144.2 (2011): 902- 912.

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8. APPENIX

Appendix A: Reptile Species List

Red List Possible Recorded Common Name Scientific Name Status CITES Lizards Tree agama Acanthocercus atricollis (branchi) LC 1 Ground Agama Agama armata LC 1 Kirk’s Rock Agama Agama kirkii LC 1 Mozambique Agama Agama mossambica LC 1 Flap-necked chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis LC 2 1 Swnnerton’s Worm Lizard Chirindia swynnertoni LC 1 Turner’s Thick-toed Gecko Chondrodactylus turneri LC 1

Cordylus tropidosternum Tropical Girdled Lizard LC 2 1 Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus LC 1 1 Yellow-throated plated lizard Gerrhosaurus flavigularis LC 1 Rough-scaled plated lizard Gerrhosaurus major LC 1 Black-lined plated lizard Gerrhosaurus intermedius LC 1 Giant plated lizard Gerrhosaurus validus LC 1 Tropical house gecko Hemidactylus mabouia LC 1 Flat-headed house gecko Hemidactylus platycephalus LC 1 Blue-tailed Gliding Lizard Holaspis laevis LC 1 Cape dwarf day gecko Lygodactylus capensis LC 1 Mozambique Writhing Skink Lygosoma afrum LC 1 Rough-scaled desert lizard Meroles squamulosus LC 1 Sundevall’s Writhing Skink Mochlus sundevallii (previously Lygosoma) LC 1 Ornate sandveld lizard Nucras ornata LC 1 Speckled Dwarf Day Gecko Pachydactylus punctatus LC 1 Snake-eyed skink Panaspis sp. LC 1 Wahlberg's Snake-eyed skink Panaspis cf wahlbergii LC 1 Spotted-neck snake-eyed skink Panaspis maculicollis LC 1 Spotted Flat Lizard Platysaurus maculatus LC 1 Boulenger’s Skink Trachylepis boulengeri LC 1

Speckled-Lip Skink Trachylepis maculilabris LC 1 Rainbow Skink Trachylepis margaritifer LC 1 Striped Skink Trachylepis striata LC 1 Variable Skink Trachylepis varia LC 1 Rock monitor Varanus albigularis LC 2 1 Water monitor Varanus niloticus LC 2 1 Snakes 26 7 Purple-glossed Snake Amblyodipsas p. polylepis LC 1

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Cape Centipede-Eater Aparallactus capensis LC 1 Günther’s Centipede Eater Aparallactus guentheri LC 1 Plumbeous Centipede-Eater Aparallactus lunulatus lunulatus LC 1 Bibron’s Burrowing Asp Atractaspis bibronii LC 1 Puff Adder Bitis arietans arietans LC 1 Brown House Snake Boaedon capensis LC 1 Snouted Night Adder Causus defilippii LC 1 Rhombic Night Adder Causus rhombeatus LC 1 Red-lipped Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia LC 1 East African Egg-eater Dasypeltis medici medici LC 1 Common Egg-eater Dasypeltis scabra LC 1 Green Mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps LC 1 Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis LC 1 Broadley’s Tree Snake Dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi LC 1 Boomslang Dispholidus typus viridus LC 1 Boulenger’s Garter Snake Elapsoidea boulengeri LC 1 Cape File Snake Gonionotrophis capensis capensis LC 1 Nyassa File Snake Gonionotrophis nyassae LC 1 Spotted Bark Snake Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia LC 1 Cryptic Thread Snake Leptotyphlops incognitus LC 1 Peter’s Thread Snake Leptotyphlops scutifrons LC 1 Blunt Blind Snake Lethiobia obtusus LC 1 Cape Wolf Snake Lycophidion capense capense LC 1 Flat-snouted Wolf Snake Lycophidion nanum LC 1 Zambezi Beaked Blind Snake Megatyphlops mucruso LC 1 Semiornate Snake Meizodon s. semiornatus LC 1 Long-tailed Thread Snake Myriapholis longicaudus LC 1 Snouted Cobra Naja annulifera LC 1 Forest Cobra Naja melanoleuca LC 1 Mozambique Spitting Cobra Naja mossambica LC 1 Olive Swamp Snake Natriciteres olivacea LC 1 Forest Swamp Snake Natriciteres sylvatica LC 1 Angola Green Snake Philothamnus angolensis LC 1 Green Water Snake Philothamnus hoplogaster LC 1 Spotted Buch Snake Philothamnus semivariegatus LC 1 Lined Shovel-snout Prosymna lineata LC 1 Stulmann’s Shovel-snout Prosymna stuhlmannii LC 1 Angola Dwarf Sand Snake Psammophis angolensis LC 1 Mozambique Sand Snake Psammophis mossambicus LC 1 Olive Grass Snake Psammophis mossambicus LC 1 Eastern Striped-bellied Snake Psammophis orientalis LC 1 Striped Skaapsteker Psammophylax tritaeniatus LC 1 Mole Snake Pseudaspis cana LC 1 Southern African Python Python natalensis LC 1

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Rufous Beaked Snake Rhamphiophis rostratus LC 1 Tiger Snake Telescopus semiannulatus LC 1 Mozambique Twig Snake Thelotornis mossambicanus LC 1 Bicoloured Quill-snout Xenocalamus bicolor LC 1 Terrapins 43 6 Marsh Terrapin Pelomedusa subrufa LC 1 Yellow-bellied Hinged Terrapin Pelusios castanoides LC 1 Black-bellied Hinged Terrapin Pelusios subniger LC 1 Serrated Hinged Terrapin Pelusois sinuatus LC 1 Zambezi Soft-shelled Terrapin Cycloderma frenatum NT 1 Tortoises 4 1 Spek’s Hingeback Tortoise Kinixys spekii LC 1 Southern Hingeback Tortoise Kinixys zombensis LC 1 Leopard Tortoise Stigmochelys pardalis LC 1 73 14

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Common Name Scientific Name Red List Status Possible Recorded Müller's platanna Xenopus muelleri LC 1 Common Squeaker Arthroleptis stenodactylus LC 1 Cryptic tree frog Leptopelis parabocagii LC 1 Dwarf Squeaker Arthroleptis xenodactyloides LC 1 Silvery tree frog Leptopelis argentus/broadleyi LC 1 Yellow-spotted tree frog Leptopelis flavomaculatus LC 1 Mozambique rain frog Breviceps mossambicus LC 1 Flat-backed toad Amietophrynus maculatus LC 1 Guttural toad Amietophryne gutturalis LC 1 Lidner’s dwarf toad Mertensophryne lidneri LC 1 Red toad Schismaderma carens LC 1 Guinea Shovel-nosed Frog Hemisus guineensis LC 1 Motteld Shovel-nosed Frog Hemisus marmoratus LC 1 Argus reed frog Hyperolius argus LC 1 Giant leaf-folding frog Afrixalus fornasinii LC 1 Long Reed Frog Hyperolius acuticeps LC 1 Mictchell's Reed Frog Hyperolius mitchelli LC 1 Painted Reed Frog Hyperolius marmoratus LC 1 Red-legged Kassina Kassina maculata LC 1 Senegal Kassina Kassina senegalensis LC 1 Short-legged leaf-folding frog Afrixalus brachycnemis LC 1 Snoring leaf-folding frog Afrixalus delicatus LC 1 Tinker Reed Frog Hyperolius tuberlinguis LC 1 Variable Reed Frog Hyperolius pusillus LC 1 Striped rubber frog Phrynomantis bifasciatus LC 1 East African Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus acridoides LC 1 Mababe Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus mababiensis LC 1 Natal Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus natalensis LC 1 Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus cf. perpalmatus LC 1 Anchieta’s Ridged Frog Ptychadena anchietae LC 1 Dwarf Grass Frog Ptychadena taenioscelis LC 1 Guibe's Grass Frog Ptychadena guibei 1 Mascarene Ridged Frog Ptychadena mascareniensis LC 1 Mozambique Ridged Frog Ptychadena mossambica LC 1 Ornate frog Hildebrandti o. ornata LC 1 Schilluk Grass Frog Ptychadena schillukorum LC 1 Sharp-nosed Ridged Frog Ptychadena oxyrhynchus LC 1 Upemba Ridged Frog Ptychadena upembae LC 1 Beaded sand frog Tomopterna tuberculosa LC 1 Ameitia quecketti (previously Common river frog LC 1 angolensis) Dwarf Bullfrog Pyxicephalus edulis LC 1 Galem white-lipped frog Amnirana galamensis LC 1 Southern Foam Nest Frog Chiromantis xerampelina LC 1 35 8

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Red Scientific Name English Name List CITES Possible Recorded status

Artiodactyla Hippopotamus amphibius Common Hippopotamus VU 1 Phacochoerus africanus Common Warthog LC 1 Potamochoerus larvatus Bushpig LC 1 Syncerus caffer African Buffalo LC 1

Antelope Aepyceros melampus Impala LC 1 Hippotragus equinus Roan Antelope LC 1 Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope LC l 1 Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck LC 1 Nesotragus moschatus Suni LC 1 Oreotragus oreotragus Klipspringer LC 1 Ourebia ourebi Oribi LC 1 Raphicerus sharpei Sharpe's Grysbok LC 1 Redunca arundinum Common Reedbuck LC 1 Sylvicapra grimmia Common Duiker LC 1 Tragelaphus oryx Common Eland LC 1 Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck LC 1 Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater Kudu LC 1

Bats Chaerephon sp. Free-tailed Bat LC 1 Chaerephon bivittatus Spotted Free-tailed Bat LC 1 Chaerephon pumilus Little Free-tailed Bat LC 1 Coleura afra African Sheath-tailed Bat LC 1 Eidolon helvum Straw-coloured Fruit Bat NT 1 Epomophorus crypturus Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat LC 1 Epomophorus wahlbergi Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat LC 1 Eptesicus hottentotus Long-tailed House Bat LC 1 Glauconycteris variegata Butterfly Bat LC 1 Hipposideros caffer Sundevall's Roundleaf Bat LC 1 Hipposideros vittatus Striped Leaf-nosed bat NT 1 Kerivoula argentata Damara Woolly Bat LC 1 Lissonycteris angolensis Angolan Fruit Bat LC 1 Miniopterus sp. Long-fingered Bat LC 1 Miniopterus fraterculus Lesser Long-fingered Bat LC 1 Miniopterus natalensis Natal Long-fingered Bat LC 1 Mops sp. Free-tailed Bat LC 1 Mops condylurus Angolan Free-tailed Bat LC 1 Mops midas Midas Free-tailed Bat LC 1 Myotis bocagii Rufous Mouse-eared Bat LC 1 Myotis tricolor Cape Hairy Bat LC 1 Myotis welwitschii Welwitch's Bat LC 1 Neorimicia flavescens Yellow Serotine DD 1

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Neoromicia capensis Cape Serotine LC 1 Neoromicia nanus Banana Bat LC 1 Neoromicia rendalli Rendall's Serotine Bat LC 1 Nycteris grandis Large Slit-faced Bat LC 1 Nycteris hispida Hairy Slit-faced Bat LC 1 Nycteris macrotis Large-eared Slit-faced Bat LC 1 Nycteris thebaica Egyptian Slit-faced Bat LC 1 Nycteris woodi Wood's Slit-faced Bat LC 1 Nycticeinops schlieffeni Schlieffen's Bat LC 1 Pipistrellus hesperidus Dusky pipistrelle Bat LC 1 Pipistrellus melckorum Melck's House Bat DD 1 Pipistrellus rueppellii Rüppel's Pipistrelle LC 1 Rhinolophus blasii Blasius' Horseshoe Bat LC 1 Rhinolophus clivosus Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat LC 1 Rhinolophus fumigatus Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat LC 1 Rhinolophus hildebrandti Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat LC 1 Rhinolophus landeri Lander's Horseshoe Bat LC 1 Rhinolophus simulator Bushveld Horseshoe Bat LC 1 Rhinolophus swinnyi Swinny's Horseshoe Bat LC 1 Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian Fruit Bat LC 1 Scotoecus hirundo Dark-winged Lesser House Bat LC 1 Scotophilus dinganii African Yellow Bat LC 1 Scotophilus nigrita Giant House Bat LC 1 Scotophilus viridis Greenish Yellow Bat LC 1 Tadarida ventralis African Giant Free-tailed Bat DD 1 Taphozous mauritianus Mauritian Tomb Bat LC 1 Triaenops persicus Persian Trident Bat LC 1

Carnivora Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah VU l 1 Aonyx capensis African Clawless Otter NT 1 Atelerix albiventris Four-toed Hedgehog LC 1 Atilax paludinosus Marsh Mongoose LC 1 Bdeogale crassicauda Bushy-tailed Mongoose LC 1 Canis adustus Side-striped Jackal LC 1 Caracal caracal African Caracal LC 1 Civettictis civetta African Civet LC 1 Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena LC 1 Felis silvestris Wildcat LC 1 Genetta angolensis Angolan Genet LC 1 Genetta maculata Large-spotted Genet LC 1 Helogale parvula Common Dwarf Mongoose LC 1 Herpestes ichneumon Large Grey Mongoose LC 1 Herpestes sanguineus Slender Mongoose LC 1 Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose LC 1 Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat LC 1 Leptailurus serval Serval LC 1 Hydrictis maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter NT 1 Lycaon pictus African Wild Dog EN 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 83 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal

Mellivora capensis Honey Badger LC III 1 Mungos mungo Banded Mongoose LC 1 Nandinia binotata African Palm Civet LC I 1 Panthera leo African Lion VU ll 1 Panthera pardus Leopard VU I 1 Poecilogale albinucha African Striped Weasel LC 1

Hyracoidea Heterohyrax brucei Bush Hyrax LC 1 Procavia capensis Rock Hyrax LC 1

Lagomorpha Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare LC 1

Perissodactyla Equus quagga Burchell's Zebra NT 1

Pholidota Smutsia temminckii Ground Pangolin VU I 1

Primate Cercopithecus mitus Samango Monkey 1 Chlorocebus pygerythrus Vervet monkey LC 1 Galago moholi South African Galago LC 1 Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Bushbaby (Galago) LC 1 Papio cynocephalus Yellow Baboon LC 1

Proboscidea Loxodonta africana African Elephant VU I 1

Rodents Acomys spinosissimus Spiny Mouse LC 1 Aethomys chrysophilus Red Rock Rat LC 1 Cricetomys gambianus Gambian Rat LC 1 Crocidura cyanea Reddish-gray Musk Shrew LC 1 Crocidura fuscomurina Bicolored Musk Shrew LC 1 Crocidura hirta Lesser Red Musk Shrew LC 1 Crocidura luna Greater Grey-brown Musk Shrew LC 1 Crocidura olivieri African Giant Shrew LC 1 Cryptomys darlingi Mashona Mole-rat LC 1 Dasymys incomtus African Marsh Rat LC 1 Dendromus melanotis Gray African Climbing Mouse LC 1 Dendromus mystacalis Chestnut Climbing Mouse LC 1 Dendromus nyikae Nyika Climbing Mouse LC 1 Elephantulus fuscus Dusky Elephant Shrew DD 1 Elephantulus myurus Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew LC 1 Gerbilliscus boehmi Boehm's Gerbil LC 1 Gerbilliscus leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil LC 1 Grammomys dolichurus Woodland Thicket Rat LC 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 84 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal

Graphiurus kelleni Kellen's Dormouse LC 1 Graphiurus microtis Small-eared Dormouse LC 1 Graphiurus murinus Woodland Dormouse LC 1 Graphiurus platyops Rock Dormouse LC 1 Heliophobius argenteocinereus Silvery Mole Rat LC 1 Heliosciurus mutabilis Mutable Sun Squirrel LC 1 Hystrix africaeaustralis Cape Porcupine LC 1 Lemniscomys rosalia Single-striped Grass Mouse LC 1 Mastomys natalensis Natal Mastomys LC 1 Mus minutoides Pygmy Mouse LC 1 Mus triton Gray-bellied Mouse LC 1 Otomys angoniensis Angoni Vlei Rat LC 1 Paraxerus cepapi Smith's Bush Squirrel LC 1 Paraxerus flavovittis Striped Bush Squirrel LC 1 Paraxerus palliatus Red Bush Squirrel LC 1 Pelomys fallax Creek Groove-toothed Swamp Rat LC 1 Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-toed Elephant-shrew LC 1 Rhabdomys pumilio Four-striped Grass Mouse LC 1 Rhynchogale melleri Meller's Mongoose LC 1 Saccostomus campestris Pouched Mouse LC 1 Steatomys pratensis Fat Mouse LC 1 Suncus lixus Greater Dwarf Shrew LC 1 Suncus megalura Climbing Shrew LC 1 Thallomys paedulcus Acacia Rat LC 1 Thryonomys swinderianus Greater Cane Rat LC 1 Uranomys ruddi Rudds Bristle-furred Rat LC 1

Tubulidentata Orycteropus afer Aardvark LC 1

130 19

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 85 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Appendix D: Bird Species List

Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida LC 1 1 Bar-throated Apalis Apalis thoracica LC 1 1 Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta LC 1 Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii LC 1 1 Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus LC 1 1 Whyte's Barbet Stactolaema whytii LC 1 White-eared Barbet Stactolaema leucotis LC 1 1 Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii LC 1 Mozambique Batis Batis soror LC 1 1 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster LC 1 1 Boehm's Bee-eater Merops boehmi LC 1 White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides LC 1 Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus LC 1 1 Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides LC 1 Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus LC 1 Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus LC 1 1 Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus LC 1 Yellow-crowned Bishop Euplectes afer LC 1 1 Black-winged Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus LC 1 1 Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris LC 1 Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus LC 1 Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii LC 1 Tropical Boubou Laniarius major LC 1 1 African Broadbill Smithornis capensis LC 1 Terrestrial Brownbul Phyllastrephus LC 1 1 terrestris Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor LC 1 1 Cabanis's Bunting Emberiza cabanisi LC 1 1 African Golden-breasted Emberiza flaviventris LC Bunting Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Emberiza tahapisi LC 1 Grey-headed Bush-shrike Malaconotus blanchoti LC 1 1 Orange-breasted Bush-shrike Telophorus LC 1 1 sulfureopectus Black-bellied Bustard Eupodotis LC ii 1 melanogaster Black-rumped Buttonquail Turnix nanus LC 1 Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus LC 1 Augur Buzzard Buteo augur LC ii 1 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo LC ii 1 1 Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco LC ii 1 monogrammicus Green-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura LC 1 1 Yellow-fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus LC 1 1 Brimstone Canary Serinus sulphuratus LC Dark Chanting-goshawk Melierax metabates LC ii 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 86 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris LC 1 1 Arnott's Chat Myrmecocichla arnoti LC 1 1 Lazy Cisticola Cisticola aberrans LC 1 1 Siffling Cisticola Cisticola brachypterus LC 1 Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans LC 1 Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana LC 1 1 Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops LC 1 Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis LC 1 1 Wailing Cisticola Cisticola lais LC Croaking Cisticola Cisticola natalensis LC 1 Neddicky Cisticola fulvicapilla LC 1 1 Mocking Cliff-chat Thamnolaea LC 1 cinnamomeiventris Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax LC 1 africanus White-breasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo LC 1 Burchell's Coucal Centropus burchellii LC 1 1 Black Coucal Centropus grillii LC 1 1 Senegal Coucal Centropus LC senegalensis White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus LC 1 Temminck's Courser Cursorius temminckii LC 1 Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus LC chalcopterus Striped Crake Aenigmatolimnas LC 1 marginalis Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra LC African Crake Crecopsis egregia LC 1 Spotted Crake Porzana porzana LC 1 Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla LC 1 Wattled Crane Bugeranus VU ii 1 carunculatus Corncrake Crex crex LC 1 White-tailed Crested- Elminia albonotata LC flycatcher Long-billed Crombec Sylvietta rufescens LC 1 Red-faced Crombec Sylvietta whytii LC 1 1 Pied Crow Corvus albus LC 1 1 Grey Crowned-crane Balearica regulorum EN ii 1 Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius LC 1 1 African Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus LC 1 1 Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx montanus LC 1 1 Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas LC 1 1 Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius LC 1 1 Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus LC 1 1 Levaillant's Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii LC 1 1 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus LC 1 Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus LC 1 1 African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis LC 1 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 87 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus LC 1 1 Madagascar Cuckoo Cuculus rochii LC 1 Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius LC 1 1 Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti LC 1 1 African Cuckoo-hawk Aviceda cuculoides LC ii 1 Black Cuckooshrike Campephaga flava LC 1 1 White-breasted Cuckooshrike Coracina pectoralis LC 1 African Darter Anhinga rufa LC 1 Namaqua Dove Oena capensis LC 1 Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia LC 1 1 senegalensis African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens LC 1 1 Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia LC 1 1 semitorquata Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria LC Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis LC 1 1 Square-tailed Drongo Dircrurus ludwigii LC African Black Duck Anas sparsa LC 1 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos LC 1 White-backed Duck Thalassornis LC 1 leuconotus Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis LC ii 1 Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina LC ii 1 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax LC ii 1 Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi LC ii 1 1 African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer LC ii 1 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus LC ii 1 Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis LC ii 1 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus NT ii 1 1 African Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus NT ii 1 coronatus Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius VU ii 1 Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus NT ii 1 1 Osprey Pandion haliaetus LC ii 1 Spotted Eagle-owl Bubo africanus LC ii 1 1 Giant Eagle-owl Bubo lacteus LC ii 1 1 Great White Egret Ardea alba LC Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC 1 Little Egret Egretta garzetta LC 1 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia LC 1 Yellow-bellied Eremomela Eremomela LC 1 1 icteropygialis Greencap Eremomela Eremomela scotops LC 1 Burnt-neck Eremomela Eremomela usticollis LC 1 Amur Falcon Falco amurensis LC ii Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus LC ii Sooty Falcon Falco concolor NT ii 1 Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae LC ii 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 88 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus LC i 1 Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus NT ii 1 Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera LC ii 1 1 Cut-throat Finch Amadina fasciata LC 1 Locust Finch Ortygospiza locustella LC 1 African Finfoot Podica senegalensis LC 1 Jameson's Firefinch Lagonosticta LC 1 1 rhodopareia African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubticata LC 1 1 Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala LC 1 Pel's Fishing-owl Scotopelia peli LC ii 1 Streaky-breasted Flufftail Sarothrura boehmi LC 1 Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans LC 1 Black and White Flycatcher Bias musicus LC 1 1 Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus LC 1 1 Livingstone's Flycatcher Erythrocercus LC 1 1 livingstonei Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis LC 1 Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis LC 1 1 pammelaina African Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta LC 1 Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa LC 1 1 caerulescens Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata LC 1 1 Coqui Francolin Francolinus coqui LC 1 Crested Francolin Francolinus sephaena LC 1 1 Allen's Gallinule Porphyrio alleni LC 1 Greater Blue-eared Glossy- Lamprotornis LC 1 starling chalybaeus Grey Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor LC 1 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca LC 1 Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus LC 1 gambensis African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro LC ii 1 Gabar Goshawk Melierax gabar LC ii 1 African Grass-owl Tyto capensis LC ii 1 Moustached Grass-warbler Melocichla mentalis LC 1 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis LC 1 Sombre Greenbul Andropadus importunus LC 1 Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris LC 1 1 Grey-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus LC 1 1 cerviniventris African Green-pigeon Treron calvus LC 1 1 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia LC 1 Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris LC 1 1 Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani LC 1 1 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus LC 1 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus NT ii 1 African Harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus LC ii 1 1 Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus LC ii 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 89 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Ayres's Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus ayresii LC ii 1 African Hawk-eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster LC ii 1 White-crested Helmet-shrike Prionops plumatus LC 1 1 Retz's Helmet-shrike Prionops retzii LC 1 1 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LC Goliath Heron Ardea goliath LC 1 Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala LC Purple Heron Ardea purpurea LC Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides LC Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris LC Green-backed Heron Butorides striata LC 1 1 Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca LC 1 African Hobby Falco cuvierii LC ii 1 Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo LC ii 1 European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus LC ii 1 1 Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator LC 1 Pallid Honeyguide Indicator meliphilus LC 1 Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor LC 1 Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus LC 1 1 Brown-backed Honeyguide Prodotiscus regulus LC 1 Green-backed Honeyguide Prodotiscus zambesiae LC 1 African Hoopoe Upupa epops LC 1 1 Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri VU 1 1 Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator LC 1 1 Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus LC 1 1 Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus LC 1 African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus LC 1 Pale-billed Hornbill Tockus pallidirostris LC 1 Common House-martin Delichon urbicum LC 1 1 Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster LC 1 1 Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash LC 1 1 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus LC 1 African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis LC 1 1 aethiopicus Hamerkop Scopus umbretta LC 1 1 Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata LC Purple Indigobird Vidua purpurascens LC 1 African Jacana Actophilornis africanus LC Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis LC 1 Dickinson's Kestrel Falco dickinsoni LC ii 1 1 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni LC ii 1 Rock Kestrel Falco rupicolus ? ii 1 Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata LC Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata LC 1 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis LC Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris LC 1 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 90 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti LC Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala LC 1 1 Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis LC 1 1 Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima LC 1 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus LC ii 1 1 Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptus LC ii 1 1 Black Kite Milvus migrans LC ii 1 Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus LC 1 Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus LC 1 Long-toed Lapwing Vanellus crassirostris LC 1 Senegal Lapwing Vanellus lugubris LC 1 1 Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus LC 1 Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea LC 1 1 Flappet Lark Mirafra LC 1 1 rufocinnamomea Dusky Lark Pinarocorys nigricans LC 1 Yellow-throated Longclaw Macronyx croceus LC 1 Red-backed Mannakin Spermestes nigriceps LC 1 1 Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullatus LC 1 1 Magpie Mannikin Spermestes fringilloides LC 1 1 Western Marsh-harrier Circus aeruginosus LC ii 1 African Marsh-harrier Circus ranivorus LC ii 1 Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula LC 1 Brown throated Martin Riparia paludicola LC 1 1 Sand Martin Riparia riparia LC Southern Masked-weaver Ploceus velatus LC 1 Lesser Moorhen Gallinula angulata LC 1 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus LC Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus LC 1 Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus LC Eastern Nicator Nicator gularis LC 1 1 White-backed Night-heron Gorsachius leuconotus LC 1 Black-crowned Night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax LC 1 Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia LC 1 Eurasian Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus LC 1 Square-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus fossii LC Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis LC 1 1 Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma LC 1 Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx LC 1 vexillarius African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus LC African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus LC 1 1 African Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus LC 1 1 Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus LC 1 Marsh Owl Asio capensis LC ii 1 Barn Owl Tyto alba LC ii 1 African Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense LC ii 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 91 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum LC ii 1 Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula LC 1 benghalensis African Palm-swift Cypsiurus parvus LC 1 1 Collared Palm-thrush Cichladusa arquata LC 1 African Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis LC 1 1 Broad-tailed Paradise- Vidua obtusa LC 1 1 whydah Eastern Paradise-whydah Vidua paradisaea LC 1 Brown-necked Parrot Poicephalus LC 1 1 cryptoxanthus Meyer's Parrot Poicephalus meyeri LC 1 1 Grey-headed Parrot Poicephalus suahelicus LC 1 1 Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus LC 1 Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens LC 1 African Penduline-tit Anthoscopus caroli LC 1 1 Yellow-throated Petronia Petronia superciliaris LC 1 1 African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus LC 1 Woodland Pipit Anthus nyassae LC 1 1 Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis LC 1 Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis LC 1 African Pitta Pitta angolensis LC 1 Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus LC 1 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula LC 1 White-fronted Plover Charadrius marginatus LC 1 Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius LC 1 1 Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris LC Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma LC 1 Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola LC 1 Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava LC 1 1 Brubru Nilaus afer LC 1 1 Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla LC 1 1 African Pygmy-goose Nettapus auritus LC African Pygmy-kingfisher Ceyx pictus LC 1 Orange-winged Pytilia Pytilia afra LC Green-winged Pytilia Pytilia melba LC 1 1 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix LC 1 1 Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei LC 1 Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops LC 1 Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea LC 1 African Rail Rallus caerulescens LC 1 White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis LC 1 1 Great Reed-warbler Acrocephalus LC 1 1 arundinaceus White-browed Robin-chat Cossypha heuglini LC Red-capped Robin-chat Cossypha natalensis LC 1 1 Miombo Rock-thrush Monticola angolensis LC 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 92 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus LC 1 European Roller Coracias garrulus NT 1 Purple Roller Coracias naevia LC 1 1 Racket-tailed Roller Coracias spatulatus LC 1 Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus LC 1 1 Double-banded Sandgrouse Pterocles bicinctus LC 1 1 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos LC 1 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea LC 1 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola LC 1 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus LC 1 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis LC Ruff Philomachus pugnax LC 1 Eastern Saw-wing Psalidoprocne orientalis ? 1 Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus LC 1 1 cyanomelas White-faced Scops-owl Otus leucotis LC ii 1 African Scops-owl Otus senegalensis LC ii 1 1 White-browed Scrub-robin Erythropygia LC 1 1 leucophrys Bearded Scrub-robin Erythropygia LC 1 1 quadrivirgata Lesser Seedcracker Pyrenestes minor LC Black-eared Seedeater Serinus mennelli LC 1 1 Reichard's Seedeater Serinus reichardi LC 1 Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio LC 1 1 African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris NT 1 Western Banded Snake- Circaetus cinerascens LC ii 1 eagle Brown Snake-eagle Circaetus cinereus LC ii 1 1 Black-chested Snake-eagle Circaetus pectoralis LC ii Great Snipe Gallinago media NT 1 African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis LC 1 Southern Grey-headed Passer diffusus LC Sparrow House Sparrow Passer domesticus LC Northern Grey-headed Passer griseus LC 1 Sparrow Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus LC ii 1 Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus LC ii 1 1 Ovampo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis LC ii 1 Chestnut-backed Sparrow- Eremopterix leucotis LC 1 lark Shikra Accipiter badius LC ii 1 White-browed Sparrow- Plocepasser mahali LC 1 weaver Boehm's Spinetail Neafrapus boehmi LC 1 Mottled Spinetail Telacanthura ussheri LC 1 1 African Spoonbill Platalea alba LC 1 Red-necked Spurfowl Francolinus afer LC 1 1 Hildebrandt's Spurfowl Pterrnistis hildebranti LC 1 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 93 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus LC 1 1 leucogaster Wattled Starling Creatophora cinerea LC 1 Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio LC 1 1 Miombo Blue-eared Starling Lamprotornis elisabeth LC 1 1 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus LC 1 himantopus Little Stint Calidris minuta LC 1 Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii LC 1 White Stork Ciconia ciconia LC 1 Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus LC 1 1 Black Stork Ciconia nigra LC ii 1 Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus LC 1 senegalensis Marabou Stork Leptoptilos LC 1 crumeniferus Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis LC 1 Lesser Striped-swallow Hirundo abyssinica LC 1 Anchieta's Sunbird Anthreptes anchietae LC 1 Collared Sunbird Anthreptes collaris LC 1 1 Western Violet-backed Anthreptes longuemarei LC 1 1 Sunbird Purple-Banded Sunbird Cinnyris bifasciatus LC Amethyst Sunbird Nectarinia amethystina LC 1 1 Copper Sunbird Nectarinia cuprea LC 1 1 Scarlet-chested Sunbird Nectarinia senegalensis LC 1 1 Shelley's Sunbird Nectarinia shelleyi LC 1 White-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia talatala LC 1 1 Variable Sunbird Nectarinia venusta LC 1 1 White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis LC 1 Pearl-breasted Swallow Hirundo dimidiata LC 1 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica LC 1 1 Rufous-chested Swallow Hirundo semirufa LC 1 Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis LC 1 1 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii LC Grey-rumped Swallow Pseudhirundo LC 1 griseopyga Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio LC 1 Lesser Swamp-warbler Acrocephalus LC 1 gracilirostris Little Swift Apus affinis LC 1 Common Swift Apus apus LC 1 1 African Black Swift Apus barbatus LC 1 White-rumped Swift Apus caffer LC 1 Horus Swift Apus horus LC 1 Mottled Swift Tachymarptis LC 1 aequatorialis Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis LC 1 1 Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus LC 1 1

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 94 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Red-billed Teal Anas erythrorhyncha LC 1 Hottentot Teal Anas hottentota LC Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida LC 1 White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus LC 1 Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis LC 1 Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus LC Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa LC 1 Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus LC 1 1 Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus LC 1 1 chrysoconus Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus LC 1 subsulphureus Black Tit Parus niger LC Miombo Tit Parus griseiventris LC 1 1 Grey Tit-flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus LC 1 Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina LC 1 Purple-crested Turaco Tauraco LC ii 1 1 porphyreolophus Cape Turtle-dove Streptopelia capicola LC 1 1 Red-throated Twinspot Hypargos niveoguttatus LC 1 1 White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus CR ii 1 Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus CR ii 1 Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos EN ii 1 White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis CR ii 1 African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp LC 1 Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara LC 1 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava LC 1 Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris LC 1 Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus LC 1 schoenobaenus Little Rush Warbler Bradypterus baboecala LC 1 1 Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina LC 1 Olive Tree Warbler Hippolais olivetorum LC 1 River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis LC 1 Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus LC 1 1 Garden Warbler Sylvia borin LC 1 Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata LC 1 1 Zebra Waxbill Amandava subflava LC 1 Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild LC 1 1 Blue Waxbill Uraeginthus angolensis LC 1 1 Thick-billed Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons LC 1 Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps LC Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor LC 1 1 Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus LC Lesser Masked Weaver Ploceus intermedius LC 1 Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis LC Yellow Weaver Ploceus subaureus LC

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 95 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project Suni Resources Montepuez Graphite Mine Impact Assessment on Terrestrial Faunal Common Name Scientific Name RED LIST CITES POSSIBLE RECORDED STATUS Holub’s Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops LC Southern Brown-throated Ploceus xanthopterus LC Weaver Capped Wheatear Oenanthe pileata LC 1 Fulvous Whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolor LC 1 White-faced Whistling-duck Dendrocygna viduata LC African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis LC 1 1 Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis LC 1 Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura LC White-winged Widowbird Euplectes albonotatus LC 1 Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens LC 1 Blue-spotted Wood-dove Turtur afer LC 1 1 Emerald-spotted Wood-dove Turtur chalcospilos LC 1 1 Green Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus LC 1 1 African Wood-owl Strix woodfordii LC ii 1 1 Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni LC 1 1 Bennett's Woodpecker Campethera bennettii LC 1 Little Spotted Woodpecker Campethera elachus LC Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos LC fuscescens Bearded Woodpecker Thripias namaquus LC 1 1 Stierling's Wren-warbler Camaroptera stierlingi LC 1 Totals 449 396 168

EOH Coastal & Environmental Services 96 Suni Resources S.A, Montepeuz Project