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Assignment 3 – Authentication July 2021 Due Thursday, August 12, 2021
CryptoWorks21 Network Security Assignment 3 – Authentication July 2021 due Thursday, August 12, 2021 Assignment 3 – Authentication Assignment reports must be submitted by Thursday, August 12, 2021. Assignment Description In this assignment you will carry out exercises related to the lectures on authentication. You will work on cracking password hashes, as well as investigate two-factor authentication on the Internet. Assignment Requirements and Setup Virtual machines. You will need to use the Kali Linux virtual machines. If you have not downloaded and installed it yet, please check the “Assignment 0” document. John the Ripper. You will need to use a tool called John the Ripper in order to crack password hashes. This tool is pre-installed in the Kali Linux virtual machine. However, John is very computationally intensive, and it might run faster on your main computer rather than inside a virtual machine. If you do decide to install it on your main computer, be sure to use the “jumbo” version, which contains support for many more types of hash algorithms. • For Windows, you can download a jumbo build from the John the Ripper homepage (http://www.openwall.com/john/) • For macOS, you can install John using the command-line package manager “Home- brew”. To install Homebrew, visit https://brew.sh/. Once you’ve installed Home- brew, you can install John using the command brew install john-jumbo . Getting text to and from your virtual machine. During this assignment, you may need to copy text to or from your various virtual machines. This can be somewhat annoying. It is possible to set up shared clipboards in VirtualBox (Settings Ñ General Ñ Advanced Ñ Shared Clipboard Ñ Bidirectional), but these are not always reliable. -
Analysis of Password Cracking Methods & Applications
The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Honors Research Projects College Spring 2015 Analysis of Password Cracking Methods & Applications John A. Chester The University Of Akron, [email protected] Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Information Security Commons Recommended Citation Chester, John A., "Analysis of Password Cracking Methods & Applications" (2015). Honors Research Projects. 7. http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/7 This Honors Research Project is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Analysis of Password Cracking Methods & Applications John A. Chester The University of Akron Abstract -- This project examines the nature of password cracking and modern applications. Several applications for different platforms are studied. Different methods of cracking are explained, including dictionary attack, brute force, and rainbow tables. Password cracking across different mediums is examined. Hashing and how it affects password cracking is discussed. An implementation of two hash-based password cracking algorithms is developed, along with experimental results of their efficiency. I. Introduction Password cracking is the process of either guessing or recovering a password from stored locations or from a data transmission system [1]. -
Hash Crack: Password Cracking Manual
Hash Crack. Copyright © 2017 Netmux LLC All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission. ISBN-10: 1975924584 ISBN-13: 978-1975924584 Netmux and the Netmux logo are registered trademarks of Netmux, LLC. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor Netmux LLC, shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and legitimacy of the references, referrals, and links (collectively “Links”) presented in this book/ebook, Netmux is not responsible or liable for broken Links or missing or fallacious information at the Links. Any Links in this book to a specific product, process, website, or service do not constitute or imply an endorsement by Netmux of same, or its producer or provider. The views and opinions contained at any Links do not necessarily express or reflect those of Netmux. -
NCL Password Cracking--Key Getting Started You Can Install a Pre-Built Vmware VM from Here
NCL Password Cracking--Key Getting Started You can install a pre-built VMware VM from here. You just need to open the VM, not install it. The login credentials are kali, kali. https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-vm-vmware-virtualbox-image-download/ Then read this excellent blog from NCL. https://cryptokait.com/2019/09/24/everything-you-need-to-know-about-password-cracking-for-the- national-cyber-league-games/ A Note about Hashcat Hashcat, and the older John the Ripper, keep a list of hashes they have already cracked. If the hash is in the list, it will not appear in the output. This can be confusing if you are having problems and run the same hash file repeatedly. If you think some cracked hashes are missing, look in .hashcat/hashcat.potfile in your home directory, or perhaps where you ran hashcat from. If you want to start from scratch, just delete .hashcat/hashcat.potfile A Crack to Start With This is from the paragraph in the NCL Blog, “Using a Pre-Made Wordlist on Kali.” Follow the procedure to unzip (actually Gnu unzip or gunzip) the password list from the rockyou.com breach (I moved rockyou.txt to my home directory instead of Downloads.) Then run the hashcat line, hashcat -m 0 {means the hashes are MD5} -a 0 {attack will be wordlist only} -o outputfile {where the output goes} hashlist pwlist Here are the hashes. 8549137cd494c22ae87eef3e18a46986 0f96a320a8c0bf7e3f6d375b0d9d3a4c 1a8cb8d148b513dfa1d285077fc4e3fb 22a313110bf5b84c0a58eecc27deaa30 e4fd50109f0e40e8c1a895d8e5c71199 These are easy and should crack in under a minute. Solution Save the hashes in a file on Kali. -
Cisco Live / DEFCON / RSA / (ISC)2
#CLUS Penetration Testing For Network Engineers Know Yourself and Enemy, Need Not Fear 100 Battles Joseph Muniz – Architect Americas BRKSEC-2460 #CLUS Cisco Webex Teams Questions? Use Cisco Webex Teams (formerly Cisco Spark) to chat with the speaker after the session How 1 Find this session in the Cisco Events App 2 Click “Join the Discussion” 3 Install Webex Teams or go directly to the team space 4 Enter messages/questions in the team space Webex Teams will be moderated cs.co/ciscolivebot#BRKSEC-2460 by the speaker until June 18, 2018. #CLUS BRKSEC-2460 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3 WHY DO WEFAIL? #CLUS BRKSEC-2460 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4 Behind the Headlines #CLUS BRKSEC-2460 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5 #CLUS BRKSEC-2460 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6 More than Computer and Phones 500B In 2030 50B In 2020 15B Devices Today #CLUS BRKSEC-2460 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7 More than Computer and Phones 500B In 2030 50B In 2020 15B Devices Today #CLUS BRKSEC-2460 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8 More than Computer and Phones 500B In 2030 50B In 2020 15B Devices Today #CLUS BRKSEC-2460 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9 IoT Challenges Patch Delays Limited Security Development Rogue Devices #CLUS BRKSEC-2460 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. -
New Version of L0phtcrack Makes Cracking Windows Passwords Easier Than Ever Register
3/1/2017 New version of L0phtCrack makes cracking Windows passwords easier than ever Register The Cybersecurity source by Rene Millman September 01, 2016 New version of L0phtCrack makes cracking Windows passwords easier than ever This article originally appeared on SC Magazine UK. Nearly 20 years after the first version and the first update in six years, L0phtCrack has been upgraded to version 7 and claims a speed bump of up to 500 times on the previous version. According to L0pht Holdings, the firm behind the tool, it has been revamped with a new cracking engine which takes advantage of multicore CPUs and multicore GPUs. A 4core CPU running a brute force audit with L0phtCrack 7 is now five times faster than L0phtCrack 6. It added that users with a GPU such as the AMD Radeon Pro Duo the increase is 500 times. The release of the original L0phtCrack was 19 years ago and its password cracking capability forced Microsoft to make improvements to the way Windows stored password hashes. Microsoft eventually deprecated the weak LANMAN password hash and switched to only the stronger NTLM password hash it still uses today. The developers claim that Windows passwords are easier to crack today than they were 18 years ago. “On a circa1998 computer with a Pentium II 400 MHz CPU, the original L0phtCrack could crack a Windows NT, 8 character long alphanumeric password in 24 hours. On a 2016 gaming machine, at less hardware cost, L0phtCrack 7 can crack the same passwords stored on the latest Windows 10 in 2 hours,” said the firm in a statement. -
Introduction to RAW-Sockets Jens Heuschkel, Tobias Hofmann, Thorsten Hollstein, Joel Kuepper
Introduction to RAW-sockets Jens Heuschkel, Tobias Hofmann, Thorsten Hollstein, Joel Kuepper 16.05.2017 Technical Report No. TUD-CS-2017-0111 Technische Universität Darmstadt Telecooperation Report No. TR-19, The Technical Reports Series of the TK Research Division, TU Darmstadt ISSN 1864-0516 http://www.tk.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/de/publications/ Introduction to RAW-sockets by Heuschkel, Jens Hofmann, Tobias Hollstein, Thorsten Kuepper, Joel May 17, 2017 Abstract This document is intended to give an introduction into the programming with RAW-sockets and the related PACKET-sockets. RAW-sockets are an additional type of Internet socket available in addition to the well known DATAGRAM- and STREAM-sockets. They do allow the user to see and manipulate the information used for transmitting the data instead of hiding these details, like it is the case with the usually used STREAM- or DATAGRAM sockets. To give the reader an introduction into the subject we will first give an overview about the different APIs provided by Windows, Linux and Unix (FreeBSD, Mac OS X) and additional libraries that can be used OS-independent. In the next section we show general problems that have to be addressed by the programmer when working with RAW-sockets. We will then provide an introduction into the steps necessary to use the APIs or libraries, which functionality the different concepts provide to the programmer and what they provide to simplify using RAW and PACKET-sockets. This section includes examples of how to use the different functions provided by the APIs. Finally in the additional material we will give some complete examples that show the concepts and can be used as a basis to write own programs. -
Password Attacks and Generation Strategies
PASSWORD ATTACKS AND GENERATION STRATEGIES Predrag Tasevski Tartu University, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, major: Master of Science in Cyber Security May 21, 2011 Table of contents Introduction Methods Ad-hoc models Brute force Rainbow tables Examples and tools Comparison of input dictionary list Test Conclusion INTRODUCTION Password is a secret word or string of characters that is used for authentication in order to prove identity or gain access to a resource[Gill(1997)]. I Usage of password cracking tools I Methods and approaches guessing the passwords I Examples of leaks and generating password dictionaries I Comparison of already cracked passwords from available password dictionaries and I Test METHODS Password cracking is a method of guessing the attack. Types of password cracking methods[Vines(2007)]: I Dictionary I Hybrid I Brute force Ad-hoc models Dictionary attacks - colander rules Example Capitalization the rst letter, adding three digits to the end, changing the letter `a' to `@' etc. Hybrid it adds simple numbers or symbols to the password attempt. Brute force Brute force are fraction of the total words that are made by users creating their passwords. Brute force attacks methods: I Pure brute force [Group(2010)] I Letter frequency analysis attack [Stitson(2003)] I Markov models [Shmatikov Arvind(2005)] I Targeted brute force attacks [WEIR(2010b)] Rainbow tables (1) Rainbow tables are using the reduction functions to create multiple parallel chains within a single "rainbow" table. I Increases the probability of a correct crack for a given table size, the use of multiple reduction functions also greatly increases the speed of look-ups [JeXChen(2011)]. -
UGRD 2015 Spring Bugg Chris.Pdf (464.4Kb)
We could consider using the Mighty Cracker Logo located in the Network Folder MIGHTY CRACKER Chris Bugg Chris Hamm Jon Wright Nick Baum Password Security • Password security is important. • Users • Weak and/or reused passwords • Developers and Admins • Choose insecure storage algorithms. • Mighty Cracker • Show real world impact of poor password security. OVERVIEW • We made a hash cracker. • Passwords are stored as hashes to protect them from intruders. • Our program uses several methods to ‘crack’ those hashes. • Networking • Spread work to multiple machines. • Cross Platform OTHER HASH CRACKING PRODUCTS • Hashcat • Cain and Abel • John the Ripper • THC-Hydra • Ophcrack • Network support is rare. WHAT IS HASHING • A way to encode a password to help protect it. • A mathematical one-way function. • MD5 hash • cf4ff726403b8a992fd43e09dd7b5717 • SHA-256 hash • 951e689364c979cc3aa17e6b0022ce6e4d0e3200d1c22dd68492c172241e0623 SUPPORTED HASHING ALGORITHMS • Current Algorithms • MD5 • SHA-1 • SHA-224 • SHA-256 • SHA-384 • SHA-512 WAYS TO CRACK • Cracking Modes • Single User • Network Mode • Methods of Cracking: • Brute Force • Dictionary • Rainbow Table • GUI or Console BRUTE FORCE • Systematically checking all possible keys until the correct one is found. • Worst case this would transverse the entire search space. • Slowest but will always find the solution if given enough time. DICTIONARY ATTACK • List of common passwords from leaks/hacks. • Many people choose common passwords • Written works of Shakespeare ~66,000 words • Oxford English Dictionary ~290,000 words • Small dictionary = 900,000 words • Medium dictionary = 14 million words • Large dictionary = 1.2 billion words RAINBOW TABLE • Can’t store all possible hash/key combinations. • 16 character key = 10^40th combinations • 10^50th atoms on earth • Rainbow tables • Reduced storage. -
Detecting Packet Injection a Guide to Observing Packet Spoofing by Isps
Detecting Packet Injection A GUidE TO OBSERVING PACKET SPOOFING BY ISPs By Seth Schoen [email protected] ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION eff.org Version .0 November 28, 2007 Detecting Packet Injection: A Guide To Observing Packet Spoofing by ISPs Introduction Certain Internet service providers have begun to interfere with their users’ communications by injecting forged or spoofed packets – data that appears to come from the other end but was actually generated by an Internet service provider (ISP) in the middle. This spoofing is one means (although not the only means) of blocking, jamming, or degrading users’ ability to use particular applications, services, or protocols. One important means of holding ISPs account- able for this interference is the ability of some subscribers to detect and document it reliably. We have to learn what ISPs are doing before we can try to do something about it. Internet users can often detect interference by comparing data sent at one end with data received at the other end of a connection. Techniques like these were used by EFF and the Associated Press to produce clear evidence that Comcast was deliberately interfering with file sharing applications; they have also been used to document censorship by the Great Firewall of China.1 In each of these cases, an in- termediary was caught injecting TCP reset packets that caused a communication to hang up – even though the communicating parties actually wanted to continue talking to one another. In this document, we describe how to use a network analyzer like Wireshark to run an experi- ment with a friend and detect behavior like this. -
Security Monitoring for Network Protocols and Applications Vinh Hoa La
Security monitoring for network protocols and applications Vinh Hoa La To cite this version: Vinh Hoa La. Security monitoring for network protocols and applications. Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI]. Université Paris-Saclay, 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLL006. tel-01782396 HAL Id: tel-01782396 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01782396 Submitted on 2 May 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1176$&// 7+(6('('2&725$7 '( /¶81,9(56,7(3$5,66$&/$< 35(3$5(($ 7(/(&2068'3$5,6 e&2/('2&725$/(1 6FLHQFHVHW7HFKQRORJLHVGHO ,QIRUPDWLRQHWGHOD&RPPXQLFDWLRQ 67,& 6SpFLDOLWpGHGRFWRUDW,QIRUPDWLTXH 3DU 09LQK+RD/D 6HFXULW\0RQLWRULQJIRU1HWZRUN3URWRFROVDQG $SSOLFDWLRQV 7KqVHSUpVHQWpHHWVRXWHQXHj(YU\OHRFWREUH &RPSRVLWLRQGX-XU\ 0)DULG1$,7$%'(66(/$03URIHVVHXU8QLYHUVLWp3DULV'HVFDUWHV 3DULV9 5DSSRUWHXU 00DUFHOR',$6'($025,0'LUHFWHXUGHUHFKHUFKH&156/,3830&5DSSRUWHXU 03DWULFN6(1$&3URIHVVHXU(1$&±7RXORXVH([DPLQDWHXU 0PH)DWLKD=$,',0DvWUHGH&RQIpUHQFHV+'58QLYHUVLWp3DULV6XG([DPLQDWULFH 0$GULHQ%(&8+HDGRI5HVHDUFK 7HFKQRORJ\$LUEXV'6&\EHUVHFXULW\([DPLQDWHXU 0:LVVDP0$//28/,'U,QJpQLHXUGHUHFKHUFKH0RQWLPDJH([DPLQDWHXU 0PH$QD5RVD&$9$//,3URIHVVHXU7HOHFRP6XG3DULV'LUHFWHXUGHWKqVH Titre : Monitorage des Aspects Sécuritaires pour les Protocoles de Réseaux et Applications. Mots clés : sécurité, détection d'intrusion, surveillance de sécurité, supervision de réseaux Résumé : La sécurité informatique, aussi applications. -
Password Cracker Tutorial
Password cracker tutorial In cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process of recovering passwords[1] from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password.[2] The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (installing an entirely new password is less of a security risk, but it involves System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a system, or to act as a preventive measure whereby system administrators check for easily crackable passwords. On a file-by-file basis, password cracking is utilized to gain access to digital evidence to which a judge has allowed access, when a particular file's permissions are restricted. Time needed for password searches The time to crack a password is related to bit strength (see password strength), which is a measure of the password's entropy, and the details of how the password is stored. Most methods of password cracking require the computer to produce many candidate passwords, each of which is checked. One example is brute-force cracking, in which a computer tries every possible key or password until it succeeds. With multiple processors, this time can be optimized through searching from the last possible group of symbols and the beginning at the same time, with other processors being placed to search through a designated selection of possible passwords.[3] More common methods of password cracking, such as dictionary attacks, pattern checking, word list substitution, etc.