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A History of Birth Control Methods
Report Published by the Katharine Dexter McCormick Library and the Education Division of Planned Parenthood Federation of America 434 West 33rd Street, New York, NY 10001 212-261-4716 www.plannedparenthood.org Current as of January 2012 A History of Birth Control Methods Contemporary studies show that, out of a list of eight somewhat effective — though not always safe or reasons for having sex, having a baby is the least practical (Riddle, 1992). frequent motivator for most people (Hill, 1997). This seems to have been true for all people at all times. Planned Parenthood is very proud of the historical Ever since the dawn of history, women and men role it continues to play in making safe and effective have wanted to be able to decide when and whether family planning available to women and men around to have a child. Contraceptives have been used in the world — from 1916, when Margaret Sanger one form or another for thousands of years opened the first birth control clinic in America; to throughout human history and even prehistory. In 1950, when Planned Parenthood underwrote the fact, family planning has always been widely initial search for a superlative oral contraceptive; to practiced, even in societies dominated by social, 1965, when Planned Parenthood of Connecticut won political, or religious codes that require people to “be the U.S. Supreme Court victory, Griswold v. fruitful and multiply” — from the era of Pericles in Connecticut (1965), that finally and completely rolled ancient Athens to that of Pope Benedict XVI, today back state and local laws that had outlawed the use (Blundell, 1995; Himes, 1963; Pomeroy, 1975; Wills, of contraception by married couples; to today, when 2000). -
Contraception and Abortion Contraception Contraception Methods of Contraception Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal)
12/3/2013 Contraception Contraception and • The intentional prevention of pregnancy Abortion – Birth control- the device or practice to decrease risk of conceiving – Family planning – conscious decision on when to conceive • More than half of pregnancies each year are unintended in Foundations of MCH women under 20 years • Risk of pregnancy with contraception – Using an imperfect method of contraception – Using a method of contraception incorrectly • Decreasing the risk of pregnancy – Providing adequate instruction about how to use contraceptive methods, when to use a backup method, & when to use emergency contraception Contraception Methods of Contraception • Contraceptive failure • Coitus Interruptus – The percentage of contraceptive users expected to have • Natural Family Planning & Fertility Awareness an accidental pregnancy during the first year, even Methods when use of methods is consistent and correct Barrier Methods – Effectiveness varies from couple to couple • • Properties of the method • Hormonal Methods • Characteristics of the user • Emergency Contraception • Failure rates decrease over time • Intrauterine Devices – Users gain experience • Sterilization – Users use methods more appropriately • Future Trends – Less effective users stop using the methods Natural Family Planning & Fertility Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal) Awareness Methods • Involves the male partner withdrawing the • Knowledge of the menstrual cycle is basic to the practice of NFP penis from the woman’s vagina before he – Human ovum can be fertilized no later -
U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports / Vol. 65 / No. 3 July 29, 2016 U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations and Reports CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................1 Methods ....................................................................................................................2 How to Use This Document ...............................................................................3 Keeping Guidance Up to Date ..........................................................................5 References ................................................................................................................8 Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................9 Appendix A: Summary of Changes from U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010 ...........................................................................10 Appendix B: Classifications for Intrauterine Devices ............................. 18 Appendix C: Classifications for Progestin-Only Contraceptives ........ 35 Appendix D: Classifications for Combined Hormonal Contraceptives .... 55 Appendix E: Classifications for Barrier Methods ..................................... 81 Appendix F: Classifications for Fertility Awareness–Based Methods ..... 88 Appendix G: Lactational -
The Effect of Circumcision on the Mental Health of Children: a Review •
Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 2012 Th e Eff ect of Circumcision on the Mental Health of Children: A Review • Mesut YAVUZ1, Türkay DEMİR2, Burak DOĞANGÜN2 SUMMARY Circumcision is one of the oldest and most frequently performed surgical procedures in the world. It is thought that the beginning of the male circumcision dates back to the earliest times of history. Approximately 13.3 million boys and 2 million girls undergo circumcision each year. In western societies, circumcision is usually performed in infancy while in other parts of the world, it is performed at different developmental stages. Each year in Turkey, especially during the summer months, thousands of children undergo circumcision. The motivations for circumcision include medical-therapeutic, preventive-hygienic and cultural reasons. Numerous publications have suggested that circumcision has serious traumatic ef- fects on children’s mental health. Studies conducted in Turkey draw attention to the positive meanings attributed to the circumcision in the com- munity and emphasize that social effects limit the negative effects of circumcision. Although there are many publications in foreign literature about the mental effects of the circumcision on children’s mental health, there are only a few studies in Turkey about the mental effects of the one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in our country. The aim of this study is to review this issue. The articles related to circumcision were searched by keywords in Pubmed, Medline, EBSCHOHost, PsycINFO, Turkish Medline, Cukurova Index Database and in Google Scholar and those appropriate for this review were used by authors. Key Words: Circumcision, child, mental health, psychology, trauma INTRODUCTION the Pacific (WHO 2006). -
Eunuchs in the Bible 1. Introduction
Acta Theologica Supplementum 7 2005 EUNUCHS IN THE BIBLE ABSTRACT In the original texts of the Bible a “eunuch” is termed saris (Hebrew, Old Testament) or eunouchos (Greek, New Testament). However, both these words could apart from meaning a castrate, also refer to an official or a commander. This study therefore exa- mines the 38 original biblical references to saris and the two references to eunouchos in order to determine their meaning in context. In addition two concepts related to eunuchdom, namely congenital eunuchs and those who voluntarily renounce marriage (celibates), are also discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION The concept of a “eunuch” (a castrate) is described in the Bible prima- rily by two words, namely saris (Hebrew, Old Testament) and eunouchos (Greek, New Testament) (Hug 1918:449-455; Horstmanshoff 2000: 101-114). In addition to “eunuch”, however, both words can also mean “official” or “commander”, while castration is sometimes indirectly referred to without using these terms. This study therefore set out to determine the true appearance of eunuchism in the Bible. The aim was to use textual context and, in particular, any circum- stantial evidence to determine which of the two meanings is applic- able in each case where the word saris (O.T.) or eunouchos (N.T.) occurs in the Bible. All instances of the words saris and eunouchos were thus identified in the original Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and compared with the later Septuagint and Vulgate texts, as well as with Afrikaans and English Bible translations. The meanings of the words were determined with due cognisance of textual context, relevant histo- rical customs and attitudes relating to eunuchs (Hug 1918:449-455; Grey 1974:579-85; Horstmanshoff 2000:101-14). -
An Introduction and High Yield Summary of Female Contraceptive
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons HWCOM Faculty Publications Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine 10-24-2017 An Introduction and High Yield Summary of Female Contraceptive Methods Dharam Persaud Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, [email protected] J. Burns Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University J. Trangle Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University J. Agudelo Honors College, Florida International University JA Gonzalez Honors College, Florida International University See next page for additional authors This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/com_facpub Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Persaud, Dharam; Burns, J.; Trangle, J.; Agudelo, J.; Gonzalez, JA; Nunez, D.; Perez, K.; Rasch, D.; Valencia, S.; and Rao, C. V., "An Introduction and High Yield Summary of Female Contraceptive Methods" (2017). HWCOM Faculty Publications. 117. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/com_facpub/117 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in HWCOM Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Dharam Persaud, J. Burns, J. Trangle, J. Agudelo, JA Gonzalez, D. Nunez, K. Perez, D. Rasch, S. Valencia, and C. V. Rao This article is available at FIU Digital Commons: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/com_facpub/117 Open Access Austin Journal of Reproductive Medicine & Infertility Research Article An Introduction and High Yield Summary of Female Contraceptive Methods Persaud-Sharma D1*, Burns J1, Trangle J1, Agudelo J2, Gonzalez JA2, Nunez D2, Perez K2, Abstract Rasch D2, Valencia S2 and Rao CV1,3 Globally, contraceptive studies and their use are major challenges in the 1Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim realm of public health. -
A Study of the Vaginal Contraceptive Sponge Used with and Wtthout the Fertility Awareness Method
CONTACETIO A STUDY OF THE VAGINAL CONTRACEPTIVE SPONGE USED WITH AND WTTHOUT THE FERTILITY AWARENESS METHOD 1 Barbara Kass-Annese, RNCNP2 Kathy Irene Kennedy, MA MD3 Katherine Forrest, 4 Hal Danzer, MD 5 Anthony Reading, PhD6 Holly Hughes, MS 1Los Angeles Regional Family Planning Council, Los 2Family Angeles,CA Health International, Durham, NC 3Menlo Park, CA 4Fertility Institute, Beverly Hills, CA 5Cedar Sinai Medical 6 . Center, Los Angeles, CA Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA ABSTRACT The actual effectiveness rates of natural and barrier methods of family planning are lower than the theoretical ones. If couples accurately defined the limits of the fertile phase and used barriers at that time, then actual effectiveness might increase. A randomized, controlled clinical trial was initiated to determine the effectiveness of the contraceptive sponge used only during the fertile time and to compare this with sponge use at every intercourse. Recruitment problems and discontinuation forced the early termination of this study, but qualitative information about compliance and dcceptability was collected. Common sponge problems were reported as were misuses of the sponge, but problems and misuse were not related. Determination of the fertile phase -as reportedly easy, but complaints of and discontinuation for inconvenience occurred. For unplanned pregnancies, contraceptive behaviors around the time of conception are presented. Submitted for publication August 14, 1989 Accepted for publication September 7, 1989 DECEMBER 1989 VOL. 40 NO. 6 701 CONTRACEPTION INTRODUCTION The actual effectiveness rates of all temporary contraceptives are generally not as great as their theoretical rates would predict. For barrier methods, the difference is presumably due to either the failure to use the method according to instruction or the failure to use them at every intercourse. -
Contraceptive Sponge
Contraceptive Sponge What is it? A soft, disposable, non-latex foam (polyurethane) device that is placed in the vagina before sex. The sponge contains a spermicide, which blocks or kills sperm. How does it work? • Fits over the cervix (entrance to uterus) • Traps, absorbs, and weakens the sperm (male reproductive cells) • Works for up to 12 hours Advantages • Does not contain hormones • Can be used by women who are breastfeeding • Can be used by women who smoke • One size fits all women • Does not require a prescription • Can be used for multiple acts of sex within a 12 hour time period Considerations • Must be available at the time of sex • Must be left in place for six hours following sex but no longer than 12 hours • Must be put in correctly • May irritate the vagina, which may increase the risk for contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • Cannot be used by people who are allergic to spermicides • If left in the vagina longer than the recommended time, symptoms of toxic shock syndrome may occur (fever, shock, problems with body organs) How to use the sponge Insert into the vagina at least 15 minutes prior to sex. Make sure to follow package instructions. Typical success rate Successful for 6.8 to 8.4 people out of 10. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) protection The contraceptive sponge does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Use a latex condom, dental dam, or glove every time you have sex. References: The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2009). Choosing a contraceptive that is right for u. -
1. Castration and Vasectomy
CASTRATION AND VASECTOMY Castration: Indications: To render the animal docile, malignant diseases or irreparable injury to the scrotum or tactical, enlarged prostate, to improve the quality of flash, operation for scrotal hernia. Surgical Anatomy: The wall of scrotum consists of skin, Dartos (layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle) which is closely adhered to the skin, scrotal fascia, tunica vaginalis and external cremaster muscle. The testis lies in the scrotum which is covered by tunica albuginia followed by tunica vaginalis visceralis. The epididymis is attached to the dorsal border of the testis. The spermatic cord contain internal spermatic artery and vain, lymphatic, epididymis, internal spermatic plexus, ductus deference internal cremaster muscle and tunica vaginalis visceralis. Control and Anesthesia: Animal is secured in lateral recumbency with the upper hind leg pulled forward towards the shoulder region or in standing position. Sedation with Xylazine @ 0.1 mg /kg b wt followed by anterior epidural anesthesia Site: The scrotum can be incised on its lateral or posterior aspect of each testicle in case of bulls and posterior downward in case of horse. Surgical Procedure: A longitudinal skin incision is made on the posterior aspects of scrotum just lateral to median raphae. The underline muscles, tunica vaginalis and tunica albugenia are separated. Once the tunica albugenia incised testical is taken out and spermatic cord is isolated by separating from vascular portion to nonvascular portion. One artery forceps is applied on the spermatic cord and double transfixation sutures are placed one inch away from each other above the artery forceps. After placing the transfixation suture the testical is separated by cutting the spermatic cord just below the artery forceps similarly non vascular part is also legated and severed. -
Birth Control Methods
F REQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Q: What are the different types of birth control? Birth Control A: You can choose from many methods of birth control. They are grouped by how Methods they work: Types of Birth Control Q: What is the best method of Continuous Abstinence birth control (or contraception)? Natural Family Planning/ http://www.womenshealth.gov A: There is no “best” method of birth control. Each method has its pros and Rhythm Method 1-800-994-9662 cons. Barrier Methods TDD: 1-888-220-5446 All women and men can have control • Contraceptive Sponge over when, and if, they become parents. • Diaphragm, Cervical Cap, and Making choices about birth control, Cervical Shield or contraception, isn’t easy. There are many things to think about. To get • Female Condom started, learn about birth control meth- • Male Condom ods you or your partner can use to pre- Hormonal Methods vent pregnancy. You can also talk with • Oral Contraceptives — Combined your doctor about the choices. pill (“The pill”) Before choosing a birth control meth- • Oral Contraceptives — Progestin- od, think about: only pill (“Mini-pill”) • Your overall health • The Patch • How often you have sex • Shot/Injection • The number of sex partners you • Vaginal Ring have Implantable Devices • If you want to have children some- • Implantable Rods day • Intrauterine Devices • How well each method works to prevent pregnancy Permanent Birth Control Methods • Possible side effects • Sterilization Implant • Your comfort level with using the method • Surgical Sterilization Keep in mind, even the most effective Emergency Contraception birth control methods can fail. But your chances of getting pregnant are lowest if the method you choose always is used correctly and every time you have sex. -
Permanent Birth Control for Men Afterwards, the Man Will Still Ejaculate but No Sperm Vasectomy Will NOT: Is Called Vasectomy
Can vasectomy be undone? control. Some of the reversible methods are METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL Vasectomy should be considered permanent. as effective as sterilization but when you Method Pregnancies in It is very difficult to reverse. Even though the stop using them you are still able to cause 100 couples in vas deferens can sometimes be reconnected or pregnancy. Your options for birth control are the first year of sperm cells removed with a needle and syringe, listed in the table at the end of this pamphlet. typical use pregnancy may still not be possible. Vasectomy may be a good choice for you if: Vasectomy Less than one Some men are interested in storing their sperm • You are sure you do not want children in the in a sperm bank before having a vasectomy. You future, even if your partner does. Tubal sterilization Less than one should talk about this with your doctor. • Pregnancy would be dangerous to your Intrauterine Less than one Are there any forms I need to fill out? partner’s health. contraception • You cannot use or do not want to use other You will need to sign a consent form before your Contraceptive Less than one birth control methods. operation. If you have Medi-Cal, you must sign injection the consent form at least 30 days before your • You have a medical problem that you could Birth control pills 5 operation. You do not need permission from pass onto your children. your partner or anyone else. After you sign the Think carefully about your decision to use Contraceptive 2 consent, you can still change your mind at any permanent birth control! Vasectomy and tubal patch or ring time before the operation. -
2017 Formulary Drug List
2017 Formulary Drug List For Small Groups and Large Groups GlobalHealth, Inc. 701 NE 10th Street, Suite 300 Oklahoma City, OK 73104-5403 MGDF17 Lists Updated 12/2017 www.GlobalHealth.com/commercial HELPFUL NUMBERS Plan Issuer: Dental: Mail Claims to: GlobalHealth, Inc. Careington BenefitSolutions Express Scripts PO Box 2393 1.866.636.9188 (toll-free) Attn: Commercial Claims Oklahoma City, OK 73101- www.careington.com/co/glob PO Box 14711 2393 alhealth Lexington, KY 40512-4711 GlobalHealth Customer Mail Claims to: Mail Order Pharmacy: Care, Language Assistance, Careington BenefitSolutions Express Scripts Customer and Disease Management: Claims Processing Center Service Center CommercialAnswers@global PO Box 60 1.866.274.1612 (toll-free) health.com Frisco, TX 75043 1.800.899.2114 (TTY) 405.280.2964 (local) 24 hours/7 days a week 1.877.280.2964 (toll-free) Dental Network: www.express-scripts.com 711 (TTY) www.careington.com/co/globalhealt Monday – Friday, 9 am – 5 h *Specialty Pharmacy: pm Central Accredo Specialty Pharmacy www.globalhealth.com/comm Pharmacy Benefits 1.888.608.9010 ercial Manager: www.accredo.com Express Scripts Holding Behavioral Health and Company 24/7 Nurse Help Line: Substance Use: 1.866.274.1612 (toll-free) Information Line CommercialAnswers@global 1.800.899.2114 (TTY) 1.877.280.2993 (toll-free) health.com 405.280.2964 (local) Medication Prior GlobalHealth Compliance 1.877.280.2964 (toll-free) Authorizations: Officer: 711 (TTY) [email protected] 1.877.280.5852 (toll-free) Monday – Friday, 9 am – 5 om 405.280.5852 pm Central 918.878.7361 [email protected] www.globalhealth.com/comm m ercial GlobalHealth Privacy Officer: 405.280.5524 [email protected] Spanish (Español): Para obtener asistencia en Español llame al 1-877-280-2964.